Curri 1-3

ljBfno txsf] lzIffnfO{ a9L p2]Zod"ns, Jofjxfl/s, ;d;fdlos Pjd :t/Lo agfpg]
clek|fon] kf7oj|md tyf kf7ok':tsdf lzIfs, cleefjs, ljBfyL{ / a'l4hLjLaf6 /fo;'emfj
;ªsng u/L ;f]sf cfwf/df kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/ k|lj|mofsf] ¿kdf cªuLsf/
ul/“b} cfPsf] 5 . kf7oj|md lzIf0f k|lj|mofsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] / o;s} cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs
lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn] kf7oj|md ;d;fdlos kl/j]zcg's"n kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ . jt{dfg
nf]stflGqs kl/j]zdf o;} dfGotfg';f/ k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, @)$( nfO{ cem a9L
Jojxf/f]kof]uL agfpg of] kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] xf] . kl/dflh{t kf7oj|md z}lIfs ;q @)^! ;fnb]lv
b]zsf 5flgPsf b; lhNnf -tfKn]h'ª, wgs'6f, wg'iff, eStk'/, /;'jf, afun'ª, slknj:t', h'Dnf,
s}nfnL / 8f]6L_ sf %) cf]6f ljBfnodf sIff ! b]lv r/0fa4 ¿kdf k/LIf0f u/]/ k|fKt
k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L o; ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o; kl/dfh{gdf afnaflnsfn]
hfGg'kg]{ / l;Sg'kg]{ ljifox¿sf ;Gbe{df lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg cfof]usf ;'emfjx¿, /fli6«o
uf]i7L, If]qLo uf]i7L cflbaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f;d]tsf cffwf/df ljifout j|mda4tf;d]tnfO{ ljz]if
Wofg k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . kf7oj|md kl/dfh{g ug{ ul7t lzIfs÷ljz]if1x¿sf sfo{bn, ljifo
lzIfssf] sfo{zfnf tyf ljifo ;ldltsf cltl/St /fli6«o kf7oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofªsg
kl/ifbsf] ;'emfj;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L kf7oj|mdsf] of] kl/dflh{t ¿k tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
ljZjdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ljsf;, ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf :yfgLos/0fnfO{
ljBfno txsf] lzIffdf ;dflxt u/L ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf, 1fglj1fgsf ljljw kIfx¿ Pjd
ljifout 1fgo'St lzIffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L of] kf7oj|md tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
o; kf7oj|mddf k|fylds txsf] 9f“rf, ljifosf] kl/ro, lzIf0f ljlw / d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 . afnaflnsfx¿df b]vf kg]{ u'0ffTds kl/jt{gsf] d"No lgwf{/0fsf nflu k|fylds
txdf sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd lzIf0fl;sfOdf cfwfl/t lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg k|0ffnLnfO{ ljz]if
dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . o;} u/L afnaflnsfx¿df b]vf kg]{ kl/df0ffTds kl/jt{gx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf
ug{ pknlAw k/LIffx¿ klg sIffut ¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
cfjZostfg';f/ ljBfnox¿n] d"Nofªsgsf ljljw ;fwgx¿ k|of]u u/L afnaflnsfx¿sf]
d"Nofªsg ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g] 5 .
o;df lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] b[li6sf]0fn] ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f, ;Defljt
lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk, d"Nofªsg / kf7oef/;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . kf7oj|mdsf]
9f“rfdf :yfgLo kf7oj|mdsf] Joj:yf ljBfnodf ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] cg';"rLdf ;f] k|lj|mofsf]
lgb]{zg;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . kf7oj|mdnfO{ cem Jofjxfl/s, k|efjsf/L / hLjgf]kof]uL
agfpg ;bfe}“m /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/
lj=;+= @)^# lzIff dGqfno
xfd|f] egfO

ljifo;"rL
zLif{s k[i7
k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|mdsf] k|f¿k !
lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo @
k"j{k|fylds lzIffsf p2]Zo @
k|fylds lzIffsf p2]Zo @
k|fylds lzIffsf] 9f“rf #
kf7oj|md 9f“rf #
dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifo #
lzIffsf] dfWod $
k7gkf7gsf] ;dofjlw $
lzIf0f ljlw÷k|lj|mof $
ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg $
kf7oj|md d"Nofªsg %
kf7oj|md sfof{Gjog tflnsf %
g]kfnL ^
ul0ft #$
;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snf &&
lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff !@)
cªu|]hL !&!
:yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf !*$
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg clen]v kmf/fdx¿ !*(

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md
@)^#
sIff ! – #
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
 ;jf{lwsf/ k|sfzsdf lglxt
k|yd k|sfzg M lj=;+= @)^#
k'gM k|sfzg M lj=;+= @)^$
d'b|0f k|lt M

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, g]kfnL 6
g]kfnL
!= kl/ro
ljBfnoLo lzIffdf g]kfnL efiffsf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . ljBfno txsf] k|f/lDes sIffb]lv clgjfo{
k7gkf7g x'g] o; ljifonfO{ k|efjsf/L / Jofjxfl/s 9ªun] lzIf0f ug{ pko'St kf7oj|md Pjd
kf7o;fdu|L x'g'k5{ . p2]Zod"ns, ;do;fk]If / Jofjxfl/s kf7oj|mdn] dfq kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{, ;fdflhs
d"NodfGotf, ljZjhgLg gjLgtd 1fg / Go"gtd ljifout 1fgnfO{ ;d]6g ;S5 .
g]kfnL efiff ljifosf] o; kf7oj|mddf ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfOk|lt pTk|]l/t
u/fpg cfjZos kg]{ 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lQut l;sfOpknlAw, lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofªsg
k|lj|mofnfO{ lj:tfl/t ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|fylds txdf g]kfnL l;sfOg'sf] k|of]hg j0f{lrgf/L,
zAbfy{ / ;/n jfSosf] k|of]u tyf ;fdfGo eflifs bIftf clej[l4 ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt
s'/fx¿df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 M
– kf7oj|mdnfO{ ;fdlos, pkof]uL / Jojxf/d"ns agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
– b}lgs hLjgdf efiff k|of]unfO{ ;lhnf] kfg]{ / dflyNnf] txsf] lzIff cfh{g ug{ cfjZos kg]{
eflifs Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
– efiff l;sfOnfO{ ;Lkut l;sfOpknlAwdf lgwf{/0f u/L ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO ;Lksf]
ljsf;sf nflu pko'St kf7oj:t'sf] 5gf]6 Pjd :t/0fdf ;r]ttfk"j{s ;Ldfªsg ul/Psf] 5 .
– ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|mdnfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
– eflifs ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu k"/s¿kdf sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f / zAbfy{÷zAbe08f/nfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 .
– lzIf0f k|lj|mofsf] ;xhLs/0fsf nflu l;sfOpknlAw lj:t[tLs/0f, eflifs ;Lkut kf7oef/,
lzIf0f l;sfOsf sfo{snfk / ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsgsf k|lj|mof lgb]{z ul/Psf] 5 .
– hftLo, n}ªlus / If]qLo ¿kn] ;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|oTg
ul/Psf] 5 .
@= txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
k|fylds txsf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 g]kfnL efiffdf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5g M
-s_ ;'gfO ;Lk
– ljleGg k|sf/sf lgb]{zgx¿ ;'g]/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ug{ .
– s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] j0f{g, 5nkmn cflb Wofgk"j{s ;'g]/ ltgsf] cy{ / cfzo a'emL k|ltlj|mof
hgfpg .
– afnsyf, uLt, sljtf cflb cfgGb lng] u/L ;'Gg .

-v_ af]nfO ;Lk
– zAbx¿ z'4 / :ki6;“u pRrf/0f u/L :jfefljs ultsf ;fy af]Ng .
– b]v];'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf s'/f l;nl;nf ldnfO{ atfpg .
– s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn cflbdf cfgf s'/f ws gdfgL lzi6 9ªun] /fVg .
-u_ k9fO ;Lk
– g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf ;/n kf7o;fdu|Lx¿ ult / olt ldnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf k9g .
– ;–;fgf ;"rgf ljj/0f k9]/ cfzo a'‰g .
– ;/n afn;flxTosf /rgfx¿ ?lr lnO{ k9g .
-3_ n]vfO ;Lk
– 7Ls b'/Ldf afGsL ldnfP/ cIf/ n]Vg .
– b]v];'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf s'/fx¿ l;nl;nf ldnfP/ z'4;“u n]Vg .
– cfgf] cg'ejsf ;]/f]km]/f]sf ljifodf 5f]6f lnlvt /rgf tof/ ug{ .

g]kfnL
#= If]q / j|md
o; ljifosf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] If]q / j|mdtn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff #
;'gfO – lgb]{zg
– cfjfh, j0f{lje]b, cIf/
– k|Zgf]Q/, s'/fsfgL
– afnuLt, syf cflb .
– lgb]{zg
– cfjfh, j0f{lje]b, zAb
– afnuLt, syf cflb .
– lgb]{zg
– cjfh, j0f{, zAb
– afnuLt, syf
– ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ;fwgsf sfo{j|md cflb .
af]nfO – j0f{ pRrf/0f
– lzi6frf/sf zAb
– s'/fsfgL, ;f]wk'5, k|Zgf]Q/
– afnuLt, afnsyf cflb .
– z'4 pRrf/0f
– lzi6frf/sf zAb
– s'/fsfgL, ;f]wk'5, k|Zgf]Q/, j0f{
– z'4 pRrf/0f
– lzi6frf/sf zAb
– s'/fsfgL, ;f]wk'5, k|Zgf]Q/, j0f{g, 5nkmn
k9fO – cIf/ lrgf/L
– hf]l8Psf cIf/
– j0f{lje]b
– ;/n zAb tyf jfSo
– hf]l8Psf cIf/
– j0f{lje]b
– j0f{lje]b
– ;fwf/0f ;"rgf, ljj/0f
– kf]:6/, leQ]kfqf]
– ;/n afn;flxTo cflb .
n]vfO – lrq /]vfªsg
– cg'n]vg
– lxHh]
– >'ltn]vg
– zAb/rgf, jfSo /rgf
– lr≈gsf] k|of]u
– lrq /]vfªsg
– cg'n]vg
– lxHh]
– >'ltn]vg
– zAb/rgf, jfSo/rgf
– lr≈g k|of]u
– lrq lgdf{0f
– lrqj0f{g
– cg'n]vg
– lxHh]
– >'ltn]vg
– lgb]{lzt /rgf
– lr≈g k|of]u
*sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f – kb;ªult
– lj|mofsf sfn
– kb;ªult
– lj|mofsf sfn
– kb;ªult
– lj|mofsf sfn
*af]nfO / n]vfOsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq

$= l;sfOpknlAwsf] lj:t[tLs/0f
o; ljifodf sIffut¿kdf afnaflnsfx¿n] xfl;n ug]{ l;sfOpknlAwx¿nfO{ ljlzi6 p2]Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . l;sfOpknlAwsf] lj:t[tLs/0f tnsf]
tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
sIff M !
If]q l;sfOpknlAw÷ljlzi6
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
-l;sfOpknlAw÷ljifoj:t'_
;Defljt lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;Defljt d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof kf7oef/
;'gfO != ;fwf/0f df}lvs lgb]{zg
;'g]/ kfng
ug{ .
cx|fPsf] ;fwf/0f sfd ug{
-h:t} M hfpm eGbf hfg, cfpm
eGbf cfpg, lx“8 eGbf lx“8g
cflb_ .
s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ hfpm, cfpm, lx“8 a;,
cflb lgb]{zg lbO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
lgb]{zg lbPcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] u/]gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .
&& 3G6L
Ps jfSo;Ddsf] ;"rgf ;'g]/
s;}nfO{ atfpg .
Ps jfSosf] s'g} ;"rgf ljBfyL{nfO{
;'gfP/ ;f]xL ;"rgf csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg
nufpg] .
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf] ;"rgf atfpg
nufpg] .
@= j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ ;'g]/
5'6ofpg .
:j/ j0f{ / Jo~hg j0f{x¿ ;'g]/
5'6ofpg .
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ ;'gfpg] / pRrf/0f
ug{ nufpg] .
;'g]sf j0f{x¿ pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
#= ljleGg k|sf/sf
cfjfhx¿ ;'g]/
5'6ofpg .
j:t' tyf r/fr'?ªuLsf] cfjfh
5'6ofpg .
ufO{, e]8f, r/fr'?ªuLsf] cfjfh ;'gfpg]
/ s]sf] cfjfh xf] egL 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
r/fr'?ªuL / hgfj/sf ;'g]sf cfjfh
lrGg nufpg] .
$= b'O{hgf aLrdf x'g]
;fdfGo s'/fsfgLx¿
;'g]/ k|ltlj|mof hgfpg .
kl/lrt jftfj/0fdf s'/fsfgL
ug{ -3/, ljBfno, k“w]/f] k;n
cflbdf_
lzIfsn] b'O{, tLghgf ljBfyL{;“u s'g}
ljifodf s'/fsfgL ug]{ / c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{
klg ;dfj]z u/L s'/fsfgL ug{ nufpg] .
s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf a]nf ljBfyL{nfO{
;dfj]z u/fp“bf pgLx¿n] b]vfpg]
k|ltlj|mof a'‰g] .
%= ;fwf/0f kl/lrt
afnuLt tyf syfx¿
;'g]/ eGg .
:yfgLo ¿kdf k|rlnt kl/lrt
afnuLt yf syfx¿ ;'g]/ eGg .
lzIfsn] :yfgLo txsf kf7ok':tssf
afnuLt / syfx¿ eGg], ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'Gg
nufpg] / k'gM eGg nufpg] .
afnuLt / syfx¿ 7Ls tl/sfn]
eg]geg]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] hfg]sf] afnuLt÷syf eGg
nufO{ ;'Gg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
af]nfO ^= j0f{dfnfsf ;Unf, ;+o'St
/ dfqf;lxtsf j0f{ / tL
j0f{ k|of]u ePsf zAbsf]
z'4 pRrf/0f ug{ .
:j/ / Jo~hg j0f{gsf] z'4
pRrf/0f ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{sf] z'4 pRrf/0f
ug{ .
dfqf nfu]sf j0f{sf] z'4
pRrf/0f ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf /
rGb|laGb'÷lz/laGb' nfu]sf
zAbsf] z'4 pRrf/0f ug{ .
:j/ / Jo~hg j0f{ ;'gfpg], ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg
nufpg] / pRrf/0f ug{ ufx|f] kg]{ 6–t, 9–w,
0f–g, 8–b, `–1 h:tf j0f{ pRrf/0fdf yk
cEof; u/fpg] .
j|m, d|, So, Ro cflb ;+o'St j0f{sf] pRrf/0f
ug{ nufpg] / yk cEof; klg u/fpg] .
cfsf/, Osf/ cflb dfqf nfu]sf zAb ;'gfP/
pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
;+o'St j0f{ k|of]u ePsf emG8f, rDrf, rKkn,
£ofDkf], ;k{, afv|f] cflb / rGb|laGb'÷lz/laGb'
k|of]u ePsf cf“vf, bf“t, 3f“6L, af“b/, af“;,
;+;f/, x+; cflb zAb ;'gfP/ pRrf/0f ug{
nufpg] .
j0f{x¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f ug{
nufpg] .
j0f{x¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf]
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
dfqf nfu]sf j0f{x¿ z'4;“u
pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .
zAbx¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
&& 3G6L
&= lzi6frf/sf zAb k|of]u
u/L af]Ng .
gd:t]÷gd:sf/, ltdL, tkfO+{
cflb lzi6frf/sf zAb k|of]u
ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{NfO{ plNnlvt zAb k|of]u u/L
lzi6frf/ ug{ l;sfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{
;f]xLcg';f/ ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] af]Nbf lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
*= kl/lrt JolSt;“u
;f]wk'5, s'/fsfgL /
k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ .
cfk"mn] ga'em]sf s'/f c¿;“u
;f]wk'5 ug{ / ;fyLx¿;“u
s'/fsfgL ug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ljifodf k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] /
eGg g;s]df ;fyLnfO{ ;f]w]/ eGg nufpg] .
h:t} M ltd|f] gfd s] xf] <
ltd|f] 3/ sxf“ 5 <
ltd|f] ;fyLsf] gfd s] xf] <
lzIfsn] ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf] hjfkm
lbPglbPsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
cfgf] af/]df ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿s} af/]df ljleGg
k|Zg ;f]Wg] / pQ/ eGg nufpg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
kf7sf af/]df ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7sf ljifoj:t'sf
af/]df ljleGg k|Zg ;f]Wg] / pQ/ eGg
nufpg] .
k|Zgsf cfwf/df dg k/]sf
j:t' / lrqsf] df}lvs j0f{g
ug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} j:t' jf lrq b]vfO{ ljleGg
k|Zg ;f]w]/ df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
;DalGwt lrqsf af/]df ljBfyL{n]
u/]sf] j0f{g ;'Gg] .
(= kl/lrt :yfgLo
afnuLtx¿ JolStut
tyf ;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt ufpg .
kl/lrt :yfgLo afnuLtx¿
JolStut tyf ;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt ufpg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/lrt :yfgLo afnuLtx¿
xfpefp;lxt ;'gfpg] / JolStut tyf
;fd"lxs ¿kdf ufpg nufpg]
xfpefp ldnfP/ ufPgufPsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!)= cfk"mn] hfg]sf afnsyf
eGg .
:yfgLo kl/j]zsf afnsyf
eGg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] hfg]sf
afnsyf eGg nufpg] / pgLx¿n] eGg
g;s]sf 7fp“df ;xof]u u/L syf k"/f ug{
pTk|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ syf eGg nufpg] .
k9fO !!= j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ lrGg
/ z'4 pRrf/0f u/L
k9g .
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ lrGg . j0f{dfnfsf :j/ / Jo~hg j0f{x¿ tflnsfdf
/fvL lrgfpg] / pRrf/0f ug{ klg nufpg] .
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿nfO{ j|md ldnfP/
/ gldnfO{ b]vfP/ lrg]glrg]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
%! 3G6L
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ z'4
pRrf/0f u/L k9g .
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ / tL j0f{ k|of]u ePsf
zAb tflnsfdf k|:t't u/L lzIfsn] z'4
pRrf/0f u/]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut
tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;DalGwt j0f{sf] z'4
z'4;“u k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!@= ;/n zAbx¿ k9g . ;/n zAbx¿ k9g . lzIfsn] kf7ok':tssf / cfjZostfcg';f/
cGo zAb n]vL k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{
klg tL zAb k9g nufpg] .
zAbx¿ k9g nufpg] / /fd|/L
k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!#= hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{x¿af6
ag]sf zAb z'4 / :ki6
pRrf/0f u/L k9g .
hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{x¿af6 ag]sf
zAb z'4 / :ki6 pRrf/0f
u/L k9g .
emG8f, rDrf, rKkn, £ofDkf], ;k{, afv|f],
v]N5, eG5h:tf hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{af6 ag]sf
zAbx¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/]/ ;'gfpg] /
ljBfyL{nfO{ klg JolStut tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf
k9g nufpg] .
emG8f, rDrf / £ofDkf] 7Ls
tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!$= ;/n jfSox¿ k9g . ;/n jfSox¿ k9g . lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf /
rf/kf“r zAb;Ddsf cGo ;/n jfSo
-stf{, lj|mof÷stf{, sd{ / lj|mof cflb ePsf]
jfSo_ k9g nufpg] .
jfSox¿ 7Ls tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!%= ;/n afnuLt / syfx¿
;:j/ k9g .
;/n afnuLt no ldnfO
k9g .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf ePsf afnuLtx¿ no
ldnfP/ k9L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ klg
JolStut / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no ldnfP/ k9g
nufpg] / kof{Kt cEof; u/fpg] .
ljBfyL{n] no ldnfP/ k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
;/n syfx¿ xfpefp;lxt
k9g .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tssf syfx¿ xfpefp;lxt
k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ klg k9g
nufpg] .
syf ;:j/ k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ / syfsf ;Gbe{df ljleGg
k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ eGg nufpg] .
n]vfO !^= lrq agfO{ To;sf] gfd
eGg / n]Vg .
cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ lrqx¿
agfO{ gfd eGg / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ dg kg]{ r/f, df5f, 3/
cflbsf] lrq agfpg nufpg] . lrqdf s]xL
cEo:t ePkl5 pgLx¿sf ?lrsf h'g;'s} lrq
agfpg / ltgsf] gfd eGg / n]Vg nufpg] .
lrq agfO{ ltgsf] gfd eg]geg]sf],
n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
#* 3G6L
!&= lxHh] ldnfP/ kl/lrt
zAb n]Vg .
j0f{x¿ j|md / dfqf ldnfP/
kl/lrt zAbx¿ n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] kl9;s]sf÷
hflg;s]sf ;fdfGo zAbx¿ j0f{sf] j|md /
dfqf ldnfP/ n]Vg nufpg] .
-h:t} M sfsf, lbbL cflb_
7Ls tl/sfn] n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{, hf“Rg] / uNtL ePdf
;RofOlbg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!*= afGsL ldn]sf j0f{x¿
n]Vg .
cfsf/k|sf/ ldnfP/ j0f{x¿
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] j0f{dfnfsf ;a} j0f{x¿ ;kmf;“u
cfsf/k|sf/ ldnfP/ n]Vg nufpg] / uNtL
u/]df ;RofOlbg] .
j0f{x¿ ;kmf;“u cfsf/k|sf/
ldnfP/ n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
!(= ;/n zAb /
dfqf;lxtsf zAbsf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
;/n zAb / dfqf;lxtsf
zAbsf] cg'n]vg ug{ .
kf7ok':tssf ;/n zAb / dfqf;lxtsf zAb
;fg{ nufpg] / 7Ls gePdf ;RofOlbg] .
ljBfyL{n] ;f/]sf zAb hf“Rg] .
@)= ;/n zAb /
dfqf;lxtsf zAbsf]
>[ltn]vg ug{ .
;/n zAb / dfqf;lxtsf
zAbsf] >[ltn]vg ug{ .
kf7ok':tssf ;/n zAb / dfqf;lxtsf zAb
ljBfyL{sf] n]vg ultnfO{ Vofn u/L
b'O{tLgk6s k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ;'g]sf cfwf/df
n]Vg nufpg] .
ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf zAb hf“Rg] .
@!= ;/n zAb / jfSosf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
;/n zAb / jfSosf] cg'n]vg
ug{ .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf / cGo
:jtGq ;/n zAb tyf jfSox¿ ;fg{ nufpg]
/ 7Ls;“u g;f/]df ;RofOlbg] .
ljBfyL{n] ;f/]sf zAb tyf jfSo
cjnf]sg ug{] .
@@= ;/n zAb / jfSosf]
>'ltn]vg ug{ .
;/n zAb / jfSosf]
>'ltn]vg ug{ .
kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf ;/n zAb / jfSo
ljBfyL{sf] n]vg ultnfO{ Vofn u/L b'O{tLgkN6
k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf cfwf/df
n]Vg nufpg] .
;'g]sf cfwf/df 7Ls tl/sfn]
@#= ;/n / kl/lrt zAb
tyf jfSox¿ n]Vg .
;/n / kl/lrt zAb tyf
jfSox¿ n]Vg .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf / cGo
:jtGq ;/n / kl/lrt zAb tyf jfSox¿
n]Vg nufpg] . -ljBfyL{ ljleGg Ifdtfsf x'g]
ePsfn] pgLx¿s} Ifdtf / cg'ejcg's"nsf
zAb tyf jfSo n]Vg clek|]l/t ug]{ ._
ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf zAb tyf
jfSox¿ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
@$=k"0f{lj/fdsf] k|of]u ug{ . k"0f{lj/fdsf] k|of]u ug{ . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf jfSosf] cGTodf
k"0f{lj/fd lrxg -._ k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
jfSosf] kl5 k"0f{lj/fdf lrxg -._

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
*sfo{d"ns
Jofs/0f
-s_ kb;ªult
@%= jrg, lnªu, k'?if /
cfb/;“u lj|mofkbsf] d]n
u/fP/ af]Ng / n]Vg .
jrg -Psjrg, ax'jrg_
ldn]sf jfSo af]Ng / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] s'g} j:t' jf lrqsf] j0f{g ubf{
jrg ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng / n]Vg
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] jfSo af]Nbf / n]Vbf jrg
ldn]gldn]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!# 3G6L
lnªu -k'lnªu / :qLlnªu_
ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng /
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] s'g} j:t' jf lrqsf] j0f{g ubf{
lnªu ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng / n]Vg
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] jfSo af]Nbf / n]Vbf lnªu
ldn]gdlnsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
k'?if -d / ltdL_ ldn]sf
jfSox¿ af]Ng / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] j:t' jf lrqsf] j0f{g ubf{ k'?if
ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng / n]Vg k|f]T;fxg
ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] jfSo af]Nbf / n]Vbf k'?if
cfb/ -af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL,
efO, alxgLh:tf kb;“u_ ldnfO{
af]Ng / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] s'g} j:t' lrq jf ljifosf] j0f{g
ubf{ cfb/ -af cfpg'eof] . cfdf hfg'eof] .
bfh' k9g'x'G5 . lbbL ufpg'x'G5 . efO k95,
alxgL k95] cflb_ ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng /
n]Vg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] jfSo af]Nbf / n]Vbf cfb/
-v_ lj|mofsf]
sfn
@^= ;fdfGo jt{dfg /
;fdfGo e"tsfn k|of]u
u/L af]Ng .
vfG5, k95h:tf lj|mofkbdf
pQ/ cfpg] jfSo af]Ng /
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] u5{, k95h:tf lj|mofkb k|of]u
ePsf jfSodf pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf ljleGg
k|Zg ;f]wL cEof; u/fpg] h:t} M efO s]
u5{ <, ufO{n] s] vfG5 < ltd|f af s]
ug'{x'G5 <
tnsfh:tf k|Zgx¿ agfO{ ltgsf
pQ/ eGg tyf n]Vg nufpg] h:t} M
-s_ r/f] sxf“ a:5 <
-v_ cfdf s] sfd ug'{x'G5 <
-u_ ltdL sltv]/ p75f} < cflb .
vfof], k9of]h:tf lj|mofkbdf
pQ/ cfpg] jfSo af]Ng /
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ vfP“, u/]“, vfof],
k9of]h:tf lj|mofkbdf pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf
ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ eGg nufpg]
h:t} M ltdLn] lxhf] s] u¥of] <
tnsfh:tf k|Zgx¿ agfO{ ltgsf
pQ/ eGg tyf n]Vg nufpg] .
-s_ ltdLn] lxhf] s] u¥of} <
-v_ ==== syfdf ==== n] s] u¥of] <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
**zAbfy{ @&= zAbe08f/ j[l4 ug]{ . lrq x]/]/ zAb eGg / n]Vg . ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf ljleGg
lrhj:t'sf lrq x]/]/ ltgsf] gfd eGg tyf
n]Vg -;Dej eP_ nufpg] .
lrqcg';f/sf gfd eg]geg]sf],
zAb x]/L lrq lrGg . ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg zAb ;'gfpg] / lrq
sNkgf u/L ltgsf lrq agfpg nufpg] .
zAbcg';f/sf] lrq agfPgagfPsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
* sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f af]nfO / n]vfOsf nflu dfq xf] .
** of] l;sfOpknlAwcg';f/ sIff ! df cfgf] kl/j]zsf !))) zAb;Ddsf] zAbe08f/ j[l4 u/L rf/kf“r zAbsf jfSo af]Ng / n]Vg ;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . of] sIff !
df ;a} ljifo kl9;s]kl5sf] ck]Iff xf] . g]kfnL ljifodf dfq oL zAbsf] zAb;Ldf vf]hL ug{ cfjZos 5}g t/ a9L zAb tyf jfSo k|of]u ug]{ kIfdf eg] Wofg lbg'k5{ .

sIff M@
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
;'gfO != ;fwf/0f df}lvs
lgb]{zg ;'g]/ kfng
ug{ .
ug{ eg]sf ;fwf/0f sfd ug{
/ gug{ eg]sf sfd gug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf x]g]{, ;fyLsf] s'/f
;'Gg]h:tf ljleGg lgb]{zg lbO{ sfd ug{
nufpg] .
lgb]{zg lbPcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] u/]gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
^$ 3G6L
Ps jfSo;Ddsf] ;"rgf ;'g]/
s;}nfO{ atfpg .
Ps jfSosf] s'g} ;"rgf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfP/
;f]xL ;"rgf csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg nufpg] .
;"rgf ;'g]sf] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf] s'/f] atfpg
nufpg] .
@= ljleGg k|sf/sf
cfjfhx¿ / p:t}
Wjlg ;'lgg] zAb
;'g]/ 5'6ofpg .
j:t', hgfj/ tyf
r/fr'?ªuLsf] cfjfh
5'6ofpg .
ufO{, e]8f, afv|f, r/fr'?ªuL / j:t'sf] cfjfh
;'gfpg] / s]sf] cfjfh xf] egL 5'6ofpg
nufpg] .
r/fr'?ªuL, hgfj/ j:t' cflbsf] cfjfh
lrg]glrg]sf] ;'g]/ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] j0f{ /
zAbaf6 Wjlg klxrfg ug{ .
6f6f]–tftf], kfyL–kf7L, sfd–vfdh:tf zAbx¿
;'gfP/ oL zAb tyf ;DalGwt 6–t, 7–y /
s–v cflb j0f{ pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
j0f{ tyf zAbsf] pRrf/0f 7Ls tl/sfn]
u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= tLgrf/hgf aLrdf
x'g] ;fdfGo
s'/fsfgLx¿ ;'g]/
k|ltlj|mof hgfpg .
kl/lrt jftfj/0fdf -3/,
ljBfno, k“w]/f], l5d]s, rf}tf/f],
k;n cflbdf_ s'/fsfgL ug{ .
lzIfsn] tLgrf/hgf ljBfyL{;“u s'g} ljifodf
s'/fsfgL ug]{ / c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ s'/fsfgL ug{
;dfj]z u/fpg] .
s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf a]nf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfj]z
u/fp“bf pgLx¿n] b]vfpg] k|ltlj|mof a'‰g] .
$= ;fwf/0f / kl/lrt
afnuLt tyf syfx¿
;'g]/ eGg .
kl/lrt afnuLt tyf syfx¿
;'g]/ eGg .
lzIfsn] :yfgLo txdf k|rlnt tyf kf7ok':tssf
afnuLt / syfx¿ eg]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'Gg nufpg]
/ k'gM eGg nufpg] .
afnuLt tyf syfx¿ 7Ls tl/sfn] eg]geg]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ;'g]sf uLt÷syf ;'gfpg
nufpg] . h:t} M ltdLn] hfg]sf] uLt÷syf ;'gfpm
.
%= ljB'tLo ;~rf/
dfWodaf6 k|;fl/t
afnuLt, sljtf tyf
syf ?lr lnP/
;'Gg .
/]l8of] 6]lnlehgdf k|;f/0f
ePsf afnuLt, sljtf tyf
syf ;'Gg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ cfgf] 3/, kl/jf/ tyf
;d'bfodf pknAw x'g] /]l8of], l6eLdf k|;f/0f x'g]
afnuLt, sljtf tyf syf ;'g]/ cfpg lgb]{zg lbg]
.
ljBfyL{nfO{ /]l8of]÷l6eLdf ;'g]sf afnuLt, sljtf
tyf syfsf] d'Vo c+z eGg nufpg] . -of] cEof;
;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu dfq xf] . pgLx¿n]
eGg g;s] klg ;'Gg pTk|]l/t ug]{_
af]nfO ^= ;+o'St j0f{ ePsf /
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg]
zAbx¿sf] z'4
pRrf/0f ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf / dfqf
nfu]sf zAbsf] z'4 pRrf/0f
ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf emG8f, rDrf, rKkn, £ofDkf],
kGw|, kRrL;, ;k{, afv|f], cf“vf, bf“t, 3f6L, af“b/,
af“;, e}“;L, sf“w, 6f“s, ef“8f cflb zAb ;'gfP/
z'4 pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] . ^$ 3G6L
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] zAb ;'gfP/
pRrf/0f ug{ .
6f6f]–tftf], kfyL–kf7L, kftL–kf6L, l8n–lbnh:tf
zAbhf]8L ;'gfP/ j0f{sf] leGgtf klxrfg u/fpg] .
z'4 pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .
&= lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/L af]Ng .
gd:t]÷gd:sf/, ltdL, tkfO{+,
xh'/ cflb lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ plNnlvt zAb k|of]u u/L
lzi6frf/ ug{ l;sfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]xLcg';f/
ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ b}lgs cGtlj|{mofdf lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/L af]Ng nufpg] / lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ -o;df zAb k|of]u
kIfnfO{ dfq hf]8 lbg] ._

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
*= ;fdfGo ljifodf
kl/lrt JolSt;“u
;f]wk'5, s'/fsfgL,
k|Zgf]Q/ / j0f{g
ug{ .
cfk"mn] ga'em]sf s'/f c¿;“u
;f]wk'5 ug{ / ;fyL{x¿;“u
s'/fsfgL ug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ljifodf s'/fsfgL u/fpg] /
af]Ng grfxg]nfO{ af]Ng k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
lzIfsn] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbPglbPsf]
;'Gg] . h:t} M ltd|f] 3/ sxf“ 5 <
cfgf] 3/kl/jf/ / k9]sf
kf7sf af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf 3/kl/jf/ /
kf7sf ljleGg ljifoj:t'sf af/]df k|Zg ;f]Wg]
/ pQ/ eGg nufpg] .
ljBfyL{nfO{ af]Ng pTk|]l/t ug]{ / ;DalGwt
ljifoj:t'sf af/]df ljleGg k|Zg u/L yk
j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
k"/f jfSodf pQ/ lbg . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg k|Zg ;f]Wg] /
ltgsf] k"/f jfSodf pQ/ lbg nufpg] .
k|Zgsf] k"/f jfSodf pQ/ lbPglbPsf] ljrf/
ug]{ / pQ/ lbg g;s]df ;xof]u u/L k"/f
jfSodf pQ/ lbg nufpg] .
cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sf] j:t' /
lrqsf] df}lvs j0f{g ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ dg kg]{ j:t' / lrq
b]vfpg] / ltgsf] df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
ljBfyL{nfO{ lrq, j:t' cflb j0f{g ug{
nufpg] .
(= kl/lrt :yfgLo
afnuLtx¿
JolStut tyf
;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt
ufpg .
kl/lrt :yfgLo afnuLtx¿
JolStut tyf ;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt ufpg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/lrt :yfgLo afnuLtx¿
xfpefp;lxt ;'gfpg] / JolStut tyf
;fd"lxs ¿kdf ufpg nufpg] .
xfpefp ldnfP/ ufPgufPsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!)= cfk"mn] hfg]sf
afnsyf eGg .
:yfgLo kl/j]zsf afnsyf
eGg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] hfg]sf
afnsyf eGg nufpg] / pgLx¿n] eGg
g;s]sf 7fp“df ;xof]u u/L syf k"/f ug{
nufpg] .
ljBfyL{n] eg]sf syf ;'Gg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k9fO !!= p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] j0f{ /
zAbx¿ aLrsf] leGgtf
5'6ofO{ k9g .
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] j0f{ /
zAbx¿ aLrsf] leGgtf
5'6ofO{ k9g .
6f6f]–tftf], kftL–kf6L, l8n–lbnh:tf
zAbhf]8Lx¿ k6sk6s pRrf/0f u/]/
ljBfyL{nfO{ oL zAb / zAbdf k|of]u ePsf
j0f{ pRrf/0f ug]{ cEof; u/fpg] .
;xL tl/sfn] pRrf/0f u/gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
^$ 3G6L
!@= hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{x¿af6
ag]sf] zAb z'4 / :ki6
pRrf/0f u/L k9g .
hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{x¿af6 ag]sf
zAb z'4 / :ki6 pRrf/0f
u/L k9g .
emG8f, rDrf, rKkn, £ofDkf], ;k{, afv|f],
kGw|, kRrL;, v]N5, eG5h:tf hf]8]df]8]sf
j0f{af6 ag]sf zAbx¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f
u/]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ klg j}olSts
tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf k9g nufpg] .
7Ls tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{,
cjnf]sgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf k|Zg
agfpg] M
tnsf zAb z'4;“u k9]/ ;'gfpm M ;k{,
emG8f, kRrL; cflb .
!#= ;/n jfSox¿ k9g . ;/n jfSox¿ k9g . lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf /
rf/kf“r zAb;Ddsf cGo ;/n jfSo
-stf{, sd{ / lj|mof ePsf] jfSo_ ;'gfO{ k9g
nufpg] .
jfSox¿ 7Ls tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg u/L 7Ls tl/sfn] gk9]df
;'wf/ u/L k9g ;xof]u ug]{ .
!$= ;/n afnuLt / syfx¿
;:j/ k9g .
;/n afnuLt no ldnfO{
k9g .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf ePsf afnuLtx¿
no ldnfP/ k9L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ klg
JolStut / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no ldnfP/
k9g nufpg] / kof{Kt cEof; u/fpg] .
ljBfyL{n] no ldnfP/ k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
;/n syfx¿ xfpxfp;lxt
k9g .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf syfx¿
xfpefp;lxt k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{
klg ;f]xLcg';f/ k9g nufpg] .
lzIfsn] syfsf ;Gbe{df ljleGg k|Zg
;f]wL syf k9bf ;:j/ k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ . h:t} M ==== syfdf ====n]
s] eGof] < -o; a]nfdf ;:j/tf /
xfpefp Vofn ug]{ ._

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
n]vfO !%= lrq agfO{ To;sf] gfd
n]Vg .
cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ lrqx¿ agfO{
gfd n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ dg kg]{ lrq agfpg
/ ltgsf] gfd n]Vg nufpg] .
lrq agfP/ ltgsf] gfd n]Vg
;s]g;s]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
%! 3G6L
!^= lxHh] ldnfP/ kl/lrt
zAb n]Vg .
j0f{x¿sf] j|md / dfqf ldnfP/
kl/lrt zAbx¿ n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tsdf
kl9;s]sf / ljBfyL{n] hflg;s]sf ;fdfGo
zAbx¿ j0f{sf] j|md / dfqf ldnfP/ n]Vg
nufpg] . -h:t} M sfsf, lbbL, e}“;L cflb_
o; qmddf 6–t, 7–y, 9–w, o–P h:tf
j0f{ / tL j0f{ k|of]u ePsf zAbsf]
n]vgdf ljz]if Vofn ug]{ .
7Ls tl/sfn] n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
;+o'St j0f{sf] ;xL k|of]u u/L
;fwf/0f zAb n]Vg .
lzIfsn] v]N5, eG5, u5{, ;To, a§fh:tf
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf zAbx¿ j0f{ljGof;
ldnfO{ z'4 / :ki6;“u n]Vg] cEof;
u/fpg] .
!&= afGsL ldn]sf j0f{x¿
n]Vg .
cfsf/k|sf/ ldnfP/ j0f{x¿
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] j0f{dfnfsf ;a} j0f{x¿
cfsf/k|sf/ ldnfP/ ;kmf;“u n]Vg
nufpg] / uNtL u/]df ;RofOlbg] .
j0f{x¿ ;kmf;“u n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
!*= ;/n cg'R5]bsf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
;/n cg'R5]bsf] cg'n]vg ug{ . kf7ok':tssf ljz]iftM syf ljwfsf ;/n
cg'R5]bx¿ ;fg{ nufpg] / 7Ls;“u ;fg{
clek|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] ;f/]sf cg'R5]b hf“Rg] .
!(= kl/lrt zAb tyf
jfSox¿ >'ltn]vg ug{ .
kl/lrt zAb tyf jfSox¿
>'ltn]vg ug{ .
ljBfyL{n] hflg;s]sf zAb tyf jfSox¿
lzIfsn] z'4 pRrf/0f u/L ;'gfpg] /
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf cfwf/df n]Vg nufpg] .
;'g]sf cfwf/df 7Ls tl/sfn] n]v]gn]v]sf]
x]/L hf“lrlbg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@)= ;/n jfSox¿
n]Vg .
;/n jfSox¿ n]Vg . lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf / cGo
:jtGq ;/n jfSox¿ n]Vg nufpg] . ljBfyL{
ljleGg Ifdtfsf x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿s}
Ifdtfcg's"nsf jfSox¿ n]Vg clek|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf jfSox¿ hf“Rg] .
@!= k"0f{lj/fd /
k|Zgjfrs lr≈gsf]
k|of]u ug{ .
k"0f{lj/fd / k|Zgjfrs
lr≈gsf] k|of]u ug{ .
lzIfsn] k"0f{lj/fd / k|Zg lr≈g k|of]u ug'{kg]{
vfnsf jfSox¿ n]lv÷elglbg] / ljBfyL{n]
n]v]sf jfSosf] cGTodf k"0f{lj/fd lr≈g -._ /
k|Zgjfrs lr≈g -<_ k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
tnsf jfSosf kl5 k"0f{lj/fd -._
/fv M
/fd 3/ hfG5
;Ltf kf7 k95]
k|Zgjfrs lr≈g -<_ /fv M
ltd|f] gfd s] xf]
ltdL slt sIffdf k95f}
*sfo{d"ns
Jofs/0f
-s_ kb;ªult
@@= jrg, lnªu, k'?if /
cfb/;“u lj|mofkbsf]
d]n u/fP/ af]Ng /
n]Vg .
Ps jrg / æx¿Æ
nfu]/ ax'jrg x'g]
kb;“u lj|mofsf] d]n
ug{ .
lzIfsn] Ps jrg gfd zAbdf æx¿Æ nufP/
ax'jrg agfpg l;sfpg] / Psjrgsf] stf{
tyf ax'jrgsf stf{;“u lj|mofsf] d]n u/fpg
cEof; u/fpg] . h:t} M
Psjrg ax'jrg
/fd /fdx¿
r/f] r/fx¿
/fd k95 . /fdx¿ k95g .
ufO{ r5{ . ufO{x¿ r5{g .
tnsf Psjrg zAbnfO{ æx¿Æ hf]8L
ax'jrg agfpm M snd, k"mn, ufO{====
tnsf Psjrgsf jfSonfO{ ax'jrg
agfpm M
ufO{ r5{ .
dfG5] cfof] .
efO k95 .
alxgL k95] .
!#
k'lnªu /
:qLlnªucg';f/ lj|mofsf]
d]n ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ k'lnªu stf{cg';f/ k'lnªu
lj|mof / :qLlnªu stf{cg';f/ :qLlnªu lj|mof
k|of]u u/L af]Ng / n]Vg nufpg] h:t} M s]6f]
cfof] . s]6L cfO{ .
s'g 7Ls xf] eg M
s]6f] cfof] .
s]6L cfof] .
alxgL cfO{ .
efO cfO{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
‘d’ / ‘ltdL’ stf{;“u
pko'St lj|mofsf] k|of]u
ug{ .
lzIfsn] d k95', d vfG5', ltdL k95f}, ltdL
v]N5f}h:tf y'k|} jfSosf] pbfx/0f lbO{ ‘d’ /
‘ltdL’ stf{;“u pko'St lj|mof k|of]u u/L af]Ng] /
n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] .
s'g 7Ls xf] eg M
d vfG5' .
d cfof] .
ltdL vfG5f} .
ltdL hf .
d k95' .
af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL,
efO, alxgLh:tf kb;“u
lj|mofsf] d]n ug{ .
lzIfsn] af cfpg'eof], cfdf hfg'eof], bfh'
k9g'x'G5, lbbL ufpg'x'G5, efO k95h:tf y'k|}
jfSosf pbfx/0f lbO{ af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL, efO,
alxgLh:tf kb;“u lj|mofsf] d]n u/L af]Ng] /
n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] .
s'g 7Ls 5}g, eg M
af cfof] .
cfdf cfpg'eof] .
bfh' hfg'eof] .
lbbL k95 .
alxgL cfO{ .
-v_ lj|mofsf]
sfn
@#= ;fdfGo jt{dfg /
;fdfGo e"tsfn
k|of]u u/L af]Ng .
;fdfGo jt{dfg sfn
k|of]u u/L af]Ng .
lzIfsn] ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfndf pQ/ cfpg]
vfnsf ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL cEof; u/fpg] .
h:t} M efO s] u5{ < ltdL s] u5f}{ < ltd|L cfdf
s] ug'{x'G5 <
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eg M
-s_ r/f] sxf“ a:5 <
-u_ ltdL sltv]/ p75f} <
;fdfGo e"tsfnsf] k|of]u
u/L af]Ng .
lzIfsn] ;fdfGo e"tsfndf pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf
ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ eGg nufpg] . h:t} M
-s_ ltdLn] lxhf] s] u¥of} < o:t} ljleGg syf
;'gfO{ e"tsfndf pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
h:t} M ==== syfdf ====n] s] u¥of] <
-v_ ==== syfdf ===== n] s] u¥of] <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
**zAb e08f/ @$=zAbe08f/ j[l4 ug{ lrq x]/]/ zAb eGg /
n]Vg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo kl/j]zsf ljleGg
lrhj:t'sf lrq b]vfP/ ltgsf] gfd eGg /
n]Vg nufpg] / ltgsf] ;fdfGo JofVof -df}lvs_
ug{ nufpg] .
lrqcg';f/sf gfd eg]geg]sf],
zAb x]/L lrq lrGg . ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg zAb ;'gfpg] / pgLx¿s}
wf/0ffcg';f/ ltgsf] lrq agfpg nufpg] .
zAbcg';f/sf lrq agfPgagfPsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
k|of]u ;Gbe{ x]/L zAbsf]
cy{ atfpg .
ljBfyL{n] kl9;s]sf zAbsf] cy{ atfpg
nufpg] .
zAbsf] cy{ a'em]ga'em]sf] hf“r ug]{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6} zAbsf] leGg k|of]u ;Gbe{df
leGgleGg cy{ x'g ;Sg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
u/fpg] . h:t} M
ltdL vf]nf t/ . -tg'{_
ltdL t/ vfpm . -b"wsf] 5fnL_
/fdn] cfn'sf] t/sf/L vfof] . -kmnk"mn_
/fdn] k/LIffdf cfn' vfof] . -cg'QL0f{_
kl/j]zcg';f/sf] zAbsf] cy{ a'em]/
-o;df a9L zAb k|of]u ug]{ kIfnfO{
hf]8 lbg vf]lhPsf] xf] ._
** of] l;sfOpknlAwcg';f/ sIff @ df cfgf] kl/j]zsf !%)) zAb;Ddsf] zAbe08f/ j[l4 u/L rf/kf“r zAbsf jfSo af]Ng / n]Vg ;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . of] sIff @
df ;a} ljifo kl9;s]kl5sf] ck]Iff xf] . g]kfnL ljifodf dfq oL zAbsf] zAb;Ldf vf]hL ug{ cfjZos 5}g t/ a9L zAb tyf jfSo k|of]u ug]{ kIfdf eg] Wofg lbg'k5{ .

sIff M #
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
;'gfO != ;fwf/0f df}lvs
lgb]{zg ;'g]/ kfng
ug{ .
s'g} vf; ;do / cj:yfdf
ug'{ eg]sf] sfd ;f]xL ;do
/ cj:yfdf ug{ .
;do lgb]{z u/L sIffsfo{÷u[xsfo{, jfrg /
cGo df}lvs lgb]{zgx¿ lbO{ sfo{ ug{
nufpg] .
lgb]{zg lbPcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] sfd u/]gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
%! 3G6L
b'O{tLg jfSo;Ddsf] ;"rgf
;'g]/ c¿nfO{ atfpg .
lzIfsn] b'O{tLg jfSosf] s'g} ;"rgf
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfP/ ;f]xL ;"rgf csf]{
ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg nufpg] .
;"rgf ;'g]sf] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf] s'/f
atfPgatfPsf] Vofn ug]{ .
@= ljleGg k|sf/sf
cfjfhx¿ / p:t}
Wjlg ;'lgg] zAb
;'g]/ 5'6ofpg .
j:t', hgfj/ tyf
r/fr'?ªuLn] lgsfNg] cfjfh
5'6ofpg .
ufO{, e]8f, afv|f / ljleGg j:t' tyf
r/fr'?ªuLsf] cfjfh ;'gfpg] / s]sf]
cfjfh xf] egL 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
r/fr'?ªuL, hgfj/ / j:t'sf] cfjfh
lrg]glrgsf] ;'g]/ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] zAbaf6
Wjlg klxrfg ug{ .
6f6f]–tftf], kfyL–kf7L, sfd–vfdh:tf
zAbx¿ ;'gfP/ oL zAb tyf ;DalGwt
6–t, 7–y / s–v cflb j0f{ pRrf/0f ug{
nufpg] .
j0f{sf] pRrf/0f 7Ls u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .
#= ljz]if kl/j]zdf
ePsf s'/fsfgLx¿
;'g]/ k|ltlj|mof
hgfpg .
ljz]if jftfj/0fdf -dlGb/,
xf6ahf/ cflb_ x'g] s'/fsfgL
;'gL k|ltlj|mof hgfpg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dlGb/, xf6ahf/
cflb 7fp“df 3'dfpg n}hfg] / ljBfyL{n] tL
7fp“df ;'g]sf s'/fx¿ eGg tyf tL
7fp“k|ltsf] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlj|mof JoSt ug{
nufpg] .
ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk"mn] 3'd]sf 7fp“af/] eg]sf /
k|ltlj|mof hgfPsf ljifosf af/]df 7Ls jf
a]7Ls egL lzIfsn] klg k|ltlj|mof lbg] .
$= afnuLt tyf
syfx¿ ;'g]/ eGg .
ckl/lrt ;/n afnuLt tyf
syfx¿ ;'g]/ eGg .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tseGbf aflx/sf ;d]t
afnuLt tyf syfx¿ ;'gfpg], ljBfyL{nfO{
;'Gg nufpg] / k'gM eGg nufpg] .
afnuLt tyf syfx¿ 7Ls tl/sfn]
eg]geg]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ . h:t} M ltdLn]
hfg]sf] uLt÷syf ;'gfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%= ljB'tLo ;~rf/
dfWodaf6 afn
pkof]uL sfo{j|md
?lr lnP/ ;'Gg .
/]l8of] 6]lnlehgdf
k|;f/0f ePsf afn
pkof]uL sfo{j|md ;'Gg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ cfgf] 3/, kl/jf/ /
;d'bfodf /]l8of]÷l6eLdf k|;f/0f x'g] pgLx¿sf
nflu pkof]uL ljleGg sfo{j|md ;'g]/ cfpg lgb]{zg
lbg] .
ljBfyL{nfO{ /]l8of]÷l6eLdf ;'g]sf afnuLt,
sljtf tyf syfsf] d'Vo c+z eGg
nufpg] . -of] ;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu
dfq xf] . pgLx¿n] eGg g;s] klg ;'Gg
pTk|]l/t ug{]_
af]nfO ^= ;+o'St j0f{ ePsf
zAbx¿sf] z'4
pRrf/0f ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf
zAbx¿sf] z'4 pRrf/0f
ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf v]NYof], eGYof], uYof]{, pk|mGYof],
r66, 6Ss, cf“vf, bf“t, 3f“6L, af“b/, af“;, e}“;L,
sf“w, 6f“s, ef“8f, e“8f/, Jo'“emg', Ajf“;f] cflb h:tf
zAbx¿ ;'gfP/ z'4;“u pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
z'4 pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] . ^$ 3G6L
&= lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/L af]Ng .
gd:t]÷gd:sf/, ltdL,
tkfO{+, xh'/, wGojfb
cflb lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ plNnlvt zAb k|of]u u/L
lzi6frf/ ug{ l;sfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]xLcg';f/
ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ k|To]s lbg lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/L af]Ng nufpg] / lzi6frf/ k|of]u
u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ -o;df zAb k|of]u
kIfnfO{ dfq hf]8 lbg] ._
*= ;fdfGo ljifodf ws
gdfgL ;f]wk'5,
s'/fsfgL, k|Zgf]Q/,
j0f{g / 5nkmn
ug{ .
b]v];'g]sf / k9]sf
s'/fsf] df}lvs j0f{g
ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] b]v]sf, ;'g]sf /
kf7ok':ts tyf cGo ;fdu|Ldf k9]sf s'/fx¿sf]
df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] . o; j|mddf pgLx¿nfO{
kof{Kt j0f{g, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/sf] cEof;
u/fpg] .
lzIfsn] s]xL ljBfyL{x¿n] hfg];'g]sf
ljifo, s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ / j0f{g
u/]sf] ;'Gg] .
(= ;/n afnuLt /
sljtf plrt
xfpefp;lxt
ufpg .
afnuLt / sljtfx¿
no ldnfO{ JolStut
tyf ;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt ufpg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ afnuLt / sljtfx¿ xfpefp;lxt
;'gfpg] / JolStut tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ufpg
nufpg] .
xfpefp ldnfP/ ufPgufPsf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
!)= cfk"mn] hfg]sf
afnsyf eGg .
cfk"mn] hfg]sf afnsyf
eGg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] hfg]sf afnsyf
eGg nufpg] / pgLx¿n] eGg g;s]sf 7fp“df
;xof]u u/L syf k"/f ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] eg]sf syf ;'Gg]
ljBfyL{nfO{ syf eGg nufpg]

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k9fO !!= n]lvPsf s'/fx¿
z'4 / :ki6
pRrf/0f u/L k9g .
n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ z'4 /
:ki6 pRrf/0f u/L
k9g .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf kf7x¿ Pjd
cfjZostfg';f/ cGo kf7o;fdu|Lx¿ k9g lbO{
zAb tyf jfSox¿ z'4 / :ki6 pRrf/0f u/L
k9g nufpg] .
7Ls tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{
-cjnf]sg ubf{ zAbsf] z'4 pRrf/0f
u/]gu/]sf] ;d]t Vofn ug]{ ._
^$
!@= ;fOgaf]8{ /
kf]:6/x¿ k9g .
;fOgaf]8{ / kf]:6/x¿
k9g .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg 7fp“df nuL ;fOgaf]8{
/ kf]:6/x¿ k9g nufpg] / kl9;s]kl5 pgLx¿n]
k9]sf s'/f eGg nufpg] .
;fOgaf]8{ / kf]:6/x¿ 7Ls tl/sfn]
k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!#= ;fwf/0f ;"rgfx¿ /
cGo ljj/0fx¿
z'4;“u k9g .
;fwf/0f ;"rgfx¿ /
cGo ljj/0fx¿ z'4;“u
k9g .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfnodf k|of]u x'g] ;/n
;"rgf / cGo ljj/0fx¿ k9g lbO{ ltgsf af/]df
k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] .
ljBfyL{n] ;"rgfx¿ k9]sf] ;'g]/ hf“Rg] .
!$= ;/n afn
;flxTox¿ ;:j/
k9g .
;/n j0f{g olt, ult
ldnfO{ ;:j/ k9g .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf k|aGw, hLjgL cflb uB
kf7x¿ ult, olt ldnfO{ ;:j/ k9g nufpg] .
k9g lbPsf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;:j/ k9]gk9]sf]
Vofn u/L d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
;/n syf÷sljtfx¿
xfpefp;lxt k9g .
kf7ok':tsdf ePsf afnuLt÷syfx¿ / cGo
afn ;flxTosf ;fdu|Lx¿ NofO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ klg
JolStut / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no ldnfP/ k9g
nufpg] .
k9g lbPsf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;:j/ k9]gk9]sf]
Vofn u/L d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
n]vfO !%= lrq agfO{ To;sf]
lnlvt j0f{g ug{ .
cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ lrqx¿
agfO{ lnlvt j0f{g ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ dg kg]{ lrq agfpg /
ltgsf] lnlvt j0f{g ug{ nufpg] . -h:t} M
ljBfyL{n] r/fsf] lrq agfPdf r/f cfsfzdf
p85 . ¿vdf a:5 . r/fn] k'mn kf5{ . h:tf]
j0f{g ug{ nufpg] ._
lrq agfpg tyf ltgsf] lnlvt j0f{g ug{
nufpg] / j0f{g ug{ ;s]g;s]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
^$

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!^= lxHh] ldnfP/ zAb
n]Vg .
zAbdf j0f{x¿sf] j|md /
dfqf ldnfP/ n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tsdf kl9;s]sf /
cGo zAbx¿ lxHh]cg';f/ j0f{sf] j|md / dfqf
ldnfP/ n]Vg nufpg] .
;+o'St j0f{sf] ;xL k|of]u
ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+o'St j0f{ k|of]u ePsf
zAbx¿ lxHh] ldnfO{ z'4 / :ki6;“u n]Vg] cEof;
u/fpg] .
!&= afGsL ldn]sf
j0f{x¿ 7Ls b'/Ldf
n]Vg .
afGsL ldn]sf j0f{x¿
7Ls b'/Ldf n]Vg .
lzIfsn] j0f{dfnfsf ;a} j0f{x¿ ;kmf / z'4;“u
tyf b'/L ldnfP/ n]Vg nufpg] .
j0f{x¿ ;kmf;“u / 7Ls b'/Ldf n]v]gn]v]sf]
x]/L hf“Rg] .
!*= ;fwf/0f cg'R5]bsf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
;fwf/0f cg'R5]bsf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
kf7ok':tssf ljz]iftM syf ljwfsf ;/n
cg'R5]bx¿ ;fg{ nufpg] / 7Ls;“u ;fg{ clek|]l/t
ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] ;f/]sf cg'R5]b hf“lrlbg] .
!(= ;/n jfSosf]
>'ltn]vg ug{ .
;/n jfSox¿ >'ltn]vg
ug{ .
ljBfyL{n] hflg;s]sf tyf cGo ;/n jfSox¿
lzIfsn] z'4 pRrf/0f u/L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{
;'g]sf cfwf/df n]Vg nufpg] .
;'g]sf cfwf/df 7Ls tl/sfn] n]v]gn]v]sf]
x]/L hf“lrlbg] .
@)= lgb]{zgcg';f/ 5f]6f
cg'R5]b n]Vg .
lgb]{zgcg';f/ 5f]6f
cg'R5]b n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljleGg lgb]{zg lbO{ 5f]6f cg'R5]b n]Vg
nufpg] . h:t} M tn dfly u/L jfSo lbg] /
lbOPsf jfSosf] j|md ldnfO{ cg'R5]b agfpg
nufpg] . cg'R5]bsf ljleGg 7fp“df vfnL 7fp“ lbO{
zAb / jfSo yk]/ cg'R5]b k"/f ug{ nufpg] .
ljleGg k|Zg lbg] / ltgsf] pQ/ n]vL cg'R5]b
agfpg nufpg] . ljleGg a'“bfx¿ lbg] / ltgs}
cfwf/df cg'R5]b agfpg nufpg] .
lbOPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] cg'R5]b
tof/ kf/]gkf/]sf] x]/L hf“lrlbg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@!= k"0f{lj/fd, cNklj/fd
/ k|Zgjfrs
lr≈gsf] k|of]u ug{ .
k"0f{lj/fd, cNklj/fd /
k|Zgjfrs lr≈gsf]
k|of]u ug{ .
lzIfsn] k"0f{lj/fd, cNklj/fd / k|Zg lr≈g
k|of]u ug'{kg]{ vfnsf jfSox¿ n]lv÷elglbg] /
ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf jfSodf k"0f{lj/fd lr≈g -._,
cNklj/fd -,_ / k|Zgjfrs lr≈g -<_ k|of]u ug{
nufpg] .
tnsf jfSosf kl5 k"0f{lj/fd -._ /fv M
/fd 3/ hfG5, ;Ltf kf7 k95]
cNklj/fd -,_ lr≈g /fv M
;'df clgtf / ;'lgtf ahf/ hfG5g .
k|Zgjfrs lr≈g -<_ /fv M
ltd|f] gfd s] xf]
ltdL slt sIffdf k95f}
*sfo{d"ns
Jofs/0f
-s_ kb;ªult
@@= jrg, lnªu, k'?if /
cfb/;“u lj|mofkbsf]
d]n u/fP/ af]Ng /
n]Vg .
Ps jrg / ¿k
ablnP/ tyf æx¿Æ
nfu]/ ax'jrg x'g]
kb;“u lj|mofsf] d]n
ug{ .
lzIfsn] Ps jrg gfd zAbdf æx¿Æ nufP/
ax'jrg agfpg / Psjrgsf zAbsf] ¿k
ablnP/ ax'jrg agfpg l;sfpg] / Psjrgsf]
stf{ tyf ax'jrgsf stf{;“u lj|mofsf] d]n
u/fpg cEof; u/fpg] . h:t} M
Psjrg ax'jrg
/fd /fdx¿
r/f] r/fx¿
/fd k95 . /fdx¿ k95g .
ufO{ r5{ . ufO{x¿ r5{g .
tnsf Psjrg zAbnfO{ æx¿Æ hf]8L
ax'jrg agfpmM snd, k"mn, ufO{=====
tnsf Psjrgsf jfSonfO{ ax'jrg
agfpm M
ufO{ r5{ .
dfG5] cfof] .
efO k95 .
alxgL k95] .
s]6f] k95 .
!#
k'lnªu /
:qLlnªucg';f/ lj|mofsf]
d]n ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{n] k'lnªu stf{cg';f/ k'lnªu
lj|mof / :qLlnªu stf{cg';f/ :qLlnªu lj|mof
k|of]u u/L af]Ng / n]Vg nufpg] h:t} M s]6f]
cfof] . s]6L cfO{ .
s'g 7Ls xf] eg M
s]6f] cfof] .
s]6L cfof] .
alxgL cfO{ .
efO cfO{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
‘d’, ‘t“’, ‘ltdL’, tkfO{+,
‘pm’ / ‘pgL’ stf{;“u
pko'St lj|mofsf] k|of]u
ug{ .
lzIfsn] d k95', d vfG5', t“ k95g . ltdL
k95f}, ltdL v]N5f} . tkfO{+ k9g'x'G5 . pm k95 .
pgL k95g . pgL k9l5gh:tf y'k|} jfSosf
pbfx/0f lbO{ ‘d’, ‘t“’, ‘ltdL’, tkfO{+, ‘pm’ / ‘pgL’
stf{;“u pko'St lj|mof k|of]u u/L af]Ng] / n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
s'g 7Ls xf] eg M
d vfG5 .
d cfof] .
ltdL vfG5f} .
ltdL hf .
d k95' .
tkfO{+ k95 . cflb .
af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL,
efO, alxgLh:tf kb;“u
lj|mofsf] d]n ug{ .
lzIfsn] af cfpg'eof], cfdf hfg'eof], bfh'
k9g'xG5, lbbL ufpg'x'G5, efO k95h:tf y'k|}
jfSosf pbfx/0f lbO{ af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL, efO,
alxgLh:tf kb;“u lj|mofsf] d]n u/L af]Ng] / n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
s'g 7Ls 5}g, eg M
af cfof] .
cfdf cfpg'eof] .
bfh' hfg'eof] .
lbbL k95 .
alxgL cfO{ cflb .
-v_ lj|mofsf]
sfn
@#= ;fdfGo jt{dfg,
;fdfGo e"tsfn
k|of]u u/L af]Ng /
n]Vg .
;fdfGo jt{dfg sfn
k|of]u u/L af]Ng /
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfndf pQ/ cfpg]
vfnsf ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL cEof; u/fpg] .
h:t} M efO s] u5{ < ltdL s] u5f}{ < ltd|L cfdf
s] ug'{x'G5 <
-s_ r/f] sxf“ a:5 <
-u_ ltdL sltv]/ p75f} < cflb .
;fdfGo e"tsfnsf]] k|of]u
u/L af]Ng / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ;fdfGo e"tsfndf pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf
ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ eGg / n]Vg nufpg]
h:t} M -s_ ltdLn] lxhf] s] u¥of] < o:t} ljleGg
syf ;'gfO{ e"tsfndf pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
h:t} M =====syfdf =====n] s] u¥of] <
-v_ ===== syfdf =====n] s] u¥of] <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
**zAbfy{ @$=zAbe08f/ j[l4
ug{ .
lrq x]/]/ zAb eGg /
n]Vg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo kl/j]zsf / cGo ljleGg
lrhj:t'sf lrq b]vfP/ ltgsf] gfd eGg tyf
n]Vg / df}lvs -;Dej eP lnlvt_ j0f{g ug{
nufpg] .
lrqcg';f/sf gfd eGg, n]Vg / j0f{g
ug{ ;s]g;s]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
zAb x]/L lrq lrGg . ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg zAb ;'gfpg] / pgLx¿s}
wf/0ffcg';f/ ltgsf] lrq agfpg nufpg] .
zAbcg';f/sf lrq agfPgagfPsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
k|of]u ;Gbe{ x]/L zAbsf]
cy{ atfpg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] hfg]sf zAbsf] cy{ atfpg],
k|of]u ;Gbe{cg';f/ cy{ atfpg / zAbnfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
zAbsf] cy{ a'em]ga'em]sf], k|of]u
;Gbe{cg';f/ cy{ a'em]ga'em]sf] / cy{
a'em]/ jfSodf k|of]u u/]gu/]sf] hf“Rg] .
** of] l;sfOpknlAwn] sIff # df cfgf] kl/j]z / cGo If]qsf @))) zAb;Ddsf] zAbe08f/ j[l4 u/L /, clg, h:tf ;+of]hs k|of]u u/]/ kf“r 5 zAb;Ddsf jfSo af]Ng
/ n]Vg ;Sg] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . of] sIff # df ;a} ljifo k9bf ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff xf] . g]kfnL ljifodf dfq oL zAbsf] zAb;Ldf vf]hL ug{ cfjZos 5}g t/ a9L zAb
tyf jfSo k|of]u ug]{ kIfdf eg] Wofg lbg'k5{ .

%= kf7oef/ ljt/0f tflnsf
eflifs ;Lk sIff ! sIff @ sIff #
;'gfO #) @% @)
af]nfO -pRrf/0f;d]t_ #) @% @%
k9fO -zAb e08f/;d]t_ @) @% @%
n]vfO -lxHh] / lr≈g k|of]u;d]t_ !% @) @%
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f -kb;ªult dfq_ % % %
hDdf !)) !)) !))
^= lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mof
k|fylds txsf] efiff lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofdf k|z:t cEof;sf] cfjZostf kg]{ ePsfn] o; txdf ;'gfO
/ af]nfOsf nflu s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ clego tyf e"ldsf lgjf{x, v]nh:tf ljBfyL{s]lGb|t
lzIf0f ljlwsf] pkof]u ul/g] 5 . k9fO / n]vfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu cfjZostfg';f/sf k9fO /
n]vfO;“u ;DalGwt sfo{snfk u/fOg] 5 . lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofsf] ljj/0f l;sfOpknlAw÷ljifoj:t'
lj:t[tLs/0fdf sIffut ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 . k|fylds txsf ;Lkut ;femf lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofsf
;Defljt sfo{snfknfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ ;'gfO lzIf0fsf ;DefJo sfo{snfkx¿
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf“vf lrDng nufO{ ljleGg cfjfh ;'gfP/ klxrfg ug{ nufpg] .
– ljleGg cfjfhx¿ ;'gfP/ To;cg';f/ gSsn ug{ nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{ / p;sf] 3/kl/jf/sf af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– ljleGg lgb]{zgx¿ lbP/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ug{ nufpg] .
– ukm, s'/fsfgL ;'gfP/ k|ltlj|mof JoSt ug{ nufpg] .
– ljleGg /dfOnf syf, sljtf cflb ;'gfP/ afnsljtf ufpg / syf eGg nufpg] .
– ljleGg ljifoj:t', 36gf cflb ;'gfP/ To;sf d'Vod'Vo s'/f eGg nufpg] .
– ljleGg ljifoj:t', 36gf cflbsf af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– cGtfIf/L cflb zAbv]n v]nfpg] .
– cIf/, zAb, jfSo / cg'R5]bsf] >'ltn]vg u/fpg] .
– ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ;fwgsf sfo{j|md ;'gfP/ k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
-v_ af]nfO lzIf0fsf ;DefJo sfo{snfkx¿
– j0f{, cIf/ / zAbsf] pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
– s'g} ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg j:t' ;ªsng ug{ nufP/ tL ;fdu|Lsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .
– afnuLtx¿ ult, olt, no ldnfO{ jfrg u/L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{n] ;'g]hfg]sf To:t} uLt ufpg
nufpg] .
– afnsyfx¿ jfrg u/L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{x¿n] ;'g]hfg]sf afnsyf eGg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{n] b]v], ;'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf j:t', 36gf, lrq cflbsf af/]df j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
– ;fyLefO / ;d"xdf s'/fsfgL / 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .
– jfbljjfb, clego, e"ldsf lgjf{x / pb3f]if0f ug{ nufpg] .
– s'g} ;fdfGo ;d:of lbP/ ts ug{ nufpg] .

-u_ k9fO lzIf0fsf ;DefJo sfo{snfkx¿
– ljleGg cfsf/ / :j¿ksf j:t' tyf lrq b]vfO{ km/s 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
– j:t' / cIf/ ;DalGwt u/fP/ cIf/ lrGg cEof; u/fpg] .
– cIf/, zAb 5gf]6 ug]{, hf]8f ldnfpg] v]n v]nfpg] .
– uf]hLtflnsfdf cfsf/, Osf/kQL /fvL To;df cIf/kQL hf]8b} dfqf lrgfpg] .
– uf]hLtflnsf k|of]u u/L zAbkQLx¿sf] dWodaf6 zAb k9g nufpg] .
– uf]hLtflnsfdf zAbx¿ /fvL jfSo agfpg] / k9g] cEof; u/fpg] .
– uLt, syf, ;+jfb cflbsf c+z 5fgL ult, olt, no / xdfpefp;lxt ;:j/ k9g nufpg] .
– ;–;fgf ljj/0f, ;"rgf, kf7 cflbsf] cfzo a'‰g] u/L k9g nufP/ k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– kf7 k9g nufP/ To;df ePsf s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg] .
– k9]sf s'/fsf] cy{ / cfzo eGg nufpg] .
– cg'R5]b lbP/ k9g nufP/ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg nufpg] .
-3_ n]vfO lzIf0fsf ;DefJo sfo{snfkx¿
– ljleGg wsf{ / cfsf/ -lqe'h, j[Q, rt'e{'h, w;f{ cflb_ n]Vg nufpg] .
– dg k/]sf lrq sf]g{ nufP/ To;sf] gfd;d]t n]Vg nufpg] .
– j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ n]Vg nufpg] .
– zAbsf] j|md gldn]sf jfSo lbP/ j|md ldnfO{ n]Vg nufpg] .
– k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg nufpg] .
– lrq, j:t' tyf jftfj/0f j0f{g u/L n]Vg nufpg] .
– zAb, jfSo / 5f]6f cg'R5]bsf] cg'n]vg u/fpg] .
– cIf/, zAb / jfSosf] >'ltn]vg u/fpg] .
– a'“bf, k|Zg cflbsf cfwf/df ;fwf/0f lr7L, lgj]bg, k|aGw cflb n]Vg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{nfO{ cfgf] OR5fcg';f/sf] lnlvt /rgf tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
– c¿n] n]v]sf] ;fdu|L ;Dkfbg ug{ nufpg] .
– leQ]klqsf tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
&= ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg
k|fylds txdf ljBfyL{sf] eflifs ;Lksf] d"Nofªsg lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] ul/G5 M
;'gfO
;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf ;DefJo d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M
– eg]sf s'/f ljBfyL{n] ?lr lnP/ ;'g]sf] 5÷5}g cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– ;f]w]sf s'/fsf] hjfkm ;'Gg] .
– ;d"x 5nkmndf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– lgb]{zgcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] 7Ls 9ªun] u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– >'ltn]vg u/fP/ hf“Rg] .
– afnuLt ufP/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ufpg nufpg] .
– syf, 36gf ljj/0f cflb ;'gfP/ d'Vod'Vo s'/f eGg nufpg] .
– ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodsf sfo{j|md ;'gfP/ d'Vo s'/f eGg nufpg] .

af]nfO
af]nfO ;Lk ljsf;sf ;DefJo d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M
– cIf/ / zAbsf] pRrf/0f 7Ls 9ªun] u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .
– ;f]w]sf s'/fsf] hjfkm ;'g]/ .
– ;d"x 5nkmndf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– afnuLt ufpg nufP/ .
– afn syf, r'6lsnf cflb eGg nufP/ .
– j:t' lrq 36gf j0f{g ug{ nufP/ .
– pko'St ljifoj:t'÷;d:of lbP/ tfls{s cleJolSt ug{ nufP/ .
– pko'St ljifoj:t' lbO{ ;+jfb, jfbljjfb / pb3f]if0f ug{ nufP/ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– xfpefp;fy clego ug{ nufP/ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
k7fO
k9fO ;Lk ljsf;sf ;DefJo d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M
– sfnf]kf6Ldf jf cIf/kQLdf n]lvPsf cIf/ k9g nufP/ .
– cIf/ tyf zAbkQLsf] vftaf6 s'g} vf; cIf/ / zAb 5fGg nufpg] .
– zAb / lrqsf] hf]8f ldnfpg nufpg] .
– zAb / jfSo k9g nufP/ .
– kf7leq jf aflx/sf sljtf / pko'St cg'R5]b 5gf]6 u/L ult, olt / no ;:j/jfrg ug{
nufP/ ;'Gg] .
– kf7ok':tsleq jf aflx/sf kf7o;fdu|L k9g nufP/ af]w k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
n]vfO
n]vfO ;Lk ljsf;sf ;DefJo d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M
– ljleGg cfsf/ -3]/f, wsf{ cflb_ / lrq sf]g{ nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– cIf/, zAb / jfSo n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– cg'n]vg u/fP/ hf“Rg] .
– zAbsf] cy{ / k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– cg'R5]b n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– s'g} ljifoj:t' / cg'ej u/]sf s'/f j0f{g ug{ nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– :jtGq¿kdf syf, sljtf, k|aGw n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– lr7L / lgj]bg n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– ljBfyL{n] tof/ u/]sf /rgf / leQ]kfqf] cflb hf“Rg] .
– c¿n] n]v]sf ;fdu|L ;Dkfbg ug{ nufpg] .
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f
sIffcg';f/sf] af]nfO / n]vfOsf lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg ug]{ .
pko'{Stcg';f/sf ;Lksf] d"Nofªsgsf ;fwgx¿ u[xsfo{, sIffsfo{, sIff ;xeflutf, Jofjxfl/s
kl/jt{g, pknlAw k/LIff cflb x'g]5g .

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, ul0ft 34
ul0ft
!= kl/ro
xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ lj|mofsnfkx¿df ul0ft k|of]u eO/x]sf] x'G5 . ul0ft ljifo cfkm}“df s] xf] eg]/ oxf“ yf]/}
zAbdf kl/eflift ug{ g;lsP tfklg tnsf tYoaf6 b}lgs hLjgdf ul0ftsf] pkof]lutf÷dxŒj÷
cfjZostf sltsf] 5 eGg] s'/f 5n{ªu x'G5 M
– cfh w]/} udL{ 5 . lxhf]eGbf slt a9L xf]nf <
– 3/af6 ljBfno slt 6f9f k5{ < s] ! 306fdf k'luG5 <
– s] @ lsnf]u|fd rfdnn] ltd|f] kl/jf/nfO{ lbgel/nfO{ k'U5 <
– ltd|f] ufO{n] lbgsf] slt dfgf÷ln6/ b"w lbG5 <
– cfh slt ut] xf] <
– b'O{ /f]kgL v]tdf slt dfqf dn rflxPnf <
cfhsf] o:tf] abln“bf] kl/j]zdf t emg lbgk|ltlbg ljsf; x'“b} u/]sf / dflg;n] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]udf
cfpg] ljleGg j:t'x¿, ;fwgx¿, oGqx¿ cflbnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg klg ul0ftLo 1fg / ;Lksf]
cfjZostf ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;afx]s s'g} s'/fsf] j}1flgs cGj]if0f, cg';Gwfg / j}1flgs tj/n]
k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu ul0ft cfwf/e"t ;fwg (Basic tools) g} l;4 ePsf] 5 . Pp6f jfSodf eGg] xf]
eg] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, j}1flgs, ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s dfgjhLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ kIf;“u ;Da4 /
tT;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljifox¿sf] cWoogsf nflu ;d]t ul0ftLo 1fg / ;Lk cTofjZos 5 .
;docg';f/ ;dfh / b]zdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] Ps d'Vo sf/s / dfWod lzIff xf] eg] csf]{lt/
dflg;nfO{ kl/jt{gzLn ;dfhdf ldNg ;Sg] t'Nofpg] cleef/f klg lzIffn] g} lnPsf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs
cfjZostfx¿, cfsfªIffx¿ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] hgzlSt tof/ kfg'{ g} ljBfnosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . o;
b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0f ubf{ klg ljBfnox¿df ;fdflhs hLjgsf k|To]s kIf;“u ;DaGw ug{ ul0ftnfO{
clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf k9fOg' cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvG5 .
k|fylds ljBfnodf k|j]z u/]sf afnaflnsfx¿dWo] sltn] of] tx g} k"/f gu/L ljBfno 5f]85g eg]
k"/f u/]sfdWo] klg ;a}n] lgDg dfWolds txdf egf{ eO{ cfgf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ub{}gg .
o;sf ljljw sf/0f x'g ;S5g / oxf“ sf/0feGbf klg o; jf:tljstfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL kf7oj|mddf
s]slt ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg] gLlt agfOg' -lgwf{/0f ul/g'_ a9L ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . k9fOdf lg/Gt/tf k|bfg
ug{, lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s agfpg kf7oj|md ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostf Pjd ?lrcg';f/ lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
k|fylds txdf k9fOg] ljifoj:t'df ljBfyL{n] alnof] hu a;fNg g;s]df cyjf k|fylds / lgDg
dfWolds txdf k9fOg] ljifoj:t'x¿aLr lg/Gt/tf gePdf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fylds tx k"/f u/] klg csf]{
txsf] k9fO sl7g x'g ;S5 . oL s'/fnfO{ klg Wofgdf /fvL of] ul0ft ljifosf] kf7oj|mdn] lgDglnlvt
b'O{cf]6f /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 . tL x'g M
– sIff % kl5 k9fO 5f]8g] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu klg pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfpg] lj|mofsnfkx¿
;~rfng / cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd ul0ftLo 1fg, ;Lk /
clej[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpg] .
– sIff % sf] k9fOkl5 sIff ^ df k9g] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf cfjZos ul0ftLo
1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpg] .
o; ljifodf Hofldlt† ;ªVofsf] 1fg† ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t lgodx¿† ;do, d'b|f / gfktf}n† leGg,
bzdnj, P]lss lgod / Jofh† lan / ah]6† tYofªszf:q† ;d"x / aLhul0ft u/L cf7cf]6f
ljifo If]q ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

@= txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
k|fylds txsf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 ul0ft ljifodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5g M
If]q txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿
!= Hofldlt != lgDg j:t'x¿nfO{ ljleGg HofldtLo u'0fx¿ -cfsf/, k|sf/,sf]0f / gfk_ sf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{, gfds/0f ug{ / tL
j:t' x¿sf gfk, gS;f;d]t u/L c¿ HofldtLo u'0fx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ M
7f]; j:t'x¿ M uf]nf, a]ngf, 3g, 3gfsf/, sf]g (cone), lk|Hd / ltgsf efux¿ -e'hf, sf]0f, ;tx lsgf/f==_ .
;dtn lrqx¿ M lqe'h, rt'e{'h, ;fdfgfGt/ rt'e{'h, ju{, cfot,j[Q .
@= ;ªVofsf] 1fg @= b]jfgfu/L / lxGb' c/]las cªssf] k|of]u u/L s/f]8eGbf dflysf ;ªVofx¿ uGtL ug{, k9g tyf cªs / cIf/df n]Vg
Pjd b; nfv -ldlnog_ ;Ddsf ;ªVofnfO{ cªu|]hLdf k9g . /f]dg cªsx¿ k|of]u u/L ! b]lv !@ ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿
k9g / n]Vg .
#= ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
#= hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg / efu u/L b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
$= ;do, d'b|f / gfktf}n $= ;do, d'b|f / gfk -b'/L, kl/ldlt, Ifdtf, tfkj|md, If]qkmn / cfotg_ tf}nsf] c8sn;d]t u/L Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{ .
%= leGg, bzdnj, k|ltzt,
P]lss lgod / Jofh
%= leGg, bzdnj, k|ltzt, P]lss lgod / Jofh -P]lss lgod k|of]u u/L_ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;d:of xn ug{ .
^= lan / ah]6 ^= 3/fo;L vr{ / cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug'{sf ;fy} lan / ld6/ x]/L cfjZos ;"rgf lng / lbg .
&= tYofªs &= u|fkm, rf6{, tflnsf / gS;f x]/L cfjZos ;"rgf lng / lbg tyf lbOPsf] ;fdfGo ;"rgfnfO{ af/u|fkmdf k|:t't ug{ .
*= ;d"x *= j:t'x¿nfO{ ljleGg u'0fx¿sf cfwf/df ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ug{, ;d"x ;ªs]t { } k|of]u u/L ;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL -list_
tof/ ug{ / jfSodf n]Vg .
(= aLhul0ft (= aLhul0ftLo ;Lkx¿ k|of]u u/L aLhLo cleJo~hs / ;dLs/0f;DaGwL ;fwf/0f ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .

#= If]q / j|md
ul0ft ljifosf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] If]q / j|mdnfO{ tn tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
!= Hofldlt != 7f]; j:t'sf] aflx/L 3]/fsf] 6«];
@= ;Lwf / jqm/]vf
#= ;/n HofldtLo cfsf/x¿ -tLgs'g],
rf/s'g] / uf]nf]_ / ltgLx¿sf] /rgf
!= ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L lqe'h, rt'e{'h / j[Qsf]
cfsf/
@= ljleGg 7f]; j:t'sf ;txx¿ / HofldtLo
cfsf/x¿
#= lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] lrq
!= /]vfv08sf] gfk
@= sf]0fx¿sf] t'ngf -7"nf] jf ;fgf]_
#= ljleGg gfksf lqe'hx¿
$= lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf efux¿
%= /]vfv08, lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf e'hf / sf]0fx¿
@= ;ªVofsf] 1fg != ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf ;ªVof -b]jgfu/L
/ lxGb' c/]las cªsdf_
@= ! b]lv (( ;Ddsf ;ªVofsf
cªsx¿sf] :yfgdfg -b'j}df_
#= ! b]lv (( ;Ddsf ;ªVofsf] 36bf] /
a9bf] j|md
$= b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf !)) ;Ddsf hf]8L
;ªVofx¿
%= b;f}F :yfg;Ddsf j|mdfTds ;ªVofx¿
!= ! b]lv !))) ;Ddsf ;ªVof -b]jgfu/L /
lxGb'–c/]las cªs / cIf/df_
@= tLg cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] :yfgdfg /
tflnsf
#= tLg cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] a9bf] / 36bf]
j|md -tLg cf]6f;Dd_
$= tLg cªsn] ag]sf hf]8L ;ªVofx¿
%= /f]dg ;ªVof k|0ffnL I - XII ;Dd
!= ^ cªs;Ddsf ;ªVof uGtL -b]jgfu/L / lxGb'
c/]las cªs / cIf/df_
@= ^ cªs;Ddsf ;ªVofsf] :yfgdfg / tflnsf
#= ^ cªs;Ddsf ;ªVofsf] a9bf] / 36bf] j|md
-tLgcf]6f;Dd_
$= ! b]lv (( ;Ddsf ;ªVofsf] glhssf] b;df z"GofGt
%= hf]8 / lahf]/ ;ªVof
#= ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
# -s_ hf]8
!= b'O{ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVofx¿sf]
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_ hf]8 -b'O{cf]6f
addends ;Dd_
@= hf]8;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
!= b'O{ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f -xftnfuL
cfpg]_ ;ªVofsf] hf]8 . -b'O{cf]6f addends
;Dd_
@= tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf]
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_ hf]8 ug{ -tLgcf]6f
addends ;Dd_ .
#= ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
!= rf/ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] hf]8
@= ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:of

# -v_ 36fp != b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] 36fp
-;fk6L lng gkg]{_
@= 36fp;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿
!= tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] 36fp
-;fk6L lng kg]{_
@= 36fp;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
#= hf]8 / 36fpsf] ;DaGw -Pscsf{df ljk/Lt
lj|mof x'g eGg] wf/0ff_
!= $ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf -s'g} tLg :yfgdf ;fk6L
lng''kg]{_ ;ªVofx¿sf] 36fp ug{ / tt;DaGwL
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
# -u_ u'0fg != u'0fg / hf]8sf] ;DaGw
@= u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfsf] ul0ftLo
jfSo
#= lrqåf/f lbOPsf u'0fg;DaGwL ;d:of
$= @ b]lv % ;Ddsf] kxf8f
!= @ b]lv !) ;Ddsf] kxf8f
@= u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfsf] ul0ftLo jfSo
#= b'O{ cªssf] ;ªVofnfO{ Ps cªssf]
;ªVofn] u'0fg -xftnfuL gcfpg] dfq_
$= u'0fg;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
!= @ b]lv !@ ;Ddsf] kxf8f
@= u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfsf] ul0ftLo jfSo
#= b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofnfO{ b'O{
cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofn] u'0fg
$ u'0fg;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
# -3_ efu != clwstd @) cf]6f ;Ddsf j:t'nfO{ @
b]lv % cf]6f;Ddsf] a/fa/ ;d"xdf
af“8g] ;d:of
!= lbOPsf j:t'nfO{ ;d"xdf afF8L efusf]
cy{ / ul0ftLo jfSo
@= 36fpsf] bf]xf]l/Psf] ¿kdf efu
#= b'O{ cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofnfO{ Ps cªssf]
;ªVofn] efu -lgz]if efu hfg]_
!= tLg cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofnfO{ b'O{ cªs;Ddsf]
;ªVofn] efu / hfFr
@= efu;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
#= u'0fg / efusf] ;DaGw
$= ;do, d'b|f /
gfktf}n
$ -s_ ;do
!= 306fdf ;do
@= xKtfsf ;ft lbg
#= afx| dlxgfsf gfd
!= 38L x]/L !%–!% ldg]6sf] km/ssf] ;do
@= 306f / lbg, lbg / xKtf, lbg / dlxgf,
dlxgf / jif{sf] ;DaGw
#= Sofn]G8/ x]/]/ dlxgf, ut] / af/
!= 38L x]/L 306f / ldg]6df ;do
@= lbgnfO{ 306fdf, xKtf / dlxgfnfO{ lbgdf ¿kfGt/0f
#= ¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ u/L lgDg ;dosf PsfOsf] hf]8
/ 36fp
— lbg / 306f
— 306f / ldg]6
— xKtf / lbg
— dlxgf / lbg

$ -v_ d'b|f != rngrNtLdf /x]sf !)) ;Ddsf d'b|f
-l;Ssf / gf]6_
@= xftnfuL gcfpg] d'b|fsf] hf]8 / 36fp
#= d'b|f;DaGwL hf]8 / 36fpsf ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
!= ?= !))) ;Ddsf gf]6
@= ?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf ¿kfGt/0f
#= ¿kfGt/ ug{ gkg]{ ?lkofF / k};fsf] hf]8 tyf
36fp .
$= hf]8 tyf 36fp;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:of .
!= ?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf / k};fnfO{ ?lkofFdf ¿kfGt/0f
@= ?lkofF tyf k};fsf] hf]8 -¿kfGt/0f ug{kg]{_ tyf
?lkofF tyf k};fsf] 36fp
-¿kfGt/ ug{ gkg]{_
#= ?lkofF tyf k};fsf] hf]8 /
36fp;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
$ -u_ b'/L != s'g} j:t'sf] nDafOnfO{ cGbfhåf/f
t'ngf ug]{ ;d:ofx¿
!= ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] ;DaGw
@= ;]lG6ld6/df lbPsf] j:t'sf] gfk
-;fdfGo dfq_
!= ld6/ / ;]lG6ld6/ k|of]u u/L nDafOsf] gfk
@= ld6/nfO{ ;]lG6ld6/df ¿kfGt/0f
#= ¿kfGt/ ug{ gkg]{ u/L ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] hf]8
tyf 36fp
$ -3_ If]qkmn ———— != If]qkmnsf] t'ngf != lbOPsf] PsfOcg';f/ sf]7f / If]qkmn
$ -ª_ Ifdtf
(Capacity)
!= s'g} b'O{ efF8fx¿sf] Ifdtf t'ngf != !)) ldlnln6/, @)) ldlnln6/, %))
ldlnln6/ / ! ln6/ -!))) ldlnln6/_ sf
k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿sf] k|of]u .
!= @% ldlnln6/ b]lv ! ln= ;Ddsf k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿
k|of]u u/L c¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf efF8fx¿sf] Ifdtf
@= ! ln6/;Ddsf efF8fx¿sf] glhssf] !))
ldlnln6/df Ifdtfsf] cGbfh
#= ! ln6/nfO{ ldlnln6/df ¿kfGt/0f
$= ¿kfGt/ ug{ gkg]{ ln6/ / ldlnln6/;DaGwL hf]8
tyf 36fp
$ -r_ cfotg ———— ———— != ! 3g ;]lG6ld6/ (1cm3
) sf Ansx¿ uGtL u/]/ 7f];
j:t'x¿sf] cfotg
$ -5_ tf}n != s'g} b'O{ j:t'sf] tf}nsf] cGbfh u/]/
t'ngf -xn'sf jf ux|f}F_
!= !)) u|fd, @)) u|fd, %)) u|fd / !)))
u|fd -! ls=u|f=_ sf 9sx¿sf] k|of]u .
!= %) u|fd b]lv ! ls=u|f= ;Ddsf k|fdfl0fs 9sx¿
k|of]u u/L ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] tf}n
@= ! ls=u|f=;Ddsf j:t'x¿sf] glhssf] !)) u|fddf
tf}n cGbfh
#= ls=u|f=nfO{ u|fddf ¿kfGt/0f

%= leGg, bzdnj,
k|ltzt, P]lss lgod
/ Jofh
-s_ leGg
!= @
! / $
! leGgsf] hfgsf/L / k|of]u != $
! , $
# , #
! / #
@ Pjd @
! , $
! ,
$
# , #
!, #
@ / )!
! leGgsf] hfgsf/L /
k|of]u .
@= 5fof kf/]sf lrqnfO{ -cfwf, rf}yfO, tLg
rf}yfO, Ps ltxfO / b'O{ ltxfO_ ul0ftLo
efiff
!= ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] j|md
@= ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] hf]8 / 36fp
-ldl>t ;ªVofsf] k|of]u gx'g] u/L_
%= -v _bzdnj ———— ———— != b;f+z / ;of+zsf] kl/ro
%= -u_ P]lss lgod /
Jofh
———— ———— != PsfOsf] dfgsf] cfwf/df p:t} j:t'sf] ;d"xsf] s'n
dfg
^= lan / ah]6 ———— ———— != lan x]/L ;fdfGo ;"rgf -;fwf/0f dfq_
&= tYofªs != ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkm
@= ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkmsf] k9fO
#= ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkm;DaGwL ;/n ;"rgf
!= af/u|fkm k9g tyf ;"rgf -;fwf/0f dfq_ != PsfOx¿sf] uGtL u/]/ af/u|fkmåf/f t'ngfTds
;"rgf
@= tYofªssf] :s]nsf] cªs / ;"rgfx¿
#= gS;fdf ePsf j:t'x¿sf] b'/L t'ngf
*= ;d"x (Sets) != Pp6} vfnsf j:t'x¿ 5'6ofpg] ;d:of
-;fwf/0f dfq_
@= lbPsf j:t'x¿af6 gldNg] Pp6f j:t'
kQf nufpg] ;d:of -;fwf/0f_
!= ;dfg u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg
@= lbPsf j:t'x¿af6 gldNg] j:t'sf] klxrfg
!= jfSodf lbOPsf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ Set Notation
-;fdfGo dfq_
(= aLhul0ft ———— != cjnf]sg ljlw (Inspection Method) af6
xn x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t (Box Notation) sf
hf]8 lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf ;d:of
!= cjnf]sg ljlw (Inspection Method) jf af/Daf/
cEof; (Hit and Trail) af6 xn x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t
(Box Notation) sf hf]8 / 36fp lj|mof ;dfj]z
ePsf ;d:of

$= l;sfOpknlAwsf] lj:t[tLs/0f
o; ljifodf sIffut¿kdf afnaflnsfx¿n] xfl;n ug]{ l;sfOpknlAwx¿nfO{ ljlzi6 p2]Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . l;sfOpknlAwsf] lj:t[tLs/0f tnsf]
tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
sIff M !
If]q l;sfOpknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo lj:t[tLs/0f
;Defljt lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;Defljt d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof kf=ef
!= Hofldlt !=! 7f]; j:t' /fv]/ 6]«; ug{ . ljleGg 7f]; j:t'x¿sf]
aflx/L 3]/f 6«]; ug{ -lvRg_ .
ljleGg k|sf/sf 7f]; j:t'x¿
;ªsng u/L 5nkmn u/fO{ aflx/L
3]/f lvRg] / lvRg nufpg] .
!= l;Ssfsf] aflx/L 3]/f lvr]/
b]vfpm . !& 3G6L
!=@ ;Lwf / jqm/]vf lrGg,
5'6ofpg / lvRg .
;Lwf /]vf -7f8f], t];f]{ /
58s]_ / jqm/]vf lgoldt /
clgoldt lrGg, 5'6ofpg /
lvRg .
ljleGg j:t'x¿ -lstfa, snd,
l;Ssf, :s]n, lunf; cflb_
;ªsng u/L 5nkmnaf6 ;Lwf /
jqm/]vf lvRg] / lvRg nufpg] .
@= ltd|f] l;;fsndsf] k|of]uaf6 ;Lwf
/]vf lvr .
!=# ;/n HofldtLo cfsf/x¿
lrGg / 5'6ofpg
-tLgs'g], rf/s'g] /
uf]nf]_ .
;/n HofldtLo cfsf/x¿
lrGg / 5'6ofpg -tLgs'g],
rf/s'g] / uf]nf]_ .
ljleGg HofldtLo cfsf/sf
j:t'x¿ ;ªsng u/L 5nkmn ug]{,
u/fpg] .
;ªsng ul/Psf ljleGg
cfs[ltx¿ -7f];, lrq_ af6
tLgs'g], rf/s'g] / uf]nf] cflb
5'6ofpg] / 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
#= ltd|f] lstfa s'g cfsf/sf] 5 <
eg .
$= tn lbOPsf lrqx¿af6 tLgs'g]]
lrq 5'6ofpm M
Gff]6M ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg, lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk / oxfF plNnlvt gd'gf k|Zgx¿sf] cfwf/df sIff lzIf0fnfO{ cleGg cªusf] ¿kdf cjnDag ug{'kg]{5 . oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf lzIf0f
l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / gd'gf k|Zgx¿ ;fdfGo kyk|bz{g (guide line) sf] lglDt dfq x'g eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@= ;ªVofsf]
1fg
@=!M ! b]lv !)) ;Dd
uGtL ug{, k9g,
lrGg / n]Vg
-b]jgfu/L / lxGb'
c/]las cªsdf_.
! b]lv ( ;Dd uGtL ug{, k9g / lrGg
-b'j}df_
7f]; j:t'sf] k|of]uaf6 uGg
-l;sfpg] / nufpg]_, lrqaf6
uGg nufpg] .
;ªVof tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L k9g
/ lrGg nufpg] .
!= ltdL;Fu sltcf]6f lstfax¿
5g <
@= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fdf sltcf]6f
emofnx¿ 5g <
%@ 3G6L
z"Go lrGg . 5}g pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgdf 5nkmn
u/fO{ z"Gosf] wf/0ff lgsfNg] .
#= tLgcf]6f cfFvf ePsf ltd|f
slthgf ;fyLx¿ 5g <
! b]lv !) ;Dd uGtL ug{, k9g, lrGg
-b'j}df_ .
7f]; j:t'af6, lrqaf6 uGg
nufpg] .
;ªVof tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L k9g
/ lrGg nufpg] .
$= ltd|f] b'j} xftsf hDdf
cf}Fnfx¿ sltcf]6f 5g <
!–!) ;Dd n]Vg -b'j}df_ ljleGg k|lj|mofx¿af6
;ªVofx¿nfO{ j|md};+Fu n]Vg]
cEof;x¿ u/fpg] .
%= % n]v]/ b]vfpm .
^= !–!) ;Dd n]v]/ b]vfpm .
!!–@) ;Dd uGtL ug{, lrGg / n]Vg
-b'j}df_ .
7f]; j:t'af6, lrqaf6 uGg
nufpg] .
;ªVof tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L
k9g, lrGg / n]Vg nufpg] .
&= ltd|f] b'j} xft v'66fsf
cf}Fnfx¿ hDdf sltcf]6f 5g <
*= !!, !*,@) n]v]/ b]vfpm .
-df}lvs ¿kdf k|Zg ug]{_ .
@!–#) ;Dd uGtL ug{, lrGg, k9g /
n]Vg . -b'j}df_
Sofn]G8/, ;ªVof tflnsf k|of]u
u/L k9g], lrGg] / n]Vg] cEof;
u/fpg] .
(= Sofn]G8/df @* b]vfpm .
!)= ! b]lv #) ;Dd j|md};“u n]v]/
b]vfpm
! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿sf]
9fFrfnfO{ bfFh]/ ;fdfGoLs/0f u/L !))
;Dd uGtL ug{, lrGg, eGg cªs /
cIf/ b'j}df k9g / cªsdf dfq n]Vg .
;ªVof tflnsfaf6 5nkmn u/fO{
;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ nufpg] .
k9g] / n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] .
!!= ;ªVof tflnsfdf %@ b]vfpm .
!@= ltd|f] sIffdf hDdf slthgf
s]6fx¿ 5g <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@=@M !–(( ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿sf]
cªsx¿sf]
:yfgdfg eGg /
tflnsfdf n]Vg
-b'j}df_ .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿sf]
cªsx¿sf] :yfgdfg eGg .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿nfO{
:yfgdfg tflnsfdf n]Vg .
Pafs; tyf ks]6rf6{sf] k|of]u u/L
:yfgdfgsf] wf/0ff 5nkmnaf6 lbg] .
:yfgdfg eGg / tflnsfdf /fVg
cEof; u/fpg] .
!#= @( df ( / @ sf] :yfgdfg
eg .
@=#M !–(( ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿nfO{ 36bf]
/ a9bf] j|mddf
n]Vg .
eGbf cufl8, eGbf k5fl8 /
aLrsf ;ªVofx¿ lrGg, eGg
/ n]Vg .
a9bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
36bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿ lbO{ 5nkmn
u/fO{ a9bf] j|mddf eGg] / n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿ lbO{ 5nkmn
u/fO{ 36bf]] j|mddf eGg] / n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
!$= &%,$@, #%, nfO{ a9bf]
j|mddf eg / n]v]/ b]vfpm .
!%= %%, #&, ^$, nfO{ 36bf]
j|mddf eg / n]v]/ b]vfpm .
@=$ b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf
!)) ;Ddsf hf]8L
;ªVofx¿nfO{
bfFHg .
b'O{ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf hf]8L
;ªVofx¿dWo] ;fgf], 7"nf] /
a/fa/ 5'6ofpg .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿dWo] s'g}
b'O{cf]6f ;ªVofx¿sf]
:yfgdfgdf 5nkmn u/fO{ ;fgf] jf
7"nf] 5'6ofpg] / 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
!^= ( / !! df s'g 7"nf] 5 eg .
!&= #( / (# df s'g ;fgf] 5
3]/f nufpm .
@=% b;f}F :yfg;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿sf]
j|md;ªVof (ordinal
Number) eGg .
klxnf], bf];|f], t];|f] ub}{
b;f}“;Dd j|mdzM eGg .
b; jf b;eGbf a9L ljBfyLx¿nfO{
bf}8 k|ltof]lutf u/fO{ klxnf]b]lv b;f}“
:yfg;Ddsf] 5nkmn u/fO{ :ki6 kfg]{
/ klxnf], bf];|f] ub}{ j|mdzM b;f}F;Dd
eGg] cEof; u/fpg] .
!*= tnsf] lrqdf bf];|f] :yfgdf
/x]sf] lrqsf] gfd eg .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= ul0ftsf
cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
# -s_ hf]8
#=! b'O{ cÍn] ag]sf b'O{
cf]6f ;ªVofx¿sf]]
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_
hf]8 ug{ .-b'O{cf]6f
addeded ;Dd_
of]ukmn % ;Dd cfpg] zflAbs ;d:of
lrqåf/f xn ug{ .
hf]8 lrXg "+" sf] k|of]u ug{ .
of]ukmn % ;Dd cfpg] tYosf] wf/0ff .
of]ukmn !) ;Dd cfpg] zflAbs
;d:of xn ug{ .
of]ukmn !! b]lv !* ;Dd cfpg] tYosf]
wf/0ff
of]ukmn !* ;Dd cfpg] hf]8sf zflAbs
;d:of xn ug{ . b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf
b'O{cf]6f ;ªVofnfO{ hf]8g
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_
p:t} u'0f ePsf @ y'k|f]x¿af6
Pp6} y'k|f] agfO{ hDdf ;ªVof
uGg nufpg] .
h:t} M -))_ / -)))_ a/fa/
-)))))_
@ u'Rrf + # u'Rrf = %u'Rrf
s]xL j:t' ePsf / gePsf
afs;x¿ b]vfO{ tL j:t'x¿nfO{
hDdf ug{ nufpg] . h:t}} M
sIffdf ePsf s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{
b'O{ ;d"x agfO{ uGg nufP/
hDdf kQf nufpg] .
!= /
hDDff slt dfG5] <
@= lrq tyf j:t'x¿ hf]8g nufO{
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
#= $ s]6L / % s]6L hDdf slt
s]6L eP <
$= hf]8 M
b; Ps
% # %#
+ @ $ + @$
$$ 3G6L
#=@ hf]8;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
Ps÷Ps cªsn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVofx¿ 7f8f] / t];f]{ ¿kdf /fv]/
hf]8g .
j|md ljlgdo u'0f k|of]u u/L xn ug{ .
hf]8;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
:yfgdfg tflnsfsf] wf/0ffaf6
:yfgdfg tflnsfdf /fvL b'O{
cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofx¿ hf]8g
nufpg] . tflnsfdf g/fv]/
;d]t hf]8g nufpg] .
j:t'x¿ tyf lrqx¿af6 j|md
ljlgdo u'0f k|of]u u/L hf]8
ug{ nufpg] .
%= -s_ @ + # =
-v_ # + @ =
s] -s_ / -v_ b'j} a/fa/ 5g <
^= $) ;'Gtnf / @@ ;'Gtnf Ps}
7fp“ /fVbf hDdf slt
;'Gtnf x'G5g <
&= + = +
# + @ = @ + #
=

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -v_ 36fp #=# b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofsf] 36fp
-;fk6L lng gkg]{_
ug{ .
Ps cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofaf6 Ps
cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVof 36fpg .
36fp " - " lrXgsf] k|of]u ug{ .
% ;Ddaf6 36fpg] 36fp tYox¿sf]
wf/0ff lng .
!) ;Ddaf6 36fpg] 36fp tYox¿sf]
wf/0ff lng .
Ps cªsn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f ;ªVofsf]
t];f]{ 36fp ug{ .
!! b]lv !( ;Ddaf6 36fpg] 36fp
tYox¿sf] wf/0ff lng .
;ªVof tflnsfaf6 36fp ug{ .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofaf6 36fpg
-;fk6L lng gkg]{_ .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofaf6 ;fk6
lng gkg]{ u/L b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVof 7f8f] ¿kdf /fv]/ 36fpg .
-lx;fa t];f{] klg lbg]_
lrq / Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0faf6
36fp ug{ nufpg], 36fp lrXgsf]
k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
h:t} M %
–@
– # rNnf 5g ! uP @ afFsL x'G5g .
– # rNnfdf ! rNnf uP . slt afFsL
x'G5g <
# 36fp ! = @ afFsL
# - ! = @
lrq / Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0faf6 k|fKt
wf/0ffsf cfwf/df 7f8f] / t];f]{
36fp cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
!= $ d';fdf @ d';f uP ca slt
d';f aFfsL x'G5g .
@= 36fp u/ M
-s_ $
- !
-v_ &
-#
-u_ & – ) =
#= 36fp u/ M
-s_ !( -v_ !*
- ^ - &
-u_ !% -# =
-3_ @) -% =
-ª_ $# -r_ &$
- @! - %@
#=$= 36fp;DaGwL
;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
36fp;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
36fp;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
5nkmn / cEof;åf/f zflAbs
;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf n]Vg
nufO{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg] .
$= !^ cf]6f afv|fdf kfFrcf]6f
afv|f a]lrof] eg] ca slt
afv|f afFsL x'G5g <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -u_ u'0fg #=% u'0fgnfO{ bf]xf]l/Psf]
hf]8sf] ¿kdf JoSt
ug{ .
#=^ u'0fg k|of]u ePsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg .
#=& lrqåf/f lbOPsf
u'0fg;DaGwL
;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ .
u'0fgnfO{ bf]xf]l/Psf] hf]8sf] ¿kdf
JoSt ug{ .
pxL u'0f ePsf j:t'x¿nfO{ plQs}
kl/df0fdf /fv]/ ;d"xx¿ agfpg
nufpg] . hDdf sltcf]6f ;d"xx¿
eof] < k|To]s ;d"xdf sltcf]6f
j:t'x¿ 5g < hDdf sltcf]6f
j:t'x¿ eP <
;d"xsf] ;ªVof / j:t'sf] ;ªVofaLr
s] ;DaGw 5 < 5nkmn u/fpg],
h:t} M
)) )) )) )) ))
– klxnf] ;d"xdf sltcf]6f u'Rrfx¿
5g <
– bf];|f] ;d"xdf sltcf]6f u'Rrfx¿
5g <
– klxnf] / bf];|f] ;d"xdf u/L hDdf
sltcf]6f u'Rrfx¿ eP <
– ;a} ;d"xdf u/]/ hDdf sltcf]6f
u'Rrfx¿ eP <
– u'Rrfx¿ gugL Ps}rf]l6 eGg
;S5f} <
)) )) )) ))
b'O{cf]6f u'Rrf ePsf] rf/cf]6f
;d"xx¿ 5g .
hDdf $ k6s @ cyjf * cf]6f
u'Rrfx¿ x'G5g eGg]af/] 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
!= lrq
hDdf sltcf]6f r/fx¿ 5g <
@= b'O{hgfnfO{ ?=^ sf b/n]
/sd afF8bf hDdf slt
?lkofF lbg'knf{ <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#=* % ;Ddsf] kxf8f
agfpg / atfpg .
lrqx¿åf/f ;d"x agfO{ kxf8f agfpg nufO{
u'0fgkmn tf]8g nufpg] .
h:t} M
-s_ )))
# × ! = #
-v_ ))) )))
# × @ = ^
-u_ ))) ))) )))
# × # = (
#= vfnL 7fpFdf e/ M
-s_ # rf/ k6s
-v_ $ 5 k6s
$= vfnL 7fpFdf e/ M
-s_ % × # =
-v_ $ × % =
# -3_ efu #=( clwstd @)
cf]6f;Ddsf
j:t'x¿ nfO{ @ b]lv
% cf]6f ;Ddsf]
a/fa/ ;d"xdf
afF8g .
!) ;Ddsf j:t'x¿nfO{ b'O{÷b'O{
;d"xdf a/fa/ x'g] u/L afF8g .
@) ;Ddsf j:t'x¿nfO{ @ b]lv %
cf]6f;Ddsf] ;d"xdf a/fa/ x'g] u/L
afF8g .
5nkmn / cEof;sf cfwf/df pxL u'0f ePsf
s]xL j:t'x¿ -@) cf]6feGbf ga9fO{_ nfO{
a/fa/L b'O{, tLg, rf/ / kfFr efudf ljefhg
ug{ nufpg] -afFsL g/xg] u/L_ .
!= !% cf]6f u'RrfnfO{
a/fa/ x'g] u/L %
efudf ljefhg u/ /
Ps efudf slt u'Rrf
k¥of] eg .
$=;do, d'b|f
/ gfktf}n
-s_ ;do
$=! 306fdf ;do
atfpg .
$=@ xKtfsf ;ft
lbgx¿sf gfd
atfpg .
$=# afx| dlxgfsf
gfdx¿ atfpg .
38L x]/L 306f ;'O{sf] cfwf/df
;do atfpg .
xKtfsf ;ft lbgsf gfdx¿
j|mdfg';f/ eGg .
Ps jif{df afx| dlxgf x'G5g eGg .
afx| dlxgfsf gfdx¿ j|mdfg';f/
eGg .
lzIfsn] 38L -geP gd'gf 38L agfO{_ b]vfO{
5nkmnsf cfwf/df k|To]s 306f eGg
nufpg] -5f]6f] / df]6f] ;'O{sf] dfq cfwf/
lng]_ .
ljBfyL{x¿af6 pgLx¿ hGd]sf] af/x¿ kQf
nufO{ ;ft af/df cfk"m hGd]sf af/nfO{
;ªVofn] hgfpg] cEof; u/fpg] .
dlxgfx¿nfO{ klg af/x¿sf] h:t} lj|mofsnfk
ug]{ .
!= 38L b]vfO{ 38Ldf slt
ah]sf] 5 < eg .
@= ;ft af/sf gfdx¿
j|mdzM eg .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$= -v_ d'b|f $=$ rng rNtLdf
/x]sf ?=!))
;Ddsf d'b|fx¿
-l;Ssf gf]6x¿_
lrg]/ 5'6ofpg .
rng rNtLsf ?=!, ?=@ / ?=% sf
l;Ssfx¿ / ?=!)) ;Ddsf gf]6x¿
lrGg / 5'6ofpg .
rng rNtLdf /x]sf l;Ssfx¿ b]vfO{
5nkmnaf6 ;a} l;Ssfx¿ / gf]6x¿
j|mdzM lrgfpFb} atfpg nufpg] .
!= of] -?=!, ?=@ / ?=% sf
l;Ssf b]vfpg]_ slt ?lkof“
xf], eg .
?=! ?=@ ?=%
$=% d'b|fsf] hf]8 /
36fp ug{ .
-xftnfuL
gcfpg]_
xftnfuL gcfpg] u/L d'b|fsf] hf]8
ug{ .
;fk6L lng gkg]{ u/L d'b|fsf] 36fp
ug{ .
cfwf/e"t lj|mofx¿ k"j{ 1fg /
;Lkx¿sf cfwf/df l;Ssf;DaGwL
;fdfGo hf]8 / 36fp l;sfpg] / ug{
nufpg] .
@= l;Ssfsf lrqx¿
!) k};f @% k};f %) k};f
dflysf l;Ssfx¿ sltslt
k};fsf x'g, eg .
#= hf]8 u/ M @% k};f
+ %) k};f
$= 36fp u/ M @% k};f
- !) k};f
$=^ d'b|f;DaGwL hf]8
/ 36fpsf ;/n
Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ -xftnfuL
gcfpg] dfq_ .
xftnfuL gcfpg] hf]8 tyf 36fp
lj|mof ;+nUg ePsf ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of xn ug{ .
sIff ! sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b}lgs
hLjgdf ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;fdfGo
;d:ofx¿nfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] / ug{
nufpg] .
%= ltdL;Fu ?=# lyof], cfdfn]
?=@ ylklbg' eof] eg] hDdf
ltdL;+Fu slt ?lkofF x'G5 <
^= ;Ltf;+Fu ?= % lyof], pgLn]
?=@ sf] sfkL lslgg, ca
pgL;+Fu slt ?lkofF afFsL
/xG5 <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$=-u_ b'/L $=& s'g} j:t'sf]
nDafOnfO{
cGbfhåf/f t'ngf
ug{ . -cUnf],
xf]rf], nfdf] /
5f]6f]_
laQf, xfth:tf ck|fdfl0fs (Non
standard) gfkf]åf/f gfk lng .
lbPsf] ck|fdfl0fs gfkf]n] s'g} klg
j:t' jf cfsf/sf] gfkf] lng .
b'O{ j:t'x¿sf] nDafO gfkf]n]
bfFHg .
sIff sf]7f / jl/kl/sf ljleGg j:t'sf
nDafO xft, ljQfaf6 gfkL÷gfKg nufO{
gfk lng nufpg] .
k"j{1fg / ;Lksf] cfwf/df km/s b'O{
j:t'x¿ gfKg nufO{ gfkf]df ePsf]
km/snfO{ 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6 bfFHg
nufpg] .
xft, laQf, n67Lh:tf ck|fdfl0fs
gfkx¿af6 nDafO gfKg nufO{
nDafOsf] t'ngf ug{ nufpg] .
!= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fsf]
Psfkl§sf] nDafO xftsf]
gfkf]af6 gfk]/ slt x'G5
n]v .
@= ltdL a;]sf] a]Grsf] nDafO
slt laQf eof] < n]v .
#= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fdf /x]sf]
sfnf]kf6L / a]Gr laQfn]
gfk / s]slt km/s eof] <
bfFh]/ n]v .
$=-3_ Ifdtf
(Capacity)
$=* s'g} b'O{ efF8fsf]
Ifdtf t'ngf
ug{ .
s'g} b'O{cf]6f efF8fdf kfgL e/]/
ltgLx¿aLr 36L / a9Lsf] Ifdtf
t'ngf ug{ .
b'O{ efF8fdf kfgL e/]/ s'g efF8fdf a9L
kfgL c6g] Ifdtf 5, 5nkmn u/L eGg]
/ eGg nufpg] .
!= b'O{ b'O{cf]6f efF8fdf kfgL jf
cGo j:t'x¿ eg{ nufO{
a9L / 36L Ifdtfsf]
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
$=-ª_ tf}n $=( s'g} b'O{ j:t'sf]
tf}nsf] cGbfh
u/]/ t'ngf ug{ .
-xn'sf / ux|fF}_
s'g} b'O{ j:t'x¿sf] tf}n
-ux|fF}÷xn'ªuf]_ cGbfh u/]/ t'ngf
ug{ .
b'O{ km/s 7f];j:t'x¿ lzIfsn]
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ prfNg nufO{ 5nkmn
u/L ux|f} / xn'ªuf]sf] wf/0ff lbg] .
!= b'O{cf]6f j:t'nfO{ prfNg
nufO{ ufx|||f} / xn'ªuf] s'g
5 egL ;f]w]/ d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
@= 7f]; j:t'x¿ prfNg nufO{,
s'g ux|f}F 5 < h:tf k|Zg
;f]Wg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%=leGg,
bzdnj,
k|ltzt,
Plss lgdo
/ Jofh
-s_ leGg
%=! @
! / $
! nfO{
hgfpg] .
5fof kf/]sf
lrqx¿nfO{
5'6ofO{ leGgdf
n]Vg / ljleGg
cfs[ltdf cfwf /
rf}yfO - @
! / $
! _
nfO{ 5fof kf/]/
b]vfpg .
lbOPsf HofldtLo lrq -b'O{ efudf
afFl8Psf]_ df a/fa/ 5g ls 5}gg
5'6ofpg .
b'O{ a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf
lrqx¿af6 cfwfsf] wf/0ff lbg .
b'O{ a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf
lrqx¿df 5fof kf/]/ cfwf b]vfpg .
rf/ a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf
lrqx¿df 5fof kf/]/ cfwf b]vfpg .
rf/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿df
a/fa/ 5g ls 5}gg 5'6ofpg .
lrqx¿df 5fof kf/]/ Ps rf}yfOsf]
wf/0ff lbg .
lrqx¿df 5fof kf/]/ Ps rf}yfO
b]vfpg .
7f]; j:t'nfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efudf afF8g]
jf 5nkmn u/L a/fa/ b'O{ efudf
afF8g nufpg] . k|To]s efu cfwf - @
! _
efu xf] eGg] wf/0ff lbg] .
HofldtLo lrqx¿ hDdf u/L k|To]s
lrqnfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efudf afF8g] jf
5nkmn u/L afF8g nufpg] . k|To]s
efu cfwf - @
! _ efu xf] egL lrgf/L
lbO{ 5nkmn To; cfwf - @
! _ efudf
u/L /ª nufpg l;sfpg] .
5nkmn u/L 7f]; j:t'nfO{ rf/ a/fa/
efudf afF8g] / afF8g nufpg] . rf/
efusf] Psefu Ps rf}yfO - $
! _ xf]
eGg] wf/0ff lbg] .
HofldtLo lrqnfO{ 5nkmn u/L rf/
efudf afF8g] / afF8g nufpg] . rf/
efusf] Ps efu Ps rf}yfO - $
! _ xf]
eGg] wf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg] .
!= 7f]; j:t'nfO{ sf6g nufP/
/ lrq /ªufpg nufP/
cfwf / rf}yfOsf] d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
^= tYofªs ^=! ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkm
k9g ;"rgf lng
/ lbg .
;fwf/0f lrqu|fkm k9g .
;fwf/0f lrqu|fkmaf6 ;"rgf lng /
lbg . -kfFry/Lsf j:t'x¿ a9Ldf
b;cf]6f;Dd_
j:t', lrq tyf Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0fsf
cfwf/df 5nkmn / k|bz{gåf/f ;fwf/0f
lkS6f]u|fkm k9g cEof; u/fpg] .
k"j{1fgsf] cfwf/df 5nkmn /
k|bz{gåf/f ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkmaf6 ;"rgf
lng] / lbg] cEof; u/fpg] .
!= lrqu|fkm k9g lbg] /
ljleGg ;d:of agfO{
df}lvs ¿kdf ;f]w]/
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
& ;d"x
(sets)
&=! ;d"xaf6 Ps}
vfnsf j:t'x¿
5'6ofpg .
-;fdfGo dfq_
&=@ lbPsf j:t'x¿sf]
;d"xx¿af6
gldNg] Pp6f j:t'
kQf nufpg .
-;fwf/0f dfq_
Ps} vfnsf j:t'x¿sf] ;d"x
agfpg .
w]/} j:t'x¿sf] ;d"xaf6 lbOPsf]
;dfg u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df j:t'x¿
5'6ofpg .
lbOPsf] ;d"xaf6 gldNg] j:t' kQf
nufpg . -b'O{cf]6f dfq km/s u'0f
lbg'kg]{_
Pp6f 6f]s/Ldf w]/} vfnsf j:t'x¿
lbg] . lzIfsn] s'g} Pp6f u'0fsf]
5nkmn u/fO{ pSt u'0f;+Fu ldNg]
;b:ox¿ -j:t'x¿_ 5'6ofpg nufO{
gofF ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ cEof;
u/fpg] .
s'g} Pp6f ;d"xdf ePsf ;b:ox¿dWo]
Pp6fdfq gldNg] ;b:o lbg] / pSt
gldNg] ;b:onfO{ 5'6ofpg cEof;
u/fpg] .
cGo Jofjxfl/s lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] .
! lrq tyf j:t'x¿ h:t} M
s]/f, sfkL, snd, :ofp,
lstfa cflb j:t'x¿
b]vfP/ tnsf h:t} u/L
k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] M
lbPsf] 6f]s/Laf6
kmnk"mnx¿sf] ;d"x / n]Vg]
j:t'x¿sf] ;d"xdf s]s]
k5{g 5'6ofP/ eg .
@= gldNg] j:t'nfO{ ( 0 ) lrXg
nufpm M
s';L{, vf6, u'Gb|L .
Gff]6 M ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg, lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk / oxfF plNnlvt gd'gf k|Zgx¿sf] cfwf/df sIff lzIf0fsf] cleGg cªusf] ¿kdf cjnDag ug{'kg]{5 . oxfF k|:t't
ul/Psf lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk / gd'gf k|Zgx¿ ;fdfGo kyk|b{zg (guide line) sf lglDt dfq x'g eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

sIff M @
!= Hofldlt !=! ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L,
lqe'h, rt'e'{'h / j[Qsf]
cfsf/ lvRg .
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ M
— lqe'hsf] cfsf/ lvRg .
— rt'e'{'hsf] cfsf/ lvRg .
— j[Qsf] cfsf/ lvRg .
sIff sf]7fdf pknAw x'g] :yfgLo
;fdu|L -8:6/, sfkL, lstfa
cflb_ / cGo ;fdu|L lzIfsn]
cfk}mF lgdf{0f u/L, 5nkmn
u/L÷u/fO{ rt'e{'h, lqe'h /
j[Qsf] cfsf/ lvRg nufpg] .
!= cfˆgf] lstfasf] ;xfotfn]
rt'e'{'h lrq lvr]/ b]vfpm .
!%
!=@ ljleGg 7f];
j:t'x¿sf ;txx¿ /
HofldtLo cfsf/
5'6ofpg .
lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'sf
;txaf6 lqe'hfsf/,
rt'e{'hfsf/, j[Qfsf/sf]
j:t' lrGg / 5'6ofpg .
ljleGg 7f]; j:t'x¿ -lqe'h,
rt'e{'h / j[Qsf/sf ;txx¿
cjnf]sg u/fO{ 5nkmn
ug]{÷u/fpg]] / cfsf/x¿
5'6ofpg]÷ 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
@= ltd|f] sIffsf] sfnf]kf6Lsf]
cfsf/ s:tf] 5 <
!=# j[Q, lqe'h / rt'e{h'sf
lrqx¿ ;fwg k|of]u
gu/L xftn] lvRg .
;fwg k|of]u gu/L (free
hand) xftn] lvRg M
— j[Q
— lqe'h
— rt'e{'h
j[Q, lqe'h / rt'e'{'h lrqx¿sf
af/]df 5nkmn ug]{, lvRg
l;sfpg] / lvRg nufpg] .
#= tLgcf]6f lqe'hsf] lrq agfO{
b]vfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@=;ªVofsf]
1fg
@= ! b]lv !))) ;Dd uGtL
ug{, k9g, n]Vg,
-b]jgfu/L / lxGb'
c/]las, cªs /
cIf/df_ .
tLg cªs;Dd k9g, n]Vg,
uGtL ug{ / lrGg
-cªsdf_
tLg cªs;Dd k9g
-cªsdf_ .
tLg cªs;Dd k9g
-cIf/df_ .
tLg cªs;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿
cIf/df n]Vg .
;ªVof rf6{sf] k|of]uaf6 / j]; 6]g
Ans÷sf8{af6 !–!))) ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿ 5nkmn u/fO{ uGtL ug{, k9g
/ lrGg nufpg] .
!))÷!)) sf] cGt/df ;ªVofx¿ k9g]
/ n]Vg] cEof; 5nkmnåf/f u/fpg] .
!–!))) ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿sf
aLraLrsf ;ªVofx¿ 5fgL n]Vg] cEof;
u/fpg] .
!–!))) ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿ cIf/df
n]lvPsf] rf6{ k|of]u u/L cIf/df k9g],
k9g nufpg] .
!–!))) ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿ cIf/df n]Vg]
cEof; ;fdfGoLs/0f u/fO{ 5nkmnaf6
l;sfpg] .
!= $%%, %^) / (^& dflysf
;ªVofx¿ k9 .
@= tLg;o k}tL;, rf/;o
a}o;77LnfO{ cªsdf n]v]/
b]vfpm .
#= #$@, &&& / *(! nfO{ cIf/df
n]v]/ b]vfpm .
$%
@=@ tLg cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofsf] :yfgdfg
eGg / tflnsfdf
/fVg .
tLg cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofx¿sf] :yfgdfg lrGg
/ eGg .
tLg cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVof–
x¿nfO{ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf
n]Vg .
Pjfs; tyf :yfgdfg ks]6
rf6{÷tflnsf k|of]u u/L s'g} klg tLg
cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf] :yfgdfg
5nkmn u/fO{ lrGg, eGg / tflnsfdf
n]Vg nufpg] .
$= ^&( df ^ sltsf] :yfgdf k5{ <
eg .
%= @%& nfO{ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf
b]vfpm .
@=#= tLg cªssf
;ªVofx¿nfO{ a9bf] /
36bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
-# cf]6f;Dd_
lbPsf tLg cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofx¿nfO{ a9bf] /
36bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ljleGGf
;ªVofx¿nfO{ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf
/fv]/ b]vfO{ :yfgdfgdf 5nkmn u/fO{
a9bf] / 36bf] j|mddf n]Vg cEof;
u/fpg] .
^= ;ªVofx¿ %$$,&&&,@@#,
nfO{ a9bf] j|mddf n]v]/ b]vfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@=$= tLgcªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofsf hf]8f bfFHg
tyf >, < / =
lrxgsf] k|of]u
ug{ .
lbPsf tLg cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf] hf]8LnfO{
bfFHg .
– eGbf 7"nf]
– eGbf ;fgf]
– a/fa/
tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ljleGg hf]8L
;ªVofx¿nfO{ :yfgdfgdf 5nkmn
u/fO{ 7"nf], ;fgf] / a/fa/ 5'6ofO{ bfFHg
nufpg] .
&= lgDg hf]8f ;ªVofx¿sf hf]8f
@#% / #%#,
&* / *!,
%# / @)) tyf
@@! / @@! dWo] …eGbf ;fgf],Ú
…eGbf 7"nf]Ú jf …a/fa/Ú s] 5g <
eg .
@=%= /f]dg ;ªVof k|0ffnLdf
I - XII ;Dd k9g /
n]Vg .
/f]dg ;ªVof k|0ffnLdf
I - XII ;Dd k9g .
/f]dg ;ªVof k|0ffnLdf
I - XII ;Dd n]Vg .
I - XII ;Dd n]lvPsf] rf6{ 38L b]vfO{
j|mdzM k9g / lrGg cEof; u/fpg] .
I - XII ;Ddsf /f]dg ;ªVofx¿nfO{
n]v]/ b]vfpg] / 5nkmn u/fO{ n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
*= !@ ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿nfO{ /f]dg
cªsdf eg .
(= ! b]lv !@ ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿nfO{
/f]dg cªsdf n]v .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#=ul0ftsf
cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
# -s_ hf]8
#=s != b'O{ cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVofx¿sf] hf]8
ug{ -xftnfuL
cfpg]_
-tLgcf]6f addend
;Dd_ .
#=s=@ tLg cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf]
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_
-tLgcf]6f addend
;Dd_ .
#=s #= ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVof :yfgdfg tflnsf
k|of]u u/]/ cfk;df hf]8g .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVofx¿ cfk;df hf]8g .
– b;sf] :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg] .
– Pssf] :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg] .
– b'j} :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg] .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf b'O{
;ªVof cfk;df hf]8g] .
– zflAbs ;d:of xn ug{ .
– tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf
;ªVofx¿sf] -xftnfuL
gcfpg]_ hf]8 ug{ .
-tLgcf]6f addend ;Dd_
hf]8;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:of
xn ug{ . -pko{'St hf]8x¿
ubf{ a9Ldf tLgcf]6f lbg]_
hf]8 ubf{ j|md ljlgdo u'0f
k|of]u ug{ .
:yfgdfg tflnsf / Abacus sf]
k|of]uaf6 5nkmn / cEof; u/fO{
xftnfuL cfpg] hf]8 u/fpg] .
Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0faf6 -sIffsf]7fdf
s]6f / s]6L cflb_ 5nkmn u/fO{,
zflAbs ;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf
n]Vg nufO{ hf]8 lj|mof ug{ nufpg] .
j|md ljlgod u'0fsf] cEof; u/fpg]
h:t}M !@ + !^ = !^ + !@
! hf]8 u/ M
b; Ps
% &
# $
@= hf]8 u/ M
$ @ #
@ & ^
+@ ) )
#= Pp6f ¿vaf6 %) cf]6f cfFk / csf]{
¿vaf6 &% cf]6f cfFk l6k]/ NofOof]
eg] hDdf slt cfFk eP <
$= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] ;ªVofdf
/fv M
!@ + !% = !% + ...
$*

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -v_ 36fp #=v != tLg cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf]
36fp -;fk6L
lng'kg]{_ ug{ .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofaf6
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVof
36fpg -Pssf] :yfgdf
;fk6L lng'kg]{_
tLg cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofaf6 s'g} Ps :yfgdf
;fk6L lng'kg]{ 36fp ug{ .
Ps :yfg cufl8af6 ! ;fk6L lnFbf
To;sf] dfg !) x'g] x'Fbf h'gaf6
36fpg'kg]{ xf] To;df !) hf]8L cfPsf]
of]uaf6 36fpg'kg]{ ;ªVof 36fpg] s'/f
5nkmn tyf cEof;af6 ug{ nufpg] .
36fp u/ M
!= & %
– @ &
#=v=@= 36fp;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
xn ug{ .
36fp;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofnfO{ xn
ug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
lbO{ xn ug{ nufpg] . h:t} M Pp6f
afs;df %) cf]6f ;'GtnfdWo] @& cf]6f
vfP/ ;lsof] eg] ca slt afFsL
xf]nf <
afs;df ePsf ;'Gtnf %)
vfO;s]sf] –@&
afFsL @#
@= sIff @ sf #& hgf ljBfyL{dWo]
@* hgf aflx/ uP eg] ca
sIffdf slt hgf afFsL /x]5g <
#=v=# hf]8 / 36fpsf]
;DaGw atfpg .
-Pscsf{df ljk/Lt
lj|mof x'g eGg]
wf/0ff_
hf]8 / 36fpsf] ;DaGwsf]
hfgsf/L -hf]8 / 36fp
Pscsf{df ljk/Lt lj|mof x'g
eGg] wf/0ff_
!@ – & = %
& + % = !@
h:tf pbfx/0faf6 / sIff sf]7fsf]
kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;d:ofx¿ agfO{
5nkmn u/fO{ cEof; u/fpg] .
#= @% – !! = !$
!! + !$ = @%
dflysf] pbfx/0fdf hf]8 /
36fpsf] s:tf] ;DaGw 5 <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -u_ u'0fg #=u=!= @ b]lv !)
;Ddsf] kxf8f
agfpg /
atfpg .
#=u=@= u'0fg k|of]u ePsf]
cj:yfnfO{
ul0ftLo jfSodf
n]Vg .
! b]lv !) ;Ddsf] kxf8f
-bf]xf]l/Psf] hf]8sf] wf/0ffaf6_
agfpg .
'x' lrxgsf] k|of]u ug{ .
u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfnfO{
-'x' lrxg k|of]u u/L_ ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg .
lrq tflnsf tyf bf]xf]l/Psf] hf]8sf]
wf/0ffaf6 @–!) ;Ddsf kxf8f agfpg
nufpg] / s07 ug{ nufpg] .
tnsf] h:tf] pbfx/0faf6 'x' lrxgsf]
wf/0ff lbg] .
tLg k6s # ⇒ hDdf (
# × # = (
!= % sf] kxf8f lgdf{0f u/ / eg .
@= lx;fa u/ (
× )
#=u=#= b'O{ cªssf]
;ªVofnfO{ Ps
cªssf] ;ªVofn]
u'0fg ug]{ -xft
nfuL gcfpg]
dfq_
#=u $= u'0fg;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
Ps cªssf] ;ªVofnfO{ Ps
cªssf] ;ªVofn] u'0fg ug{ .
Ps cªssf] ;ªVofnfO{ '0' n]
u'0fg ug]{ .
b'O{ cªssf] ;ªVofnfO{ Ps
cªssf] ;ªVofn] u'0fg
-kxf8f k|of]u u/L_ ug{ .
u'0fg;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf
n]Vg / u'0fgkmn lgsfNg .
vfnL ;d"x hlt k6s bf]xf]l/P klg
vfnL g} x'g] pbfx/0faf6 '0' sf] u'0ffsf]
wf/0ff lbg] .
rf/cf]6f ;'Gtnfsf] ;d"x kf“r k6s
y}nLdf /fVbf sltcf]6f ;'Gtnf x'G5g <
o;nfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf lgsfn h:tf
pbfx/0fnfO{ 5nkmn u/fO{ ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg nufpg] . kxf8f k|of]u
u/L u'0fgkmn lgsfNg nufpg] .
#= kfFr & k6s slt x'G5 <
o;nfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf n]v /
lx;fa u/ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -3_ efu #=3=!= efunfO{
bf]xf]l/Psf]
36fpsf] ¿kdf
JoSt ug{ .
#=3=@= lbPsf
j:t'x¿nfO{
;d"xdf aFf8L
efusf] cy{
atfpg /
ul0ftLo jfSodf
n]Vg .
#=3=#= b'O{ cªs;Ddsf]
;ªVofnfO{ Ps
cªssf] ;ªVofn]
efu ug{ /
hfFRg . -lgz]if
efu hfg]_
efunfO{ bf]xf]l/Psf] 36fpsf
¿kdf JoSt ug{
lbPsf j:t'x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf
aFf8L efusf] cy{ atfpg efu
lrxg ÷ sf] k|of]u ug{ .
efu ug]{ tl/sf M
– Ps cªsn] b'O{ cªs
;Ddsf] ;ªVofnfO{{ efu ug{
-lgz]if efu hfg] _
– efu;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{
ul0ftLo jfSodf n]Vg .
lrq tflnsf / Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofaf6
k|fKt wf/0ffsf cfwf/df efunfO{
36fpsf] bf]xf]l/Psf] ¿kdf JoSt ug{
cEof; u/fpg] .
5nkmn, cEof; / Jofjxfl/s
pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df pxL u'0f ePsf
s]xL j:t'x¿nfO{ a/fa/ x'g] u/L
;d"xx¿ agfpg nufpg], k|To]s
;d"xdf k/]sf j:t'x¿df 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
ul0ftLo jfSodf -÷_ efu lrxg k|of]u
u/L n]Vg nufpg] / 5nkmnaf6 lx;fa
ug]{ tl/sfsf] k"j{1fgnfO{ pkof]u ub}{
tl/sfa4 efu ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
efhs, efHo / efukmnaLrsf]
;DaGwnfO{ 5nkmn cEof;af6 hfFRg
nufpg] .
!= !* cf]6f ;'Gtnf tLghgfnfO{
a/fa/ x'gu/L afF8bf k|To]sn]
sltcf]6f kfpnf < ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]vL lx;fa u/ .
@= %% cf]6f u'RrfnfO{ a/fa/
;ªVofdf efu nufpm / k|To]s
sltcf]6f x'G5g .
#= efu u/ / hfFr . ^% ÷ %

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$=;do, d'b|f
/ gfktf}n
$=-s_ ;do
$=s=!= 38L x]/L !%–!%
ldg]6sf] km/sdf
;do atfpg .
$=s @= 306f / lbg, lbg
/ xKtf, lbg /
dlxgf, dlxgf /
jif{sf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
$=s #= Sofn]G8/ x]/L
dlxgf, ut] / af/
k9g / n]Vg .
38L x]/L !%–!% ldg]6sf]
km/sdf ;do atfpg .
306f / lbgsf] ;DaGw atfpg .
xKtf / lbgsf] ;DaGw atfpg .
lbg / dlxgfsf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
dlxgf / jif{sf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
dlxgf, ut] / af/ k9g
tf]lsPsf] lbgsf] dlxgf, ut] /
af/ atfpg / n]Vg .
306f ;'O{ / ldg]6 ;'O{ ePsf] 38L lnP/ !%–
!% ldg]6sf] km/sdf /fvL 5nkmn u/L÷u/fO{
;do atfpg cEof; u/fpg] .
@$ 306fsf] Ps lbg x'G5 eGg] cfwf/
lnO{ 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6 @ lbg, # lbg
OToflbdf slt 306f x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf]
lgisif{ lgsfNg nufpg] .
xKtfdf & lbg x'G5 eGg] cfwf/ lnO{
5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6 @ xKtf, # xKtf
OToflbdf slt lbg x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf]
dlxgfdf ;fwf/0ft #) lbg x''G5 eGg]
tYosf cfwf/df @ dlxgf, # dlxgf
OToflbdf slt lbg x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf]
jif{df !@ dlxgf x''G5 eGg] tYosf
cfwf/df @ jif{, # jif{ OToflbdf slt
dlxgf, x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] lgisif{
lgsfNg nufpg] .
Sofn]G8/ b]vfO{ 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6
dlxgf ut] / af/ k9g, atfpg / n]Vg
nufpg] .
Sofn]G8/ k|of]u u/L 5nkmnsf
cfwf/df dlxgf, af/ / ut] dfq
hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
!= 38L x]/L ;do n]v]/ b]vfpg
nufO{ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
@= Ps lbgdf slt 306f x'G5 <
n]v .
#= Ps xKtfdf slt lbg x'G5 <
n]v .
$= Ps dlxgfdf ;wf/0ftof slt
lbg x'G5 < n]v .
%= Ps jif{df slt dlxgf x'G5 <
n]v .
^= ltd|f] ljBfnosf] Sofn]G8/ x]/L
cfhsf] ut] / af/ eg .
&= dflysf] Sofn]G8/ x]/L hjfkm
n]v .
-s_ efb| !% ut] s'g af/ kb{5 <
n]v .
-v_ efb| dlxgfdf s'gs'g ut]df
cfOtaf/ kb{5g < n]v .
#!

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$= -v_ d'b|f $=v != ?=!))) ;Ddsf
gf]6x¿ lrg]/
5'6ofpg .
$=v=@= ?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf
¿kfGt/0f ug{ .
$=v #= ¿kfGt/0f ug{
gkg]{ ?lkofF /
k};fsf] hf]8 tyf
36fp ug{ .
$=v$ hf]8 tyf
36fp;DaGwL
;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:of xn ug{ .
¿=!))) ;Ddsf gf]6x¿
lrGg .
?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf ¿kfGt/0f
ug{ .
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ ?lkofF /
k};fsf] hf]8 ug{ .
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ ?lkofF /
k};fsf] 36fp ug{ .
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ ?lkofFF /
k};fsf] hf]8 / 36fp;DaGwL
;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
gf]6 jf gf]6sf lrqx¿ k|bz{g u/fO{
5nkmnaf6 lrqx¿ lrgfpg] /
5'6ofpg nufpg] .
! a/fa/ !)) k};f x'G5 eGg] tYosf
cfwf/df 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6
?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{
nufpg] .
5nkmn / ;d:of ;dfwfgaf6 hf]8 /
36fp ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf] 5nkmn,
k|Zgf]Q/ / ;d:of ;dfwfgaf6 ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg nufO{ xn ug{ nufpg] .
!= ?= ^ a/fa/ slt k};f x'G5 <
n]v .
@= k};fdf ¿kfGt/0f u/ M
-s_ ?=! -v_ ?=@ -u_ ?=%
-3_ ?=!) -ª_ ?=@)
-r_ ?=@% -5_ ?=%)
-h_ ?=!)) -em_ ?=@%)
-`_ ?=%)) -6_ ?=!)))
!= hf]8 u/ M
?lkofF k};f
@% @%
+ ^% @%
@= 36fp u/ M
?= k}=
^^ %)
– @% @)
#= /fdnfO{ a'afn] ?= ^ k};f @% /
cfdfn] ?=@ k};f %) lbP5g eg]
p;“u hDdf slt eof] < n]v .
$= ;Ltf;Fu ?= !@% k};f &% 5,
pgLn] lstfa / sfkL lsGbf ?=
!)% k};f %) vr{ ul/g . ca
pgL;“u slt afFsL eof] xf]nf <
n]v .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$=-u_ b"/L $=u=! ;]lG6ld6/ /
ld6/sf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
$=u=@ lbOPsf j:t'sf]
gfk ;]lG6ld6/df
kQf nufpg .
-;fdfGo dfq_
lbOPsf j:t'sf] gfk ;]lG6ld6/df kQf
nufpg .
ld6/df lbOPsf j:t'sf] gfk kQf
nufpg .
;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] ;DaGw atfpg .
?n/sf] ;xfotfn] lbOPsf] j:t'sf] gfk
kQf nufpg
ul0ft k':tssf] nDafO ;]lG6ld6/df
gflklbg] / 5nkmn u/L c¿ k':tsx¿sf]
nDafO gfKg nufpg] .
sIffsf]7fsf] nDafO ld6/df gflklbg] /
5nkmn u/L c¿ sf]7fx¿sf] nDafO
gfKg nufpg] .
!= ltdL;Fu ePsf] k]lG;nsf] nDafO slt
5 < ;]lG6ld6/df n]v .
@= ltdLn] v]Ng] rf}/sf] nDafO slt 5 <
gfKg] lkmQf k|of]u u/L ld6/df n]v .
$=-3_ If]qkmn $=3 != If]qkmnsf] t'ngf
ug{
If]qkmnsf] wf/0ff lbg .
ljleGg cfsf/sf / ;dtnLo ;tx
ePsf j:t'x¿sf ;txsf] If]qkmn
t'ngf ug{ . (Inpection Method
af6_
7f]; j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/L 5nkmn /
k|Zgf]Q/af6 ;txsf] If]qkmnsf] wf/0ff
lbg] .
k"j{1fgsf cfwf/df b'O{ km/s km/s
j:t'x¿sf ;tx b]vfO{ 5nkmnaf6 a9L
/ 36L If]qkmn 5'6ofpg nufO{
If]qkmnsf] t'ngf ug{ nufpg] .
!= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fsf] sfnf]kf6L / a]Grsf]
If]qkmnsf] t'ngf u/ .
@= s'gs'g If]qkmn a9L / s'g s'g If]qkmn
36L 5 < n]v .
$=-ª_ Ifdtf $=ª=! !)) ldlnln6/,
@)) ldlnln6/,
%)) ldlnln6/ /
! ln6/ -!)))
ldlnln6/_ sf
k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿
lrg]/ 5'6ofpg .
lbOPsf gfKg] efF8fx¿dWo] !))
ld=ln=, @)) ld=ln=, %)) ld=ln=/ !
ln=sf k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿
– lrGg .
– 5'6ofpg .
– pSt efF8fx¿aLr t'ngf u/L
bfFHg .
km/s km/s gfk ePsf k|fdfl0fs
efF8fx¿ b]vfO{ 5nkmn / k"j{1fgsf
cfwf/df Ifdtf lrGg, 5'6ofpg / t'ngf
u/L bfFHg nufpg] .
!= tnsf Ifdtf ePsf efF8fx¿
lrg÷5'6ofpm M
-s_ !))ld=ln -v_ %)) ld=ln
$=-r_ tf}n $=5 != !)) u|fd, @))
u|fd / !))) u|fd
-! ls=u|f=_ sf
9sx¿ lrg]/
5'6ofpg .
!)) u|fd, @))u|f= %)) u|f= / !)))
u|f= -! ls=u|f_ sf 9sx¿
– lrGg .
– 5'6ofpg .
– aLr t'ngf ug{ .
ljleGg gfksf 9sx¿ b]vfO{÷ k|of]u u/L
ltgLx¿nfO{ lrGg / cfk;df 5'6ofpg
nufpg] .
k|of]uåf/f ltgLx¿aLr t'ngf ug{
nufpg] .
!= tnsftf}nsf9sx¿lrg]/5'6ofpmM
-s_ !))) u|f= -v_ %)) u|f=
-u_ @)) u|f -3_ !)) u|f=
lbOPsf 9sx¿df ;aeGbf a9L / 36L
u|fdsf s'gs'g x'g 5'6ofpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%=leGg,
bzdnj,
k|ltzt,
P]lss lgod
/ Jofh
%=-s_ leGg
%=s=! ,@
! ,$
!
$
# ,
#
!,/
#
@ nfO{ 5fof
k/]sf lrqx¿df
5'6ofpg tyf
To:t} lrqdf
,@
! ,$
!
$
# ,
#
!,
#
@ /
)!
! nfO{
5fof kf/]/
b]vfpg .
%=s @= 5fof kf/]sf
lrqnfO{ -cfwf,
rf}yfO, tLg rf}yfO,
Ps ltxfO / b'O{
ltxfO_ ul0ftLo
efiffdf n]Vg .
cfwf / rf}yfOdf 5fof kfl/Psf lrqx¿nfO{
ul0ftLo efiff - @
! /
$
! _, df n]Vg .
rf/ a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿af6 Ps
rf}yfO -
$
! _, cfwf -b'O{ rf}yfO =
$
@ _ / tLg
rf}yfO -
$
# _ sf] wf/0ff, rf/ a/fa/ efux¿df
afFl8Psf lrqx¿df 5fof kfl/Psf] cfwf/df
$
! ,
$
@ ,
@
! /
$
# 5'6ofP/ ul0ftLo efiffdf
n]Vg .
tLg a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿af6 Ps
ltxfO -
#
!_ / b'O{ ltxfO -
#
@ _ sf] wf/0ff lbg .
tLg a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿df 5fof
kf/]sf cfwf/df
#
! /
#
@ 5'6ofP/ ul0ftLo efiffdf n]Vg .
b; a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿df 5fof
kf/]sf cfwf/df
)!
! n]Vg .
,@
!
#
!, ,$
!
#
!,
#
@ , /
)!
! hgfpg]
lrqx¿nfO{ leGgdf n]Vg .
;d"xaf6 leGgsf] wf/0ff lbg .
HofldtLo lrqnfO{ a/fa/ rf/ efudf
afF8]/ 5nkmn u/L
$
! ,
$
@ /
$
# oL
efux¿ lrgfpg] / lrGg nufpg] .
HofldtLo lrqnfO{ a/fa/ tLg efudf
afF8]/ 5nkmn u/L
#
! /
#
@ efux¿
lrgfpg] / lrGg nufpg] .
HofldtLo lrqnfO{ a/fa/ b; efudf
afF8L b; efusf] Ps efudf /ª nufO{
5nkmn u/L
)!
! efu lrgfpg] efu
nufpg / lrGg nufpg] .
lrq lbP/ To;af6 dfly lbOPsf] leGg
- @
! ,
$
! ,
#
!,
$
# ,
#
@ ,
)!
! _ agfpg
nufO{ 5nkmn u/L /ª eg{ nufpg] .
!= ljleGg lrqx¿ b]vfP/ 5fof
kf/L 5fof k/]sf] / 5fof
gk/]sf efux¿;DaGwL ;f]w]/
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
@= cfwf, Ps rf}yfO, Ps ltxfO,
b'O{ ltxfO, tLg rf}yfO, Ps
b;f+znfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf
n]v]/ b]vfpm .
@%

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
^= tYofªs ^=! af/u|fkm, k9g /
;"rgf lng / lbg
-;fwf/0f dfq_ .
;fwf/0f af/u|fkm k9]/
– cfjZos ;"rgf
lng .
– cfjZos ;"rgf lbg .
j:t', lrq tyf Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df
5nkmn / k|bz{gaf6 ;fwf/0f af/u|fkm k9g
cEof; u/fpg] .
k"j{1fgsf cfwf/df 5nkmn / k|bz{gåf/f ;"rgf
lng cEof; u/fpg] .
af/u|fkmsf ;fwf/0f lrqx¿ ;ªsng u/L÷u/fO{
5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ / k|bz{gsf cfwf/df ;"rgf lng
/ lbg cEof; u/fpg] .
af/u|fkm agfP/ jf ag]sf] b]vfP/
tnh:t} u/L k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
!= sf];Fu w]/} k]lG;nx¿ 5g <
@= sf];Fu ;a}eGbf yf]/}
k]lG;nx¿ 5g <
#= tLg} hgf;Fu u/L sltcf]6f
k]lG;n 5g <
!)
&= ;d"x
(Sets)
&=! ;dfg u'0fsf]
cfwf/df j:t'x¿
5'6ofpg .
&=@ lbOPsf j:t'af6
gldNg] kQf
nufpg] .
;dfg u'0fsf] cfwf/df
j:t'x¿ 5'6ofpg .
lbOPsf] ;fwf/0f
u'0fcg';f/sf ;b:ox¿
eGg .
lbOPsf j:t'af6 gldNg]
kQf nufpg] .
w]/} j:t'x¿ ePsf] 6f]s/L jf lrqx¿sf] rf6{
b]vfpFb} s'g} Pp6f u'0fsf] 5nkmn u/fpg] / ;f]
u'0f;Fu ldNg] ;b:ox¿ 5fGg nufO{ cEof;
u/fpg] .
s'g} Pp6f u'0fsf] cfwf/df ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf]
gfd eGg cEof; u/fpg] .
lbPsf] ;d"xdf s'g} Pp6f gldNg] u'0f ePsf] ;b:o
lbP/ To;nfO{ 5fg]/ eGg / n]Vg nufpg] .
!= s]6f / s]6Lsf] gfd s'gs'g x'g,
5'6ofO{ b'O{ ;d"x agfpm M
/Ltf, Zofd, x/L, uLtf,
/fd,;l/tf, sdn
@= ltd|f] 3/sf] efG;f sf]7fdf
k|of]u x'g] ;fdfg s]s] x'g
eg .
#= gldNg] lrq 5fg / b]vfpm .
*
*= aLhul0ft *=! cjnf]sg ljlw
(Inspection
Method) af6 xn
x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t
(Box Notation)
sf hf]8 lj|mof
;dfj]z ePsf
;d:of xn ug{ .
cjnf]sg ljlw
(Inspection Method)
af6 xn x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t
(Box Notation) sf
hf]8lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf
;d:of xn ug{ .
7f]; j:t'x¿sf] k|of]uåf/f hf]8 lj|mof ;dfj]z
ePsf ;d:ofx¿ 5nkmn ug]{ M h:t} sltcf]6f
snddf tLgcf]6f snd yKbf kfFrcf]6f x'G5
xf]nf <
;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos ;ªVof lgsfNg
Box sf] k|of]u u/fpg] .
dflysf] pbfx/0fdf + 3 = 5 x'G5 .
– s] vfnL 7fpFdf 1 /fVbf hf]8kmn 5 x'G5 <
– s] vfnL 7fpFdf 2 /fVbf hf]8kmn 5 x'G5 < cflbaf/]
5nkmn ug]{ .
!= vfnL 7fpFdf s'g cªs /fVbf
pQ/ ldN5 <
-s_ 4 + = 10
-v_ + 6 = 15
!)

A
sIff #
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!= Hofldlt !=! s'g} gfksf] /]vfv08
lvRg .
!=@ sf]0fx¿ lrGg, lvRg
-xftn]_ / x]/]/ t'ngf
ug{ . -7"nf] jf ;fgf]_
!=# ljleGg cfsf/sf
lqe'hx¿ lrg]/ lvRg .
!=$ lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf
efux¿ (Parts) lrg]/
5'6ofpg .
!=% /]vfv08, lqe'h /
rt'e{'hsf e'hf tyf
sf]0fx¿sf] gfds/0f
ug{, k9g / n]Vg .
:s]ndf lbOPsf gfkx¿ k9g .
:s]nsf] ;xfotfn] lbOPsf ljleGg
gfkx¿sf] /]vfv08 lvRg .
sf]0fx¿ lrGg .
sf]0fx¿ x]/]/ t'ngf ug{ -7"nf] jf
;fgf]_
:s]nsf] ;xfotfn] km/s km/s
gfksf lqe'hx¿ lvRg .
lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf e'hfx¿
5'6ofpg .
lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf sf]0fx¿
5'6ofpg .
/]vfv08sf] gfds/0f ug{, k9g /
n]Vg .
lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf e'hfx¿sf]
gfds/0f ug{, k9g / n]Vg .
lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf sf]0fx¿sf]
gfds/0f ug{, k9g / n]Vg .
:s]n b]vfO{, x]g{ nufO{, :s]nsf gfkx¿sf
af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg] / gfk lng] tl/sf
l;sfpg .
:s]nsf] ;xfotfn] 5nkmnaf6 lbOPsf
ljleGg gfksf /]vfv08 lvRg l;sfpg] /
lvRg nufpg] .
lqe'h rt'e{'hsf] lrqaf6 5nkmn u/fO{ sf]0f
lrGg nufpg] / /ªufpg nufpg] .
ljleGg cfsf/sf sf]0fx¿ b]vfP/ lvRg
nufO{ 5nkmn u/L 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
ljleGg gfksf lqe'hx¿ lvRg], 5nkmn
u/fpg] / lvRg nufpg] .
km/skm/s lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf cfs[ltx¿af6
sf]0f / e'hfx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fO{ sf]0f
/ e'hfx¿ 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
/]vfv08sf 5]p5]psf ljGb'x¿sf] gfds/0f
ug]{]{ af/] 5nkmn u/fpg] .
lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf e'hfx¿sf] gfds/0f ug{
tyf lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf] gfds/0f ug{
5nkmnåf/f cEof; u/fpg] .
lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf sf]0fx¿ gfds/0f ug{,
k9g / n]Vg cEof; u/fpg] .
!= % ;]=ld= nfdf] /]vfv08 lvr]/
b]vfpm .
@= 7"nf] / ;fgf] sf]0fsf lrqx¿ b]vfP/
;fgf] / 7"nf] 5'6ofpg nufO{
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
#= km/skm/s gfksf b'O{cf]6f lqe'h
agfpm .
$= lqe'hsf sltcf]6f e'hfx¿ x'G5g .
%= rt'e{'hsf sltcf]6f sf]0fx¿ x'G5g .
^= tn lbPsf] ABC lqe'hsf
e'hfx¿sf gfd n]v M
B C
&= tnsf] rte'{hsf sf]0fx¿sf] gfd
n]v M
P Q
S R
!#

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@=;ªVofsf]
1fg
@=!= ^ cªs;Ddsf
;ªVof uGtL ug{,
k9g / n]Vg
-b]jgfu/L / lxGb'–
c/]ljs cªs /
cIf/df_ .
!))),@))),#))) u/L ()))
;Ddsf ;ªVof uGtL ug{, k9g /
n]Vg -cªs / cIf/df_ .
sdf - , _sf] k|of]u ug{ .
!,))! b]lv (,((( ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿sf] 9fFrfnfO{ a'emg
uGtL ug{, k9g / n]Vg -cªs /
cIf/df_ .
!)))), @)))), #)))) u/L
gAa] xhf/;Dd uGtL ug{, k9g /
n]Vg -cªs / cIf/df_ .
! b]lv ((((( ;Ddsf
;ªVofnfO{
– k9g
– ;ªVof /]vfdf uGtL ug{
– cªsnfO{ cIf/df n]Vg
– cIf/nfO{ cªsdf n]Vg .
!,)),))),@)),))), #,)),)))
u/L (,)),))) ;Dd cªs /
cIf/df k9g / n]Vg .
(,((,((( ;Ddsf ;ªVofnfO{ M
– uGtL ug{ .
– k9g .
– cªsnfO{ cIf/df n]Vg .
– cIf/nfO{ cªsdf n]Vg .
!))) sf] wf/0ff 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df lbg]
/ !))), @))), #))) u/L ())) ;Dd
uGtL ug{, k9g, cªsnfO{ cIf/df /
cIf/nfO{ cªsdf n]Vg cEof; u/fpg] .
^ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ;ªVofx¿nfO{
-lxGb', c/]las / b]jgfu/L_ Pssf]
:yfgaf6 tLg cªs / To;kl5 b'O{
cªsdf sdf - , _ /fVg] s'/f 5nkmnaf6
:ki6 u/fpg] / ;DalGwt ljleGg
cEof;x¿ u/fpg] .
;ªVof /]vfsf] k|of]u u/L, ljleGg ;ªVof
rf6{x¿ agfO{ k|of]u u/L !,((,(((
;Ddsf ;ªVofnfO{ k9g / uGtL ug{
5nkmnsf cfwf/df l;sfpg], ;fy}
cªsnfO{ cIf/df / cIf/df n]lvPsf
;ªVofnfO{ cªsdf ;ªVofsf] 9fFrfnfO{
a'emfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ub}{ n]Vg] / n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
Ps nfv, b'O{ nfv, tLg nfv u/L gf}
nfv;Dd k9g] / n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] .
!–(,((,((( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿sf
9fFrfnfO{ 5nkmn u/fO{ ;ªVofx¿nfO{
k9g] cEof; u/fpg] .
cªsnfO{ cIf/df / cIf/df lbOPsf
;ªVofnfO{ cªsdf n]Vg ljleGg
cEof;x¿ u/fpg] .
!= %,))) nfO{ cIf/df n]v]/
b]vfpm .
@= ;ft xhf/nfO{ cªsdf n]v .
#= $$&*%( nfO{ sdf, k|of]u u/]/
n]vL b]vfpm .
$= !),!)) b]lv !))÷!)) sf]
cGt/df !!,))) ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿nfO{ n]v]/ b]vfpm .
%= !),))) b]lv %))÷%)) sf]
cGt/df %),))) ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿nfO{ n]v]/ b]vfpm .
^= #,%&( nfO{ cIf/df n]v]/
b]vfpm .
&= k}FtL; xhf/ cf7 ;onfO{ cªsdf
n]v]/ b]vfpm .
*= cf7 nfvnfO{ cªsdf n]v]/
b]vfpm .
(= ((,!)! b]lv ((,!@) ;Ddsf
;ªVof eg / cªsdf n]v .
!)= #,$*,%#^ nfO{ cIf/df n]v .
!!= gf} nfv cf7 xhf/ tLg ;o
;Q/LnfO{ cªsdf n]v]/ b]vfpm .
#&

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@=@= ^ cªs;Ddsf
;ªVofsf] :yfgdfg
eGg / tflnsfdf
/fVg .
!–(,((( ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿sf] :yfgdfg eGg /
:Yffgdfg tflnsfdf /fVg .
!–((,((( ;Ddsf
!–(,((,((( ;Ddsf
Pjfs; tyf :yfgdfg tflnsfsf] k|of]u
u/L j|mdzM !–((((, !–((((( / !–
(,((,((( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿sf]
:yfgdfgsf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{÷u/fpg]
;fy} ljleGg ;ªVofx¿ :yfgdfg
tflnsfdf /fv]/ b]vfpg] / /fVg
nufpg] .
!= *,%$* nfO{ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf /fv]/
b]vfpm .
@= %&,^#@ df
-s_ & sf] :yfgdfg eg / n]v .
-v_ % sf] :yfgdfg eg / n]v .
#= $,&*,@(^ nfO{ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf
/fv]/ b]vfpm .
nfv b; xhf/ xhf/ ;o b; Ps
@=# ^ cªs;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿nfO{ a9bf]
/ 36bf] j|mddf
n]Vg . -tLg
cf]6f;Dd_
lbOPsf ^ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf
;ªVofx¿nfO{
– a9bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
– 36bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
ljleGg ;ªVofx¿ -^ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf_
n]vL ltgLx¿sf] :yfgdfgdf 5nkmn
u/fO{ ;fgf]÷7"nf] bfFHg nufpg] / a9bf] /
36bf] j|mddf n]vL b]vfpg] / n]Vg
nufpg] .
!= tn lbOPsf ;ªVofx¿nfO{ 36bf] j|mddf
n]v]/ b]vfpm .
$%$,&*(, &#%), !$%^*, &$^^,
#$&*! / @$%@!!
@=$= !–(( ;Ddsf
;ªVofnfO{
glhssf] b;df
z"GofGt (Round
Off) ug{ .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofnfO{
glhssf] b;df Round Off
ug{ .
b'O{ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ljleGg ;ªVofx¿
;ªVof rf6{df b]vfO{ jf sfnf]kf6Ldf
n]vL ltgLx¿ cl3Nnf] b;sf] glhs 5
eGGf] af/]df 5nkmn u/fO{ ljleGg
;ªVofx¿nfO{ glhssf] b;df z"GofGt
Round Off ug]{ wf/0ff :ki6 kf/L
Round Off ug{ nufpg] .
!= lbOPsf ;ªVofx¿nfO{ glhssf] b;df
z"GofGt Round Off u/ .
%$, #^, &!, **
@=% hf]/ / lahf]/
;ªVof 5'6ofpg .
hf]/ / ljhf]/ ;ªVof
5'6ofpg .
b'O{n] efu hfg] ;ªVofx¿ jf wf/0ff
;d]tsf] k|of]u u/L hf]/ lahf]/ ;ªVof
5'6ofpg cEof; u/fpg] .
!= tnsf ;ªVofx¿df hf]8 / lahf]/ ;ªVof
5'6ofpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= ul0ftsf
cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
#=-s_ hf]8
#-s_=! rf/ cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofsf]
xftnfuL gcfpg]
hf]8 ug{ .
#-s_=@ ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:of agfpg /
xn ug{ .
rf/ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf
;ªVof;Fu rf/ cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofsf] hf]8 ug{ .
– s'g} Ps :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg]÷gcfpg] .
– s'g} b'O{ :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg] .
– s'g} tLg :yfgdf / rf/}
:yfgdf xft nfuL cfpg] .
– rf/ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf
;ªVof;Fu rf/ cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofsf] xftnfuL
gcfpg] hf]8 ug{ .
– rf/ cªs;Ddn] rf/
cªs;Ddn] rf/
cªs;Ddn] ag]sf
;ªVofx¿ hf]8g'kg]{
vfnsf Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ -s'g}
klg :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg ;Sg_]
– pko'St hf]8x¿ ubf{
addends a9Ldf
rf/cf]6f;Dd lbg] .
Abacus / :yfgdfg tflnsfsf] k|of]u
u/L 5nkmn / cEof;af6 xftnfuL
cfpg] hf]8 ug]{ cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
zflAbs Jofjxfl/s ;d:of lbP/
ul0ftLo jfSodf n]Vg nufO{ xn ug{
cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
xftnfuL cfpg] zflAbs ;d:of agfpg
/ xn ug{ cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
!= hf]8 u/ M–
& % % @
% ^ # &
* % # (
+ $ % # (
@= Pshgf sk8f k;n]n] s'g}
k;naf6 ?=$%&) sf] sldh
sk8f, ?=#&&( sf] kfOG6
sk8f, ?= @#*$ sf] ;f/L /
?=!((( sf] skf; lsg]/
Nofof] . ca p;n] ;a}
;fdfgsf nflu hDdf slt
?lkofF lt/]5 < lgsfn .
$$

#= -v_
36fp
#-v_ $ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf
-s'g} tLg :yfgdf
;fk6L lng'kg]{_
;ªVofx¿sf] 36fp ug{
/ tt;DaGwL
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
agfpg / xn ug{ .
$ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf
;ªVofx¿sf] 36fp ug{ M
– ! :yfgdf ;fk6L lng'kg]{
– @ :yfgdf ;fk6L lng'kg]{
– # :yfgdf ;fk6L lng'kg]{
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofnfO{
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ agfpg
/ xn ug{ .
:yfgdfg tflnsf, lrq tyf Jofjxfl/s
pbfx/0fx¿af6 k|fKt wf/0ffsf cfwf/df
36fp ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg, ul0ftLo jfSonfO{ zAbdf
eGg / n]Vg cEof; u/fpg] .
k"j{1fgsf cfwf/df Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
sIff sf]7fdf l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg]
36fp;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ agfpg
nufpg] / xn ug{ nufpg] .
!= 36fp u/ M
* % $ @
– & ^ @ #
@= Pp6f Jofkf/Ln] Jofkf/af6 Ps
lbgel/df ?= %$(* cfDbfgL
u5{ t/ ?= # @*( vr{ u5{ eg]
Ps lbgdf slt art u5{ <
o;nfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf n]v /
lx;fa u/ .
#= k|=g+= @ h:t} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s
;d:of agfO{ xn u/ .
#= -u_ u'0fg #-u_ !M @ b]lv !@ ;Ddsf]
kxf8f agfpg /
atfpg .
#-u_ @M u'0fg k|of]u ePsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg .
#-u_ #M b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
cªssf] ;ªVofnfO{ @
cªssf] ;ªVofn] u'0fg
ug{ .
#-u_ $Mu'0fg;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
agfpg / xn ug{ .
-Ps :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg]_
! b]lv !) ;Ddsf] kxf8f
agfpg / atfpg .
u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfnfO{
b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cªssf]
;ªVofnfO{ ! / @ cªs;Ddsf]
;ªVofn] u'0fg ug{ .
u'0fg;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf
n]Vg / xn ug{ .
u'0fg;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:of agfpg / xn ug{ .
bf]xf]l/Psf] hf]8sf] wf/0ffaf6 Step
Counting ljlwåf/f kxf8f agfpg /
atfpg cEof; u/fpg] .
u'0fg ug]{ ljlw 5nkmn u/fO{ kxf8fsf]
k|of]uåf/f u'0fg ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
Pp6f u'0fg;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:of ljBfyL{nfO{ lbP/ 5nkmn u/fO{
ul0ftLo jfSodf n]Vg / u'0fgkmn kQf
nufpg cEof; u/fpg] .
u'0fg k|of]u x'g] ;d:of agfpg
nufpg], pSt ;d:of 7Ls ePgePsf]
5nkmn u/fO{ c¿ To:t} ;d:of lgdf{0f
ug{ nufpg] / xn ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
!= ( sf] kxf8f agfpm / eg .
@= u'0fg u/ M
& !
×# %
#= % cf]6f emf]nfdf k|To]sdf @))
cf]6f u'Rrf 5g eg] hDdf slt
u'Rrf 5g < o;nfO{ ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]v / xn u/ .
$= Pp6f u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of agfpm /
To;nfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf n]vL
u'0fgkmn lgsfn .

#= -3_ efu #-3_!= tLg cªs;Ddsf]
;ªVofnfO{ b'O{
cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofn]
efu ug{ / hfFRg .
tLg cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofnfO{
b'O{ cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofn] efu
ug{ hfFRg .
efhs× efukmn+z]if = efHo
x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff lbg .
@, # / % n] efu hfg]
;ªVofx¿sf] k|j[lQsf] wf/0ff
5nkmn u/fpg] .
efusf] k"j{1fg÷wf/0ffsf cfwf/df efu
ug]{ tl/sfsf] txx¿ 5nkmn ub}{
cEof; u/fpg] . efukmn ldn]sf]
5÷5}g hfFRg nufpg] .
efusf] k"j{1fg÷wf/0ff pkof]u ub}{
5nkmn / cEof;af6 efhs ×
efukmn + z]if = efHo x'G5 eGg]
wf/0ffnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ nufpg] .
!= efu u/ / hfFr M
%^$ ÷ $)
#&
#-3_@= efu;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
agfpg / xn ug{ .
efu;DaGwL M
– ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo
efiffdf n]Vg / xn ug{ .
– ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
agfpg / xn ug{ .
5nkmn / k"j{1fg÷wf/0ffsf cfwf/df
;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo
efiffdf n]Vg cEof; u/fpg] .
ul0ftLo efiff / k"j{1fg÷wf/0ffsf
cfwf/df ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:of xn
ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
k"j{1fgsf cfwf/df ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:of agfpg nufO{ xn ug{ nufpg] .
!= !% hgfnfO{ ?=$@) a/fa/ x'g]
u/L afF8bf k|To]sn] sltslt ?=
kfpnfg < pQ/ hfFr]/ x]/ .
@= dflysf k|Zgx¿, h:t} @÷@ cf]6f
agfpm / lx;fa u/ .
#=3#= u'0fg / efusf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
u'0fg / efusf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
efu / u'0fg lj|mof cfk;df pN6f] lj|mof
x'g eg] wf/0ff 5nkmnåf/f cEof; ug{
nufpg] .
!= u'0fg / efusf] ;DaGw s:tf]
x'G5 < pbfx/0f;lxt n]v .

$=;do, d'b|f
/ gfktf}n
$ -s_ ;do
$=s!= 38L x]/L 306f /
ldg]6df ;do
atfpg .
$=s@= lbgnfO{ 306fdfÙ
xKtf / dlxgfnfO{
lbgdf n}hfg .
$=s=#= ¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{
u/L lgDg ;dosf]
PsfOx¿sf] hf]8 /
36fp ug{ .
– lbg / 306f
– 306f / ldg]6
– xKtf / lbg
– dlxgf / lbg .
38L x]/L 306f / ldg]6df
;do atfpg .
lbgnfO{ 306fdfÙ xKtf /
dlxgfnfO{ lbgdf n}hfg .
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ u/L lgDg
;dosf] PsfOx¿sf] hf]8 /
36fp ug{ .
– lbg / 306f
– 306f / ldg]6
– xKtf / lbg
– dlxgf / lbg .
38Lsf] k|of]u u/L÷agfO{ slt
aHof] < 306f / ldg]6df ;do
atfpg nufpg] .
cfh ^ ah]b]lv ef]ln laxfg ^ aHbf
hDDff slt 306f x'G5 < 5nkmn ub}{
! lbgdf hDdf @$ 306f x'G5
eGg]af/] wf/0ff lbg] .
Sofn]G8/sf] k|of]u u/L Ps xKtfdf
slt lbg x'G5 < 5nkmn u/fpg] .
;fwf/0ftof ! dlxgfdf #) -tL;_
lbg x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ u/L ;dosf
PsfOx¿sf] hf]8 / 36fp;DaGwL
cEof; u/fpg] .
!= slt ah]/ slt ldg]6 uof] < n]v .
@= -s_ # lbgdf slt 306f x'G5 <
-v_ @ xKtfdf slt lbg x'G5 <
-u_ $ dlxgfdf slt lbg x'G5 <
-3_ h]i7 dlxgfsf] % ut]b]lv @^
ut];Dd slt xKtf / slt
lbg x'G5 <
#= -s_ hf]8 u/ M% 306f @) ldg]6
+ # 306f @^ ldg]6
-v_ 36fp u/ M
-c_ ^ 306f !% ldg]6
− # 306f * ldg]6
-cf_ dlxgf xKtf lbg
$ ^ @^
−# # !@
$ -v_ d'b|f $-v_!= ?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf clg
k};fnfO{ ?lkofF /
k};fdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ .
$-v_@= ?lkofF tyf 36fp ug{ .
-¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{_
$-v_#= ?lkofF tyf k};fsf] hf]8
/ 36fp;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of xn
ug{ .
?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf clg
k};fnfO{ ?lkofF / k};fdf
¿kfGt/0f ug{ .
?lkofF tyf k};fsf] hf]8 /
36fp ug{ . -¿kfGt/0f ug{
gkg]{_
?lkofF tyf k};fsf] hf]8 /
36fp;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of xn ug{ .
! ?lkofFdf !)) k};f x'G5 eGg]
wf/0ffsf] k|bz{g ug]{ . To:t} #)^
k};fnfO{ ?lkofF / k};fdf JoSt ubf{
?= # / ^ k};f x'G5 eGg] k|of]ufTds
1fg lbg] .
?lkofF / k};fsf] hf]8 tyf 36fp ug{]
tl/sfsf] k|bz{g ug]{ / ;/n
;d:ofaf/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
!= -s_ ?= % df slt k};f x'G5 <
-v_ !)!% k};f eg]sf] slt ?lkofF
/ slt k};f xf] <
@= -s_ hf]8 u/ M
?= % k};f %* + ?= # k};f ^%
-v_ zªs/n] ?= !) k};f #) lnP/
?= * k};f @% sf]] t/sf/L lsg]/
NofP5 . pml;t ca slt ?lkofF
slt k};f afFsL xf]nf <

$= -u_ b'/L $-u_!= ld6/, / ;]lG6ld6/ k|of]u
u/L nDafO gfKg .
$-u_@= ld6/nfO{ ;]lG6ld6/df
¿kfGt/0f ug{ .
$-u_#= ¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ u/L
;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] hf]8
tyf 36fp ug{ .
ld6/ / ;]lG6ld6/ k|of]u u/L
nDafO gfKg .
ld6/nfO{ ;]lG6ld6/df ¿kfGt/0f
ug{ .
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ u/L
;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] hf]8,
36fp ug{ .
b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] j:t'x¿sf]
nDafO gfk]/ ldlnld6/, ;]lG6ld6/ /
ld6/df n]Vg nufpg] .
! ld6/ (m) df !)) ;]=ld= (cm) x'G5
eGg] wf/0ff lbg] .
ld6/ / ;]=ld= pNn]v ePsf ;d:ofx¿sf]
hf]8 / 36fp ug{ nufpg] .
!= sfkLsf], a]Grsf] / sfnf]kf6Lsf]
nDafO gfk .
@= %)) ;]=ld= sf] slt ld6/
x'G5 <
#= hf]8 u/ M * ld6/ &% ;]=ld=
+ # ld6/ @) ;]=ld=
$= -3_ If]qkmn $-3_!= lbOPsf] PsfOcg';f/ sf]7f
ug]/ If]qkmn atfpg /
n]Vg .
lbOPsf] PsfOcg';f/ sf]7f ug]/
If]qkmn atfpg / n]Vg .
sf]7f ug]/ cfotfsf/ j:t'sf] If]qkmn
lgsfNg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/fO{ cEof;
u/fpg] .
!= If]qkmn lgsfn .
$= -ª_ Ifdtf $-ª_!= @% ld=ln= b]lv ! ln;Ddsf
k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿ k|of]u
u/L c¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf
efF8fx¿sf] Ifdtf kQf
nufpg .
$-ª_@= ! ln6/;Ddsf efF8fx¿sf]
glhssf] !)) ld=ln= df
Ifdtf cGbfh ug{ .
$-ª_#= ! ln6/nfO{ ld=ln=df
¿kfGt/0f ug{ / ld=ln=nfO{
ln6/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{
hf]8, 36fp ug{ .
@% ld=ln= b]lv ! ln= ;Ddsf
k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿ k|of]u u/L
c¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf efF8fx¿sf]
Ifdtf kQf nufpg .
ln6/;Ddsf efF8fx¿sf]
glhssf] !)) ld=ln=df Ifdtf
cGbfh ug{ .
ln6/ nfO{ ld=ln=df ¿kfGt/0f
ug{ / ld=ln= nfO{ ln6/df
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ hf]8 /
36fp ug{ .
! ln6/ (l) df !)) ld=ln= (ml) x'G5
eGg]af/] 5nkmn ug]{ / ! l= kfgL eg{
%)) ml. sf] efF8fn] slt k6s kfgL
/fVg'knf{ eGg] af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
l. / ml. ;DaGwL hf]8 / 36fp
;dfj]z ePsf ;d:ofx¿ xn ug]{af/]
5nkmn ug]{ .
!= 1000 ml sf] efF8fn] @ l= sf]
efF8f] eg{ slt k6s dl§t]n
vGofpg' knf{ <
@= hf]8 u/ M 8 l 825 ml
+ 3 l 35 ml
$= -r_ cfotg $=-r_!= ! 3g ;]lG6ld6/ (1cm3
)
sf Jnsx¿ uGtL u/]/ 7f];
j:t'x¿sf] cfotg kQf
nufpg .
! 3g ;]lG6ld6/ (1cm3
) sf
Jnsx¿ uGtL u/]/ 7f];
j:t'x¿sf] cfotg kQf
nufpg .
1cm3
Block x¿ k|of]u u/L cuboid
sf] cfotg lgsfNg]af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
!= cfotg slt eof] ug]/ lgsfn .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$= -5_ tf}n $=5 != %) u|fdb]lv ! ls=
u|f=;Ddsf k|fdfl0fs
9sx¿ k|of]u u/L
ljleGg j:t'x¿sf]
tf}n lng .
$=5 @= ! ls=u|f= ;Ddsf
j:t'x¿sf] glhssf]
!)) u|fddf tf}n
cGbfh ug{ .
$=5 #= ls=u|f= nfO{ u|fddf
¿kfGt/0f ug{ .
%) u|fdb]lv ! ls= u|f= ;Dd
k|fdfl0fs 9sx¿ k|of]u u/L ljleGg
j:t'x¿sf] tf}n lng .
! ls=u|f= ;Ddsf j:t'x¿sf]
glhssf] !)) u|fddf tf}n cGbfh
ug{ .
ls=u|f=nfO{ u|fddf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ .
tf}nsf PsfOx¿sf] 5nkmn u/L b}lgs hLjgdf
k|of]u x'g] j:t'x¿sf] tf}n lgsfNg]af/] 5nkmn
ug]{ .
1 kg a/fa/ 1000 gm. x'G5 eGg] af/]
5nkmn ug]{ .
ljleGg k|fdfl0fs 9sx¿ sltcf]6f /fVbf 1kg
(kg) a/fa/ tf}n x'G5 eGg]af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
!= %) u|fd (g) sf sltcf]6f
9sx¿ a/fa/ 1kg x'G5 <
@= 1kg tf}nsf] ;fdfg p7fP/
tf}nsf] cGbfh u/ .
@%
%= leGg, bzdnj,
k|ltzt, P]lss
lgod / Jofh
%= -s_ leGg
%=s=! ;dfg x/ ePsf
leGgx¿sf] j|md
ldnfpg .
%=s=@ ;dfg x/ ePsf
leGgx¿sf] hf]8 /
36fp ug{ -ldl>t
;ªVofsf] k|of]u gx'g]
u/L_
x/ / c+zsf] wf/0ff lbg .
@,#,$ afx]ssf klg x/ ePsf ljleGg
leGgx¿ hgfpg] lrqx¿nfO{ leGgdf
n]Vg / x/ c+z 5'6ofpg .
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿nfO{ a9bf]
j|md / 36bf] j|mddf ldnfpg .
lrqåf/f ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf]
hf]8sf] wf/0ff -ldl>t ;ªVofsf]
k|of]u gx'g] u/L_ .
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgsf] hf]8 ug{
-ldl>t k|of]u gx'g] u/L_
lrqåf/f ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf]
36fpsf] wf/0ff -ldl>t ;ªVofsf]
k|of]u gx'g] u/L_
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgsf] 36fp ug{
-ldl>t ;ªVofsf] k|of]u gx'g] u/L_
ljleGg leGgx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfO{ x/ / c+zaf/]
5nkmn u/L c+z / x/ lrgfO{ n]Vg] / n]Vg
nufpg] .
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿df 7"nf] / ;fgf]
leGgaf/] 5nkmn u/L n]Vg nufpg] .
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿nfO{ 5nkmn u/L
a9bf] j|mddf n]Vg nufpg] .
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿nfO{ 5nkmn u/L
36bf] j|mddf n]Vg nufpg] .
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] rf6{ k|of]u /
5nkmn u/L hf]8g] cEof; u/fpg] .
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿nfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg
nufpg] / 5nkmn u/L hf]8g nufpg] .
;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿nfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg
nufpg] / 5nkmn u/L 36fpg nufpg] .
!=
%
@ ,
&
# ,
(
$
dflysf] leGgdf c+z / x/
5'6ofO{ n]v]/ b]vfpm .
@=
$
! , /
$
# hf]8]/ b]vfpm .
#=
&
% af6
&
# 36fP/ b]vfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%= -v_ bzdnj %=v != b;f+z / ;of+zsf]
kl/ro lbg .
b; a/fa/ efux¿ afFl8Psf
lrqaf6 b;+fzsf] lrgf/L .
x/ b; ePsf leGgnfO{
bzdnjdf /fVg .
;o a/fa/ efux¿df afFl8Psf
lrqaf6 ;of+zsf] lrgf/L .
x/ ;o ePsf leGgnfO{
bzdnjdf /fVg .
b; a/fa/ efux¿df afFl8Psf lrqaf6
k|To]s efu l;ªuf] efusf] slt efu xf]
egL 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg] .
x/ b; ePsf leGgaf6 5nkmn u/L
bzdnj /fVg] tl/sf l;sfpg] / ug{
nufpg] .
Pafs;sf] ;xfotfaf6 b;f+z / ;of+;sf]
af/] 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg] .
!= )!
# , )!
&
dflysf] leGgnfO{
bzdnjdf /fv]/ b]vfpm .
@= 100
345
, 100
34
/ 10
3
dflysf leGgx¿nfO{
bzdnjdf /fv]/ b]vfpm .
%= -u_ P]lss
lgod / Jofh
%=u=!= PsfOsf] dfgsf]
cfwf/df p:t} j:t'sf]
;d"xsf] s'n dfg
lgsfNg .
PsfOsf] dfgsf] cfwf/df p:t}
j:t'sf] ;d"xsf] s'n dfg
lgsfNg .
Pp6f j:t"sf] d"No yfxf ePsf] cfwf/df
w]/} j:t'sf] d"No kQf nufpg]
tl/sf;DaGwL 5nkmn u/L kQf nufpg] /
kQf nufpg cEof; u/fpg] .
!= Pp6f sndsf] d"No ?=
@) k5{ eg] # cf]6f
sndsf] d"No kQf nufO{
b]vfpm .
^= lan / ah]6 ^=!= lan x]/L ;fdfGo
;"rgf lng /
lbg .
-;fdfGo lansf]
dfq_
5'6 Eof6, s/ ;dfj]z gePsf
;fdfGo lanx¿ x]/L o;df
pNn]v ePsf ;"rgfx¿ :ki6
¿kdf atfpg / n]Vg .
ljleGg k|sf/sf lanx¿ ;ªsng
u/L÷u/fO{ 5nkmn ug]{÷u/fpg], ;"rgfx¿
atfpg / n]Vg cEof; u/fpg] .
!= j|m]tfsf] gfd, ldlt,
l;=g+=, ;fdfgsf] gfd,
d"No, ljqm]tfsf]
x:tfIf/;DaGwL k|Zgx¿
;f]w]/ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
&

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
&= tYofªs &=!= PsfOx¿sf] uGtL
u/]/ af/u|fkmåf/f
t'ngfTds ;"rgf lng
/ lbg .
lbOPsf af/u|fkmdf PsfOx¿sf]
uGtL u/]/ t'ngfTds ;"rgf
atfpg .
t'ngfTds ;"rgf lng / lbg .
t];f{] /]vfdf ;do, pd]/ sIff
cflb h:tf j|mdfTds ;ªVof /
7f8f] /]vfdf a9Ldf ;o;Dd
ePsf] af/ u|fkm k9]/ ;"rgf lng
/ lbg, -kfFr–kfFr jf b;–b;
PsfOsf] b/df j|md;M %) jf
!)) ;Dd _ .
af/u|fkm ;ªsng u/L÷u/fO{ lgdf{0f u/L
5nkmn / k|bz{gaf6 cEof;åf/f t'ngfTds
;"rgf eGg cEof; u/fpg] .
k"j{1fgsf cfwf/df k|bz{g / 5nkmnaf6
;"rgf lng / lbg cEof; u/fpg] .
cfˆgf] ljBfno / jl/kl/sf Jofjxfl/s
pbfx/0faf6 ;do, pd]/ sIffh:tf b}lgs
k|rngsf ljifoj:t'sf af/u|fkm agfO{,
;ªsng u/L÷u/fO{ ;/nb]lv hl6n -sIff
/ pd]/cg';f/sf]_ ;ªVof / zAbx¿sf
;"rgf lng / lbg cEof; u/fpg] .
!= ljleGg ljifox¿,
ljBfyL{x¿ cflbsf
af/u|fkm b]vfP/ ;DalGwt
k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
&=@= tYofªs :s]nsf]
cªs k9g ;"rgf
lng / lbg
tYofªs :s]nsf] cªs k9g .
tYofªs :s]nsf] cªs k9L
;"rgf atfpg .
tYofªs :s]n k|of]u ePsf ;/n
;fªlVos / zflAbs ;d:ofsf]
;"rgf lng / lbg .
tYofªs :s]n, ld6/ :s]n clªst lrq
-gfk b]vfPsf]_ b]vfO{ 5nkmn / k|bz{gaf6
tYofªs :s]nsf] cªs k9g cEof;
u/fpg] .
k|Zgf]Q/ tyf ;/n Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f
5nkmn / k|bz{g u/fO{ tYofªs :s]nsf]
cªs k9L ;"rgf atfpg cEof; u/fpg] .
k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmnaf6 ;fªlVos / zflAbs
;d:ofsf] ;"rgf lng / lbg cEof;
u/fpg] .
!= ld6/ :s]ndf % cm af6
uGg ;'? u¥of] eg] # cm
k/ k'Ubf slt cm sf]
cªs cfpF5 <
@= jf/u|fkm, ydf]{ld6/ cflb
b]vfO{ :s]nsf cªs
;f]w]/ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
&=# gS;fdf ePsf
j:t'x¿sf] b'/L t'ngf
ug{ .
gS;fdf ePsf :yfg, j:t'x¿
5'6ofO{ tLaLrsf] b'/L tn'gf ug{
-6f9f, glhs, eGbf glhs, eGbf
6f9f_ / b'/L cGbfh ug{ .
-;fwf/0f cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df
dfq_
;DalGwt :yfg, j:t' tyf gS;fx¿ ;+sng
u/L u/fO{÷agfO{ cjnf]sg / k|bz{gsf
cfwf/df b'/L cGbfh ug{ cEof; u/fpg] /
b'/L t'ngf ug{ nufpg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
*= ;d"x *=! jfSodf lbOPsf
;fdfGo ;d"xsf
;b:ox¿ nfO{ Set
notation '{ }' df
n]Vg] .
;d"xsf] gfd lbPdf To;sf
;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ .
-;fdfGo pbfx/0f dfq_
;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL yfxf
ePdf To;nfO{ Set notation
'{ }' df n]Vg .
xKtfsf af/x¿, jif{sf dlxgfx¿,
cªu|]hL / g]kfnL j0f{dfnfsf
cIf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L Set
notation '{ }' df n]Vg
ljBfyL{nfO{ cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] ;d"xsf
;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg] / Tof]
;"rLnfO{ Set notation '{ }' leq sdf
- , _ sf] k|of]u u/L n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] .
!= xKtfsf & af/x¿nfO{
Set notation '{ }' df
n]v .
!)
jLhul0ft (=! cjnf]sg ljlw
(Inspection
Method) jf af/Daf/
cEof; (Hit and
Trail method) af6
xn x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t
(Box Notation) sf
hf]8 / 36fp lj|mof
;dfj]z ePsf
;d:of xn ug{ .
cjnf]sg ljlw (Inspection
Method) jf af/Daf/ cEof;
(Hit and Trail method) af6
xn x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t (Box
Notation) sf hf]8 / 36fp
lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf ;d:of xn
ug{ .
Inspection Method af6 xn
x'g] Box Notation sf 36fp
lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf ;d:of xn
ug{ .
sf]7f ;ªs]t (Box Notation) sf hf]8
lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf ;d:ofx¿ cEof;
u/fpg] .
cjnf]sg ljlw (Inspection Method) jf
af/Daf/ cEof; (Hit and Trail method)
af6 xn x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t (Box Notation)
sf hf]8 / 36fp lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf
;d:ofx¿ xn ug]{af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
h:t} M !) cf]6f lstfaaf6 sltcf]6f
lstfa lemSof] eg] * cf]6f afFsL xf]nf <
10 - = 8
vfnL 7fpFdf slt /fVg] pQ/ dfGo x'G5
eGg] af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
!= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] cªs
/fv <
i. 10 - = 8
ii. - 2 = 5
*

j|m=;+ If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff #
kf7oef/ cªsef/
(%)
kf7oef/ cªsef/
(%)
kf7oef/ cªsef/
(%)
! Hofldlt !& !) !% * !# &
@ ;ªVofsf] 1fg %@ @& $% @# #& !(
# ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
$$ @# $* @% $$ @#
$ ;do, d'b|f / gfktf}n $) @) #! !^ #& !(
% leGg, bzdnj, k|ltzt,
P]lss lgod / Aofh
!( !) @% !$ @% @#
^ lan / ah]6 – & $
& tYofªs !@ ^ !) % !! ^
* ;d"x * $ * $ !) %
( aLhul0ft – !) % * $
!) s'n lkl/o8 !(@ !)) !(@ !)) !(@ !))
^= lzIf0f l;sfO k|lsof
o; kf7oj|mdn] ul0ftsf] s'g} klg If]qsf] ljifoj:t' cyjf s'g} klg ul0ftLo ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ lzIf0f
ubf{ d'Votof k|bz{g ljlw, k|of]ufTds ljlw, k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmnljlw, cfudgljlw, cg';Gwfgljlw
cflbdf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . plNnlvt ljlwx¿afx]s o; kf7oj|mdn] ul0ft lzIf0fdf ljifoj:t'sf]
k|:t'tLs/0f lgDglnlvt k|lj|mofn] ug]{ ;f]rfO /fv]sf] 5 M
!= cfudg ljlw
@= ;/naf6 hl6n
#= d"t{af6 cd"t{
$= ul0ftLo ;f]r
lzIf0fnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug{ / ljBfyL{df ljifoj:t';DaGwL Pp6f wf/0ff a;fNg l;sfO;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u clt
pkof]uL x'G5 . oxf“ l;sfO;fdu|L eGgfn] kf7ok':ts, cEof; k'l:tsfb]lv lnP/ ljBfyL{ :jodn] k|of]u
ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿ cfp“5g . ;fwf/0ftof o; kf7oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf l;sfOpknlAw xfl;n ug{
lgDglnlvt l;sfO;fdu|Lx¿ pkof]udf cfpg ;S5g M
-s_ a]; 6]g Ans
-v_ df]8]nx¿
-u_ jf:tljs j:t'x¿
-3_ gfk tf}nsf k|fdfl0fs PsfOx¿ cflb

o; ljifodf cjnDag ug'{kg{] lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk tyf ljlwx¿sf af/]df lj:t[t¿kdf
l;sfOpknlAw lj:t[tLs/0f zLif{scGtu{t ;d]t k|To]s l;sfOpknlAwcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk
oL ;a} kIf ;fdfGo kyk|bz{gsf nflu dfq x'g] 5g . kl/l:yltcg';f/ pko'St pkfox¿ ckgfO
lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfknfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfgLo pkfox¿ klg pkof]uL x'g] 5g .
;fdfGot ul0ft lzIf0fdf cGo ljifox¿df h:t} d'Vo lgDglnlvt p2]Zon] ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofªsg
ul/G5 M
– lglZrt l;sfOpknlAwx¿ ljBfyL{n] xfl;n ug{ ;s] jf g;s]sf] hf“Rg .
– ul0ftsf] gof“ kf7 -wf/0ff÷;Lk_ l;Sg cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tof/ eP jf gePsf] hf“Rg .
– ljBfyL{ :jodnfO{ pgLx¿n] u/]sf] k|ult -s] slt l;Sg ;s]sf] 5 <_ ;DaGwL k[i7kf]if0f lbg .
– lzIfsnfO{ p;sf] lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf -s]slt l;sfpg ;lsPsf] 5 <_ ;DaGwL k[i7kf]if0f
lbg .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] pknlAwdfkg u/L ;f]cg';f/ :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ .
ck]lIft p2]Zo xfl;n geP;Dd lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofdf lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg'kb{5 . lzIfsn] lg/Gt/
d"Nofªsgsf] dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{x¿sf] sdL sdhf]/L kQf nufpg] / kQf nflu;s]kl5 ;'wf/sf] sf]l;;
hf/L /fVg'kb{5 . o;/L d"Nofªsg k|lj|mofnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfks} Ps cleGg
cªusf] ¿kdf lng'kg]{ eP tfklg ljBfyL{sf] sIff]Ggltnufot pgLx¿sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ 5'6ofpgsf
nflu ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsgdf lgDglnlvt tl/sfx¿ ;d]t ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 M
– lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ e/;s lzIfs ;xhstf{, k|j4{gstf{ / pTk|]/ssf] ¿kdf
k|:t't eO{ ljBfyL{;“u;“u} l;Sg] JolSt (Co-learner) sf] ¿kdf k|:t't x'“bf cy{k"0f{ / k|efjsf/L x'g]
s'/fsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
– ul0ft ljifo;“u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ :yfgLo ;d:ofx¿;“u ;DaGw :yflkt u/L Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ pQd ljlwsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
– cleefjs, lzIfs, ljBfyL{aLrsf] cGt/lj|mof (Three player's interaction) af6 ul/g] JolStut
lzIf0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lb“bf cy{k"0f{ l;sfO x'g] s'/fnfO{ ul0ft lzIf0fdf dxŒjsf] ;fy pko'St
:yfg lbg'k5{ .
t;y{ ul0ft ljifodf d"Nofªsgsf] k|d'v cfwf/ tf]lsPsf l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo k|fKt eP
ePg, JolStut ¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿n] ul0ftLo wf/0ff / ;Lk s]slt l;s] eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ s]Gb|laGb'
dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, ;fdflhs cWoog 77
;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snf
-c_ ;fdflhs cWoog v08
!= kl/ro
dflg;n] cfgf] hLjgsf cfjZostfx¿ k|fKt ug{, ;'of]Uo gful/s eO{ hLjgofkg ug{, af}l4s,
cfWoflTds / ;+j]bgzLn ;fdflhs k|f0fLsf ¿kdf :jodnfO{ cªuLsf/ ug'{kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fdflhs
/ ef}lts ljZj jftfj/0f;“u kl/lrt x'g, ljutsf cg'ejaf6 jt{dfgsf] vf]hdf ;+nUg x'g / eljiok|lt
;r]t /xL ;dfhsf] cWoog klg ug'{kb{5 . oL ;a} ljifoj:t'sf] cWoog ug'{ g} ;fdflhs cWoogsf]
d'Vo Wo]o xf] .
/fli6«o lzÔf cfof]usf k|ltj]bg tyf lzÔf;DaGwL Ô]qLo / /fli6«o uf]i7L÷sfo{zfnfåf/f k|fKt
;'emfjx¿sf cfwf/df ;fdflhs cWoogsf] of] kf7oj|md tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o; txsf] kf7oj|mddf
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs / ef}lts jftfj/0fk|lt ?lr hufpg ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lQsf]
ljsf; u/fO{ pTkfbgzLn / ;lj|mo gful/ssf] hu a;fpg] k|d'v p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 . o; kf7oj|mdn]
k|of]ufTds lzÔ0f k|0ffnLnfO{ dxŒj lb“b} ljBfyL{x¿ :jodaf6 ;d:ofsf] vf]h / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
klxNofO{ cfgf] ljrf/, ;Lk, bÔtf ?lr tyf v';Lsf cfwf/df ljleGg kÔ Pjd Ô]qdf bÔtf a9fpg
;s"g / lj|mofzLntfsf] ljsf; x'“b} hfcf]; eGg] ck]Ôf ul/Psf] 5 . kl/l:yltjz k|fylds lzÔf k"/f
u/L k9fO 5f8g] afnaflnsfx¿n] ;d]t cfgf b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ sfo{ ug{, ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg
ug{ / ;fdflhs tyf Jofjxfl/s e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] 5g eGg] cfzf Pjd ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .
pko'{St pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;fdflhs cWoogsf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k JolStsf] hLjg
kl/jf/af6 ;'? eO{ l5d]s, ;d'bfo, Ô]q, /fi6« / ljZj kl/j]z k'Ug] ePsfn] k|fylds txsf
afnaflnsfsf] :t/nfO{ x]/]/ o; kf7oj|mddf pko'{St ljifoÔ]qnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;d]6g] k|of; ul/Psf]
5 .
– cf˚" / cfgf] kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5d]s
– xfd|f] k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf
– ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg
– gful/s r]tgf
– xfd|f] k[YjL
– xfd|f] ljut
– xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
afnaflnsfnfO{ cf˚"n] cf˚}“nfO{ lrGg] / kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sx¿df 3'nldn u/fpg], k/Dk/fb]lv :yflkt
;fdflhs rfnrng, lgod cflb;“u kl/lrt u/fpg], ;dfhdf ljBdfg ljleGg ;d:of / ljs[ltx¿
x6fpgsf nflu ;xof]uL agfpg]≤ c;n gful/sdf x'g'kg]{ dfgjLo u'0f, clwsf/ / st{Josf] klxrfg u/L
;fdflhsLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg], afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cf˚" /x]sf] 7fp“, Ô]q, b]z cflbsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿kk|lt
kl/lrt u/fpg]≤ cf˚" / cfgf] kl/jf/, ;d'bfosf ljutsf ;DaGwdf vf]hL gLlt ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ /
pgLx¿nfO{ ldtJooL eO{ kl/jf/ tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf af/]df hfgsf/L lng
k|]/0ff hufpg] ck]Ôf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} :yfgLo txsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6L cWoog cWofkg
u/fpg] k|fjwfg;d]t o; kf7oj|mddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
kf7oj|md cf}krfl/s lzÔfsf] kyk|bz{s xf] . o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf lzÔssf] uxg e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/L
x'G5 . lzÔsnfO{ dfu{bz{ssf nflu o; kf7oj|mddf ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f klg ul/Psf] 5 . o;

kf7oj|mdsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|of]ustf{sf] ;'udtfsf nflu lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk Pjd d"Nofªsg
k|lj|mofsf gd'gfx¿;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To;sf cltl/St sfof{Gjog k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L agfpg
lzÔs :jodn] klg o;;DaGwL gjLgtd k|ljlwx¿nfO{ ljBfno jftfj/0f;Dd k'¥ofpg] k|of; ug'{
;/fxgLo g} x'g] b]lvG5 kf7oj|md kl/dfh{g ug]{ j|mddf sfo{bnn] ljifoljb, cg'ejL lzÔs, lzlÔsf,
cleefjs, lzÔfljb Pjd n]vsx¿sf] /fo ;'emfjsf cfwf/df of] kl/dflh{t kf7oj|md tof/ ul/Psf]
xf] . o;nfO{ :t/Lo / pkof]uL agfpg Pjd sfof{Gjog kÔ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6g /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] of]
s]Gb| ;b}j :jfut ub{5 .
@= txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿
k|fylds txsf] cGTodf lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sg] 5g M
!= cfk"m, cfgf]]] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]ssf] kl/ro lbg .
@= ;fdflhs s'/Llt, 5'jf5't, cGwljZjf; cflb lj?4 ;r]t /xg .
#= cfgf] ;d'bfosf /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, lnªu, k];f, wd{ tyf rf8kj{k|lt
;befj /fvL ;Ddfg ug{ .
$= cfgf] b]zk|lt dfof, >4f, elStefj b]vfpg tyf nf]]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfcg';f/ cfr/0f
ug{ .
%= :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf /fli6«o:t/sf Vofltk|fKt JolStx¿sf] sfdaf6 k|]/0ff lng / pgLx¿nfO{
;Ddfg ug{ .
^= ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ .
&= dfgjclwsf/, afnclwsf/ / st{Jok|lt ;r]t /xL Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf pkof]u ug{ .
*= ;fdflhs lzi6frf/ tyf lgodx¿ kfngf ug{ .
(= ljleGg :yfgLo lgsfox¿ -j8f, uflj;÷gu/kflnsf / lhlj;_ sf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ atfpg .
!)= cfk"m /x]sf] jl/kl/sf] ef}uf]lns :j¿k cWoog u/L j0f{g ug{ / gS;f agfpg] cEof; ug{ .
!!= k[YjLsf] ;ªlIfKt kl/ro lbg / g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns :j¿ksf] j0f{g ug{ .
!@= l5d]sL /fi6«x¿sf] ;ªlIfKt kl/ro lbg .
!#= cfgf] ;d'bfo tyf /fi6«sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld atfpg / P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ .
!$= >dsf] ;Ddfg ug{ tyf >d ug]{ / ldtJooL x'g] afgL a;fNg .
!%= :yfgLo:t/df /x]sf cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf] cjnf]sg u/L j0f{g ug{ / To;df ;Sbf] ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg .

#= If]q / j|md
o; ljifosf] ljifoj:t'x¿sf] If]q / j|md tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
If]q÷PsfO sIff ! sIff @ sIff #
!= cfk"m, cfgf]]]
kl/jf/ /
5/l5d]s
– cfkm" / cfgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd / gftf
– cfgf] ;fdfgsf] htg
– d]nldnfk
– cfgf] / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ug]{ sfd
– cfgf]]] lhDd]jf/L
– cfgf] ;fdfgx¿sf] lxkmfht / k|of]u
– cfkm" / cfgf] kl/jf/sf] pd]/
– kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]ssf] sfddf ;xof]u
– 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿sf] htg
@= xfd|f] k/Dk/f,
;fdflhs d"No
/ dfGotf
– kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] cfb/ / ;Ddfg
– dfof ddtf
– njfOvjfO
– 3/sf] sfdsfh
– 5/l5d]sLx¿sf] cfb/ / ;Tsf/
– 5/l5d]sLx¿sf] njfOvjfO / /xg;xg
– rf8kj{
– cfgf] 6f]nsf] ;fdflhs JolStTjx¿
– gft]bf/ / kfx'gfx¿sf] cfb/ ;Tsf/
– cfgf] ufp“6f]ndf af]Ng] ljleGg efiff / dgfOg]
rf8kj{
– :yfgLo JolStx¿sf] vf]h / ;Ddfg
#= ;fdflhs
;d:of /
;dfwfg
– 3/ kl/jf/sf c;xfo, ckfªux¿
– ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xof]u
– ljBfno tyf 5/l5d]sdf /x]sf c;xfo, ckfªux¿nfO{{
;Ddfg / ;xof]u
– :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf c;xfo tyf ckfªux¿nfO{
dbt
– 5'jf5't, cGwljZjf; / ;fdflhs s'/Lltk|lt ;r]ttf
$= gful/s r]tgf – ;xof]u n]gb]g
– 3/ / ljBfnodf ePsf j:t'x¿sf] htg
– cfgf] 3/ tyf ljBfnodf ul/g] lj|mofsnfkx¿
– kl/lrt JolStx¿;“u cfjZos ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg
– ;d'bfosf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿sf] ;+/If0f
– ;fj{hlgs :yn / ;fwgx¿ pkof]u
– ckl/lrt JolStx¿;“u cfjZos ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg
– k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;'/Iff / k|of]u
– ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df kfngf ug{'kg]{ lgb]{zgx¿
– afnclwsf/
– cfk"m a;]sf] j8fsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{
%= xfd|f] k[YjL – 3/ tyf ljBfno jl/kl/sf] w/ftnLo :j¿k
– gS;fsf] ;fdfGo sfd
– cfgf]]]] 6f]n, ;d'bfo / To; jl/kl/sf] -hldgsf] :j¿k,
gbLgfnf, jghªun_ cflbsf] cjnf]sg
– gS;fsf] ;fdfGo sfd
– cfgf] uflj;÷gkfsf] k|fs[lts :j¿k / ;fdflhs
/xg;xg
– cfgf] uflj;÷gkf If]qsf] gS;fsf] ;fdfGo sfd
^= xfd|f] ljut – cfk"m / cfgf]]]]]]] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;fdfGo P]ltxfl;s
k[i7e"ldsf] kl/ro
– cfgf]]]]]]] sIffdf k9g] ;fyLx¿sf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;fdfGo k[i7e"ld
– /fli6«o lr≈gx¿sf] klxrfg
– cfgf] l5d]sL tyf gft]bf/x¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld
– xfd|f] /fi6«sf nflu of]ubfg ug]{ jL/jL/ªugfx¿sf]
af/]df ;fdfGo kl/ro
&= xfd|f] cfly{s
lj|mofsnfk
– 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u
– b}lgs k|of]udf Nofpg] JolStut ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf
ldtJolotf
– ;s];Dd 3/d} tof/ u/]sf] vfg]s'/f tyf cGo
;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u
– 5/l5d]ssf JolStx¿n] ug]{ ;a} k|sf/sf /fd|f sfdsf] ;Ddfg
/ ;xof]u
– 3/kl/jf/df k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf
– cfgf]]]]]]] ufp“÷gu/df pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u
– ;d'bfosf ljleGg JolStx¿n] ug]{ ;a} k|sf/sf] /fd|f
sfdsf] ;Ddfg / ;xof]u
– ldtJolotf
– cfgf] lhNnf:t/df pTkflbt tyf lgld{t j:t'x¿sf]
pkof]u

$= l;sfOpknlAw÷ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0f
o; ljifodf sIffut¿kdf afnaflnsfx¿n] xfl;n ug]{ l;sfOpknlAwx¿nfO{ ljlzi6 p2]Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . l;sfOpknlAw÷ljifoj:t'
lj:t[tLs/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
sIff M !
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!= cf˚",cfgf]]]
kl/jf/ /
5/l5d]s
!= cf˚" / cfgf]
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf]
gfd / gftf atfpg .
– kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd /
gftfM cfdf, a'af, afh], aHo},
bfh', efO, lbbL, efph", alxgL
cflb .
– ltd|f] cfgf] 3/df sf]sf] x'g'x'G5 eg]/
;a}}nfO{ kfn}kfnf] ;f]Wg] / cfPsf]
pQ/nfO{ 7"nf] cIf/n] sfnf]kf6Ldf
l6Kb} hfg] .
– lrqx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{sf
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd / gftfsf
af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] .
– kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd / gftf;“u
;DalGwt ljleGg k|Zgx¿ agfO{ ;f]Wg],
h:t} M ltd|f] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf]
gfd / pgLx¿;“usf] gftf atfpm .
!) 3G6L
@= cfgf] ;fdfgsf] htg
ug{ .
– cfgf]]] JolStut ;fdu|Lsf]
htg, h:t} M sfkL, lstfa,
snd, n'uf, df]hf, ´f]nf, h'Qf,
rKkn, a|;, dGhg cflb .
– cfgf nflu k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfgx¿ s]s]
x'g / ltgLx¿sf] s;/L htg ug]{
eGg] ;DaGwdf 5n˚n u/fpg],
h:t} M h'Qf kf]ln; ug{ nufP/,
lstfadf uftf nufP/, ´f]nfdf /fv]/
cflb .
– ltd|f cfgf ;fdfgx¿ s]s] 5g < /
tL ;fdfg s;/L htg ug{+'k5{ <
– ljBfyL{x¿sf ;fdfgx¿sf] cjnf]sg
ug{] .
#= cfgf bf“}t/Lx¿;“u
d]nldnfk /fVg .
d]nldnfk M
– cfgf]]] pd]/sf bf}“t/Lx¿;“u
ldn]/ a:g, v]Ng, k9g, 3'Dg
cflb .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf bf“}t/Lx¿sf]
gfd ;f]wL l6Kb} hfg] .
– ldn]/ a;]sf], v]n]sf], vfPsf], sfd
u/]sf] cflbsf] lrq k|bz{g u/L
d]nldnfkaf6 x'g] ˚fObfaf/] 5n˚n
u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] l5d]sdf sf]sf] ;fyLx¿ 5g <
gfd eg .
– ltdL cfgf bf“}t/Lx¿;“u ldn]/ a:bf
s]s] kmfObf x'G5 <
– bf}t/Lx¿;“u ldn]/ sfd u/]sf] 5÷5}g
cjnf]sg ug]{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@= xfd|f] k/Dk/f,
;fdflhs d"No
/ dfGotf
$= cf˚"eGbf 7"nfnfO{
cfb/ / ;fgfnfO{
dfof ug{ .
cfb/ ;Ddfg M
– gd:sf/M b'O{ xft hf]8]/, d'vn]
eg]/, xft p7fP/, xft ldnfP/,
d':s'/fP/ jf xf“;]/, gd|tf ;fy,
gfd ;f]w/, b'O{ xft yfk]/ cflb
-cf–cfgf]]]] 3/fo;L rngcg';f/_
– cleefbg ul/Psf ljleGg k|sf/sf lrq,
tl:a/ b]vfpg] .
– clegoåf/f cf–cfgf] rfnrngcg';f/
cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug{ nufpg] .
– Kof/ tyf dfof u/]sf ljleGg tl:a/,
lrq, kf]:6sf8{ b]vfpg] .
– ltdL afcfdfnfO{ s;/L dfg
u5f}{ < clego u/]/ b]vfpm .
– cfgf bfh'lbbLnfO{ ul/g] cfb/
s:tf] x'G5 clego u/ .
!@ 3G6L
dfofddtf M
– efO alxgL eg]/, gfd af]nfP/,
v]nf}gf lbP/, cf˚" klg ;“u}
v]n]/, vfg]s'/f tyf cGo j:t'
lbP/, kmsfP/, ;DemfP/,
8f]¥ofP/ cflb -cf–cfgf]]]
rngcg';f/_
%= cf˚" / cfgf]]]
kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿n] nufpg]
sk8fsf] gfd
atfpg .
– cf˚" / kl/jf/sf ;b:on] k|of]u
ug]{ sk8f M sldh, ;6{, 6f]kL,
bf}/f ;'?jfn, k]G6, xfkmk]G6,
hfdf, s'tf{, ;'?jfn, rf]nf], ;f/L,
df]hf, bf]rf, 3f“3/÷s66', ef]6f],
wf]tL, n'ªuL, k6'sf cflb .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf n'uf nufPsf
JolStx¿sf] lrq k|bz{g u/L cf–cfgf
3/kl/jf/leqsf JolStx¿n] nufPsf
n'ufx¿sf] gfd ;f]Wg]] .
– ltd|f] n'uf s;n] lbPsf] xf] <
– sIffdf ltdLnfO{ dgkg]{ n'uf
s;n] nufPsf] 5 <
– ltd|f] afn] nufpg] n'uf / cfdfn]
nufpg] n'ufdf s] leGgtf 5 <
^= cfgf]]]] 3/ /
5/l5d]sn] ug]{ sfd
atfpg .
– kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ /
5/l5d]sn] ug]{ sfd M
v]taf/Lsf sfd, 3/]n' sfd
-8f]sf 8fnf a'Gg], s/];faf/Lsf]
sfd, sf7sf] sfd, ufx|f]
nufpg], k9g], k9fpg],
sfof{nosf] sfd cflb_ .
– lrqsf] dfWodaf6 /fd|f / g/fd|f sfdsf]
hfgsf/L lbg] / /fd|f] sfd ug]{
dflg;x¿sf af/]df syfx¿ elglbg] .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg syf eGg nufP/
;xefuL u/fpg] . 3/ / 5/l5d]sdf
/fd|f] sfd ug]{ JolStx¿ vf]hL ug{
nufpg] .
– ltd|f] 3/df sf]sf] s]s] sfd
ug'{x'G5 <
– ltdL s;sf] sfddf ;xof]u u5f}{ <
– ltd|f] l5d]ssf /fd|f] sfd ug]{
dflg;x¿sf] vf]hL u/ .
-/fd|f] sfd ug]{ JolSt vf]hL u/]
gu/]sf] cfwf/df d"Nofªsg ug]{_

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= ;fdflhs
;d:of /
;dfwfg
&= 3/kl/jf/df /x]sf
c;xfo, ckfªux¿sf]
;Ddfg / ;xof]u
ug{ .
3/kl/jf/sf c;xfo tyf ckfªux¿ M
– zf/Ll/s c;dy{tf,
ckfªutf cflbnfO{ plrt ;Ddfg tyf
;xof]u .
– j[4j[4f÷ gfafns, 6'x'/f, /f]uL, la/fdL
jf cGo h'g;'s} sf/0faf6 c;St
JolStx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u /
;Ddfg .
– s:tf] ckfªunfO{ s:tf] ;xof]u /
Jojxf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5,
k|Zgf]Q/ u/L lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng
ug]{ .
– ljBfyL{x¿sf kl/jf/df c;xfo
tyf ckfªux¿ 5g 5}gg ;f]Wg] /
5g eg] pgLx¿;“u ug'{kg]{
Jojxf/sf af/]df k|:6 kfl/lbg] .
– ckfªu tyf c;Stsf] e"ldsf
clego u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] ckfªux¿nfO{ ug]{
Jojxf/sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– ljleGg k|Zg agfO{ ;f]Wg], cf“vf
gb]Vg] / dflg;sf] clego u/]/
b]vfpm .
* 3G6L
$=gful/s
r]tgf
*= 3/kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿;“u ;xof]u
lng / lbg .
;xof]usf] n]gb]g M
– cfdf, a'af, bfh', efph", lbbL, alxgL
cflb;“u ;xof]u lng .
– kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿, h:t} M bfh', efph",
cfdf, lbbL, alxgL cflbnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ .
– kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;“u ;xof]u
lnPsf] lrq k|bz{g u/L 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
– cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf]
lrq k|bz{g u/L 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ltdLnfO{ cfdfn] s] ;xof]u
ug'{x'G5 <
– ltdL efOalxgLnfO{ s'gs'g
sfddf ;xof]u u5f}{ <
!$3G6L
(= 3/ / ljBfnodf
ePsf j:t'x¿sf] gfd
atfpg / htg ug{ .
3/ tyf ljBfno jl/kl/sf j:t'x¿ M
– 3/df ePsf j:t'x¿ ef“8fs'“8f, knª
cflb .
– ljBfnodf j:t'x¿≤ kmlg{r/– 8]:s, a]Gr
6]a'n, d]r cflb
– v]nd}bfg, wf/f, au}“rf cflb .
– 3/df ePsf j:t'x¿sf] lrq b]vfO{
5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ljBfno / ljBfnodf j:t'x¿sf]
lrq b]vfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] 3/ / sIffsf]7fdf s]s]
5g <
– ljBfnodf ePsf j:t'x¿sf]
cjnf]sg u/fO{ gfd atfpg
nufP/ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
!)=3/ / ljBfnodf
lglZrt ;dodf
ul/g] lj|mofsnfkx¿
atfpg .
– 3/df ul/g] lj|mofsnfk M p7g]÷cf]5ofg
ldnfpg], xftd'v w'g], xftuf]8f w'g], n'uf
ldnfpg] cflb .
– k9g], n]Vg], v]Ng] cflb .
– 3/df ug]{ sfd ;f]wL sfnf]kf6Ldf
l6Kb} hfg] / atfOlbg] .
– ljBfnodf ul/g] sfdsf] ;"rL
k|bz{g u/L 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ltdL 3/ / ljBfnodf s]s]
u5f}{ <
– ljBfyL{x¿n] lgoldt lj|mofsnfk
u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%= xfd|f] k[YjL !!= cfgf]]]] 3/ tyf
ljBfno jl/kl/sf]
hldgsf] :j¿k
cjnf]sg u/L j0f{g
ug{ .
– 3/ tyf ljBfno jl/kl/sf] w/ftnLo
:j¿ksf] kl/ro
-cUnf], xf]rf], ;dy/, v]t, af/L, au}“rf,
rf}/ cflb_ .
– cfgf]]]] ljBfno jl/kl/sf] w/ftnLo
:j¿ksf] cjnf]sg u/fO{ ;f]sf
cfwf/df sIffdf 5n˚n u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] ljBfno jl/kl/sf] hldg
s:tf]s:tf] 5 <
– ltd|f] 3/ jl/kl/sf] hldg s:tf]
5 <
!@ 3G6L
!@= cfgf]]]] 3/, ljBfno,
sIffsf]7f cflbsf]
;fdfGo cfs[lt sf]g]{
cEof; ug{ .
;fdfGo gS;f sf]g]{ cEof; M
– cfgf]]]] 3/sf]
– cfgf]]]] ljBfnosf]
– cfgf]]]] sIffsf]7fsf]
– cfgf]]]] 3/, ljBfno / sIffsf]7fsf]
k'gM cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ To;sf]
;fdfGo gS;f sf]g{ cEof;
u/fpg]] .
– ltd|f] 3/sf] lrq agfO{ /ª e/ .
– ltd|f] ljBfnosf] lrq agfpm .
– ltd|f] sIffsf]7fsf] lrq agfpm /
sIffdf s]s] 5g Tof] klg
b]vfpm .
^ = xfd|f] ljut !#= cfk"m / cfgf]]]]
3/kl/jf/sf] ;fdfGo
kfl/jfl/s
k[i7d"ldsf] kl/ro
lbg .
3/kl/jf/sf] k[i7d"ld M
– cfgf] hGd:yfg / hGdldlt
– cfdfsf] dfOtL3/ -dfdf3/_
– a'afsf] dfdf3/ -xh'/cfdfsf] dfOtL3/_
– xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdf tyf kl/jf/sf] k|d'v
JolStsf] kl/ro .
– ljBfyLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿ hlGdPsf
7fp“ / hlGdPsf] ;fn, dlxgf, ut],
af/ eGg nufpg] .
– cfdf, a'af, xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdfsf
tl:a/x¿ k|bz{g ug]{ / k|Zgf]Q/
ljlwåf/f pgLx¿sf] ljutsf
af/]df atfpg nufpg] .
– 3/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|d'v JolStn]
sfdsf] af“8kmf“8 ub}{ u/]sf] / cGo
;b:ox¿n] cf–cfgf]]]]
lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ sfd ub}{ u/]sf]
tl:a/ k|bz{g u/L 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
– ltdL s'g ;fndf hlGdPsf xf} <
– ltd|f] dfdf3/ sxf“ xf] <
– ltd|f] xh'/a'af / xh'/cfdfsf]
gfd s]s] xf] <
– ltd|f] 3/sf] d'Vo JolSt sf]
x'g'x'G5 <
– ltd|f] 3/sf] d'Vo JolStn] s]s]
sfd ug'{x'G5 <
!) 3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
&= xfd|f] cfly{s
lj|mofsnfk
!$= 3/kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿n] ug]{
sfdk|lt ;sf/fTds
x'g / ;Sbf] ;xof]u
ug{ .
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ug]{ sfd M
– 3/fo;L sfdx¿ -eft ksfpg],
t/sf/L s]nfpg], sl;ªu/ a9fg]{
cflb_ df cf˚"n] ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug]{ .
– 3/]n' tyf s'l6/ pBf]u;DaGwL
sfdx¿ -8f]sf], 8fnf], gfDnf cflb
a'Gg], ef“8fjt{g agfpg], 3/]n'
sk8fx¿ a'Gg], 3§ rnfpg], 5'kL{
agfpg] cflb_ sfo{df ;s]sf] ;xof]u
ug]{ .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] 3/df
ul/g] sfo{x¿ kfn};“u eGg nufpg]
/ l6Kb} hfg] .
– pgLx¿n] eg]sf sfdx¿dWo] s'g
sfddf ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g / s'gdf
;Sb}gg kfn};“u eGg nufpg] .
– ljBfno glhsdf s'g} sfd ul//x]sf]
7fp“df e|d0f u/fO{ pSt sfd s]sf
nflu u/]sf] xf] ;f]Wg nufpg] .
– ljleGg ;a} k|sf/sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf
Jojxf/ u/] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
– ltdLn] 3/df a'afcfdfnfO{
s'gs'g sfddf ;xof]u u5f{} <
– ltdLn] k9g] lstfa s;n]
agfPsf] xf]nf <
– ls;fgn] cGg pAhfPgg eg] s]
x'G5 <
!@ 3G6L
!%= b}lgs pkof]udf
Nofpg] JolStut
;fdu|Lsf] ldtJolotf
ckgfpg .
JolStut ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf ldtJolotf M
– JolStut ;fdu|Lx¿, sfkL, k]lG;n,
lstfa, ´f]nf, bf“t df´g] a|;,
dGhg, n'uf, h'Qf, df]hf, v]nf}gfx¿
cflb .
– pSt ;fdu|Lx¿ gRofTg], gef“Rg],
gx/fpg], g˚fNg] gsf]g]{, cfjZos
kbf{ dfq k|of]udf Nofpg], 7Ls
7fp“df /fVg] cflb .
– ljBfyL{x¿sf JolStut ;fdu|Lx¿
Psn] csf{sf] x]g{ nufpg] / s;sf]
;fdu|L s:tf] cj:yfdf 5 eGg
nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{n] k|of]udf Nofpg] JolStut
;fdu|Lx¿ pgLx¿n] s;/L k|fKt
u/]sf x'g k|Zgf]Q/sf] dfWodaf6
k|:6 kfl/lbg] .
– tL ;fdu|Lx¿ ;˚f /fVg'kg]{,
cfjZos kbf{ dfq k|of]u ug'{kg]{,
htg ug'{kg]{h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ :ki6
kfl/lbg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] ljBfnodf b}lgs
k|of]u ug]{ JolStut ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
cj:yf cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
– lstfa, sfkL, snd, k]lG;n,
´f]nf, s;/L htg ug'{k5{ <
– ltdLn] k|uf]u ug]{ ;fdu|L ltdLnfO{
s;/L k|fKt eof] <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!^= ;s];Dd 3/d} tof/
u/]sf vfg]s'/f tyf
cGo ;fdu|Lsf]
pkof]u ug{ .
– afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfgf]]]] 3/df tof/
ul/Psf tyf pTkfbg ul/Psf
vfg]s'/fx¿ M e'6]sf] ds}, e6df;,
/f]6L, l9“8f], eft, b"w, bxL, df]xL,
u'Gb|'s, ljleGg ˚n˚"nx¿ cflb .
– 3/d} pTkfbg ul/Psf cGo
;fdu|Lx¿– 3/]n' sk8f, 6f]kL,
v]nf}gfx¿, 6f]s/L cflb .
– ljBfyL{{x¿n] b}lgs vfg] vfg]s'/fx¿
kfn};“u ;f]w]/ l6Kb} hfg] . To;dWo]
s'gs'g vfg]s'/f ljBfyL{sf] 3/d}
tof/ tyf pTkfbg ePsf x'g /
s'gs'g aflx/af6 NofOPsf x'g ;f]w]/
5'6ofOlbg] .
– ljleGg vfg]s'/fx¿sf] lrqx¿ k|bz{g
u/L tLdWo] s'gs'g ljBfyL{sf] 3/df
tof/ x'G5g / s'gs'g aflx/af6
Nofpg'k5{ 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
– aflx/ tof/ ul/Psf vfg]s'/fx¿
rfprfp, la:s'6, rsn]6, r'Oªud
cflbaf6 x'g] a]˚fObfx¿ k|Zgf]Q/sf]
dfWodaf6 :ki6 ul/lbg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] vfg] vfg]s'/fsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– ljBfyL{sf cleefjsx¿;“u e]6
u/L ljBfyL{n] pkef]u ug]{
vfg]s'/faf/]df ;f]Wg] .
– ltdLn] vfg] vfg]s'/fx¿ s'gs'g
3/df / s'gs'g aflx/ tof/
ePsf x'g <
– la:s'6, rfprfph:tf vfg]s'/fn]
lsg xflg u5{ <
– 3/df tof/ u/]sf vfg]s'/f vf“bf
s]s] kmfObf x'G5 <

sIff M @
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!= cf˚",cfgf]]]
kl/jf/ /
5/l5d]s
!= cfk"m / kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿sf] sfd÷k];f
atfpg / ;xof]u ug{ .
– cfgf]]]] sfd M k9g], n]Vg],
ljBfno hfg], v]Ng], 3''Dg hfg]
cflb .
– kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] sfd,
h:t} M v]taf/Lsf] sfd, 3/sf]
sfd, 3/]n' pBf]usf sfdx¿
-sk8f a'Gg], 8f]sf]8fnf] a'Gg]_ .
uxgf agfpg], k9fpg],
sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ cflb
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ug]{ sfdsf
af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– ljBfyL{x¿sf 3/kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿n] ug]{ sfdx¿ s]s] x'g
;f]Wg] / To; sfdnfO{ ;"rLa4 ug]{ .
– ljBfyL{ljBfyL{aLr 5n˚n u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{n] cfk"mn] ug]{ sfd / kl/jf/n]
ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u u/]sf] clego
u/fpg] .
– ltdL s]s] sfd u5f}{ <
– ltd|f] a'af cfdfn] s]s] sfd ug'{x'G5 <
– s'g sfd s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, clego
u/]/ b]vfpm .
– kl/jf/sf] sfddf s]s] ;xof]u u5f}{{ <
!) 3G6L
@= cf˚"nfO{ lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L
k"/f ug{ / ;fdfgsf]
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ .
cf˚"nfO{ lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L M
– a'afcfdf, bfh', lbbL, efph"
cflbn] cx|fPsf] ljleGg sfd,
h:t} M t/sf/L s]nfpg],
;/;˚fO, sIff sfo{, u[xsfo{
ug]{, efOalxgL x]g]{, k];fut
sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ cflb .
;fdfgsf] cfbfgk|bfg M
– cf˚"nfO{ cfjZos ePsf] t/
cfk"m;“u gePsf ;fdfg M
snd, lstfa, v]nf}gf cflb
;fyLx¿;“u dfu]/ k|of]u u/L
l˚tf{ lbg] .
– ;fyLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿;“u gePsf
;fdfg lbg] / l˚tf{ lng] .
– o; pd]/sf aRrfx¿n] ug{ ;Sg]
lhDd]jf/L axg ul//x]sf] lrq k|:t't
u/L 5n˚n u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{ ;Sg] sfdsf]
lhDd]jf/L lbO{ pSt sfd ;DkGg ug{
nufpg] .
– ;fyL;fyLaLr ;fdfgsf]
cfbfgk|bfgaf6 x'g] kmfObfsf af/]df
k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– ;xof]usf] ljifodf syf agfP/
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfpg]] .
– ltd|f] a'afn] lbg'ePsf] s:tf] lsl;dsf]
sfd ug{ ;S5f} <
– ltdLn] ug]{ sfdsf] ;"rL agfpm .
– sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lbO{ ;DkGg
u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
– ltdL ;fyLnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u u5f{} <
– ltdL ;fyLaf6 s;/L ;xof]u k|fKt
u5f}{ <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= cfgf ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd
atfpg / ltgsf]
lx˚fhtsf ;fy k|of]u
ug{ .
;fdfgsf] lx˚fht / k|of]u M
– cfgf ;fdfgx¿M lstfa,
snd, sfkL, a|';, dGhg, h'Qf,
rKkn, df]hf, n'uf cflb .
– tL ;fdfgx¿nfO{ lx˚fhtsf
;fy k|of]u ug]{, h:t} M lstfa,
sfkL emf]nfdf /fVg] .
– vfg]s'/f, v]nf}gf, ´f]nf cflb
hyfefjL g˚fNg] .
– cfcfgf ;fdfg lrGg nufP/ gfd
eGg nufO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf l6Kg] /
eGg nufpg] .
– Jojl:yt / cJojl:yt ¿kdf
/flvPsf ;fdfgx¿sf] lrq k|bz{g
u/]/ ;fdfgsf] htg ubf{ x'g]
kmfObf / gubf{ x'g] a]kmfObfsf
af/]df 5n˚n u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf ;fdu|Lsf]
htgsf ;fy k|of]u ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .
– ltdL;“u ePsf ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd
eg .
– tL ;fdfgx¿ s]sf nflu k|of]u
u5f}{ <
– ltdL;“u ePsf] s'g} Pp6f ;fdfgsf]
lrq agfpm .
– ljBfyL{n] cfgf ;fdfgsf] lx˚fht
u/]sf 5g÷5}gg To;sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
@=xfd|f] k/Dk/f
;dflhs d"No
/ dfGotf
$= 5/l5d]sLsf] cfb/,
;Tsf/ ug{ .
cfb/ ;Tsf/ -5/l5d]sLsf]_ M
– 5/l5d]ssf cfpg]hfg], a:g]
JolStx¿nfO{ cfb/fyL{ zAb
k|of]u u/]/ af]Ng] . h:t} M
cfpg'xf];, a:g'xf];, s] sfdn]
cfpg'ePsf], s;nfO{ e]6g' 5,
cflb .
– e]63f6sf lrq, b]vfO{ 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
– cfcfgf]]]] rngcg';f/ l5d]sLx¿sf]
cfbf/ ;Tsf/ ug{ l;sfpg] .
– l5d]sLnfO{ ug]{ cfb/ clego u/]/
b]vfpm .
– l5d]sLnfO{ ul/g] cfb/ ;Tsf/sf
jfSox¿ ;'gfpm .
!@ 3G6L
%= cfgf 5/l5d]sx¿sf]
njfOvjfO / /xg;xg
cjnf]sg u/L
rf8kj{x¿df ;xefuL
x'g .
– 5/l5d]ssf ;fyLefO
Oi6ldqx¿sf] /xg;xg .
– 5/l5d]ssf dflg;x¿sf]
nufpg] n'uf, vfg]s'/f cflbsf]
cjnf]sg / cWoog .
– ljleGg n'ufsk8fx¿sf] gfd atfpg
nufpg] .
– 5/l5d]ssf] /xg;xg / Jojxf/sf]
cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] .
– 5/l5d]sLx¿sf /xg;xg emlNsg]
kf]:6/, lrq cflb k|bz{g u/L
5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ltdL / ltd|f ;fyLx¿n] nufpg]
n'ufdf s]s] leGgtf 5g <
– ltd|f] 3/df vfOg] vfg]s'/f /
l5d]sLn] vfg] vfg]s'/fx¿sf] gfd
atfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
rf8kj{ M
– cfgf 3/df dgfOg] rf8kj{x¿ b;}+“,
ltxf/, 57, xf]nL, Ob cflb .
– 5/l5d]sdf dgfOg] rf8kj{x¿
df3];ªj|mflGt, PsfbzL, /fdgjdL,
gdfh kf7 ug]{ lbg, Nxf];f/ cflbsf]
cjnf]sg / ;xeflutf .
– cfgf]]] 3/df dgfOg] rf8kj{x¿sf gfd
atfpg nufpg] .
– lrqsf] dfWodaf6 5/l5d]sdf dgfOg]
rf8kj{x¿sf] gfd eGg nufpg] .
– s'g rf8kj{x¿ s;/L dgfOG5 clego
ug{ nufpg] .
– l5d]sLx¿sf] rf8kj{df ;xefuL ePsf]
clego u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] 3/df dgfOg] rf8kj{x¿sf]
gfd eg .
– ltd|f] 5/l5d]sdf dgfOg]
rf8kj{x¿sf] gfd atfpm .
– ltd|f] 3/df dfGg] rf8kj{df
s;s;nfO{ af]nfp“5f} <
^= cf–cfgf]]]] ufp“6f]ndf
;fdflhs sfd ug]{
JolStx¿sf] gfd
atfpg .
cfgf 6f]ndf /fd|f] ;fdflhs sfd ug]{
JolSt M
– ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿ -wf/f, s'nf],
kfgL366f, d7dlGb/, :t"k cflb_
agfpg] dd{t ug]{ JolStx¿ .
– ;dfhdf /x]sf JolStnfO{ cK7of/f]
k/]sf] ;dodf ;xof]u ug]{ JolStx¿
– ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf dd{t
ug]{ JolStx¿sf] gfd / sfd atfpg
nufpg] .
– k|Zgf]Q/sf] dfWodaf6 cfgf]]] 6f]ndf
cfsl:ds 36gf kl/cfPsf] avt
;xof]u ug]{ JolStx¿sf] gfd eGg
nufpg] .
– ltd|f] 6f]ndf ;fj{hlgs :ynsf]
;'/Iff s;s;n] ub{5g <
#= ;fdflhs
;d:of /
;dfwfg
&= ljBfno tyf
5/l5d]sdf /x]sf
c;xfo,
ckfªux¿nfO{ ;Ddfg
/ ;xof]u ug{ .
ljBfno tyf 5/l5d]ssf c;xfo tyf
ckfªux¿ M
– ljBfno tyf 5/l5d]sdf hGdhft tyf
ljleGg b'3{6gfx¿df k/L ePsf
ckfªux¿ .
– ljleGg sf/0faf6 c;St jf c;xfo
ag]sfx¿, h:t} M afa'cfdf gePsf
6'x'/f 6'x'/Lx¿, kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿af6 x]nf ul/Psfx¿, pd]/sf
sf/0f j[4j[4f ePsfx¿, ljleGg
/f]uaf6 u|l;t cflb .
– sIffsf]7df ljleGg zf/Ll/s tyf
dfgl;s ¿kdf ckfªu tyf c;xfo
x'g ;S5g . pgLx¿nfO{ klg cGo
ljBfyL{;/x Jojxf/ ug]{ / cfTdan
tyf cfTdljZjf; a9fpg]
lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpg], ljifoj:t';“u
;DalGwt /f]rs syfx¿ agfP/
;'gfpg] .
– ljifoj:t';“u ;DalGwt lrq, kf]:6/,
kDKn]6 cflb k|bz{g u/L 5n˚n
u/fpg] .
– c;xfo tyf ckfªux¿;“u cGo
ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ u/]sf] Jojxf/sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– ltd|f] ;fyL af6f]df n8]/ v'66f
ef“lrP/ lx“8g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
s] u5f}{ <
– b[i6LljxLg dfG5]nfO{ s]s] ;xof]u
ug''{k5{ <
* 3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$=gful/s
r]tgf
*= kl/lrt JolSt;“u
cfjZos ;xof]u
lng / lbg .
;xof]usf] cfbfgk|bfg M
– kl/lrt JolStx¿ -;fyLefO, gftfuf]tf
cflb_ ;“u ;xof]u lng .
– cfkm"n] lrg]sf JolStnfO{ cfjZos
;xof]u lbg h:t} M ;fyLefO,
5/l5d]sLx¿, gftfuf]tf cflb .
– ;fyLefO / 5/l5d]ssf lrg]sf
JolStx¿;“u ;xof]u lnPsf] tl:a/ b]vfO{
5nkmn / clego u/fpg] .
– ;fyLefO, gftfuf]tf cflbnfO{ ;xof]u
lbPsf] lrq k|bz{g u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpg k|]l/t ug]{ / clego ug{
nufpg] .
– ;fyLefO, 5/l5d]s / gftfuf]tf;“u
ljBfyL{n] s;/L ;xof]u lng]÷lbg]
u5{ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– ltdL ;fyLefOnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u
u5f}{ <
!$ 3G6L
(= cfgf] ufp“ 6f]nsf
;fj{hlgs
;DklQx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpg / ;+/If0f
ug{ .
;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f M
– ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿, -dlGb/, u'Daf, rf}/,
kf6L, rf}tf/f, wf/f, k“w]/f, c:ktfn,
x'nfs, k;n_ cflb .
– ;fj{hlgs ;fwgx¿ a;, 6]lnkmf]g
cflbsf] pkof]u ubf{ nfOgdf a:g .
– ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿sf] ;"rL b]vfO{
ltgLx¿sf] pkof]lutf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
– ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf]] ;+/If0f ug{
l;sfpg] .
– a;df kfn}kfnf] r9g] / 6]lnkmf]gsf] kfnf]
a;L pkof]u ug{ l;sfpg] .
– ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;"rL tof/
u/ .
– wf/f ;kmf ug{ s]s] sfd u5f}{ <
– ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f
ljBfyL{n] s] s;/L u/]sf] 5
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!)= ;fj{hlgs :yn /
;fwgx¿ pkof]u
ubf{ kªlStdf kfnf]
kv{g / c¿nfO{
kfnf] lbg .
cfnf]kfnf] M
– ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿ wf/f, k“w]/f, rf}/,
kf6L, dlGb/, u'Daf, x'nfs cflbdf
nfOgdf kfnf] kv{g] .
– a;, 6]lnkmf]g, wf/f, kw]/f cflbdf
c¿nfO{ kfnf] lbg] .
– ljBfnosf] sIffsf]7fleq k:bf / aflx/
lg:s“bf kfn}kfnf] lg:sg nufpg] / cGo
:ynx¿df nfOgdf a:g l;sfpg] .
– a;, 6]lnkmf]g, wf/f, k“w]/f cflbdf
c¿nfO{ kfnf] lbPsf] lrq b]vfO{ 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
– s'jf jf wf/fdf le8 ePsf]
cj:yfdf s;/L kfgL Nofp“5f} <
– ljBfyL{n] ;fj{hlgs :yndf c¿nfO{
kfnf] lbPsf] 5 ls 5}g cjnf]sg
u/L d"Nofªsg ug]{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%= xfd|f] k[YjL !!= cfgf]]]] 6f]n, ;d'bfo
/ To; jl/kl/sf]
ef}uf]lns :j¿k
cjnf]sg u/L
ljj/0f lbg .
xfd|f] w/ftnLo :j¿k M
– cfgf]]]] 6f]]n, ;d'bfo / To; jl/kl/sf]
w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] kl/ro – hldgsf] :j¿k
-cfUnf], xf]rf], ;dy/, vf]“r, 6f/_
– gbLgfnf -7"nf, ;fgf_
– tfn kf]v/L
– jghªun -7"nf], ;fgf], afSnf], kftnf] cflb_ .
– cfgf]]]] 6f]n, ;d'bfosf] / To; jl/kl/sf]
w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cjnf]sg u/fpg] .
– cjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df hldgsf] :j¿k
gbLgfnf, tfn, kf]v/L, jghªun
cflbsf af/]df 5n˚n÷k|Zgf]Q/
u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] 6f]n, ;d'bfo
jl/kl/sf] hldg s:tf]
5 <
– ltd|f] 6f]ndf
gbL÷tfn÷kf]v/L 5,
5}g <
– ltd|f] jl/kl/sf] jghªun
afSnf], kftnf], 7"nf], ;fgf]
s:tf] 5 <
!@3G6L
!@= cfgf]]]] ufp“÷6f]nsf]
;fdfGo gS;f sf]g{
/ Toxf“ /x]sf
vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L,
kxf8 cflb
b]vfpg .
gS;fsf] ;fdfGo sfd M
– cfgf]]]] 6f]n, ;d'bfosf] gS;f sf]g]{ .
– gS;fdf cfgf]]]] 6f]n ;d'bfodf /x]sf kxf8,
gbL, tfn, kf]v/L, af6f] jghªun cflb eg]{ .
– e|d0f cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df 6f]n
;d'bfosf ;fdfGo gS;f sf]g{ nufO{
Toxf“ jl/kl/ /x]sf kxf8, gbL, tfn,
af6f] jghªun cflb eg{ nufpg] .
– cfgf]]]] ufp“ 6f]n
;d'bfosf] gS;f agfpm /
Toxf“ ePsf kxf8, gbL,
tfn, kf]v/L, af6f] hªun
klg b]vfpm .
^= xfd|f] ljut !#= cfgf]]]] sIffdf k9g]
;fyLx¿sf]
kfl/jfl/s
k[i7e"ldsf] kl/ro
lbg .
;xkf7Lx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld M
– ;xkf7Lx¿sf] hGd ldlt, hGd:yfg / clxn]
/x]sf] :yfg .
– ;xkf7Lx¿sf] cfdfa'af, xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdf,
dfjnL cflbsf] kl/ro -gfd, af;:yfg,
k];f cflb klxn] / clxn]_ .
– ;fyLx¿sf] hGd ldlt, :yfg ;f]wvf]h
ug{ nufpg] .
– Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ csf]{ ljBfyL{;“u p;sf]
cfdf, a'af, xh'/a'af, xh'/cfdf,
dfjnLsf] gfd, k];f, tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
– s;}sf] ljutnfO{ syfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't
ul/lbg] .
– glhsdf a;]sf] ;fyLsf]
hlGdPsf] 7fp“ / hGd
ldlt ;f]w]/ n]v .
– ltd|f] glhsdf a:g]
;fyLsf] xh'/a'af /
a'afsf] gfd ;f]w]/ n]v .
!)3G6L
!$= /fli6«o lr≈gx¿sf]
klxrfg ug{ .
/fli6«o lr≈gx¿sf] kl/ro M
– /fli6«o lr≈gx¿ -emG8f, /fli6«o hgfj/ ufO{,
/fli6«o k"mn nfnLu'/f“;, /fli6«o /ª l;ld|s,
/fli6«o kG5L 8f“˚] cflbsf] kl/ro / dxŒj .
– k|To]s /fli6«o lr≈gsf] lrq k|bz{g u/L
5nkmn u/fpg] .
– k|To]s /fli6«o lr≈gsf] dxŒjsf af/]df
5n˚n u/fpg] .
– /fli6«o lr≈gx¿sf] gfd
n]v .
– /fli6«o /ª l;ld|ssf]
dxŒj atfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
&=xfd|f] cfly{s
lj|mofsnfk
!%= 5/l5d]ssf
JolStx¿n] ug]{ ;a}
k|sf/sf /fd|f
sfdsf] ;Ddfg /
;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ .
sfdk|lt ;Ddfg M
– 5/l5d]ssf JolStx¿n] k/Dk/fb]lv u/L
cfPsf ;a}} k|sf/sf k];f tyf sfd M s[lif,
pBf]u, 8sdL{, l;sdL{, h'Qf l;pg], ´f]nf
agfpg], n'uf l;pg], skfn sf6g], ˚nfdsf]
sfd ug]{, n'uf w'g] cflb .
– cf–cfgf]]] 5/l5d]ssf dflg;x¿n]
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ul/cfPsf sfdk|lt
;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf sfdsf lrq tyf
kf]:6/x¿ k|bz{g ug]{ .
– k];fut sfo{zfnfdf k7fO{ sfdsf]
cjnf]sg u/fpg] .
– ltd|f l5d]sLx¿n] s]s] sfd
u5{g <
– ltd|f] afa' cfdfn] ug]{ sfd
/ l5d]sLx¿n] ug]{ sfddf
s]s]] ˚/s 5 <
– ˚nfdsf] sfd u/]sf] 7fp“df
uO{ ltdL s] ;xof]u ug{
;S5f} < n]v .
!@3G6L
!^= 3/kl/jf/df k|of]u
ul/g] ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]udf ldtJolotf
ckgfpg .
;fdu|Lsf] plrt k|of]u M
– cfgf]]]] 3/ kl/jf/ / cf˚"l;t ePsf ljleGg
k|sf/sf ;fdfgx¿sf] plrt 9ªun] k|of]u /
htg M b/fh, 6]a'n, s';L{, sfkL, snd,
lstfa, ´f]nf, nufpg] n'uf, h'Qf, d;L,
k]lG;n, v]nf}gf cflb .
– a'af, cfdf, bfh', lbbLx¿af6 kfPsf] k};f /
;fdfgsf] ;b'kof]u -h'g sfdsf nflu lbOPsf]
5, ;f]xL sfddf dfq vr{ ug]{ afgL_
– cfgf]]] 3/df jf cf˚"l;t ePsf
;fdu|Lx¿dWo] s'gs'g ;fdu|L s'gs'g
sfdsf nflu cfjZos x'g] x'g, To;}sf
nflu k|of]u u/L 7Ls7Ls 7fp“df /fVg
k|f]T;flxt ug]{] .
– 3/sf ;fdfgx¿ / k};fx¿sf] ;b'kof]u
ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] .
– 3/df k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] plrt
lsl;dsf] k|of]u ul//x]sf lrq /
kf]:6/x¿ k|bz{g u/L 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] 3/df ePsf ;w}“
rnfO/xg'kg]{ ;fdu|Lx¿
s]s]] sfddf k|of]u u5f}“{ <
– ltdLn] ;w“} k|of]u ug]{
;fdu|Lx¿ s]s]] x'g ;"rL
agfpm .
– ltd|f ;fdfgx¿sf] s;/L
htg ug]{ u/]sf 5f} <
!&= cfgf]]]] ufp“÷
gu/df pTkflbt
tyf lgld{t
j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u
ug{ .
:yfgLo j:t'sf] k|of]u M
– cfgf]]]] ufp“÷gu/df pTkflbt tyf lgld{t
j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; M
3/]n' ;fdfgx¿ M
– 3/]n' tfgaf6 pTkflbt n'ufsk8f, pmg,
˚nfdsf ;fdfg, sf7sf ;fdfg, 9'ªuf, O“6f,
afn'jf, df6f], ef“8fs'“8f, af“;sf 8f]sf, 8fnf
cflb .
– cfgf]]]] :yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6 pTkflbt
j:t'x¿sf] dxŒj atfOlbg] .
– :yfgLo ;d'bfodf pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf]
;"rL agfpg nufpg] .
– :yfgLo j:t'x¿sf] k|of]uaf6 x'g]
˚fObfsf] cjut u/fpg] .
– cfgf]]] 7fp“, kl/j]zsf j:t'x¿sf] lrq
tyf kf]:6/ k|bz{g / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] ;d'bfodf pTkfbg
x'g] 3/]n' ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
;"rL agfpm .
– cfg} ufp“3/df ag]sf
;fdu|Lx¿dWo] ltd|f] 3/df
s'gs'g ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
eO/x]sf] 5 <

sIff M #
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!= cf˚",cfgf]]]
kl/jf/ /
5/l5d]s
!= cfgf] / kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿sf] pd]/
atfpg .
cfk"m / cfgf]]] kl/jf/ M
– cfgf]] pd]/ .
– kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ -afh],
aHo}, afa', cfdf, lbbL, bfh',
efO, alxgL cflb_ sf] pd]/ .
– ;a} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf˚" / cfgf]
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] pd]/ ;f]wL
n]v]/ Nofpg nufpg]] .
– Sofn]G8/sf] dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{
hlGdPsf] dlxgf, ut], af/ kQf
nufpg nufpg] .
– dlxgf, ;fn, ut] ePsf] tflnsf agfO{
k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ lbO{ cf˚";lxt
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] pd]/ kQf
nufO{ n]Vg nufpg] .
!) 3G6L
@= kl/jf/ /
5/l5d]ssf] sfddf
cf˚"n] ;s]sf] ;xof]u
ug]{ .
kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]ssf] sfddf
;xof]u M
– 3/leqsf] sfd n'uf˚f6f]sf]
htg
efOalxgL v]nfpg', ef“8fs“'8f,
Hofjn, cf}hf/ cflb ;fdfgsf]
lx˚fht .
– 3/aflx/sf] sfd glhssf]
k;ndf lsgd]n .
– j:t'efpnfO{ 3f“;, k/fn, kfgL
lbg] sfo{ .
– s/];faf/L, ˚"naf/L, udnf
cflbdf kfgL xfNg] sfo{ .
– 3/j/k/sf] ;/;˚fOdf
;3fp .
– 5/l5d]ssf] sfddf ;s]sf]
;xof]u .
– kl/jf/sf] 3/leq / 3/aflx/sf
sfdaf/] ljBfyL{x¿aLr 5n˚n
u/fpg] .
– sfdx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ k|bz{g u/L
5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ljleGg vfnsf sfddf ;xof]u u/]sf]]
clego u/fpg] .
– 5/l5d]sn] ug]{ sfdx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpg nufpg] .
– 3/leq / 3/aflx/ x'g] sfdx¿sf]
;"rL agfpm .
– 3/leqsf] s'gs'g sfddf ltd|f]
kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u u5f{} <
– s'g} sfdsf] ;xof]u u/]sf]] clego
u/]/ b]vfpm .
– ljBfyL{n] c¿sf] sfddf ;xof]u u/]
gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofªsg ug]{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
;Defljt lzIf0fl;sfO
lj|mofsnfk
;Defljt d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof kf=ef
#= 3/fo;L b}lgs k|of]usf
;fdfgx¿sf] gfd
atfpg / lx˚fht;fy
k|of]u ug{ .
3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿sf] htg M
– 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿ M d]r, 6]a'n, b/fh,
vf6, afs;, ;Gb's, lksf{, u'Gb|L, dfGb|f],
rs6L, yfn, srf}/f, lunf;, ef“8fs'“8f
cflb . n'uf M sldh, ;'?jfn, kfOG6,
3f“3/, s'tf{, 6f]kL cflb . Hofjn÷cf}hf/ M
sf]bfnL, x“l;of, v'kf{, v's'/L cflb .
– ;fdfgx¿sf] lx˚fht / k|of]u M lstfa
dfly lbOPsf 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿ htg
ug]{, 7Ls 7fp“df /fVg], ;xL ¿kdf k|of]u
cflb .
– vfg]s'/f, v]nf}gf, ef“8fs'“8f, Hofjn
cf}hf/ cflbsf] ;+/If0f .
– 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿sf] gfd
k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]Wg nufO{
sfnf]kf6Ldf l6Kg nufpg] /
To;sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg]{ /
5'6]sf ;fdfgx¿ cf˚"n] yk]/
;fdgsf] ;"rL ePsf] tflnsf
k|:t't u/L k'gM ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg
nufpg] .
– ljleGg ;fdfgx¿sf] lrq b]vfO{
lxkmfht ug]{ tl/sfsf af/]df
5nkmn tyf k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– 3/fo;L ;fdfgx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpm .
– s'g ;fdfg s;/L lx˚fht
ug'{k5{ <
– ljBfyL{x¿n] cfgf]]]] ;fdfgsf]
lx˚fht u/]sf 5g, 5}gg,
cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
@=xfd|f] k/Dk/f,
;fdflhs d"No
/ dfGotf
$= gft]bf/ / kfx'gfx¿sf]
;Tsf/ ug{ .
kfx'gfsf] ;Tsf/ M
– cfgf]]]] 3/df cfPsf kl/lrt kfx'gf tyf
gft]bf/x¿ -k'mk", k'mkfh", dfdf, dfOh",
7"nLcfdf, 7"nfaf cflb_ nfO{ ;Ddfghgs
zAbsf] k|of]u u/L af]Ng] / ;Tsf/ ug]{ .
– cfgf]]]] 3/df cPsf ckl/lrt
cltlyx¿nfO{ klg pd]/ / gftfcg';f/sf]
;fOgf] -sfsf, dfdf, bfO, lbbL, cfdf af
cflb_ nufO{ lzi6 efiffsf] k|of]u u/L
af]Ng] / ;Tsf/ ug]{ .
– cfgf] 3/df cfPsf kl/lrt
gft]bf/x¿nfO{ lzi6 efiffsf]
k|of]u u/]/ af]Ng l;sfpg] .
– cfgf]]]] 3/df cfPsf kl/lrt
tyf ckl/lrt kfx'gfx¿nfO{
cfgf] k|rngcg';f/sf] ;Tsf/
ug]{ tl/sf clegosf]
dfWodaf6 l;sfpg] .
– ltd|f] ufp“df kfx'gfsf] ¿kdf
cfPsf JolSt;“u s:tf] Jojxf/
u5f{} <
– cfg} sIffsf Pshgf ;fyL;“u
ldn]/ kfx'gf ;Tsf/sf] clego
u/ .
!@3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
;Defljt lzIf0fl;sfO
lj|mofsnfk
;Defljt d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof kf=ef
%= cfgf]]] ufp“ 6f]ndf ;a}n]
af]Ng] efiff, atfpg /
rf8kj{x¿df ;xefuL
x'g .
– cfgf] ufp“6f]ndf af]lng] efiff M
– /xg;xg M ufp“6f]nsf e]ife"iff
-k/Dk/fut n'uf, u/uxgf_ vfg]s'/f
-:yfg / hfltcg';f/sf ljz]if vfg]s'/f_,
;+:sf/ -wd{ / hfltcg';f/sf] hGd
;+:sf/_ .
rf8kj{ M
– ufp“6f]ndf dgfOg] rf8kj{x¿ M b;}+,
ltxf/, 57, Nxf];f/, Ob, lj|m;d; cflb .
ljleGg rf8kj{x¿df Pscfk;sf]
d]nldnfk, ;a} k|sf/sf rf8kj{x¿df
;dfg b[li6sf]0f / ;xeflutf .
– k|Zgf]Q/sf] dfWodaf6 cf–
cfgf] ufp“6f]ndf af]lng]
efiffefifLx¿sf] kl/ro
u/fpg] .
– e|d0f cjnf]sgsf] dfWodaf6
ufp“6f]ndf rngrNtLdf cfPsf
/xg;xg, /Lltl:ylt ;DaGwdf
JolStut jf ;d"xut¿kdf
k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
– ljleGg rf8kj{x¿df ;xefuL
ePsf] clego u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] ufp“6f]ndf k|rlnt
;+:sf/x¿dWo] hGd ;+:sf/sf]
;DaGwdf ;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn
u/ .
– ltdL 3/df s'g efiff af]N5f} <
– ltd|f] ufp“6f]ndf d'Vod'Vo
s'gs'g rf8kj{ dgfOG5 < ;"rL
agfpm .
– ltdLn] ufp“6f]ndf dgfOg] s'gs'g
kj{df efu lnPsf 5f} <
^= cfgf] uflj;÷gkfdf
;dfhsf nflu sfd ug]{
JolStx¿sf] vf]hL u/L
;xof]u / ;Ddfg ug{ .
:yfgLo JolStTjsf] vf]h / ;Ddfg M
– cfgf] uflj;÷gkfleqsf ;fj{hlgs
;+:yf, ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sL, uflj;÷gkf
ejg, af6f], af“w, s'nf], k}gL, d7dlGb/,
:t"k, jghªun, s'jf, wf/f cflbsf] lgdf{0f
tyf dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ JolStsf] vf]h /
;Ddfg .
– cfgf] uflj;÷gkfleqsf
;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿sf]
dd{t;Def/ ug]{ / c¿sf] enfO
x'g] sfd ug]{ JolStx¿sf] vf]hL
u/L pgLx¿sf] gfdsf] ;"rL
agfpg nufpg] .
– To:tf JolStx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{
l;sfpg] .
– ltd|f] ljBfno ss;sf]
;xof]uaf6 vf]lnPsf] xf], kQf
nufpm .
– ltd|f] uflj;÷gkfdf 9n lgsf;
tyf vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf s:tf]
5 < pSt s'/fx¿sf] ;+/If0f
s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= ;fdflhs
;d:of /
;dfwfg
&= :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf
c;xfo tyf
ckfªux¿nfO{ d2t
ug{ .
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf c;xfo tyf ckfªux¿ M
– :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf zf/Ll/s tyf
dfgl;s ckfªux¿, h:t} M b[li6ljxLg,
alx/f, nf6f, nªu8f, k'8sf, ;':t
dgl:ylt ePsf, dfgl;s ;Gt'ng lau|]sf
cflb .
– :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf c;xfo tyf
c;Stx¿, h:t} M kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6
x]nf ul/Psf, afa' cfdf gePsf, cGo
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ s'g} b'3{6gfdf k/]/
d[To' eO{ kl/jf/df PSnf] ePsf, s'g} /f]u
nflu c;St ePsf, pd]/sf sf/0f
j[4j[4f ePsf cflb .
– :yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf ljleGg zf/Ll/s
tyf dfgl;s ckfªux¿nfO{ s;/L d2t
ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/f l;sfpgsf nflu
;fgf;fgf n3' gf6s agfO{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
ljleGg k|sf/sf] e"ldsf clego u/fpg] .
– ljifoj:t';“u ;DalGwt lrq tyf kf]:6/x¿
k|bz{g ug]{ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg ug{
nufpg] .
– ljleGg sf/0fn] c;xfo tyf c;St
ePsfx¿sf] gfd l6Kg nufpg] / s;nfO{
s:tf] k|sf/sf ;xof]u cfjZos 5 ;f]Wg]] .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf
ckfªux¿sf clego u/fO{
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– ljBfnoleq tyf aflx/sf
c;St, c;xfo /
ckfªux¿;“u ljBfyL{x¿n]
ug]{ u/]sf Jojxf/sf]
cjnf]sg u/L d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
– s:tf] JolStnfO{ s] ;xof]u
rflxG5 < h:t} M
b[li6ljxLgnfO{, nªu8fnfO{,
j[4j[4fnfO{ .
!@ 3G6L
*= cfgf] ufp“6f]ndf /x]sf]
5'jf5't, ;fdflhs
s'/Llt /
cGwljZjf;k|lt ;r]t
/xg .
– cfgf ufp“6f]ndf /x]sf ;fdflhs s'/Llt,
5'jf5't, cGwljZjf; cflb .
– cfgf] ufp“6f]ndf /x]sf ;fdflhs s'/Llt,
5'jf5't / cGwljZjf; x6fpg] ljleGg
cEof; u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] ufp“6f]ndf /x]sf]
5'jf5't x6fpg s] s] sfd
ug'{knf{ <
$=gful/s
r]tgf
(= ckl/lrt JolSt;“u
cfjZos ;xof]u lng
/ lbg .
;xof]usf] cfbgk|bfg M
– ckl/lrt JolSt;“u cfjZos ;xof]u lng
– lzi6 efiffsf] k|of]u u/L pd]/ /
cj:yfcg';f/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ . -sfsfsfsL,
cfdfafa' afh]aHo}, lbbL efO cflb_ .
– ;xof]usf nflu cg'/f]w .
– ;fdfg x/fp“bf, c¿n] af6f] e'n]sf] ;f]w]sf]
cj:yfdf ;xof]u .
– ckl/lrt JolSt;“u lrghfg ug]{ tl/sf
l;sfpg ljBfyL{nfO{ clego ug{ nufpg] .
– clego ubf{ lzi6 efiffsf] k|of]u ug{
cEof; u/fpg] . h:t} M tkfO{+sf] gfd s]
xf] < lsg cfpg'eof] <
s] sfdsf nflu cfpg'eof] < cflb .
– ltd|f sfsf;“u ltdL s]
;xof]u dfU5f} <
– ltd|f] sfkL x/fof] eg] vf]Hg
s;nfO{ ;xof]u dfU5f} <
– c¿sf] sfddf ;xof]u
k'¥ofP gk'¥ofPsf] cjnf]sg
u/L d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
!$ 3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!)= cfgf] ;d'bfodf ePsf
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf]
;+/If0f / k|of]u ug{ .
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / k|of]u M
– ;d'bfodf ePsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿
jghªun, df6f], kfgL -hn_, vlgh cflbsf]
;"rL .
– To;sf] k|of]u, ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug]{
tl/sfx¿ .
– ;d'bfodf ePsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf]
;"rL k|bz{g ug]{ .
– To;sf] k|of]u / ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
/ k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ePsf k|fs[lts
;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"rL agfpm .
– k|fs[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf
ljBfyL{n] ug]{ sfo{sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
!!= ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿sf]
;"rgf, ;ªs]t, kDKn]6,
kf]:6/, 6«flkms ;ªs]t
cflb k9g / ;f]sf]
kfngf ug{ tyf
afnclwsf/k|lt ;r]t
/xg .
;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df kfng ug'{kg]{ lgod M
– ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
– ;"rgf, ;ªs]t, kf]:6/ cflbsf] cjnf]sg,
cWoog / klxrfg .
– ;"rgf, kDKn]6, kf]:6/, 6«flkms ;ªs]t,
lgod clbsf] kfng .
– afnclwsf/ -afnaflnsf lj?4 x'g] s'6lk6,
uflnunf}h, k9g, n]Vg kfpg] clwsf/, vfg
nufpg kfpg] clwsf/ cflb ._
– ljBfyL{nfO{ kf]:6/ / kDKn]6sf] gd'gf b]vfO{,
agfpg nufO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
– ;"rgf, ;ªs]t agfP/ k|bz{g u/L To;
;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfgf] k9g], n]Vg],
vfg], nufpg] clwsf/ tyf 3/ /
ljBfnodf cfk"mdfly x'g] s'6lk6,
uflnunf}h cflbk|lt ;r]t x'g] lj|mofsnfk
u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{n] agfP/ k|:t't u/]sf
kf]:6/ / kDKn]6 cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
– s:tf] aQL an]sf] ;dodf af6f]
sf6g'x'“b}g <
– dlGb/leq k:bf lsg h'Qf
km'sfNg'k5{ <
– s;}nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]df s]
ug'{k5{ <
– ltd|f] 3/kl/jf/df ljBfno hfg
gkfPsf] afnaflnsf eP ltdLn]
s:tf] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ <
!@= cfkm" a;]sf] j8fsf]
;+/rgf / sfo{ atfpg .
j8fsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{ M
– j8fcWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf] gfd .
– j8fsf] l;dfgf -sxf“b]lv sxf“;Dd k5{ <_
– j8fn] ug]{ sfo{x¿ h:t} M,
;/;kmfO, ljsf; cflb .
– j8fcWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf] gfd / sfdsf]
gd'gf ;"rL k|bz{g ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{
of]hgf sfo{ lbg] . -j8fsf] cWoIf /
;b:ox¿sf] gfdfjnL cleefjs;“u ;f]w]/
tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
– ltd|f] j8f cWoIfsf] gfd
atfpm .
– j8fn] s]s] sfd u5{ < ;"rL
agfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%= xfd|f] k[YjL !#= cfgf] uflj;÷gkfsf]
k|fs[lts :j¿k,
;fdflhs /xg;xg
cWoog u/L atfpg .
k|fs[lts :j¿k / ;fdflhs /xg;xg M
– cfgf] uflj;÷gu/kflnsf jl/kl/sf]
k|s[lts :j¿k / ;fdflhs /xg;xgsf]
kl/ro .
– w/ftnLo :j¿k– lxdfn, kxf8, d}bfg,
pkTosf .
– k|fs[lts :j¿k– xfjfkfgL -hf8f],
udL{, Gofgf]_, jg:klt, gbLgfnf, df6f]
– ;fdflhs /xg;xg, efiff, wd{, k];f,
njfOvjfO .
– cfgf] ;d'bfo -uflj;÷gkf_ If]qsf
cjnf]sg / e|d0f u/fpg] / To;sf]
cfwf/df w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL,
jg:klt, gbLgfnf / ;fdflhs
/xg;xgsf af/]df 5n˚n÷k|Zgf]Q/
u/fO{ l;sfpg] .
– ltd|f] ufp“÷gu/sf]
w/ftnLo :j¿k s:tf] 5 <
– ltd|f] ufp“df kfOg]
jg:kltx¿sf] gfd n]v .
– ltd|f] ufp“÷gu/df s'gs'g
efiff af]Ng] dflg;x¿
5g <
– ltd|f] ufp“÷gu/df s]s:tf]
rf8kj{ dgfp“5g <
!@3G6L
!$= cfgf] uflj;÷gkf
If]qsf ;fdfGo cfs[lt
/ Toxf“sf dxŒjk"0f{
:ynx¿ b]vfpg .
gS;fsf] ;fdfGo sfd M
– cfgf] uflj;÷gkfsf] ;fdfGo ¿k/]vf
sf]g{ / lbzf 5'6ofpg .
– gS;fdf cfgf] uflj;÷gkfdf /x]sf
gbL, tfn, kf]v/L, kxf8, jg, wfld{s
:yn, cfgf] ljBfno, d'Vo ahf/, af6f]
cflb b]vfpg .
– cjnf]sg jf e|d0fsf] cfwf/df cfgf]
uflj;÷gkfsf] ;fdfGo gS;f sf]g]{ cEof;
u/fpg] .
– cfgf] uflj;÷gkfsf] gS;fdf k|d'v
:ynx¿ -hªun, gbL, tfn, af6f],
ljBfno, dlGb/ cflb_ eg]{ cEof;
u/fpg] .
– cfgf] uflj;÷gkfsf] Pp6f
;˚f gS;f agfpm .
– cf˚"n] agfPsf] gS;fdf
cfgf] uflj;÷gkfleq kg]{
gbL, tfn, kf]v/L, dlGb/,
jg, kxf8, cflb e/ .
^= xfd|f] ljut !%= cfgf l5d]sL tyf
gft]bf/x¿sf]
kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld
atfpg .
l5d]sLsf] ljut M
– cfgf l5d]sLx¿ -jNnf] 3/, kNnf]
3/, dflyNnf] 3/, tNnf] 3/_ /
gft]bf/x¿sf] ljutsf k];f, rfnrng,
njfOvjfO, rf8kj{ cflb .
– l5d]sLx¿sf] k'Vof}{nL ynf]sf af/]df
k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– l5d]sLdWo] sf] cflbjf;L x'g, sf]sf]
sxf“sxf“af6 cfPsf x'g, ;f]wvf]h u/L ;"rL
agfP/ Nofpg of]hgfsfo{ lbg] .
– s'g} JolStsf] ljut emNsg] -k];f,
rfnrng, njfOvjfO, rf8kj{ cflb_ syf
tof/ kf/L ;'gfpg] .
– ltd|f] 6f]ndf ;aeGbf k'/fgf]
3/ s'g xf] <
– glhssf] l5d]sLsf] tLg
k':tfsf] gfd ;f]w]/ n]v .
!) 3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!^= xfd|f] /fi6«sf nflu
of]ubfg ug]{
jL/jL/ªugfsf af/]df
atfpg .
xfd|f /fli6«o jL/ jL/ªugfx¿ M
– /fi6«sf nflu of]ubfg ug]{ jL/
jL/ªugfx¿
-aneb|, cd/l;+x, elSt yfkf, /fh]Gb|
nIdL cflb_ .
– kl/ro .
– of]ubfg .
– syfsyg ljlwåf/f jL/jL/ªugfx¿sf]
of]ubfg atfOlbg] .
– jL/jL/ªugfx¿sf] tl:a/ k|bz{g u/L
k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– :yfgLo ;d'bfodf b]zsf nflu of]ubfg
ug]{ JolStx¿ kQf nufO{ ltgLx¿sf]
hLjgL atfpg k|]l/t ug]{ .
– jneb| / elSt yfkfn]
b]zsf] lgldQ s:tf] of]ubfg
u/] <
– :yfgLo ;d'bfodf b]zsf
nflu of]ubfg ug]{ JolSt
kQf nufO{ pgn] u/]sf
sfd n]v .
&=xfd|f] cfly{s
lj|mofsnfk
!&= ;d'bfosf ljleGg
JolStx¿n] ug]{ >dsf]
;Ddfg ug{ .
>dsf ;Ddfg M
– ;d'bfosf ljleGg JolStn] ug]{ sfdx¿ M
v]tL, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;]jf cflb .
– ;d'bfosf nflu sfd ug]{ dflg;sf] tl:a/
k|bz{g u/L 5n˚n u/fpg] .
– ;dfhdf /fd|f] sfd ug]{ dflg;sf]
pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L 5n˚n u/fpg] .
– ;fdflhs sfd, k/f]ksf/, lgdf{0f sfo{
cflbdf ;+nUg eO{ sfo{ u/]sf] lrq k|bz{g
u/L 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ltd|f] ;dfhdf /fd|f] sfd
ug]{ dflg;x¿ sf]sf] 5g <
– ;fdflhs sfo{df k'¥ofPsf]
;xof]usf] cjnf]sg u/L
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
!@ 3G6L
!*= cfjZos sfddf dfq
vr{ ug]{ afgL
a;fNg .
ldtJolotf M
– ?lkof“, k};f cfjZos sfddf dfq vr{
ug'{ h:t} M sfkL, snd, ´f]nf, a'?;,
dGhg cflb vl/b .
– clt cfjZos sfddf dfq ?lkof“, k};f
vr{ u/]sf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L k|Zgf]Q/
/ 5n˚n u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{n] cfjZos sfddf
dfq k};f vr{ u/]sf]
5÷5}g, cjnf]sg u/L
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
!(= cfgf] uflj;÷ gkfdf
pTkflbt tyf lgld{t
j:t'x¿sf] pkof]u ug{ .
– cfgf] uflj;÷gkf pTkfbg / lgld{t
j:t'x¿, h:t} M ;fa'g, cGgkft, sfkL,
lrof, lrgL, sk8f cflb j:t'x¿sf]
pkof]u .
– lhNnfdf pTkflbt / lgld{t j:t'x¿sf]
;"rL b]vfO{ 5n˚n u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{nfO{ cfgf] lhNnfdf pTkfbg
ePsf / pgLx¿n] pkof]u u/]sf
;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL agfpg nufO{ k|:t't ug{
nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{n] cfgf]]] lhNnfdf
pTkflbt tyf lgld{t
;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u u/]sf] 5
5}g cjnf]sg u/L
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .

If]q÷PsfO sIff ! -3G6L_ sIff @ -3G6L_ sIff # -3G6L_
!= cfkm"÷cfgf] kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]s !) !) !)
@= xfd|f] k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf !@ !@ !@
#= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg * * *
$= gful/s r]tgf !$ !$ !$
%= xfd|f] k[YjL !@ !@ !@
^= xfd|f] ljut !) !) !)
&= xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk !@ !@ !@
*= :yfgLo c+z* !* !* !*
hDdf (^ (^ (^
*:yfgLo c+z
:yfgLo txdf ;|f]tJolStsf] ;dGjodf ljBfnon] cfgf]]]] ;]/f]km]/f], ;d'bfo / If]qleqsf b}lgs hLjgdf
k|efj kfg]{ ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ hLjGt cg'ej x'g] vfnsf] kf7oj|md agfO{
k7gkf7g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] agfPsf] kf7oj|mdleq klg :yfgLo ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf
5g t/ tL kof{Kt gx'g ;S5g . :yfgLo ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf] eP klg ltgnfO{ ;txL ¿kdf dfq
/flvPsf] x'g ;S5 . t;y{ s]Gb|Lo kf7oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] If]qleq klg cfgf]]]] ljBfnonfO{ ldNg]
ljifoj:t'df cem lj:t[t ¿kdf kf7oj|md agfO{ k7gkf7g u/fpg ;lsG5 eg] o;eGbf afx]ssf cGo
ljleGg If]qx¿nfO{ klg ;d]6]/ kf7oj|md agfpg ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs cWoognfO{ 5'6ofOPsf]
kf7oef/dWo] @) k|ltzt c+z cyf{t jif{el/df %.^ xKtfsf nflu ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 u/L kf7oj|md tof/
ug'{{kg]{ x'G5 . ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ :yfgLo:t/df kg]{ lgDglnlvt If]qx¿ jf cfgf]]]] ljBfnonfO{
cfjZos kg]{ cGo If]qsf ljifoj:t'x¿ 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
;Defljt If]qx¿
!= ;f+:s[lts If]q M rf8kj{, e]ife"iff, /xg;xg, sfnfsf}zn, uLt ;ªuLt, d]nfkj{, hfqf, pT;j
dxf]T;j cflb .
@= P]ltxfl;s If]q M :yfgLo:t/sf P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿, JolStTjx¿, k|frLg :df/sx¿, k'/ftflŒjs
j:t'x¿ cflb .
#= ef}uf]lns If]q M ef}uf]lns :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, df};d cflb .
$= k|fs[lts If]q M jghªun, gbLgfnf, vf]nf, tfn, kf]v/L, 8f“8f, kxf8, lxdfn, jg:klt h8La'6L,
hLjhGt' cflb .
%= wfld{s If]q M wfld{s :ynx¿, wfld{s ls|ofsnfkx¿ cflb .
^= cfly{s If]q M s[lif, Jofkf/, pBf]u, kz'kfng, cGo ;fgf tyf 7"nf pBf]u, /f]huf/sf If]qx¿,
cfly{s pkfh{g;DaGwL ultljlwx¿ cflb .
&= hfthflt÷efiffefifL If]q M ljleGg hflt, hghflt, cflbjf;Lx¿n] af]Ng] efiff÷eflifsf cflb .
*= ko{6g If]q M ko{6g :ynx¿, ko{6g;DaGwL sfo{j|md, ultljlw cflb .

(= Jofj;flos If]qM :yfgLo:t/sf ljz]if k|sf/sf Jofj;foLx¿ -v's'/L pBf]u, 9fsf pBf]u cflb_ .
!)= :jf:Yo If]qM kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg, vfg]kfgL, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo, k|fylds pkrf/ cflb .
!!= jftfj/0f If]qM j[If/f]k0f, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, jghªun ;+/If0f cflb .
!@= z}lIfs If]qM ;flxTo, ;fIf/tf, r]tgf cflb .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf If]qx¿ afx]s klg cGo w]/} If]qleq cg]sf}“ ljifoj:t'x¿ x'g ;S5g .
ltgLx¿dWo]af6 5'6ofOPsf] ;do / ljBfnosf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL 5gf]6 u/L k7gkf7g
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . If]q tyf ljifoj:t'x¿ 5gf]6 ubf{ lglZrt If]q tyf ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ g} sIff ! b]lv %
;Dd ldnfP/ kf7oj|md agfpg klg ;lsg] 5 . Pp6f sIffdf Ps If]q jf ljifoj:t' / csf]{ sIffdf cs}{
If]q jf ljifoj:t' klg 5gf]6 u/L k7gkf7g ug{ ;lsg] 5 . :yfgLo¿kdf 5gf]6 u/L k7gkf7g ul/Psf
ljifoj:t'sf nflu klg d"Nofªsg k|lj|mofdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ 5 . oL ljifoj:t'x¿sf] klg pknlAw k/LIff
nufot lg/Gt/ d"Nofªsg;d]t ug'{kg]{ 5 .
;fdflhs cWoogsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ªuaf6 k7gkf7g ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ hLjGt
cg'ej u/fpg] vfnsf] pko'St lzIf0f ljlw / k|lj|mof ckgfpg'k5{ . k|fylds txdf cWoog/t
afnaflnsfx¿ slnnf] pd]/sf x'g] ePsfn] afns]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlw ckgfO{ lzIf0f ug'{ pko'St x'G5 .
ljz]iftM æu/]/ l;sÆ -leering by doing_ sf] l;¢fGQcg';f/ x/]s lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x agfP/
pgLx¿df ;fdflhs cWoog;DaGwL 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lQ ljsf; u/fpg h?/L x'G5 . lzIf0fl;sfO
lj|mofsnfknfO{ cy{k"0f{, ?lrs/ / k|efjsf/L agfpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/sf] lzIf0f ljlwsf]] 5gf]6
/ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ljlwsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf, :t/, pd]/ cflbnfO{ Wofg lbO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ g}
;xefuL u/fP/ ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlw k|of]u u/L a9LeGbf a9L 1fg / ;Lk ljsf; u/fpg'kb{5 .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ uLt, sljtf, syf, k|ltj]bg, ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, lr7L ;+jfb cflbsf dffWodåf/f
ljifoj:t'df bvn u/fpg'kb{5 . lzIfsn] ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ of]hgfsfo{ -project
work_ sf] Joj:yf;d]t u/L pgLx¿s} ;lj|mo ;xeflutfaf6 l;s]sf] 1fg rL/:yfoL agfpg / h'g;'s}
;d:of cfOk/] klg To;sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpg To;nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos
x'G5 . lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ ljljw lzIf0f ljlwx¿
k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu– -s_ k|Zgf]Q/ -v_ 5n˚n -u_ of]hgf sfo{
-3_ :ynut e|d0f -ª_ ;d:of ;dfwfg -r_ vf]h÷ cg';Gwfg -5_ syfsyg -h_ cfudg -em_ clego
-ufog, g[To_ -`_ gS;f cWoog -6_ l6kf]6 n]vg -7_ k|bz{g cflb .
;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf d"Nofªsg k|lj|mofnfO{ klg lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk s} Ps cleGg cªusf
¿kdf ;“u;“u} lnP/ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . ljz]if u/]/ o; ljifodf cf}krfl/s lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ eGbf klg
ljBfyL{df ck]lIft Jojxf/ kl/jt{g eP gePsf] d"Nofªsg ug{ cjnf]sgsf] ;d]t k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
ck]lIft p2]Zo xfl;n geP;Dd lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofdf lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg'kb5{ . lg/Gt/ d"Nofªsgsf
dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{x¿sf] sl7gfO kQf nufpg] / kQf nflu;s]kl5 ;'wf/sf] sf]l;; hf/L /fVg'kb{5 .
ljBfyL{x¿sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nofªsg pgLx¿n] u/]sf] sIffsfo{, u[xsfo{, sIffdf ;xeflutf, Jofjxfl/s
kl/jt{g, l;h{gfTds sfo{, xflh/L cflbsf] cfwf/df u/L clen]v ;d]t /fVg'kb{5 . ljBfyL{x¿sf]
cfjlws ¿kdf pknlAw k/LIff;d]t lnO{ b'j} k|sf/sf] d"Nofªsgsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]/ ljBfyL{ tyf
cleefjsnfO{ pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, l;h{gfTds snf 101
-cf_ l;h{gfTds snf -v08_
!= kl/ro
afnaflnsfx¿df /x]sf cGtlg{lxt k|ltef, cg'ej, l;h{gfh:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ b[Zosnf / ;ªuLt snfsf]
dfWodaf6 cleJoSt ul/g] snfnfO{ g} l;h{gfTds snf elgG5 . o; ljifosf] dfWodaf6
afnaflnsfx¿n] cfgf] cg'e"lt, cg'ej, l;h{gfnfO{ :jtGq / df}lns ¿kn] cleJoSt ug{ ;Sg] agfpg'
o; ljifosf] d"n p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o; ljifocGtu{t lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t'x¿ /x]sf 5g M
-s_ b[Zosnf ( Visual Art)
l;h{gfTds snfcGtu{t b[Zosnf -lrqsnf tyf x:tsnf_ tyf ;ªuLt snf kb{5 . lrqsnfsf] ljsf;
dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf; tyf efiffeGbf klxnf ePsf] dflgG5 . ;a}n] ;lhn} a'‰g / ;a}nfO{ a'´fpg
;lsg] ‘efiff’ ePsfn] o;nfO{ ‘cGt/f{li6«o efiff’ klg elgG5 .
b[Zosnf ljwfnfO{ cleJolStsf] Ps ;zSt dfWodsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . cfhsf] cfw'lgs o'udf o;sf]
dxŒj Pjd pkof]lutf lbgfg'lbg a9bf] 5 .
b[Zosnfsf] ;Gbe{df afnlrqsf] dxŒj ckl/xfo{ 5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] af}l4s ljsf; tyf pgLx¿df
l;h{gzLntf, cGj]if0f tyf /rgfTds k|j[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu b[Zosnf Ps geO{ gx'g] ljifosf
¿kdf k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 .
;fgf gfgLx¿ cIf/ cyjf zAb n]Vg hfGg' cufl8 :jefjtM 6]9fd]9f /]vfx¿ sf]g{ yfN5g . o;n]
pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s tyf af}l4s ljsf; ug{df lgs} 7"nf] ;xof]u ub{5 .
ljBfyL{x¿df lglxt snf;DaGwL 1fgn] dflyNnf] txsf] k9fOnfO{ ;d]t ;3fpg'sf cltl/St pgLx¿sf]
Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf klg o;n] 7"nf] dbt k'¥ofp“5 .
Ps Jofj;flos lrqsf/ aGgsf nflu dfq} lrqsnfsf] cWoogsf] cfjZostf k5{ eGg] dfGotf ;xL
xf]Og . lrqsnfk|ltsf] w]/yf]/ ?lr / ;Lkn] afnaflnsfnfO{ l;h{gzLn agfp“5 . ;fy} pgLx¿sf] sfo{
k|:t'ltdf ;d]t snfTds ;'´a'´sf] csf]{ Pp6f cfofd ylklbG5 .
-v_ ;ªuLt (Music)
ufog, jfbg / g[Tosf] ;fd"lxs gfd ;ªuLt xf] . ef]hg zf/Ll/s v'/fs xf] eg] ;ªuLt dfgl;s v'/fs
xf] . kL/ e'Ng / ;'vdf cfgGb lng ;ªuLtn] 7"nf] ;3fp k'¥ofp“5 . dflg; / ;ªuLtaLr cflTds
;DaGw 5 cyf{t ;ªuLt dfgjhLjgsf] cleGg cªu xf] .
ufp“3/sf] ;fwf/0f 5fk|f]b]lv dlGb/, b]jfno, ;x/sf 7"nf7"nf ejg;Dd ;ªuLt u'~hfodfg ePs} 5 .
lxhf]cfh ;~rf/sf] k|ult;“u} /]l8of], Sof;]6 cflbaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf ;ªuLt k|;f/0f eO/x]sf]
kfOG5 . oL ;a} k|sf/sf ;ªuLt afnaflnsfx¿sf] :t/adf]lhdsf 5}gg . To;}n] afnsx¿nfO{ ;fg}
pd]/b]lv cfgf] snf / ;+:s[ltk|lt cle?lr hufO{ To;nfO{ ;+j4{g x'g] lsl;dsf] / pgLx¿sf]
:t/adf]lhdsf] ;ªuLt lbg' clt cfjZos 5 .
k|fylds lzIffsf] p2]Zo snf, ;f}Gbo{ / ;+:s[ltk|lt cle?lr hufpg] klg ePsfn] afnaflnsfx¿df
plrt ;ªuLtsf] k|f/lDes 1fg lbnfpg' clgjfo{ x'g hfG5 . xfd|f] b]znfO{ rflxPsf xhf/f}+ ;ªuLtk|]dL
hgzlSt /fi6«n] k'¥ofpg g;Sg'sf] d"n sf/0f ljBfnodf Jojl:yt ;ªuLt lzIff geP/ g} xf] egL eGg
;lsG5 .

afndgf]lj1fgcg';f/ klg afnaflnsfx¿ :jefj}n] gfRg, v]Ng, ufpg ?rfpg] x'G5g, tyflk cfgGbåf/f
kfPsf] 1fg a9L k|efjsf/L / clj:d/0fLo x'G5 . oL ljleGg s'/fx¿nfO{ dgg u/L lzIffsf] k|fylds
txb]lv g} ;ªuLt ljifonfO{ clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf kf7oj|mddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
;ªuLt lzIffn] dflyNnf] txnfO{ klg TolQs} ;3fp k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 lsgeg] ;ªuLtn] ljBfyL{x¿df
gof“gof“ 1fg lng] pT;'stf a95 .
k|fylds tx k"/f u/L k9fO 5f]8]sf ljBfyL{x¿df cfgf] hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ ;Lksf] ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 .
;ªuLtsf] 1fgaf6 kfPsf] l;h{gfTds ;Lkn] s'g} klg kl/l:yltdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ ;S5, h'g
xfd|f] lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zoleq k5{ .
log} tYox¿nfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ l;h{gfTds tyf cleJolStzLn snf ljifonfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L o; ¿kdf
ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ljifodf lgDglnlvt If]qx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g M
-s_ b[Zosnf M != /]vflrq @= /ª #= 5kfO sfo{ $= sf]nfh %= df6f]sf] sfd ^= sfuhsf] sfd
&= lgdf{0f sfo{
-v_ ;ªuLt M != ufog @= jfbg #= g[To $= clego
-s_ b[Zosnf
k|fylds tx k"/f ul/;s]kl5 afnaflnsfn] lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5g M
!= l;;fsnd tyf O/]h/sf] ;xL k|of]u ug{ .
@= cf–cfgf Ifdtfcg';f/ ljleGg a'66f, cfsf/ Pjd cfs[ltx¿ sf]g{ / /ª eg{ .
#= cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ lrq agfpg .
$= :jtGq ¿kn] cleJolSt ug{ .
-v_ ;ªuLt
!= :jtGq ¿kn] no ldnfO{ Psn tyf ;d"xdf uLt ufpg .
@= ljleGg afhfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg / tfndf ahfpg .
#= Psn, o'un tyf ;d"xdf g[To ug{ .
$= s'g} klg ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df Psn jf ;d"xdf clego ug{ .

#= If]q / j|md
o; ljifosf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] If]q / j|md tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ b[Zosnf
PsfO÷If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff #
/]vflrq – ls/ld/] /]vfªsg .
– ls/ld/] lrq÷cfsf/x¿sf] /]vfªsg .
– ljleGg j:t'x¿af6 /]vfªsg .
– cfsf/af6 cfsf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] /]vfªsg .
– ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] /]vflrq .
– dg k/]sf jf sfNklgs ljifoj:t'x¿sf] /]vflrq .
– ljleGg j:t'x¿af6 /]vfªsg tyf /]vflrq .
– HofldtLo cfsf/af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf cfs[lt jf
cfsf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– cfgf] j/k/ /x]sf ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿sf] /]vflrq .
– sfNklgs ljifoj:t'x¿sf] /]vflrq .
/ª – :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw /ªx¿sf] k|of]u .
– /ª;DaGwL ;fwf/0f k|of]u .
– lrqdf /ªsf] k|of]u .
– :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw /ªx¿sf] ;fwf/0f kl/ro
tyf k|of]u .
– /ª 5gf]6 sfo{ tyf ;fwf/0f k|of]u .
– lrqx¿df /ªsf] k|of]u .
– kfgL/ª, kf]:6/ sn/ jf :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw /ªaf6
cfs[lt tyf a'66f lgdf{0f .
– /ª;DaGwL ljleGg k|of]u .
– lrqx¿df /ªx¿sf] k|of]u .
5kfO sfo{ – xft jf xftsf cf}“nfx¿af6 5kfO .
– j:t'af6 5kfO .
– k};fsf] 9ofsaf6 5kfO .
– xft jf cf}“nfx¿af6 5kfO .
– j:t'af6 5kfO .
– ljleGg a:t'df a'66f jf cfs[lt sf6L 5kfO .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿af6 5kfO .
– afSnf] sfuhdf a'66f jf cfs[lt sf6L sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿
ldnfO 5kfO .
– ljleGg j:t'df a'66f jf cfs[lt sf6L 5kfO .
sf]nfh – ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u u/L sf]nfh lgdf{0f .
– j:t'x¿nfO{ sf6]/ jf Roft]/ ljleGg lsl;dsf
sf]nfh lgdf{0f .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf lrqx¿ ;ªsng u/L sf]nfh
lgdf{0f .
– sfuh sf6L dg kg]{ cfsf/ jf cfs[ltsf sf]nfh
lgdf{0f .
– Roft]sf÷sf6]sf sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ Psdfly
csf]{ 6f“:b} sf]nfh lrq ;+of]hg .
– k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ 6f“;]/ ;/n cfs[ltx¿sf] sf]nfh
lgdf{0f .
– ljleGg lsl;dsf sfuhnfO{ sf6]/, Hoft]/ tyf 6f“;L dg
kg]{ cfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– sf]nfhsf nflu pko'St sfuhx¿sf] 5gf]6 .
– pko'St tl/sfn] sfuhnfO{ RoftL jf sf6L To;af6 sf]nfh
lgdf{0f .
– Roft]sf jf sf6]sf sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ Psdfly csf]{
6f“:b} lrq ;+of]hg .
– k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ 6f“;]/ ;/n cfs[ltx¿sf] lrq ;+of]hg .

df6f]sf] sfd – lyr]/ ljleGg cfs[ltsf] lgdf{0f .
– uf]nf], RofK6f], af6'nf], nfDrf] cflb cfsf/x¿sf]
lgdf{0f .
– SjfOn ljlwaf6 cIf/ tyf cªs lgdf{0f .
– lyr]/ ljleGg cfsf/k|sf/sf j:t'x¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– uf]nf], RofK6f], af6'nf], nfDrf] cflb cfsf/nfO{
Pscsf]{df hf]8L ljleGg k|sf/sf cfsf/x¿sf]
lgdf{0f .
– lyr]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf kmnk"mn tyf ;fwf/0f a'66fx¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– j:t'df /ªsf] k|of]u .
sfuhsf] sfd – sfuh, k6ofO, RoftfO tyf s6fO .
– sfuhnfO{ k6ofO lqe'h, rt'e'{h, juf{sf/, cfotfsf/
cflbsf] lgdf{0f .
– ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f .
– sfuhnfO{ juf{sf/df ldnfP/ s6fO jf RoftfO .
– ljleGg j:t'sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f .
– sfuhnfO{ sf6]/ ljleGg a'66f jf cfs[ltsf]
lgdf{0f .
lgdf{0f sfo{ – df6f]df ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/L ljleGg cfs[ltx¿sf]
lgdf{0f .
– bl/nf] sfuhnfO{ sf6]/, k6ofP/ tyf hf]8]/ ljleGg cfoflds
cfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– sfuh / l;Gsf] jf sf7sf 6'j|mfx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg j:t'x¿
lgdf{0f .
– ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg cfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f .
-v_ ;ªuLt
ufog – :yfgLo uLtx¿sf] ufpg .
– kf7ok':tsdf ePsf afnuLtx¿sf] ufpg .
– afnuLt, sIffut uLt, /fli6«o ufgsf] no ldnfO{
ufpg .
– :yfgLo uLtx¿sf] ufpg .
– kf7ok':tsdf ePsf afnuLtx¿, sIffut uLt tyf
/fli6«o ufgsf] ufpg .
– hfg]sf] uLt jf afnuLtsf] -no ldnfO{_ ufpg .
– :yfgLo uLtx¿sf] ufpg .
– /fli6«o ufgsf] ;d"xdf ufpg .
– kf7ok':tsdf ePsf afnuLt, sIffut uLt, sljtfsf] -no ldnfO{_
ufpg .
jfbg – :yfgLo afhfx¿sf] gfd .
– tfndf tfnL ahfpg] cEof; .
– afnuLtx¿, sIffut uLt tyf /fli6«o ufgsf] tfnL
lbO{ ufpg .
– :yfgLo afhfx¿sf] gfd / ;fwf/0f cEof; .
– tfndf tfnL ahfpg] cEof; .
– afnuLtx¿, sIffut uLt tyf /fli6«o ufgdf tfnL
lbO{ ufpg .
– :yfgLo afhfx¿nfO{ tfndf cEof; .
– ljleGg tfndf tfnL ahfpg] cEof; .
– afnuLt, sIffut uLt tyf /fli6«o ufgdf tfnL lbO{ ufpg .
g[To – afnuLtdf no ldnfO{ v'66f rnfpg .
– :yfgLo uLtdf g[To .
– afnuLt, sIffut uLtdf g[To .
– afnuLtdfdf xft / v'66f rnfpg .
– sIffut uLtdf xfpefp;lxt no ldnfO{ g[To .
– uLt / ;ªuLtsf tfndf g[To .
– sIffut uLtdf xfpefp;lxt g[To .
– afnuLtdf tfn ldnfO{ g[To .
– :yfgLo uLt / ;ªuLtsf] tfndf g[To .
clego – kz'kIfLsf] lx“8fO, pk|mfO tyf af]nLsf] gSsn . – kf7ok':tsdf cfwfl/t syfsf] kfqsf] clego .
– kz'kIfLsf] lx“8fO, pk|mfO tyf af]nLsf] gSsn .
– kf7ok':tsdf cfwfl/t syfsf] kfqsf] clego .
– kz'k5Lsf] lx“8fO, pk|mfO tyf af]nLsf] gSsn .

o; ljifodf sIffut¿kdf afnaflnsfx¿n] xfl;n ug]{ l;sfOpknlAwx¿nfO{ ljlzi6 p2]Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . l;sfOpknlAw÷ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f
tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
sIff M !
-s_ b[Zosnf
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
/]vflrq != cf}“nfn] w'nf], afn'jf, lk7f]
cflbdf ls/ld/] /]vfªsg
agfpg .
@= l;;fsndaf6 ls/ld/]
lrq sf]g{ .
#= rs, k]:6n, uf]n, v/Laf6
/]vfªsg ug{ .
– yfn, kf6L, ls:tL cflbdf w'nf], lk7f],
afn'jf cflbdf cfkm"v';L ls/ld/]
(Scrible) /]vfªsg .
– l;;fsndaf6 :jtq¿kdf ls/ld/]
lrq .
– s'g} klg /ªuLg j:t'x¿ rs, uf]n,
k]:6n v/L cflbaf6 cf˚"nfO{ dg kg]{
ljleGg lsl;dsf /]vf .
– w'nf]df ePsf 7"nf] 7"nf] luvf{ / afn'jfsf]
7"nf] 7"nf] 9'ªuf lemsL ;Dd kf/]/ 5]:sf jf
cf}“nfaf6 cf˚"v';L ls/ld/] /]vf agfpg] .
nufpg] -klxn] of] lj|mofsnfk lzIfsn] u/]/
b]vfp“bf /fd|f] x'G5_ .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ -h:t}≤ rs, k]:6n
/ª, uf]n, v/L, k]lG;n cflb_ af6 ljleGg
lsl;dsf ls/ld/] /]vfx¿ tyf lrqx¿ sf]g{
nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{nfO{ :jtGq ¿kaf6 ls/ld/] lrq sf]g{
nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug{] .
– cfs[lt agfpg nufpg] .
– k|Zg ug]{ . h:t} M ltdLn]
s:tf] lrq agfof} <
&
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
/ª $= :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw
;fdu|Laf6 agfOPsf
/ªx¿af6 cf}“nf jf
5]:sfn] sfuhdfly
:jtGq¿kn] lrq
agfpg .
%= /ª;DaGwL ;fwf/0f k|of]u
ug{ .
^= sNkgf / j}olSts
;f]rfOnfO{ cleJoSt u/L
lrq agfpg .
– :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw ;fdu|Laf6
agfOPsf /ªx¿af6 sfuhdfly
cf}“nf jf 5]:sfn] cfkm"v';L agfOg]
ljleGg ls/ld/] lrq .
– leh]sf] sfuhsf] ;txdf /ª kf]t]/
(Wet on wet painting) ljleGg
k|sf/sf cfs[ltx¿ agfpg] tl/sf .
– /ªdfly sfuh /fvL (Ink blotting)
xftn] lyr]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf
cfs[ltx¿ agfpg] tl/sf .
– sfuhdfly d}g bn]/ To;dfly
/ª /fvL (Wax and colour)
/ª ;DaGwL ;fwf/0f k|of]ux¿ .
– cfgf] sNkgf / j}olSts ;f]rfOnfO{
cleJoSt ug]{ lrq .
– lzIfsn] s]xL lj|mofsnfk k|bz{g u/L
b]vfpg] .
– lj|mofsnfk u/fpgsf nflu cfjZos /ª jf
:yfgLo pknAw /ªx¿ tyf sfuh cflbsf]
Joj:yf ug{ / k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
– cf}“nfnfO{ /ªdf rf]Kg nufO{ sfuhdfly
cfkm"v';L ls/ld/] lrq agfpg nufpg] .
– sfuhsf] ;txdfly a'?;af6 kfgL xfNg
nufpg] / To;dfly cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ /ª
xfNg nufpg] .
– sfuhdfly cf˚"v';L /ª xfNg nufpg] /
To;dfly csf]{ sfuh /fvL lyRg nufpg] .
– sfuhdfly d}gaf6 cf˚"v';L cfs[lt sf]g{
nufpg] / To;dfly cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ /ª
xfNg nufpg] .
– k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld,
kl/j]z / pgLx¿n] JolStut ?lr / ;f]rfO
km/s x'g] tYonfO{ dg gu/]/ k|To]s
afnaflnsfnfO{ cfgf] j}olSts sNkgf /
;f]rfOnfO{ lrqdf cleJoSt ug{ k|f]T;flxt
u/L lrq agfpg nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– lrq agfpg nufO{ /ª eg{] .
– k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ . h:t} M leh]sf]
sfuhdf /ª /fVbf s] x'G5 <
– sNkgf / j}olSts ;f]rfOsf
cfwf/df lrq agfP gafPsf]
hf“Rg] .
!)
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
5kfO
sfo{
&= xftdf jf xftsf
cf“}nfx¿df /ª nufO{
sfuhdfly 5fKg .
*= k};fsf] 9ofssf] cfs[lt
5fKg .
– xftdf jf xftsf cf“}nfx¿df /ª
nufO{ o;nfO{ sfuhdfly /fvL 5kfO
sfo{ .
– k};fsf] 9ofsdfly sfuh /fvL
l;;fsndn] sfuhdfly sf]/]/ k};fsf]
cfs[lt lgdf{0f .
– lzÔsn] ;j{k|yd k|bz{g ug]{ .
– 5kfO sfo{sf nflu cfjZos x'g] /ªx¿, sfuh cflbsf]]
Joj:yf ug{ nufO{ xftaf6 ljleGg lsl;dsf 5kfO sfo{
u/fpg] .
– 5kfO sfo{sf nflu cfjZos x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf
k};fsf 9ofsx¿ tyf sfuh cflbsf Joj:yf u/fO{ 5kfO
sfo{ u/fpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– lrq agfpg nufpg] .
– k|Zg ug]{ h:t} M ltdLn] s:tf
s:tf 5fkf lgsfNof} <
&
3G6L
sf]nfh (= 5flkPsf lrqx¿nfO{
sf6]/÷Roft]/ 6f“;L cfsf/
jf cfs[lt agfpg .
!)= sf6]sf jf Roft]sf
sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{
;+of]hg ug{ .
– k'/fgf /ªuLg kqklqsf, kf]:6/,
Sofn]G8/ cflbdf 5flkPsf
lrqx¿nfO{ sf6]/÷Roft]/ /fd|f];“u
ldnfP/ ;fbf sfuhsf] ;txdf 6f“;L
cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ cfsf/÷cfs[lt .
– cfkm"n] sf6]sf÷Roft]sf sfuhsf
6'j|mfx¿nfO{ cy{k"0f{ ¿kdf ;+of]hg .
– ;fdfu|Lx¿ ;ªsng ug{ nufpg] .
– Pp6f gd'gf agfP/ b]vfpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k'/fgf /ªuLg kqklqsf, kf]:6/, Sofn]G8/
cflbdf 5flkPsf lrqx¿, eftsf] df8÷ud cflb ;ªsng
ug{ nufpg] . To;kl5 s] agfpg] eGg] ;f]Rg nufP/
;f]r]sf] cfs[lt, sfuhx¿nfO{ sf6g lbP/ ;fbf sfuhdf
6f“:g nufpg] .
– cy{k"0f{ ¿kdf sf6]sf ÷Roft]sf sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{
6f“;L ljleGg k|sf/sf] sf]nfh lrq -h:t} M ˚n˚"n, ef“8f,
r/f, hgfj/ cflb_ sf] cfs[lt agfpg nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– lrq agfpg nufpg]
– k|Zg ug]{ .
– ljBfyL{n] s:tf s:tf
cfsf/df j:t'x¿ Roft]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– k|bz{g ug{ nufpg] .
*
3G6L
df6f]sf]
sfd
!!= lyr]/ ljleGg cfsf/
k|sf/ agfpg .
!@= uf]nf], RofK6f], af6'nf],
nfDrf] cflb cfsf/
agfpg .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] xftn] lyrL df6f]df
:jtGq ¿kn] ljleGg cfsf/k|sf/sf]
lgdf{0f .
– df6f]nfO{ k|of]u u/L ljleGg cfsf/x¿
-h:t} M uf]nf], RofK6f], af6'nf] /
nfDrf] cflb_ lgdf{0f .
– df6f]nfO{ k|of]u u/L xft jf cf}“nfsf] d2tn] ljleGg
k|sf/sf cfs[lt jf cfsf/ agfpg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klxn] uf]nf], RofK6f], af6'nf], nfDrf] h:tf
cfsf/x¿af/] kl/ro lbg] / tL cfsf/x¿ cfkm}“ agfO{
To;kl5 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ agfpg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] agfPsf j:t'x¿nfO{ ;ªsng u/L k|bz{g
ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– k|Zg ug]{ h:t} M
s:tf s:tf cfsf/ agfof} <
*
3G6L

-v_ ;ªuLt
ufog != ;'g]sf :yfgLo uLtx¿
;d"xdf / PSn} ufpg .
@= kf7ok':tsdf ePsf
afnuLtx¿ ;d"xdf
ufpg .
#= ;d"xdf sIffut uLt
ufpg .
$= ;d"xdf /fli6«o ufg
ufpg .
– s'g} Ps :yfgLo uLtsf] ;d"xdf ufpg .
– ljleGg :yfgLo afhfx¿ ahfpg] cEof; .
– /fli6«o ufgsf] ;d"xdf ufpg .
– sIffut uLt -no ldnfO{_ ;d"xdf ufpg
– kf7ok':tsdf ;dfj]z ePsf afnuLtx¿nfO{
no ldnfO{ ;d"xdf ufpg .
– noa4 Pp6f :j/fEof; .
– lzIfsn] l;sfpg'kg]{ uLt tfnL lk6b} ;–:j/
cfkm"n] ufP/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'Gg dfq
nufpg] .
– uLtsf] Ps kªlSt (Line) lzIfsn] ufP/
;'gfpg] / ;f]xL kªlSt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf
ufpg nufpg] . Pjd k|sf/n] k"/f uLtsf]
cEof; ug]{ .
– ;d"x jf Psndf uLt ufpg
nufpg] .
– uLt ufpg nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– k|Zg ug]{ . h:t} M ltdLn] s'g
uLt ufPsf] xf] <
@)
3G6L
jfbg %= :yfgLo afhfx¿sf] gfd
atfpg / cEof; ug{ .
^= tfndf ;d"x / Psndf
tfnL ahfpg .
&= afnuLt, sIffut uLt
tyf /fli6«o ufgdf tfnL
lbO{ ufpg .
– :yfgLo afhfx¿sf] -h:t} M dfbn, af“;'/L,
;xgfO{, 8D˚', v}“h8L cflb_ kl/ro lbO{
;fwf/0f cEof; .
– tfndf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xut jf Psndf
xftn] tfnL lbO{ ahfpg] cEof; .
– nodf uGtL u/L tfnL ahfp“b} ljleGg
uLtx¿sf] cEof; .
– :yfgLo afhfx¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ afhfx¿af/]
ljleGg hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
– ;fwf/0f no -ult_ df rf/rf/ k6s uGtL ub}{
lzIfsn] tfnL ahfP/ b]vfpg] / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
klg ug{ nufpg] .
– ;d"x jf Psndf tfnL ahfpg
nufpg] .
g[To *= ;d"xdf ;fwf/0f
afnuLtdf no ldnfO{
v'66f rfNg .
(= :yfgLo uLtdf gfRg .
– ;d"xdf ;fwf/0f afnuLtdf no ldnfP/
v'66f rnfO .
– :yfgLo s'g} Ps uLtdf no ldnfO{ g[To
– sIffut uLtdf no ldnfO{ ;d"xdf g[To
– ;d"xdf lzIfsn] $÷$ uGtLdf tfnL ahfp“b}
cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
– ;d"xdf lzIfsn] $÷$ uGtLdf tfnL;lxt
nodf v'66f rfNg nufpg] .
– sIffut uLtcg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
xfjefj;lxt g[To ug{ nufpg] .
– ;d"xdf g[To tyf clego ug{
nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– ;d"xdf tfnL ahfpg nufpg] .
– PSnfPSn} tfnL ahfpg nufpg] .
!(
3G6L
clego !)= jl/kl/ kfOg]
kz'kÔLx¿sf] lx“8fO /
p˚|fOsf] gSsn ug{ .
– cfgf] jl/kl/ kfOg] kz'kIfLx¿sf] lx“8fO /
pk|mfOsf] gSsn .
– ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kz'kIfLx¿sf]
lx“8fO / pk|mfOsf] gSsn ug{ nufpg] /
lzIfsn] a]nfa]nfdf lgb]{zg lbg]
– k|Zg ug]{ h:t} M ltdLn] s]sf]
clego u/]sf] xf] <

sIff M @
-s_ b[Zosnf
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
/]vflrq != ;Lwf, afªuf tyf 7f8f
/]vfx¿ sf]g{ .
@= dg kg]{ j:t'x¿sf] /]vf
lrq agfpg .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ -h:t} M
l;;fsnd, rs, k]:6n cflb_ af6 ;Lwf,
7f8f, afªuf /]vfx¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– cfkm"n] b]v]sf, cfgf] 3/df k|of]u ePsf
j:t'x¿ -h:t} M lunf;, l/sfkL, srf}/f,
sk_ cflbsf] /]vfªsg .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf /]vf - h:t} M ;Lwf, afªuf, 7f8f
cflb_ sf] cjnf]sg u/fO{ /]vf sf]g{ nufpg] .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿sf] cjnf]sg u/fO{ of]
lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] .
– cfkm"n] b]v]sf, cfgf] 3/df k|of]u ePsf j:t'x¿
-h:t} M lunf;, l/sfkL, srf}/f, sk jf ef“8fs“'8f
cflb_ sf] k]lG;n, k]:6n, rsaf6 /]vfªsg ug{
nufpg] .
– /]vf sf]g{ nufO{ cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– k|Zg ug]{ . h:t} M
s:tf s:tf j:t'x¿ agfof} <,
ltdLn] s] agfof} <
^
3G6L
/ª #= :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw
;fdu|Laf6 agfOPsf
/ªx¿af6 sfuhdfly lrq
agfpg .
$= /ª;DaGwL ;fwf/0f
k|of]ux¿ ug{ .
%= sNkgf / j}olSts
;f]rfOnfO{ cleJoSt ug]{
lrq agfpg .
– :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw ;fdu|Laf6
agfOPsf /ªx¿af6 sfuhdfly cf}“nfn]
cfkm"v';L ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ -h:t} M
dflg;, 3/, r/f, hgfj/ cflb_ .
– leh]sf] suhsf] ;txdf /ª kf]t]/ (Wet
on wet painting), /ªdfly sfuh
lyr]/ (Ink blotting), sfuhdfly d}g
bn]/ To;dfly /ª xfNg] (Wax and
colour) cflb /ª;DaGwL ;fwf/0f
k|of]ux¿ .
– cfgf] sNkgf / j}olSts ;f]rfOnfO{
cleAoSt ug]{ lrq .
– lj|mofsnfk u/fpgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
Joj:yf ug]{ / j|mdzM ljleGg k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
– :yfgLo ;fdu|Laf6 /ª tof/ u/L sfuhdfly
cfkm"v';L ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ agfpg nufpg] .
– sfuhsf] ;txdfly a'?;af6 kfgL xfNg nufpg] /
To;dfly cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ /ª xfNg nufpg] .
– sfuhdfly cf˚"v';L /ª xfNg nufpg] / To;dfly
csf]{ sfuh /fvL lyRg nufpg] .
– sfuhdfly d}gaf6 cf˚"v';L cfs[lt sf]g{ nufpg] /
To;dfly cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ /ª xfNg nufpg] .
– k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld, kl/j]z /
pgLx¿n] JolStut ?lr / ;f]rfO km/s x'g] tYonfO{
dgg u/]/ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfgf] j}olSts
sNkgf / ;f]rfOnfO{ lrqdf cleJoSt ug{ k|f]T;flxt
u/L lrq agfpg nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– lrq agfpg nufO /ª eg{
nufpg] .
– k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ . h:t} M d}g
bn]sf] sfuhdf /ª nufp“bf
s] x'G5 <
*
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
5kfO
sfo{
^= xftdf jf xftsf
cf}“nfx¿df /ª nufO{
sfuhdfly 5fKg .
&= kftdf /ª xfn]/
sfuhdfly 5fKg .
*= sfl6Psf] cfn', d'nf, Kofh,
/fdtf]l/of, ltt]s/]nf
cflbdf /ª xfnL To;sf]
5fk lgsfNg .
– xftsf cf}“nfx¿df /ªx¿ nufO{
sfuhdfly ljleGg k|sf/n] 5kfO .
– ljleGg k|sf/ kftx¿df /ª nufO
sfuhdf To;sf] 5fk .
– cfn', d'nf, Kofh, /fdtf]l/of, ltt]s/]nf
cflbnfO{ sf“6L /ª xfnL sfuhdf
To;sf] 5fk .
– ;j{k|yd k|bz{g u/]/ b]vfpg] .
– xftsf cf}“nfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf /ªx¿ nufO{
sfuhdfly 5fKg nufpg] .
– ;fdfu|Lx¿ ;ªsng ug{ nufpg] .
– cfn', d'nf, Kofh, /fdtf]l/of, ltt]s/]nf cflbnfO{
sf“6L /ª xfnL sfuhdf To;sf] 5fk lgsfNg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– j:t'af6 5kfO ug{ nufpg] .
s'gs''g tl/sfaf6 5kfO sfo{
u¥of} <
^
3G6L
sf]nfh (= 5flkPsf lrqx¿nfO{ sf6]/
jf Roft]/ 6f“;L cfkm"nfO{
dg kg]{ cfsf/ jf cfs[lt
agfpg .
!)= cfsf/ jf cfs[lt
agfpgsf nflu pko'St
9ªun] sf6g jf RofTg .
!!= Roft]sf jf sf6]sf
sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ Ps
dfly csf]{ 6f“:b} lrq
;+of]hg ug{ .
!@= k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ 6f“;]/
;/n cfs[ltx¿sf] ;+of]hg
ug{ .
– k'/fgf /ªuLg kqklqsf, kf]:6/,
Sofn]G8/ cflbdf 5flkPsf lrqx¿nfO{
sf6]/÷Roft]/ /fd|f];“u Pp6f ;fbf
sfuhdf ldnfP/ 6f“;L cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{
cfsf/÷cfs[ltsf] lgdf{0f .
– cfkm"n] rfx]sf] cfsf/÷cfs[lt agfpgsf
nflu pko'St 9ªun] sfuhx¿
sf6g]÷RofTg] tl/sf .
– ;fbf sfuhsf] ;txdf .
Roft]sf]÷sf6]sf sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{
Psdfly csf]{ 6f“:b} lrq ;+of]hg .
– 3f“;, kft, km"n cflb k|fs[lts
j:t'x¿ 6f“;]/ ;/n cfs[ltx¿sf]
sf]nfh ;+of]hg .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k'/fgf /ªuLg kqklqsf, kf]:6/,
Sofn]G8/ cflbdf 5flkPsf lrqx¿nfO{ ljleGg
lsl;daf6 sf6]/ Pp6f ;fbf /ªuLg jf ;]tf]
sfuhdf ;+of]lht ¿kdf 6f“:g nufpg] .
– cfkm"n] rfx]sf] cfsf/÷cfs[lt agfpgsf nflu
sfuhnfO{ 7"nf] 6'j|mfdf sf6g, ;fgf] 6'j|mfdf sf6g,
xft}n] RofTg, s}+rLn] sf6g jf OR5fcg';f/ sf6g
nufpg] .
– ;fbf sfuhsf] ;txdf pgLx¿n] Roft]/÷sf6]/
agfPsf sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿df eftsf] df8÷ud cflb
7Ls dfqfdf /fVg nufpg] .
– 3f“; kft, km"n cflb ;ªsng ug{ nufO{ To;nfO{
s;/L ;+of]hg ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5, sNkgf ug{ nufO{
;+of]hg ug{ nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– sf]nfh agfpg nufpg] .
– k|Zg ug]{ . h:t} M s:tf
s:tf lrqx¿ RofTof} /
lrq agfof} <
– k|bz{g ug]{ .
*
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
df6f]sf] sfd !#= j:t'x¿ agfpg .
!$= uf]nf], af6'nf], RofK6f],
nfDrf] cflb cfsf/
agfpg .
!%= uf]nf], RofK6f], af6'nf] /
nfDrf] cfsf/nfO{ hf]8]/
ljleGg k|sf/sf cfs[lt
agfpg .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] :jtGq ¿kaf6 df6f]sf]
cfs[lt lgdf{0f .
– df6f]nfO{ b'O{xftsf] ;xof]uaf6 uf]nf],
af6'nf], RofK6f], nfDrf] cfsf/sf]
lgdf{0f .
– ljleGg cfsf/k|sf/x¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df
hf]8L ljleGg cfs[ltsf]
lgdf{0f .
– tof/ kf/L /fv]sf df6f]nfO{ lzIfsn] klxn] cf˚}“
u/]/ b]vfPkl5 agfpg nufpg .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ df6f]af6 pgLx¿nfO{ dgkg]{ jf
b]v]sf j:t'sf] cfs[lt agfpg nufpg] .
– ljleGg cfsf/ agfp“bf xft tyf cGo j:t'
-h:t} M ;Dd k/]sf] ˚Nofs jf sf7sf] k|of]u
u/L_ agfpg nufpg] .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf cfsf/nfO{ Pscfk;df hf]8L
ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ agfpg nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– j:t' agfpg nufpg] .
– k|Zg ug]{ . h:t} M ltdLn] s]
agfof} <
– k|bz{g ug]{ .
*
3G6L
sfuh;DaGwL
sfo{
!^= lqe'h, rt'e{'h, juf{sf/
tyf cfotfsf/df sfuh
k6ofpg .
!&= sfuhaf6 j:t'x¿
agfpg .
– :jtGq ¿kdf sfuhnfO{ k6ofO{ lqe'h,
rt'e{'h, juf{sf/ tyf cfotfsf/sf
j:t'x¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] sfuhaf6 hxfh, kªvf,
sfu, k'tnL] cflbsf] lgdf{0f .
– lzÔsn] klxn] agfP/ b]vfpg] / agfpg
nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sfuh k6ofpg nufO lqe'h,
rt'e{'h, juf{sf/ tyf cfotfsf/ cflb cfsf/df
k6ofpg nufpg] .
– lzÔsn] klxn] Pp6f gd'gf agfP/ k|bz{g u/L
;f]xLcg';f/ cGo gd'gf agfpg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg j:t' -h:t}M hxfh, kªvf,
sfu, k'tnL cflb _ agfpg nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– cfsf/ agfpg nufpg] .
– k|Zg ug]{ . h:t} M s:tf
s:tf sfddf sfuhnfO{
sf6of} jf RofTof} <
$
3G6L

-v_ ;ªuLt
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
ufog
jfbg
– /fli6«o ufg, sIffut uLt,
kf7ok':tsdf ePsf
afnuLtx¿ cfk"mn] hfg]sf
:yfgLo uLtx¿, no ldnfO{
ufpg .
– nodf tfnL ahfpg .
– s'g} Ps :yfgLo uLt ;d"xdf ufpg .
– s'g} Ps :yfgLo afhfsf] cEof; .
– /fli6«o ufg ;d"xdf ufpg .
– sIffut uLt no ldnfO{ ;d"xdf ufpg .
– kf7ok':tsdf ;dfj]z ePsf afnuLtx¿
tyf sljtfx¿ no ldnfO{ ;d"xdf ufpg .
– cfk"mn] hfg]sf] s'g} g]kfnL uLt no ldnfO{
ufpg .
– ;fwf/0f no -ult df $÷$ k6s uGtL ub}{ tfnL
lk6g] cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
cfk"mn] ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'Gg dfq nufpg] .
– ;d"xdf uLt ufpg
nufpg] .
– PSnfPSn} uLt ufpg
nufpg] .
@!
– noa4 b'O{cf]6f -cl3Nnf];lxt_ uLtsf]
:j/fEof;
– :j/ cEof;
cf/f]x – ;f;f, /]/], uu, dd, kk, ww,
gLgL, ;f+;f+
cj/f]x – ;f+;f+, gLgL, ww, kk, dd, uu,
/]/], ;f;f,
– nodf uGtL u/L tfnL ahfpg] cEof; .
;'gfpg] / ;f]xL kªlSt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf
ufpg nufpg], Pjd k|sf/n] k"/f uLtsf] cEof;
ug]{ .
– cjnf]sg u/]/ ;d"xdf tfnL
ahfpg nufpg] .
– PSnfPSn} tfnL ahfpg
nufpg] .
g[To – :yfgLo uLtdf g[To ug{ .
– l;s]sf hfg]sf uLtdf
v'66f / xftnsf] rfn
ldnfO{ xfpefp;lxt g[To
ug{ .
– :yfgLo uLtdf g[To .
– cfk"mn] l;s]sf] afnuLtnfO{ ;d"xdf no
ldnfO{ xft / v'66f rfNb} g[To .
– ;d"xdf lzIfsn] $÷$ uGtLdf tfnL ahfpg]
cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
– ;d"xdf lzIfsn] $÷$ k6s uGtLdf tfnL;lxt
xft / v'66f no ldnfO{ cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
– ;d"xdf g[To tyf clego
ug{ nufpg] .
!(
clego – cfgf jl/kl/ kfOg]
kz'k5Lsf] lx“8fO–pk|mfO /
af]nLsf] gSsn ug{ .
– ;fd"lxs ¿kn] sIffut uLtdf
xfpefp;lxt no ldnfO{ g[To .
– cfgf] jl/kl/ kfOg] kz'kIfLx¿sf] lx“8fO,
pk|mfO / af]nLsf] gSsn .
– sIffut uLtsf] efjcg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g[To
ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
– ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kz'k5Lx¿sf]
lx“8fO, pk|mfO / af]nLsf] gSsn ug{ nufpg] /
lzIfsn] a]nfa]nfdf lgb]{zg lbg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– k|Zg ug]{ . h:t} M ltdLn]
s'gs'g r/f jf hgfj/sf]
cfjfhsf] gSsn ug{
;S5f} < eg .
sIff M #

-s_ b[Zosnf
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
;Defljt lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;Defljt d"Nofªsg
k|lj|mof
kf=ef
/]vflrq != HofldtLo cfsf/df
cfwfl/t ljleGg cfs[ltx¿
agfpg .
@= dgkg]{ ljifodf lrq
agfpg .
#= ljifoj:t'sf] /]vfªsg
ug{ .
– cfkm"n] k|of]u u/]sf 3/jl/kl/sf j:t'x¿
;fdfgx¿ h:t} M yfn, rDrf, 8f8', kGo",
k':ts a66f, xnf], sf]bfnf] s'6f], c6n,
aflN6g cflbnfO{ l;;fsnd, j|m]on,
k]:6naf6 /]vflrq .
– HofldtLo cfsf/x¿sf] cfwf/df
kmnkm"n, :ofp, ;'Gtnf, sf“s|f], cf“k,
km;L{, d'nf, e06f, l3/f}+nf cflbsf]
cfs[lt .
– cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ ljifoj:t'x¿sf]
lrq .
– HofldtLo cfsf/af/] kl/ro lbO{ o;df cfwfl/t ljleGg
k|sf/sf kmnkm"n -h:t} M :ofp ;'Gtnf, cgf/, cf“k gf:kftL
cflb_ sf] cjnf]sg u/fO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf lrq agfpg
nufpg] .
– cfkm"n] k|of]u u/]sf jf 3/ jl/kl/sf j:t'x¿, ;fdfgx¿
-h:t} M yfn, rDrf, 8f8', kGo", k':ts, xnf], s'6f], c6n,
aflN6g cflb_ nfO{ cjnf]sg u/fO{ k]lG;n, k]i6n, uf]n jf
rsaf6 /]vfªsg ug{ nufpg] .
– cfkm"nfO{ dgkg]{ ljifodf cfwfl/t -h:t} M 3f“;sf6]sf], eft
vfPsf], v]n]sf], rªuf p8fPsf] cflb_ nfO{ cjnf]sg u/fO{
lrqdf ptfg{ nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– k|Zg ug]{ . h:t} M s]
agfof} <, ltdLn] s'g
˚"n jf t/sf/Lsf] lrq
agfof} <
$
3G6L
/ª $= :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw
/ªx¿af6 ljleGg cfs[lt
tyf a'66fx¿ agfpg .
%= /ª;DaGwL ljleGg k|of]u
ug{ .
^= sNkgf / j}olSts
;f]rfOnfO{ cleJoSt u/L
lrq agfpg .
– kfgL /ª, kf]:6/ /ª jf :yfgLo
If]qdf pknAw ;fdu|Lx¿ ;+sng
u/L lzIfsn] tof/ u/]sf
/ªx¿af6 sfuhdfly cfkm"v';L
cfs[ltx¿ h:t}M dflg;, 3/, r/f,
hgfj/ cflb tyf ljleGg a'66fx¿
(Patterns) lgdf{0f .
– /ª;DaGwL ljleGg k|of]ux¿ -h:t}M
Pp6f /ª dfly csf]{ /ª xfNg], /ª
5ls{g], km'Sg], /ª ld;fpg] cflb_ .
– cfgf] sNkgf / j}olSts
;f]rfOnfO{ cleJoSt ug]{ lrq .
– o; lj|mofsnfksf nflu cfjZos x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf
ug{ nufpg] .
– :yfgLo ;fdu|Laf6 /ª tof/ u/L sfuhdfly cfkm"v';L ljleGg
cfs[ltx¿ h:t} M dflg;, 3/, r/f, hgfj/ cflb tyf ljleGg
a'66fx¿ agfpg nufpg] .
– j|mdzM /ª;DaGwL ljleGg lsl;dsf k|of]ux¿ ug{ nufpg]
– sfuhdfly s'g} Ps /ª xfNg nufpg] / Tof] /ª ;'ls;s]kl5
To;dfly csf]{ /ªaf6 cfs[lt agfpg nufpg] .
– sfuhdf /ª 5ls{g] / d'vaf6 km'Sg nufpg] .
– Ps /ª;“u csf]{ /ª ld;fP/ k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
– k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld, kl/j]z / pgLx¿n]
JolStut ?lr / ;f]rfO km/s x'g] tYonfO{ dgg u/]/ k|To]s
afnaflnsfnfO{ cfgf] j}olSts sNkgf / ;f]rfOnfO{ lrqdf
cleJoSt ug{ k|f]T;flxt u/L lrq agfpg nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– lrq agfO /ª nufpg]
– k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
^
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k|lj|mof
kf=ef
5kfO sfo{ &= ljleGg k|sf/sf sk8f
-h:t}M h'6, s6g, hfnL jf
k'/fgf 6f“s, wfuf] pmg jf
s6g cflb_ nfO{ ldnfO{
5kfO sfo{ ug{ .
*= ljleGg cfsf/df sfl6Psf
afSnf] sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿
ldnfO{ To;dfly /ª xfn]/
To;sf] 5fk lgsfNg .
(= ljleGg j:t'x¿df cfs[lt
jf a'66f jgfO{ To;af6
5kfO ug{ .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ -h:t} M
sk8f, h'6, s6g, hfnL jf k'/fgf
6f“s, wfuf] pmg jf s6g cflb_
nfO{ ldnfO{ /ªx¿sf] k|of]u u/L
sfuhdf 5kfO sfo{ .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf afSnf] sfuhsf
6'j|mfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ To;dfly /ªsf]
k|of]u u/L sfuhdf ljleGg
lsl;dsf cfs[ltx¿sf] 5fk .
– ljleGg j:t'x¿ -h:t}M cfn', d'nf,
/fdtf]l/of cflb_ df ljleGg cfs[lt
jf a'66f sf6L 5kfO .
– ;j{k|yd k|bz{g u/]/ gd'gf b]vfpg] .
– cfjZos x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿ ;ªsng ug{ nufpg]
– ;ªsng ul/Psf ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿ -h:t}M sk8f,
h'6, s6g, hfnL jf k'/fgf 6f“s, wfuf] pmg jf s6g cflb_
nfO{ ldnfO{ To;df /ªx¿sf] k|of]u u/L sfuhdf ljleGg
k|sf/af6 5kfO sfo{ ug{ nufpg] .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf afSnf] sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ /fvL
To;dfly /ªsf] k|of]u u/L sfuhdf ljleGg lsl;dsf
cfs[ltx¿sf] 5fk lgsfNg nufpg] .
– ljleGg j:t'x¿ -h:t}M cfn', d'nf, /fdtf]l/of, ufh/ cflb_ sf]
;ªsng u/L To;nfO{ sf“6L ljleGg 5kfO sfo{ u/fpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– j:t'af6 5kfO sfo{
ug{ nufpg] .
s:tf s:tf j:t'af6
5kfO ug{ ;lsG5 <
– k|bz{g ug{ nufpg]
%
3G6L
sf]nfh !)= ljleGg lsl;dsf
sfuhnfO{ sf6]/÷Roft]/
6f“;L cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{
cfs[lt agfpg .
!!= pko'St 9ªun] sfuhnfO{
sf6g÷RofTg .
!@= Roft]sf÷sf6]sf sfuhsf
6'j|mfx¿nfO{ Ps dfly csf]{
6f“:b} lrq ;+of]hg ug{ .
!#= k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ 6f“;L
;/n cfs[ltx¿sf] ;+of]hg
ug{ .
– ljleGg lsl;dsf sfuhnfO{
sf6]/÷Roft]/ 6f“;L cfkm"nfO{ dg
kg]{ cfs[lt agfpg] cEof; .
– cfkm"n] rfx]sf] cfsf/÷cfs[lt
agfpgsf nflu pko'St 9ªun]
/fd|f];“u sfuh s6fO / RoftfO
– Roft]sf÷sf6]sf sfuhsf
6'j|mfx¿nfO{ Psdfly csf]{ 6f“:b}
;fbf sfuh dfly lrq ;+of]hg
– 3f“;, kft, km"n cflb k|fs[lts
j:t'x¿ 6f“;]/ ;/n cfs[ltx¿sf]
;+of]hg .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] cfs[ltnfO{ ;Dem]/
sfuhnfO{ Roft]/ ;fbf sfuhdf ;f] cfs[lt cfpg] u/L 6f“:g
nufpg] .
– cfkm"n] rfx]sf] cfsf/÷cfs[lt agfpgsf nflu sfuhnfO{ 7"nf]
6'j|mfdf sf6g], ;fgf] 6'j|mfdf sf6g], xft}n] RofTg], s}+rLn]
sf6g] jf OR5fcg';f/ sf6g nufpg] .
– ;fbf sfuhsf] ;txdf pgLx¿n] Roft]/÷sf6]/ tof/ ul/Psf
sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿ 6f“:g cfjZos dfqfdf dfq ud÷df8 xfNg
nufpg] . ;fy} tL sfuhsf 6'j|mfx¿nfO{ /fd|f];“u ;+of]hg
u/fpg] .
– 3f“;, kft, km"n cflb ;ªsng ug{ nufO{ To;nfO{ s;/L
;+of]hg ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5, sNkgf ug{ nufO{ ;+of]hg ug{
nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
s:tf s:tf
j:t'x¿jf6 sf]nfh
agfof} <
– sf]nfh lrq agfpg
nufpg] .
^
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k|lj|mof
kf=ef
df6f]sf] sfd !$= HofldtLo cfsf/af6
ljleGg j:t'x¿ agfpg .
!%= :n]a -slab_ df ljleGg
k|sf/sf cfs[lt jf
kmnkm"nsf a'66f agfpg .
!^= j:t'df /ªsf] k|of]u ug{ .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] df6f]df HofldtLo cfsf/
-h:t}M uf]nf], af6'nf] cflb_ nfO{ cfwf/
dfgL ljleGg j:t'x¿ -h:t} M ˚nk"mn,
r/f, hgfj/ cflb_ agfpg] cEof; .
– HofldtLo cfsf/ agfpg nufO{ To;df cfjZostfcg';f/
df6f] yKg] jf lgsfnL ljleGg j:t'x¿ -h:t} M ˚nk"mn,
r/f, hgfj/ cflb_ agfpg nufpg] .
– o; lsl;dsf] lj|mofsnfk u/fp“bf cfjZostfcg';f/
ljleGg ;fdfGo cf}hf/ rSs', af“;sf] sK6]/f] jf sf7sf]
5]:sf cflbnfO{ k|of]u u/L j:t' agfpg nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– j:t'x¿ agfpg
nufpg] .
%
3G6L
sfuh;DaGwL
sfo{
!&= juf{sf/ sfuhaf6 r/fsf]
cf]l/ufdL tof/ ug{ .
!*= juf{sf/ sfuhaf6
;hfj6sf nflu j:t' tof/
ug{ .
– sfuhnfO{ juf{sf/df sf6L k6ofP/
r/fsf] cf]l/ufdL lgdf{0f .
– juf{sf/ sfuh k6ofP/ cfg} lsl;dsf]
a'66f lgdf{0f .
– lzIfsn] k|bz{g u/]/ b]vfp“b} pgLx¿nfO{ agfpg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sfuhnfO{ juf{sf/ agfpg nufpg] /
To;nfO{ k6ofP/ cfg} ;f]rfOaf6 sl6ª u/]/ a'66f
agfpg nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– cfs[lt÷a'66f
agfpg nufpg] .
s:tf s:tf j:t'
agfof} <
^
3G6L
lgdf{0f sfo{ !(= df6fdf ljleGg k|sf/sf
j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/L ljleGg
cfs[ltx¿ agfpg .
@)= bl/nf] sfuh sf6]/,
k6ofP/, hf]8]/ cfoflds
cfs[ltsf] lgdf{0f ug{ .
@!= ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u
u/L em'G8ofpg x'g] j:t'sf]
lgdf{0f ug{ .
@@= sfuh / l;Gsf k|of]u u/L
ljleGg j:t'sf] lgdf{0f
ug{ .
@# ljleGg j:t'x¿ ;ªsng
u/L cy{k"0f{ cfs[ltsf]
lgdf{0f ug{ .
– df6fsf 8Nnfx¿df l;Gsfsf 6'j|mfx¿
3f]6]/ ljleGg hgfj/x¿ of cGo :jtGq
pleg ;Sg] cfs[ltx¿sf] lgdf{0f .
– s}+rLn] sf6g ;lsg] sfuhnfO{ klxn]
k6ofpg] clg lglZrt tl/sfn] sf6g],
c¿ sfuh hf]8g] / pEofpg] j:t'x¿sf]
lgdf{0f .
– df6f]df sfuhsf cfsf/x¿ / l;Gsfx¿
uf8]/ r/f, k'tnL, Kn]g OToflb lgdf{0f .
– sfuhdf ljleGg cfs[ltx¿sf] lrq sf]g]{ /
sf6g] . To;df l;Gsf 6f“:g] / l;Gsfdf
;dfpg] .
– k|fs[lts ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ e'O“df ljleGg
tl/sfn] ldnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf cfs[lt jf
j:t'sf] lgdf{0f .
– o; lzÔ0f sfo{sf nflu cfjZos j:t'x¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
– d'5]sf] df6fsf] 6'j|mfx¿ / l;Gsfx¿l;t :jtGqaf6 hf]8L
ljleGg k|sf/sf hgfj/x¿ tyf ljleGg cfs[ltx¿ agfpg
nufpg] .
– lzIfsn] agfPsf] hgfj/ of ;jf/L ;fwgsf] gd'gf b]vfP/
k|]l/t ug]{ . :jtGq cg';Gwfg ug{ kof{Kt cj;/ lbg] .
– lzIfsn] agfPsf] ;fwf/0f cfs[lt x]/]/ To;nfO{ df}lns
tl/sfn] agfpg] / :jtGq cg';Gwfg u/L c¿ lsl;dsf
em'G8ofpg'kg]{ cfs[lt agfpg] .
– g]kfnL, cªu|]hL of cGo ljifo;“u ;DalGwt kfqx¿sf] k'tnL
(Puppet) b]vfP/ k|]l/t ug]{ / tf]lsPsf] ;Gbe{df cfs[lt
lgdf{0f ug]{ .
– ;d"x ljefhg u/L ;ªsng ug{ lbg] / ;ªslnt
j:t'x¿nfO{ :jtGq ¿kn] ;+of]hg ug{ lbg] . ;+of]hg /
lgdf{0f cy{k"0f{ agfpg k|]l/t ug]{ .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– gd'gf agfpg
nufpg] .
– k|Zg ug]{ .
*
3G6L

-v_ ;ªuLt
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
ufog != s'g} Ps :yfgLo uLt
ufpg .
@= /fli6«o ufg, sIffut
uLt, kf7ok':tsdf ePsf
afnuLtx¿ no ldnfO{
ufpg .
– /fli6«o ufg ;d"xdf ufpg .
– sIffut uLt no ldnfO{ ;d"xdf /
PSnfPSn} ufpg .
– kf7ok':tsdf ;dfj]z ePsf
afnuLtx¿ / :yfgLo k|rlnt uLt
;d"xdf / PSnfPSn} no ldnfO{
ufpg .
– noa4 tLgcf]6f -cl3Nnf];lxt_
:j/fEof; .
cf/f]x – ;f;f;f;f, /]/]/]/, uuuu,
dddd, kkkk, wwww, gLgLgLgL,
;f+;f+;f+;f+
cj/f]x – ;f+;f+;f+;f, gLgLgLgL,
wwww, kkkk, dddd, uuuu,
/]/]/]/], ;f;f;f;f .
– nodf uGtL u/L tfnL ahfpg]
cEof; .
– ;fwf/0f no -ult_ df $÷$ k6s uGtL ub}{
tfnL lk6g] cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
cfkm"n] ufP/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'Gg dfq
nufpg] .
;'gfpg] / ;f]xL kªlSt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
;d"xdf ufpg nufpg] . Pjd k|sf/n] k"/f
uLt cEof; ug]{ .
– ;d"xdf uLt ufpg
nufpg] .
– PSnfPSn} uLt ufpg
nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– uLt n]Vg nufpg] .
@!
3G6L
jfbg #= tfnL ahfpg .
$= :yfgLo afhfsf] cEof;
ug{ .
– ;d"x jf Psndf tfna4 ¿kdf
tfnL ahfpg .
– sIffut uLt jf s'g} afn uLtnfO{
;d"x jf Psn ¿kdf tfnL lbO{
ahfpg .
– s'g} Ps :yfgLo uLt, /fli6«o ufg,
sIffut uLt, kf7ok':tsdf ePsf
afnuLtx¿df tfnL lbO{ ahfpg .
– lzIfsn] ;j{k|yd xftn] tfndf tfnL lk6]/
k|bz{g u/L b]vfpg] / To;kl5 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
klg tfnL ahfpg] cEof; nufpg] .
– ;fwf/0f no -ult_ df $÷$ k6s uGtL ub}{
tfnL lk6g] cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
– ;d"xdf tfnL ahfpg
nufpg] .
– PSnf–PSn} tfnL ahfpg
nufpg] .
– k|Zg ug]{ . h:t} M ltd|f]
ufp“df ahfpg] afhfsf]
gfd eg <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
g[To %= s'g} Ps :yfgLo uLtdf
g[To ug{ .
^= s'g} Ps :yfgLo afhfdf
cEof; ug{ .
&= cfkm"n] l;s]sf
uLtx¿nfO{ tfn / efj
ldnfO{ ;d"xdf ;fwf/0f
g[To ug{ .
– cfkm"n] l;s]sf] afnuLtnfO{ ;d"xdf
no ldnfO{ xft / v'66f rfNb} g[To .
– ;fd"lxs ¿kn] s'g} Ps :yfgLo
uLtdf no ldnfO{ g[To .
– ;fd"lxs ¿kn] sIffut uLtdf
xfpefp;lxt no ldnfO{ g[To .
– ;d"xdf lzIfsn] *÷* uGtLdf tfnL ahfpg
cEof; u/fpg] .
– ;d"xdf lzIfsn] *÷* uGtLdf tfnL;lxt
no ldnfP/ xft / v'66fsf] cEof; ug{
nufpg] .
– sIffut uLtsf] efjcg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
g[To ug{ nufpg] .
– ;d"xdf tyf Psn g[To
ug{ nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!#
3G6L
clego *= kf7ok':tsdf ePsf
syfj:t'x¿nfO{ ;/n
lsl;dn] clego ug{ .
– kf7ok':tsdf ;dfj]z ePsf
syfj:t'x¿nfO{ gf6sLo 9ªun]
clegoåf/f k|:t'lt .
– ;fd"lxs ¿kn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7ok':tsdf
;dfj]z ePsf syfj:t'x¿nfO{ gf6sLo
9ªun] clegoåf/f k|:t't ug{ nufpg] /
lzIfsn] a]nfa]nfdf lgb]{zg lbg] .
– ;d"xdf tyf Psn
clego ug{ nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– k|Zg ug]{ .
^
3G6L

b[Zosnf (Visual Art)
!= /]vfªsg & ^ $
@= /ª !) * ^
#= 5kfO sfo{ & ^ %
$= sf]nfh * * ^
%= df6fsf] sfd * * %
^= sfuh;DaGwL sfo{ $ ^
&= lgdf{0f sfo{ *
*= :yfgLo c+z * * *
hDdf kf7oef/ $* $* $*
;ªuLt (Music & Dance)
!= ufog !@ !@ !@
@= jfbg * * *
#= g[To !@ !@ !@
$= clego * * *
%= :yfgLo c+z * * *
hDdf kf7oef/ $* $* $*
:yfgLo kf7oljifosf] c+z
k|fylds txsf] kf7oj|mddf :yfgLo If]qsf s]xL ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z u/L k7gkf7g u/fpg] Joj:yf
ePcg'¿k o; ljifodf klg :yfgLo If]qnfO{ ;d]6g] p2]Zo lnO{ s]xL c+z ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . o; ljifosf] kf7oj|mddf :yfgLo If]qsf ljifox¿ -h:t} M /]vfªsg / To;sf] k|of]u, :yfgLo /ª /
5kfOsfo{, a'gfO, lgdf{0f, :yfgLo nf]suLt, g[To, gf6s, afhf cflb_ nfO{ ;d]6]/ k7gkf7g u/fpg @)
k|ltzt kf7of+z 5'6ofOPsf] 5 . pko'{St ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6L :yfgLo txdf kf7oj|md lgdf{0f u/L
cWofkg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
l;h{gfTds cleJolStzLn snfk|ltsf] ?lr / ;Lksf] ;DaGw afnaflnsfsf] ;+j]ul;t /xG5 . ;a}
afnalfnsfdf lrqfªsgk|lt ?lr / Ifdtf slxNo} ;dfg dfqfdf /x“b}g . lzIfsn] k|To]s ljBfyL{sf]
j}olSts ljleGgtfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L To;cg';f/ cWofkg ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu b;hgf ljBfyL{nfO{
Pp6f 3/sf] lrq agfpg nufOof] eg] b;hgfn] b; lsl;dsf 3/sf] lrq agfpg] 5g . s;}n] lgs}
/fd|f] agfpnfg s;}n] 7Ls} agfpnfg / s;}n] g/fd|f] klg agfpnfg t/ Tof] df}lns l;h{gf Pjd
cleJolSt xf] . lzIfsn] afnaflnsfdf lglxt log} df}lns lrGtg / l;h{gf ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ pTk|]/0ff
lbg'k5{ pgLx¿nfO{ df}lsn lrq l;h{gf ug]{tkm{ ;w}“ xf};nf lbO/xg'k5{ . afnsnfsf] ;'Gb/tf Pjd dxŒj
klg o;}df 5 .
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lzIfsn] of] n]v, Tof] n]v eg]/ l;sfp“b}df pgLx¿n] ck]lIft ;Lk xfl;n ug{
;Sb}g . t;y{ k|To]s ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;s];Dd a9L cEof; ug{ nufpg'df g} lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf /xG5
. lrqsnfsf] lzIf0fdf lgDglnlvt a'“bfx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M

sIffsf] klxnf] lbgdf g} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 7f8} o:tf] lrq agfpm eGof] eg] pgLx¿ 8/fpg] cyjf
cndlng] ;Defjgf /xG5 . pgLx¿sf nflu of] ljifo clt ufx|f] k|tLt x'g hfG5 . o:tf] x'g
glbgsf nflu lzIfsn] ;j{k|yd pgLx¿df lrqsnf Pp6f /dfOnf] tyf ;lhnf] ljifo xf] / of]
v]nLv]nL l;lsG5 eGg] efjgf hufpg]tkm{ ;r]t x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu ;fwf/0f /]vfx¿af6 ljleGg
;/n cfs[ltx¿ agfpg] tl/sf b]vfP/ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfs[i6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
b[Zosnf ljifosf] cWofkg ubf{ dfWoddf s'g} lgoGq0f x'g'x'“b}g . ;s];Dd ljljw ;fdu|Lx¿åf/f
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lrq n]Vg pTk|]l/t ug'{k5{ .
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ hl6n ljifosf] lrq agfpg gnufO{ ;/n ljifo;DaGwL lrq b]vfpg' a]; x'G5 .
b[Zosnfsf] lzIf0f ubf{ afnaflnsfn] a'‰g ;Sg] ;/n tl/sfx¿ l;sfpg'k5{ . h:t} M uf]nf]leq
dflg;sf] d'v n]Vg], uf]nf] tLgs'g], rf/kf6], nfDrf]af6 3/ n]Vg] cflb .
ljleGg k':ts / kqlkqsfdf k|sflzt /]vflrqx¿ ;ªsng u/L cyjf lzIfs :jodn] ;fwf/0f
/]vflrqx¿ sf]/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ltgdf /ª eg{ nufpg ;lsG5 .
ljBfyL{x¿n] agfPsf lrqdfly lzIfsn] /]vflrqx¿ ;ªsng u/L cyjf lzIfs :jodn] ;fwf/0f
/]vflrqx¿ sf]/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ltgdf /ª eg{ nufpg ;lsG5 .
ljBfyL{x¿n] agfPsf lrqdfly lzIfsn] ;'wf/ ul/lbg'x'Gg . o;f] ugf{n] pgLx¿ xtf]T;fxL x'g] /
pgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf;df ;d]t cf3ft kg{ hfg] x'G5 . t;y{ lzIfsn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;'wf/sf nflu
lgb]{zg lb“bf sfnf]kf6Ldf cyjf csf]{ sfuhdf n]v]/ b]vfpg'k5{ .
/ªdf sfd u/fp“bf /ª kf]lvg] cyjf /ª v]/ hfg glbg]tkm{ klg lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;r]t
u/fpg'k5{ .
lrq n]vfp“bf :s]n -?n/_ cflbsf] k|of]u lans'n} ug{ nufpg'x'“b}g .
lzIfsn] tf]lslbPsf] ljifoj:t'sf] dfq lrq agfpg nufpg'sf cltl/St slxn]sfxL“
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ sfNklgs lrq klg agfpg nufpg'k5{ . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ df}lns Pjd
l;h{gfzLn aGgdf dbt k'¥ofp“5 .
lrqsnfsf] ;DaGw afnaflnsfsf] ;+j]ul;t /xg] x'gfn] lzIfsn] cfgf k|To]s ljBfyL{sf]
dgf]lj1fgnfO{ a'‰g] k|oTg ul//xg'k5{ .
l;h{gfTds cleJolstzLnsnf ljifodf d"Nofªsg k|lj|mofn] ljBfyL{x¿df /x]sf] 1fg tyf ;Lk ljsf;df
;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . l;h{gfTds cleJolStzLn snf ljifodf ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ;Lk, 1fg tyf
lj|mofsnfk;“u ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] d"Nofªsg klg To;}cg'¿k x'g'k5{ . h:t}M ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
s'g} lrq jf g[To ug{ lbOPsf] 5 eg] ;f]sf] d"Nofªsg k|lj|mofnfO{ klg lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfks} Ps
cleGg cªusf ¿kdf ;“u;“u} lnP/ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . of] ljifo k"0f{¿kn] k|of]ufTds ljifo ePsfn] o;sf]
d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof klg To;}cg'¿k x'g'k5{ . ;a}nfO{ xf};nf lbg] d"Nofªsg ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] sfo{nfO{
k|z+;f ug]{ tyf ljBfyL{ljBfyL{aLrsf] sfo{x¿sf] t'ngf slxNo} klg ug{ x'“b}g . ;s];Dd pgLx¿sf]
sfo{sf] k|z+;f ug{'sf ;fy} pgLx¿df :jtGq ¿kn] lrq lgdf{0f, cfTdljZjf;, df}lns ;f]rfO, ;f}Gbo{k|lt
cf:yf tyf vf]hL ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'g] lj|mofsnfk u/L ;a}nfO{ xf};nfTds s'/f ug]{ tyf l;h{gfTds
sfo{x¿df pTk|]l/t ug'{kb{5 .

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f lzIff 120
120
lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff
-c_ lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f lzIff v08
!= kl/ro
ljBfyL{df lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ;fwf/0f 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpg] / vf]hL ug]{ afgLsf]
ljsf; u/fpg] h:tf k|fylds lzIffsf p2]Zo k"/f u/fpgsf nflu lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f lzIff ljifosf]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lj= ;+= @)$( df lgld{t kf7oj|md nfu" ePsf] sl/a b; jif{eGbf a9L
lalt;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ljZjdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;“u} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rfxgf / cfjZostf klg kl/jt{g /
;do;fk]If agfpg cfjZos b]lvPsf] xf] . If]qLo:t/df sfo{zfnf u/L ;ªsng ul/Psf lzIfs,
cleefjs tyf ljleGg k];f / Joj;fodf ;+nUg JolStx¿sf] k|ltlj|mof Pjd lzIffljbx¿sf] /fli6«o
sfo{zfnfaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf cfwf/df of] kl/dflh{t kf7oj|md tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
lj1fgnfO{ 1fgsf] e08f/, cg';Gwfg ljlw tyf ;f]rfOsf] tl/sfsf ¿kdf x]l/G5 h;n] k|fs[lts 36gf
Pjd l;4fGtnfO{ a'‰g d2t ub{5 . ctM o; ljifocGtu{t lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t 1fg, ;Lk /
wf/0ffnufot k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ ;dGjofTds 9ªuaf6 ;dfj]z ug]{ k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fylds txb]lv g} afnaflnsfdf lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t 1fg, k|lj|mofut ;Lk (process skill), j}1flgs
clej[lQ (scientific attitude), ;"rgf / k|ljlw;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/L, k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f /
;b'kof]u ug]{ pkfox¿ vf]hL ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf;, k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 aRg] pkfosf] vf]hL ug]{ tyf
hLjg / jftfj/0faLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf af/]df af]w u/fpg] x]t'n] o; ljifodf lgDgfg';f/
ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ^ cf]6f If]]q tyf PsfOsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M
!= ;hLj j:t'x¿ @= jftfj/0f #= kbfy{ / zlSt
$= k[YjL / cGtl/If %= ;"rgf k|ljlw ^= ;fdfGo :yfgLo k|ljlw .
o; ljifodf k|fylds txsf] cGTodf xfl;n x'g] l;sfOpknlAwx¿sf] ;ªVof ;ft 5 . log}
l;sfOpknlAwx¿sf] cfwf/df sIff ! b]lv % ;Ddsf] k|To]s sIffsf] cGTodf xfl;n x'g]
l;sfOpknlAwx¿ tof/ ePsf 5g . k7gkf7gsf l;nl;nfdf lzIfsx¿n] kf7oj|mdsf
l;sfOpknlAwx¿nfO{ g} d'Vo cfwf/ agfO{ lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .
k|fylds txsf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 afnaflnsfx¿ lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f lzIff ljifodf lgDglnlvt
sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sg] 5g M
!= ;hLj j:t'x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{sf nflu j}1flgs tl/sfx¿ tyf k|lj|mofx¿
ckgfpg .
@= jftfj/0fdf kfOg] ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿sf] dxŒj a'emL ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug]{ tl/sfx¿ vf]hL
ug{ / ckgfpg .
#= kbfy{ / zlStaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;/n j}1flgs tl/sf tyf k|lj|mofx¿ ckgfpg .
$= Ct' tyf df};d kl/jt{gsf sf/0f / To;af6 ;hLj, lghL{j, hldg, kfgL / xfjfdf x'g] kl/jt{g
tyf dflg;df kg]{ c;/ atfpg .
% k[YjL / cGtl/Ifaf/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ .
^= ;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / dxŒj atfpg .

&= ;fdfGo :yfgLo k|ljlwaf/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / dxŒj atfpg .

#= If]q / j|md
;hLj j:t'x¿ – ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿
-rfndf cfpg', x's{g', vfgf vfg', ;Gtfg pTkfbg
ug'{_
– j:t'sf] juL{s/0f
-;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿_
– hgfj/ / la?jfsf ;fdfGo nIf0fx¿ -7fp“ kl/jt{g
ug'{, z/L/sf cªu jf efux¿, /ª_
– hgfj/sf] vfgf
-3f“;kft, df;', cGg kmnkm"n cflb_
– hgfj/x¿sf aRrf / ltgLx¿sf gfd -rNnf,
5fp/f, 8d?, kf8f] kf7f]–kf7L cflb_
– hgfj/sf] juL{s/0f– l;ª, kv]6f, k'R5/, d'v, sTnf
cflb– cfs[lt≤ -af≈o:j¿k_ / vfgf
-3f“;kft, df5fdf;' cflb_ sf cfwf/df
– la?jfsf juL{s/0f
-7"nf], demf}nf / ;fgf]_
– la?jfsf efux¿
-h/f, sf08, kft, km"n / kmn_
– hgfj/ / la?jfsf] x]/rfx -hgfj/nfO{ gs'6g],
glh:sfpg] / la?jfnfO{ gpv]Ng], kft tyf km"nx¿
gr'“8g]_
– ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿ -rfn, j[l4, vfgf,
;f; km]g'{, ;Gtfg pTkfbg, r]tgf_
– ljleGg ;hLj j:t'x¿
-gfd lrq;d]t_
– hgfj/x¿sf af;:yfg≤ hldg
-u'“8, u'kmf, ¿v, 3/, uf]7, vf]/ cflb_ /
kfgL
– 3/kfn'jf / hªunL hgfj/x¿
– hgfj/x¿sf] vfgf / vfg] tl/sf
-rkfpg], lgNg], r':g] / rf6g]_
– hgfj/x¿sf] rfn
-3;|g], lx“8g]÷bu'g]{, pk|mg], p8g], kf}8g]_
– la?jfsf] juL{s/0f -¿v, a'6ofg /
emf/kft_
– la?jfsf efux¿
– dflg;n] hgfj/ / la?jfaf6 kfpg]
kmfObf≤ hgfj/af6 kfOg] vfgf
-b"w, km'n, df;'_
– la?jfaf6 kfOg] vfgf -cGg, u]8fu'8L,
;fukft, kmnkm"n cflb_
– ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿ -rfn, j[l4, vfgf, ;f; km]g'{,
;Gtfg pTkfbg, r]tgf, lgisf;g lj|mof_
– ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'df km/s
– hgfj/x¿sf af;:yfg / o;sf nflu cg's"n cªux¿ M
-s_ hldg -hldg dfly, hldgd'lg, ;'Vvf hldg, cf]l;nf]
hldg_ -v_ kfgL -kf]v/L, vf]nf÷gbL, ;d'b|_
– hgfj/x¿sf vfgf vfgsf nflu ;3fpg] cªux¿
-r/fsf] r'Rrf], gªu|f, ltvf] bf“t, xfQLsf] ;'“8, zfsfxf/L
hgfj/sf] alnof] y't'gf] cflb_
– ljleGg df};d / ;dodf b]lvg] hgfj/x¿ -hf8f], udL{ /
jiff{ df};d tyf lbg / /ftsf] ;dodf_
– la?jfsf] juL{s/0f -km"n km'Ng]÷gkm'Ng,] hldg÷ kfgLdf
kfOg], cf]l;nf]÷ ;'Vvf hldgdf kfOg], Ps jif]{÷ax'jif{]
la?jfx¿_
– ljleGg df};ddf kfOg] la?jfx¿ -hf8f], udL{ / jiff{
df};ddf_
– dflg;n] hgfj/ / la?jfx¿af6 kfpg] kmfObfx¿
– vfgf M
-s_ hgfj/af6 k|fKt x'g] – b"w, k'mn, df;' cflb
-v_ la?jfaf6 k|fKt x'g] – cGg, t/sf/L, u]8fu'8L cflb
– n'ufsk8f M hgfj/af6 k|fKt x'g] – 5fnfaf6 / e'Tnfaf6
ag]sf n'uf, h'Qf tyf 5fnfaf6 ag]sf ljleGg j:t'x¿
cflb
– skf;af6 ag]sf sk8f / h'6af6 ag]sf sk8f cflb

jftfj/0f – j/k/sf] jftfj/0f, 3/ / ljBfno j/k/ kfOg]
ljleGg j:t'x¿ -;hLj / lghL{j_
– jftfj/0fsf /fd|f / g/fd|f kIfx¿
– j/k/sf] jftfj/0f kmf]xf]/ x'g] sf/0fx¿
lglZrt 7fp“df kmf]xf]/ gkmfNg', rkL{sf]
k|of]u gug'{, lgoldt ;/;kmfO gug'{,
– jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg] pkfox¿ -rkL{sf]
k|of]u, kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg,;/;kmfO
cflb_
– cfgf] j/k/sf] jftfj/0f kmf]xf]/ x'g] sf/0fx¿
-3/kfn'jf hgfj/x¿ 5f8f 5f]8g', plrt 9n lgsf;sf]
Joj:yf gx'g', kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgdf x]nr]qmofO“, r]tgfsf]
sdL cflb_
– jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg] pkfox¿ -vf8nsf] k|of]u,
w'jf“/lxt r'nf], j[If/f]k0f, 9n lgsf;, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/sf]
plrt lgoGq0f / /]vb]v, jftfj/0fk|ltsf] ;r]ttf cflb_
kbfy{ / zlSt – cfgf j/k/sf j:t'x¿nfO{ cfsf/ / ;fOhsf
cfwf/df lrGg / 5'6ofpg
– j:t'sf] ljleGg u'0fx¿sf] klxrfg
– 1fg]lGb|ox¿sf] k|of]u -uGw, cfsf/, ;fOh,
tftf], lr;f], g/d, s8f, :jfb ._
– kfgLdf 8'Ag], g8'Ag] 3'Ng], g3'Ng] j:t'x¿
– k|sfz l5g]{ / gl5g]{ j:t'x¿
– ;"o{sf] tfk / k|sfzsf] pkof]lutf
– b}lgs hLjgdf cfuf]sf] pkof]lutf
-pkof]lutf M Gofgf] kfpg, afNg, ttfpg, pHofnf]
kfpg, ;'sfpg cflb_
– tfk / k|sfzsf ;|f]tx¿
-;"o{, cfuf], ljB't cflb_
– b}lgs hLjgdf ltgLx¿sf] pkof]lutf M
-s_ tfksf] pkof]lutf -vfgf ksfpg,
ttfpg ;'sfpg, Gofgf] kfpg, hLjx¿
afRg, cflb_
-v_ k|sfzsf] pkof]lutf -pHofnf] kfpg,
b]Vg, hLjx¿ af“Rg cflb ._
– ax]sf] xfjfsf] pkof]u M
n'uf ;'sfpg, s'g} j:t' 3'dfpg jf p8fpg
– au]sf] kfgLsf] pkof]u M
s'g} j:t' aufpg, 366f rnfpg, ljB't h]g]/6/ rnfpg

k[YjL /
cGtl/If
df};d M
– 3fd nfu]sf]
– afbn nfu]sf]
– atf; rn]sf]
– kfgL k/]sf]
– x'/Latf; rn]sf]
df};d M
– Gofgf] lbg -nIf0f / dflg;df c;/_
– Gofgf] lbg -sf/0f, xfjf, ;"o{_
– 3fd nfu]sf] lbg -5fof k/]sf] cjnf]sg,
sf/0f, 5fof kfg]{_
– /ft -k|sfz gx'g'_
– ;"o{sf] k|sfz -w]/} /ªx¿_
– 3fd nfu]sf] lbg / afbn nfu]sf] lbg -
km/s, sf/0f, 5fof kg'{ / gkg'{sf sf/0f_
k[YjL M
– k[YjLsf] ;tx -hldg / kfgL_
– lbg / /ft -sf/0f_
df};d M
– afbn -kfgLsf] ¿kdf_
– kfgL kg'{ (rainfall) -sf/0f, cg'dfg_
– atf; nfu]sf] lbg -nIf0f, dflg;df c;/_
– lr;f] lbg -nIf0f, c;/_
– lxp“
k[YjL M
– kl/ro
– ljleGg tx
– :ynd08n (Lithosphere)
– df6f]df kfOg] j:t'x¿ M
-xfjf, h}ljs kbfy{, kfgL_
;"rgf k|ljlw – ;"rgfsf] kl/ro
– ;"rgf k|jfxsf ;fwgx¿M
-lr7L, /]l8of], 6]lnkmf]g, kqklqsf_
;fdfGo
k|ljlwx¿
– sDkf]:6 dn
– uf]a/ Uof;
– ;fg nufpg] .
– zLte08f/ (Cold store)

sIff M !
;hLj
j:t'x¿
!= ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿ lrGg .
@= j/k/sf j:t'x¿nfO{ ;hLj /
lghL{j ;d"xdf 5'6ofpg .
#= j/k/ kfOg] ;hLj j:t'x¿sf]
yf]Kn] lrq (Dotted figure) sf]g{
/ /ªUofpg .
$= j/k/sf hgfj/x¿
/ la?jfx¿ klxrfg
ug{ .
%= hgfj/x¿sf] vfgf
lrGg / gfd atfpg .
^= hgfj/x¿sf aRrf lrGg /
ltgLx¿sf] gfd atfpg .
&= hgfj/x¿nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ .
-z/L/sf] cªu / vfgfsf]
cfwf/df_
*= la?jfx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ .
-7"nf], demf}nf] / ;fgf]_
– ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿
-rfndf cfpg', x's{g', vfgf vfg',
;Gtfg pTkfbg ug'{ .
– j:t'sf] juL{s/0f -;hLj / lghL{j
j:t'x¿_
– hgfj/ / la?jfsf ;fdfGo
nIf0fx¿ -7fp“ kl/jt{g ug'{,
z/L/sf cªu jf efux¿, /ª_
– hgfj/sf] vfgf -3f“;kft, df;',
cGg kmnkm"n cflb_
– hgfj/x¿sf aRrf / ltgLx¿sf
gfd -rNnf, 5fp/f, 8d?, kf8f],
kf7fkf7L cflb_
– hgfj/sf] juL{s/0f -l;ª, kv]6f,
k'R5/, d'v, sTnf cflb_
-af≈o:j¿k_ / vfgf -3f“;kft,
df5fdf;' cflb_ sf cfwf/df
– la?jfsf] juL{s/0f
-7"nf], demf}nf / ;fgf]_
– j/k/sf j:t'x¿dWo] s'gs'g j:t'x¿
rfndf cfp“5g, x's{G5g, vfgf vfG5g
/ cfkm"h:t} ;Gtfg pTkfbg ub{5g
eGg]af/] ljBfyL{x¿;“u 5nkmn ug]{,
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf pko'{St nIf0fx¿
ljBfyL{x¿ :joddf / lghL{{j j:t'
-6]a'n, s';L{ cflb_ aLr t'ngf ug{
nufpg], ljleGg ;hLj / lghL{j
-j/k/ kfOg]_ j:t'x¿sf] gfd
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf eGg nufpg] .
– j/k/ kfOg] j:t'x¿nfO{ ;hLj /
lghL{j s] x'g egL ;d"xdf 5'6ofpg
nufpg] . ;/n ;hLj / lghL{j
j:t'x¿sf] yf]Kn] lrq (Dotted
figure) sf]g{ / tL lrqx¿ /ªUofpg
nufpg] .
– xfd|f] j/k/ /x]sf ljleGg j:t'x¿dWo]
s'g} ;hLj x'G5g eg] s'g} lghL{j
x'G5g . To:t} ;hLj j:t'x¿dWo] s'g}
hgfj/ ;d"xdf k5{g eg] s'g} la?jf
– ;hLj j:t'sf s'g} tLg nIf0fx¿ eg .
– ltd|f] j/k/ ePsf s'g} tLgtLgcf]6f
;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿sf] gfd eg .
– lgDglnlvt j:t'x¿dWo] s'g ;hLj /
s'g lghL{j x'g, 5'6ofpm M k'tnL,
sfu, O“6f, dflg;, 9'ªuf, lstfa .
– lbOPsf lrq (Dotted figure) k"/f
u/L ldNg] /ª nufpm .
– ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿sf] lrq hDdf
u/L sfkLdf 6f“; .
– lgDglnlvt j:t'x¿dWo] s'gs'g
hgfj/ ;d"xdf kb5{g, -√_ lr≈g
nufpmM
!= 3f“; - _ @= sfu - _
#= b'af] - _ $= ;Nnf] - _
%= af3 - _ ^= xl/0f - _
&= u'nfkmsf] la?jf - _
gf]6 M lzIfsn] ljleGg hgfj/ /
la?jfx¿sf] gfdsf] ;66f lrqx¿
k|Zgdf lb“bf a9L pko'St x'G5 .
## 3G6L

(= la?jfsf ljleGg efux¿ klxrfg
ug{ . -h/f, sf08, kft, km"n /
kmn_
!)= hgfj/ / la?jfx¿sf] x]/rfx
ug{ .
– la?jfsf efux¿
– hgfj/ / la?jfsf] x]/rfx
-hgfj/nfO{ gs'6g], glh:sfpg] /
la?jfnfO{ gpv]Ng], kft tyf
km"nx¿ gr'“8g]_
;d"xdf k5{g eGg] s'/f ljBfyL{x¿;“u
5nkmn ug]{, hgfj/ / la?jfsf
;fdfGo nIf0fx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf]
¿kdf lnO{ tL nIf0fx¿ cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg] . j/k/sf ljleGg ;hLj
j:t'x¿dWo] s'g hgfj/ / s'g la?jf
x'g, 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{nfO{ cf–cfgf] 3/df kflnPsf
tyf j/k/ ePsf hgfj/x¿n] s]
vfG5g eGg] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ljleGg hgfj/ / ltgLx¿sf
aRrf;lxtsf] lrq k|bz{g ug]{ /
ltgLx¿sf] aRrfnfO{ s] elgG5 egL
k|Zg ug]{, 5nkmn ug]{ .
– j/k/sf hgfj/x¿sf] aflx/L :j¿k,
ltgLx¿n] vfg] vfgf / lgsfNg]
cfjfhsf] cfwf/df 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
– 7"nf, demf}nf / ;fgf la?jfx¿
cjnf]sg u/fpg] / ltgLx¿sf ljleGg
efux¿ klxrfg ug{ nufpg] .
– hgfj/ / la?jfx¿sf] x]/rfx s;/L
ug'{k5{ eGg]af/] 5nkmn u/L atfpg] .
– lgDglnlvt hgfj/x¿dWo] 3f“;kft
vfg], df;' vfg] / 3f“;kft / df;' b'j}
vfg] ;d"xdf s'gs'g kb{5g,
5'6ofpm M
ufO{, dflg;, afv|f, s's'/, la/fnf] .
– lrq x]/L ;fgf], demf}nf / 7"nf] la?jf
5'6ofpm .
– lrq x]/L la?jfsf] kft, km"n / kmn
5'6ofpm .

jftfj/0f !!= j/k/sf] jftfj/0f
cjnf]sg u/L Toxf“ ePsf
ljleGg j:t'x¿ atfpg .
!@= jftfj/0fsf /fd|f / g/fd|f
kIfx¿
5'6ofpg .
– j/k/sf] jftfj/0f
-3/ / ljBfno j/k/ kfOg]
ljleGg j:t'x¿ M ;hLj / lghL{j_
– jftfj/0fsf /fd|f / g/fd|f kIfx¿
– ljBfyL{x¿n] sIffsf]7f, ljBfno /
3/jl/kl/ b]v]sf j:t'x¿ atfpg
nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{n] 3/leq / aflx/ b]v]sf sfd
gnfUg] lrhx¿ eGg nufpg] .
– jl/kl/ kmf]xf]/ ePsf] 3/sf] lrq /
;kmf lrq cjnf]sg u/fO{ s]s] kmf]xf]/
b]v], atfpg nufpg] .
– ljBfnosf] sIffsf]7f / k|fªu0fsf]
cjnf]sg u/fO{ s]s:tf sfd nfUg] /
sfd gnfUg] j:t'x¿ km]nf k/] ;"rL
agfpg nufpg] .
– ltd|f] 3/j/k/ kfOg] s'g} b'O{b'O{cf]6f
;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿sf] gfd
atfpm .
– 3/df kfOg] s'g} tLgcf]6f sfd nfUg]
/ sfd gnfUg] j:t'x¿ s]s] x'g,
atfpm .
( 3G6L
kbfy{ /
zlSt
!#= cfgf j/k/sf j:t'nfO{
cfsf/ / ;fOhsf cfwf/df
lrGg / 5'6ofpg .
– cfsf/ -uf]nf], j[Qfsf/, rf/s'g]_
/ ;fOh -7"nf], ;fgf]_
– sIffsf]7f leqaflx/af6 ;ªsng
ul/Psf ljleGg j:t'x¿ cjnf]sg
u/fO{ s]s:tf j:t'x¿ 5g lrgfpg] /
5'6ofpg nufpg] . To:t}, ljleGg
cfsf/ ;fOhsf j:t'x¿ cjnf]sg
u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] . Ps}
lsl;dsf j:t'x¿sf] ;d"x agfO{
5'6ofpg nufpg] .
– ltd|f] lj1fg lstfa / sfkLdf s'g
df]6f] 5, kQf nufpm .
!% 3G6L

!$= b}lgs hLjgdf cfuf] tyf
;"o{sf] tfk / k|sfzsf]
pkof]lutfsf] cjnf]sg
ug{ / atfpg .
– b}lgs hLjgdf cfuf]sf]
pkof]lutf .
– ;"o{sf] tfk / k|sfzsf]
pkof]lutf -pkof]lutf M Gofgf]
kfpg, afNg, ttfpg, pHofnf]
kfpg, ;'sfpg cflb_
– ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7f aflx/ nuL tfk / k|sfzsf]
cjnf]sg u/fpg] .
– cfuf]af6 ljleGg sfd ePsf], ;"o{sf] tfk / k|sfzaf6
ljleGg sfd ePsf], ;"o{sf] tfk / k|sfzaf6 ljleGg
sfdx¿ ul/Psf] lrq k|bz{g u/L cjnf]sg u/fpg] /
pkof]lutf;DaGwL k|Zg u/L 5n˚n u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{n] cfgf] 3/df u/]sf] cjnf]sg / cg'ejnfO{
ljleGg k|Zg u/L 5nkmndf Nofpg] . o;sf nflu
lgDgfg';f/ k|Zg ug{ ;lsG5 M
• ltdLn] cfgf] 3/df cfuf] afn]sf] b]v]sf 5f}, cfuf]
afn]/ s]s] sfdx¿ u/]sf] b]v]sf 5f} <
• dflg;x¿ hf8f] dlxgfdf lsg 3fddf a:b5g <
• s:tf] a]nfdf la:s'g, n'uf ;'sfpg] ul/G5 <
• lbp“;f] 3fd nfu]sf] a]nfdf s:tf] b]lvG5 <
• /ftdf lsg c“Wof/f] ePsf] xf]nf <
– sg's'g sfdsf nflu
cfuf]sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
– ;"o{sf] tfkaf6 s]s] sfdx¿
ug{ ;lsG5 <
– ;"o{sf] lrq agfO{ /ª klg
nufpm .
k[YjL /
cGtl/If
!%= ljleGg lsl;dsf df};d
cjnf]sg u/L klxrfg
ug{ / atfpg .
df};d M
– 3fd nfu]sf]
– afbn nfu]sf]
– atf; rn]sf]
– kfgL k/]sf]
– x'/Latf; rn]sf]
– 3fd nfu]sf] lbg ePdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIffsf]7faflx/
v'nf d}bfg÷ljBfno rf}/df nuL cfsfzsf] /fd|/L
cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] . -;"o{nfO{ l;w} x]g{ glbg]_
– cfsfzdf b]v]sf j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg / ;"rL tof/ kfg{
nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ afbnsf] dfqf, cfsf/, /ª, rfn / ;"o{sf]
l:ylt / o;af6 k|fKt Gofgf]kgf (warmth) cjnf]sg,
cg'ej u/fpg] / l6kf]6 u/fpg] .
df};d slt k|sf/sf x'G5g <
tL s]s] x'g < -3fd, afbn,
atf;, kfgL, x'/L atf; nfu]sf]
lbg_
& 3G6L

sIff M @
;hLj
j:t'x¿
!= ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿
lrGg / atfpg .
@= ljleGg ;hLj j:t'x¿sf]
gfd eGg, n]Vg, lrq sf]g{
/ /ªUofpg .
– ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿ -rfn,
j[l4, vfgf, ;f; km]g'{, ;Gtfg
pTkfbg, r]tgf_ .
– ljleGg ;hLj j:t'x¿ -gfd
lrq;d]t_ .
– sIff ! df hflg;s]sf ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿nfO{
k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 :d/0f u/fpg] / yk
nIf0fx¿;d]t ljBfyL{x¿;“u 5nkmn ug]{, pbfx/0fsf]
¿kdf pSt nIf0fx¿ ljBfyL{x¿ :jod nufot cGo
;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿aLr t'ngf ug{ nufpg] . j/k/
kfOg] ljleGg hgfj/ tyf la?jfx¿sf] gfd eGg /
n]Vg nufpg] . j/k/ gkfOg] cGo s]xL hgfj/ tyf
la?jfx¿sf] lrq k|bz{g u/L ltgLx¿sf] gfd eGg /
n]Vg nufpg] . tL ;hLjx¿sf] lrq sf]g{ / tL lrqx¿
/ªUofpg nufpg] .
– ;hLj j:t'sf s'g} kf“r
nIf0fx¿ eg .
– ltd|f] j/k/ ePsf s'g} 5÷5
cf]6f ;hLj / lghL{j
j:t'x¿sf] gfd n]v .
– lgDglnlvt j:t'x¿sf] lrq
agfpm M
-s_ r/f -v_ df5f
-u_ km"n -3_ an cflb .
@* 3G6L
#= ljleGg hgfj/x¿sf]
af;:yfg lrGg -hldg /
kfgL_ .
$= hgfj/nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{
-3/kfn'jf / hªunL_ .
%= hgfj/x¿sf] vfgf lrGg /
vfg] tl/sf atfpg .
^= hgfj/sf] rfnsf] tl/sf
atfpg .
&= la?jfsf] juL{s/0f ug{
-7"nf], demf}nf / ;fgf]nfO{
j|mdzM ¿v, a'6ofg /
emf/kft_
– hgfj/x¿sf] af;:yfg≤ hldg
-u'“8, u'kmf, ¿v, 3/, uf]7,
vf]/ cflb_ / kfgL .
– 3/kfn'jf / hªunL
hgfj/x¿ .
– hgfj/x¿sf] vfgf / vfg]
tl/sf -rkfpg], lgNg], r':g] /
rf6g]_ .
– hgfj/x¿sf] rfn -3;|g],
lx“8g]÷bu'g]{, pk|mg], p8g],
kf}8g]_ .
– la?jfsf] juL{s/0f -¿v,
a'6ofg / emf/kft_ .
– la?jfsf efux¿ -h/f,sf08,
kft, km"n / kmn_ .
– 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{x¿n] b]v]sf cfgf j/k/
kfOg] hgfj/x¿sf] af;:yfgsf] hfgsf/LnfO{ ;"rLa4
ug]{ . af;:yfg :ki6 x'g] vfnsf lrqx¿ k|bz{g ub}{
s:tfs:tf hgfj/x¿ pSt af;:yfgdf a:g] ub{5g
eGg] s'/fx¿ 5nkmn ug]{ .
– j/k/sf ljleGg hgfj/x¿n] s] vfG5g, 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
– ltgLx¿sf] vfgf vfg] tl/sf cjnf]sg / 5nkmn ug{
nufpg] .
– j/k/sf ljleGg hgfj/x¿sf] rfn cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg] / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ¿v, a'6ofg / emf/kftsf] cjnf]sg u/fpg] . la?jfsf
ljleGg efux¿sf] klxrfg ug{ nufpg] .
– dflg;n] la?jf / hgfj/af6 kfpg] vfgfaf/] k|Zgf]Q/
u/L 5nkmn u/fpg] / ;"rLa4 u/fpg] .
– lgDglnlvt hgfj/x¿ /
ltgLx¿sf] af;:yfgnfO{
w;f]{ tfg]/ ldnfpm M
hgfj/ af;:yfg
-s_ 3f]8f 3/
-v_ ufO{ kfgL
-u_ uf]xL vf]/
-3_ dflg; ta]nf
-ª_ afv|f uf]7
b"nf]
– lgDglnlvt hgfj/x¿dWo]
3/kfn'jf tyf hªunL
hgfj/x¿ s'gs'g x'g,
5'6ofpm M 3f]8f, e}“;L,
:ofn, s's'/, efn', af“b/ .

*= la?jfsf ljleGg efux¿
klxrfg ug{ .
-h/f, sf08, kft, km"n /
kmn_ .
(= dflg;n] hgfj/ /
la?jfx¿af6 kfpg] kmfObf
-vfgf_ atfpg .
– dflg;n] hgfj/ / la?jfaf6
kfpg] kmfObf ≤ hgfj/af6
kfOg] vfgf -b"w, km'n, df;'_ .
– la?jfaf6 kfOg] vfgf -cGg,
u]8fu'8L, ;fukft, kmnkm"n,
cflb_ .
– xfdLnfO{ b"w lbg] s'g}
b'O{cf]6f hgfj/x¿sf] gfd
n]v .
– cGg kfOg] s'g} b'O{
la?jfsf] gfd n]v .
– rkfP/ vfgf vfg] s'g}
b'O{cf]6f hgfj/sf] gfd
n]v .
3;|g], pk|mg], p8g] /
kf}8g] hgfj/x¿ 5'6ofO{
n]vM
df5f, uf]xL, ;k{, k/]jf /
Eofu'tf .
– 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6ofpm M
-s_u'nfa ¿v ju{df k5{
-v_ b"af] emf/kft ju{df
kb{5 .
– la?jfsf s'g} tLg efusf]
gfd n]v .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
jftfj/0f !)= j/k/sf] jftfj/0f
kmf]xf]/ x'g] sf/0fx¿
atfpg .
!!= j/k/sf] jftfj/0f
;kmf /fVg] pkfo
atfpg .
– j/k/sf] jftfj/0f kmf]xf]/ x'g]
sf/0fx¿ -lglZrt 7fp“df kmf]xf]/
gkmfNg', rkL{sf] k|of]u gug'{,
lgoldt ;/;kmfO gug'{,
– jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg] pkfox¿
-rkL{sf] k|of]u, kmf]xf]/sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg, ;/;kmfO cflb_
– 3/j/k/ kmf]xf]/ s;/L x'G5 < s]s] sfdaf6 3/ kmf]xf]/ x'G5,
3/j/k/ s]s:tf kmf]xf]/ x'G5 / tL sxf“af6 cfp“5g <
5nkmn ug]{ -h:t} M dflg;n] s;/L kmf]xf]/ u5{, ufO{e}“;Laf6
klg kmf]xf]/ x'G5 < cflb k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]hL ug]{ . _
– j/k/sf] jftfj/0f cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg], kmf]xf]/ jftfj/0f
ePsf] lrq cjnf]sg u/fpg] / jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg s]s] ug{
;lsG5 < 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– j/k/sf] jftfj/0f kmf]xf]/ x'g]
tLgcf]6f sf/0f atfpm .
– s'gs'g kmf]xf]/ sxf“ kmfNg'k5{ <
(
3G6L
kbfy{ /
zlSt
!@= cfgf] j/k/sf ljleGg
j:t'x¿sf] cfsf/ /
;fOh -7"nf], ;fgf]_
atfpg .
!#= uGw / :jfbsf
cfwf/df j:t'sf]
klxrfg ug{ .
!$= s8f / g/d j:t'
5'6ofpg .
j:t'sf ljleGg u'0fx¿sf] klxrfg
-uGw, cfsf/, ;fOh, tftf], lr;f],
g/d, s8f :jfb ._
– ljleGg /ª, cfsf/ / ;fOhsf j:t'x¿ ;ªsng u/L
ltgLx¿sf] u'0f cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] / 5nkmn u/L j:t'sf
u'0fx¿ klxrfg u/fpg] .
– ljleGg vfg]s'/fsf] :jfb s:tf] x'G5 ;f]wL :jfbcg';f/
vfgfsf] juL{s/0f ug{ nufpg] . s8f / g/d j:t'x¿
;ªsng u/L :kz{åf/f 5'6ofpg nufpg] . tftf] / lr;f]
j:t'x¿ 5'6ofpg ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] :kz{ u/fpg] -kfgL,
a/km, z/L/_ .
– s'g} j:t' lbP/ /ª cfsf/, ;fOh
s8fkg cflb kQf nufpg] /
tflnsf eg{ nufpg] .
– uf]nfsf/ / j[Qfsf/ rf/rf/
j:t'sf gfd eg .
– sf7 / sk8f s'g g/d x'G5 <
– u'lnof] / cldnf kf“rkf“rcf]6f
j:t'sf] gfd atfpm .
!@
3G6L
!%= tfk / k|sfzsf
;|f]tx¿ lrGg /
;"rLs/0f ug{ .
tfk / k|sfzsf ;|f]tx¿ -;"o{, cfuf],
ljB't_ / ltgLx¿sf] b}lgs
hLjgdf pkof]lutf .
– ltd|f] 3/ j/k/ tfk / k|sfz lbg] j:t'x¿ s]s] 5g < egL
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|Zg ug]{ . pgLx¿n] lbPsf pQ/nfO{ sfnf]–
kf6Ldf l6kf]6 ug]{ / lrq k|bz{g u/L 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– tfksf ;|f]tx¿ s]s] x'g <
– k|sfzsf ;|f]tx¿ s]s] x'g <
– tfkaf6 s]s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 <
!^= tfk / k|sfzsf]
pkof]lutfsf] ;"rL tof/
ug{ .
• tfksf] pkof]lutf
– vfgf ksfpg, ttfpg, ;'sfpg,
Gofgf] kfpg, hLjx¿ af“Rg_ .
• k|sfzsf] pkof]lutf
– pHofnf] kfpg, b]Vg, hLjx¿
af“Rg .
– tfk / k|sfzsf] pkof]lutfsf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg] .
– o:tf j:t' -;|f]t_ af6 cfpg] tfk / k|sfzfaf6 xfdLn] cfgf]
b}lgs hLjgdf s:tfs:tf sfdx¿ ub{5f}“ egL k|:g ;f]Wg] .
– tfk / k|sfzsf] pkof]lutfsf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg] .
– 3if{0f tfksf] ;|f]t xf] eGg] s'/f dx;'; u/fpgsf nflu k|To]s
ljBfyL{nfO{ cf–cfgf b'j} xft Pscfk;df 3if{0f ug{ nufpg] .
ltdLx¿nfO{ s:tf] cg'ej eof] < egL k|Zg ug]{ .
-o; lj|mofsnfkaf6 ljBfyL{x¿n] tftf]kgsf] dx;'; ug]{ 5g ._
– k|sfzaf6 s]s] sfdx¿ ug{ d2t
k'Ub5 <
– tfk / k|sfz ePg eg] s] x'G5
xf]nf <
– ltd|f] j/k/ /x]sf tfk / k|sfzsf
;|f]tx¿af/] cleefjsnfO{ ;f]wL
;"rL tof/ u/ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k[YjL /
cGtl/If
!&= 3fd nfu]sf] lbgsf]
df};dsf] nIf0f
sf/0f;lxt atfpg .
!*= 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf
dflg;df kg]{ vf;
c;/ klxrfg ug{ .
!(= Gofgf] lbg x'g'sf]
sf/0f -xfjf / k[YjL
tfTg'_ atfpg .
@)= 3fd nfu]sf] lbg /
5fof kg]{aLr ;DaGw
atfpg / k|bz{g
ug{ .
@!= ;"o{sf] k|sfz ljleGg
/ª ldnL ag]sf] x'G5
egL atfpg .
df};d M
– Gofgf] lbg -nIf0f / dflg;df
c;/_ .
– Gofgf] lbg -sf/0f, xfjf, ;"o{_
– 3fd nfu]sf] lbg -5fof kg]{
cjnf]sg, sf/0f, 5fof kfg]{_ .
– /ft -k|sfz gx'g'_ .
– 3fd nfu]sf] lbg / afbn nfu]sf]
lbg -km/s, sf/0f, 5fof kg'{ /
gkg'{sf] sf/0f_ .
– ;"o{sf] k|sfz -w]/} /ªx¿_ .
– Gofgf] lbgdf Pp6f afSnf] sf]6, :j]6/, xNsf sldh /
kªvf k|bz{g ug]{ .
– afSnf] sf]6 dfq b]vfP/ cfh lsg s;}n] klg sf]6
gnufPsf] xf] < 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– Gofgf] lbg s:tf] lbgnfO{ elgG5, 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– lk|Hd jf P]gfsf] ;xfotfn] k|sfzdf w]/} /ªx¿ x'G5g
eGg] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg] .
7Ls pQ/df /]hf -√_ lr≈g
nufpm M
– ;"o{n] xfd|f] jl/kl/sf] j:t'nfO{
Gofgf] kfg]{ sfd ub{5 . - _
– kªvf lr;f] lbgdf xDsg]
ul/G5 . - _
!%
3G6L
@@= k[YjLsf] cfsf/
klxrfg ug{ /
;txsf] ljleGg
efux¿sf] gfd
atfpg .
@#= k[YjLdf lbg / /ft
x'g'sf] sf/0f JofVof
ug{ .
– k[YjLsf] ;tx -hldg / kfgL_ .
– lbg / /ft -sf/0f_ .
– Unf]a / 6r{sf] ;xfotfn] c“Wof/f] kf/]sf] sIffsf]7fdf
lbg / /ftsf] l:ylt cjnf]sg u/fpg] / 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
– k[YjLsf] b}lgs ultsf] cy{ atfpg] . -Unf]a kmGg 3'dfO{
5nkmn u/fpg] ._
– lbg / /ft x'gsf sf/0fx¿
atfpm .

sIff M #
;hLj
j:t'x¿
!= ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿ lrGg
/ atfpg .
@= ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿aLr
t'ngf ug{ .
#= ljleGg hgfj/x¿sf]
af;:yfgdf cg's"n x'g
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ltgLx¿sf]
z/L/sf aflx/L cªux¿
lrGg .
$= ljleGg hgfj/x¿sf] vfgf
lrGg / ltgLx¿sf] vfgf
vfg] tl/sfsf nflu cg's"n
cªux¿ lrGg .
%= ljleGg df};d / ;dodf
b]lvg] hgfj/x¿ lrGg /
ltgLx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ .
^= la?jfx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ .
-km"n km'Ng]÷gkm'Ng],
hldgdf÷kfgLdf kfOg],
Psjif]{÷ax'jif]{_ .
&= ljleGg df};ddf kfOg]
la?jfx¿ lrGg / ltgLx¿sf]
;"rL tof/ ug{ .
– ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿
-rfn, j[l4, vfgf, ;f; km]g'{,
;Gtfg pTkfbg, r]tgf,
lgisf;g lj|mof_ .
– ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'df km/s .
– hgfj/x¿sf] af;:yfg /
o;sf nflu cg's"n
cªux¿ M
-s_ hldg -hldgdfly,
hldgd'lg, ;'Vvf hldg,
cf]l;nf] hldg_ .
-v_ kfgL -kf]v/L,
vf]nf÷gbL, ;d'b|_ .
– hgfj/x¿sf] vfgf / vfg]
tl/sfsf nflu cg's"n
cªux¿ -r/fsf] r'Rrf],
gªu|f, ltvf] bf“t, xfQLsf]
;'“9, zfsfxf/L hgfj/sf]
alnof] y't'gf] cflb_ .
– ljleGg df};d / ;dodf
b]lvg] hgfjx¿ -hf8f], udL{
/ jiff{ df};d tyf lbg /
/ftsf] ;dodf_
– la?jfsf] juL{s/0f
– sIff @ df hflg;s]sf ;hLj j:t'sf nIf0fx¿nfO{
k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 :d/0f u/fpg] / yk
nIf0fx¿ ;d]t ljBfyL{x¿;“u 5nkmn ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf
¿kdf pSt nIf0fx¿sf] cfwf/df ;hLj / lghL{j
j:t'x¿aLr t'ngf ug{ nufpg] .
– hldgdf tyf kfgLdf a:g] ljleGg hgfj/x¿ -
hgfj/x¿ pknAw gePdf ltgLx¿sf] lrq÷kf]:6/_
cjnf]sg u/fpg] .
– hldgdf a:g] hgfj/x¿dWo] klg s'g hldgdfly, s'g
hldgd'lg, s'g ;'Vvf hldgdf / s'g cf]l;nf] hldgdf
a:5g ;f]af/] cjnf]sg tyf 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– tL ljleGg hgfj/x¿sf] z/L/df af;:yfgdf cg's"n
x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s:tfs:tf cªux¿ 5g,
cjnf]sg u/fpg] . o:t} k|sf/n] kfgLdf a:g] ljleGg
hgfj/x¿ cjnf]sg u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ljleGg zfsfxf/L tyf df+;fxf/L hgfj/x¿sf] vfgf
s]s] x'g / ltgLx¿n] vfgf s;/L vfG5g, eGg]af/]
k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{, 5nkmn ug]{ / ;Dej ePsf] v08df
vfgf vfO/x]sf s]xL hgfj/x¿ cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg] . ljleGg hgfj/x¿sf] vfgf vfg] tl/sfnfO{
ltgLx¿sf] z/L/df ePsf s'gs'g cªux¿n] ;xof]u
k'¥ofPsf x'G5g eGg]af/] hgfj/x¿ jf lrq÷kf]:6/
k|bz{g u/L cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] / 5nkmn ug{
nufpg] .
– ltdL ;hLj xf} eGgsf nflu
ltdLdf ePsf ;hLjsf
nIf0fx¿dWo] s'g} kf“rcf]6f
nIf0f n]v .
– ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'df b]lvg]
s'g} tLgcf]6f leGgtf
5'6ofpm .
s'g hldgdf / s'g kfgLdf
kfOG5g, 5'6ofpm M s's'/,
v/fof], df5f, xj]n, 3f]8f,
cS6f]k; .
– lgDglnlvt hgfj/x¿ /
ltgLx¿sf cªux¿nfO{ w;f]{
tfg]/ ldnfpm M
hgfj/ cªu
k/]jf – ltvf] / alnof] gªu|f
l;+x – alnof] y't'gf]
lrn – ltvf] r'Rrf]
xf“; – ltvf] / alnof] bf“t
ufO{ – af6'nf] r'Rrf]
– udL{ df};d / hf8f] df};ddf
b]lvg s'g} #÷# cf]6f
hgfj/sf] ;"rL tof/ u/ .
@%
3G6L

*= dflg;n] hgfj/ /
la?jfx¿af6 kfpg] kmfObf
-vfgf / n'uf_ atfpg .
(= ljleGg ;hLj j:t'x¿sf]
lrq sf]g{, gfds/0f ug{ /
/ªUofpg .
-km"n km'Ng]÷gk'mNg]
hldg÷kfgLdf kfOg],
cf]l;nf]÷ ;'Vvf hldgdf
kfOg], Psjif]{÷ax'jif{]
la?jfx¿_ .
– ljleGg df};ddf kfOg]
la?jfx¿ -hf8f], udL{ / jiff{
df};ddf_ .
– dflg;n] hgfj/ /
la?jfx¿af6 kfpg]
kmfObfx¿ .
– vfgf M
-s_ hgfj/af6 k|fKt x'g] –
b"w, km'n, df;' cflb .
-v_ la?jfaf6 k|fKt x'g] –
cGg, t/sf/L, u]8fu'8L,
cflb .
– n'ufsk8f M hgfj/af6
k|fKt x'g] – 5fnfaf6 /
e'Tnfaf6 ag]sf n'uf, h'Qf
tyf 5fnfaf6 ag]sf ljleGg
j:t'x¿ cflb .
– skf;af6 ag]sf sk8f,
h'6af6 ag]sf sk8f cflb .
– ljleGg df};d / ;dodf s'gs'g hgfj/ tyf la?jfx¿
kfOG5g eGg]af/] k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{, lrq÷kf]:6/, k|bz{g
u/L 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] vfg] u/]sf j:t'x¿ tyf nfpg] u/]sf
j:t'x¿dWo] s''gs'g hgfj/af6 k|fKt ePsf x'g /
s'gs'g la?jfaf6 k|fKt ePsf x'g eGg]af/] k|Zgf]Q/ /
5nkmn ub}{ tL j:t'x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
– km"n k'mNg] / k"mn gk'mNg] la?jfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbg
;Dej ePdf cjnf]sg u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] / lrq,
kf]:6/ b]vfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] . To:t} tl/sf Psjif]{,
ax'jif{] tyf hldg / kfgLdf kfOg] la?jfsf] wf/0ff
lbgsf nflu ckgfpg] .
– xfdLn] vfg] s]xL vfg]s'/fsf]
gfd tn lbOPsf] 5 . tLdWo]
hgfj/af6 kfOg] vfg]s'/fsf]
gfd dfq cfgf] sfkLdf
;f/ M
-s_ eft -v_cG8f
-u_ b"w -3_ rgf
-ª_ bxL -r_ cfn'
gf]6 M vfg]s'/fsf] gfdsf]
;66f lrq lb“bf a9L pko'St
x'G5 .
– km"n k'mNg] / km"n gk'mNg]
tLgcf]6f la?jfsf] gfd n]v .
– hgfj/af6 kfOg] s'g} b'O{cf]6f
kmfObfx¿ n]v .
– la?jfaf6 kfOg] s'g} b'O{cf]6f
kmfObfx¿ n]v .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
jftfj/0f !)= cfgf] j/k/sf]
jftfj/0f kmf]xf]/ x'g]
sf/0f klxrfg ug{ .
!!= jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg]
pkfo atfpg /
ckgfpg .
– 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x¿ 5f8f
5f8g', plrt 9n lgsf;sf]
Joj:yf gx'g' cflb .
– kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgdf
x]nr]qmofO“,
r]tgfsf] sdL .
– cfgf] j/k/sf] jftfj/0f
kmf]xf]/ x'g] sf/0fx¿
-3/kfn'jf hgfj/x¿ 5f8f
5f]8g', plrt 9nlgsf;sf]
Joj:yf gx'g', kmf]xf]/
Joj:yfkgdf x]nr]qmofO“,
r]tgfsf] sdL cflb ._
– jftf/0f :jR5 /fVg] pkfox¿
-vf8nsf] k|of]u, w'jf“/lxt
r'Nxf], j[If/f]k0f, 9nlgsf;,
3/kfn'jf hgfj/sf] plrt
lgoGq0f / /]vb]v cflb_ .
– jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ug]{ dflg;sf ljleGg
lj|mofsnfkx¿sf af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ u/L 5nkmn
u/fpg] / tL sf/0fx¿sf] ;"rL l6kf]6 u/fpg]
– j/k/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg s] ug'{knf{ <
3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/nfO{ sxf“ /fVg] <
lb;flk;fa sxf“ ug]{, s'lxg] vfnsf j:t'nfO{
sxf“ kmfNg] < cflb k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] .
– k|b"if0f lgoGq0f u/]sf] lrq b]vfpg], kmf]xf]/sf]
plrt Joj:yf ug{ s]s] u/]sf] 5 egL lrq
cWoog ug{ lbO{ atfpg nufpg] .
– sIffsf]7fleq jf ljBfnosf] xftfleq /x]sf
kmf]xf]/ j:t'x¿ plrt 7fp“df /fVg nufpg] .
– jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'g] s'g} rf/cf]6f
sf/0f n]v .
– ;8g], uNg] kmf]xf]/nfO{ sxf“ /fVg'knf{ <
– hyfefjL lb;flk;fa gug{ s]
cfjZos k5{ <
– jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'gaf6 /f]Sg] tLgcf]6f
pkfo s]s] x'g, n]v .
&
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
kbfy{ /
zlSt
!@= kfgLdf 8'Ag] /
g8'Ag] j:t'x¿ kQf
nufpg .
!#= kfgLdf 3'Ng] /
g3'Ng] j:t'x¿ kQf
atfpg .
!$= k|sfz l5g]{ / gl5g]{
j:t'x¿ 5'6ofpg .
– kfgLdf 8'Ag], g8'Ag], 3'Ng],
g3'Ng] j:t'x¿ .
– k|sfz l5g]{ / gl5g]{ j:t'x¿
– s'g} Pp6f ef“8f]df kfgL lnP/ ljleGg j:t'x¿
;ªsng u/L /fVg] / s'gs'g j:t'x¿ 8'A5g /
s'gs'g j:t'x¿ pqG5g, ljBfyL{nfO{ cjnf]sg u/L
kQf nufpg nufpg] .
– s'gs'g j:t'x¿ kfgLdf lanfP/ hfG5 / s'gs'g
hf“b}g k|of]u u/fO{ kQf nufpg] .
– kfgLdf 8'Ag] kf“rcf]6f j:t'x¿sf] gfd
b]pm .
– kfgLdf 3'Ng] / g3'Ng] rf/rf/cf]6f
j:t'sf] gfd atfpm .
– kfgLdf pqg] s'g} tLgcf]6f j:t'sf]
gfd b]pm .
!)
3G6L
!%= ultzLn kfgL /
xfjfsf] pkof]usf]
cjnfs]g ug{ /
;"rL tof/ kfg{ .
– ax]sf] xfjfsf] pkof]u M n'uf
;'sfpg, s'g} j:t' 3'dfpg jf
r'“8fpg .
– au]]sf] kfgLsf] pkof]u s'g}
j:t' aufpg, 366f rnfpg,
ljB't h]g]/]6/ rnfpg .
– ax]sf] xfjfsf] pkof]u u/L ul/Psf sfdx¿af/]
k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw ckgfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] . rn]sf]
xfjfsf pkof]lutfsf] ;"rL k|bz{g ug]{ / k|Zg
ug]{dWo] s'gs'g sfdx¿ ax]]sf] xfjfaf6 ePsf]
b]v]sf 5f} < c¿ sfd klg ug{ ;lsG5 ls rn]sf]
xfjfaf6 < cflb .
– o:t} k|sf/n] au]sf] kfgLaf6 ug{ ;lsg] sfdx¿sf
af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwaf6 5nkmn u/fOg] / ;"rL
k|bz{g u/L cfjZos a'“bfl6kf]6 u/fpg] .
– n3' z}lIfs e|d0f nuL au]sf] kfgLaf6 ljleGg
sfdx¿ ul/Psf :ynx¿sf] cjnf]sg u/fpg]
-h:t} M 366f rn]sf] :yfg, ljB't h]g]/]6/ rn]sf]
:yfg cflb .
– ltd|f] 3/j/k/ ltdLn] b]v]sf xfjf
-rn]sf]_ af6 ul/Psf sfdx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpm .
– ax]sf] xfjfaf6 x'g] sfdx¿sf]
;"rL agfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k[YjL /
cGtl/If
!^= afbn kfgLaf6 ag]sf]
x'G5 eGg] s'/f
k|of]uaf6 b]vfpg .
!&= kfgL kg'{sf sf/0f,
cg'dfg, cjnf]sg
u/L lgisif{df k'Ug .
!*= atf; nfu]sf] lbgsf]
nIf0f / c;/
atfpg .
!(= atf; nfu]sf]
cj:yf÷l:yltsf]
k|bz{g ug{ .
@)= lr;f] lbgsf] nIf0f /
dflg;df o;sf] c;/
atfpg . o;df
tfksf] c;/ / lxp“
kg]{ sf/0f atfpg .
df};d M
– afbn -kfgLsf] ¿kdf_
– kfgL kg'{ (rainfall)
-sf/0f, cg'dfg_
– atf; nfu]sf] lbg -nIf0f,
c;/_
– lr;f] lbg -nIf0f, c;/_
– lxp“
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ afbn;DaGwL cfgf] cg'ej eGg nufpg] . h:t}M t';f/f]
nfu]sf] lbg lx“8]sf], afbnleqaf6 xjfO{hxfhdf uPsf], afbn nfu]sf]
l:yltdf kxf8 r9]sf] . o;/L g} x':;' nfu]sf] lbg aflx/ lx“8bf, skfn
leHg] (moisture) cg'ej 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– afbn kfgL xf] eGg] s'/faf/] 5nkmn ul/;s]kl5 Pp6f lsTnL (tea
kettle) df tftf] kfgL /fv]/ kfgL pdfNg] / afbnh:tf] ag]/ lg:s]sf]
kfgLsf] afkm lr;f] l/sfkL jf Kn]6 pSt af˚ glhs nUg] . kfgLsf]
yf]kfyf]kf ag]sf] b[Zo klg cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg] / 5nkmn ug]{ .
– afbn s]n] ag]sf] x'G5 <
– atf; nfu]sf] lbgsf] lrq
agfpm .
– s] sf/0fn] lxp“ k5{ <
!%
3G6L
@!= k[YjLsf tLg d08nsf]
klxrfg ug{ .
@@= :ynd08nsf] j0f{g
ug{ .
@#= r66fgsf] lsl;d /
pkof]lutf atfpg .
@$= df6f]df xfjf, kfgL /
h}ljs kbfy{ x'G5
eGg] s'/f atfpg .
k[YjL M
– kl/ro
– ljleGg tx
– :ynd08n (Lithosphere)
– df6f]df kfOg] j:t'x¿ M
-xfjf, h}ljs kbfy{, kfgL_
– lrqdf hldgsf] efu sxf“ 5 <
-kxf8, lxdfn, kf]v/L÷ gbLsf] lsgf/f cflb_
– lrqdf kfgL sxf“ 5 <
-gbL, kf]v/L, lxp“ / afbn cflb ._
– lrqdf xfjf b]lvG5 < -b]lv“b}g, xfjf b]lv“b}g_
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ glhsaf6 r66fgsf gd'gf ;ªsng ug{ nufO{ To;sf]
s8fkgsf] cfwf/df ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg] . -gªn] sf]6ofP/ jf b'j}
j:t' Pscfk;df /u8]/ s8fkg kQf nufpg ;lsG5 ._
– df6f]sf] gd'gf Nofpg nufO{ To;df s]s] 5g, cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ Toxf“
b]lvPsf cjojx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{ nufpg] / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– k[YjLsf] ljleGg tx;“u ldNg] u/L
hf]8f ldnfpm M
-s_ :ynd08n xfjf
hnd08n hldg
jfo'd08n kfgL
– hldgdf ;Lwf vGof] eg] s]s]
e]6fOG5 < -r66fg, r66fg tx,
df6f]_
– r66fgsf] pkof]lutfx¿ n]v .
– df6f]df xfjf x'G5 eGg] s'/f
k|of]uaf6 b]vfpm .
If]q l;sfOpknlAw÷ljlzi6 lj:t[tLs/0f ;Defljt lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;Defljt d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof kf=ef

p2]Zo -l;sfOpknlAw÷ljifoj:t'_
;"rgf
k|ljlw
@%= ;"rgfsf] kl/ro
lbg .
@^= ;"rgf k|jfxsf
;fwgx¿ lr7L,
/]l8of], 6]lnkmf]g /
kqklqsf x'g egL
lrGg / atfpg .
@&= lr7L, /]l8of],
6]lnkmf]g /
kqklqsfsf] sfo{
atfpg .
– ;"rgfsf] kl/ro .
– ;"rgf k|jfxsf ;fwgx¿ M
lr7L, /]l8of], 6]lnkmf]g,
kqklqsf .
– ljBfnosf] 3G6Lsf] k|bz{g ub}{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf cfwf/df
5nkmn u/fpg] M of] s] xf] < !) ah] 306L ahfp“bf ltdLx¿ s]
ub{5f} <
! ah] 3G6L aHbf s] ub{5f} < $ ah] 3G6L aHbf s] ub{5f} < oL
ljleGg ;dodf aHg] 3G6Ln] s] u¥of] t < o;/L 3G6Laf6 sIff
;'? x'g], vfhf vfg] / ljBfno 5'66L x'g] s'/fsf] ;"rgf k|fKt x'g]
s'/fsf] 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– 3/b]lv 6f9f /x]sf ldq jf cfkmGtnfO{ va/ k7fpg'k¥of] eg] s]
ub{5f} < egL 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] . 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df ljleGg
7fp“df 36]sf 36gf tyf lj|mofsnfksf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{nfO{
;"rgf elgG5 egL atfpg] .
– ;"rgf k|jfxsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
– gd'gf k|bz{g u/L ;"rgf k|jfxsf ;fwgsf sfo{x¿af/] hfgsf/L
u/fpg] .
– ;"rgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
– ;fyL jf cfkmGt 6f9f 5g eg]
ltgLx¿nfO{ s;/L va/
k7fpg ;lsG5 <
– ;"rgf k|jfxsf ;fwgx¿sf]
gfd n]v . -s'g} rf/_
– ;"rgf k|jfxsf ;fwgdWo]
/]l8of]sf] sfo{ atfpm .
$
3G6L
;fdfGo
k|ljlw
@*= s]xL ;fdfGo
k|ljlwsf] gfd
atfpg .
@(= s]xL ;fdfGo k|ljlw
-sDkf]:6 dn,
uf]a/ Uof;, ;fg
nufpg] /
zLte08f/_ af6
x'g] kmfObf
atfpg .
s]xL ;fdfGo k|ljlwx¿ M
– sDkf]:6 dn
– uf]a/ Uof;
– ;fg nufpg] .
– zLte08f/ (Cold store) .
– sDkf]:6 dn, uf]a/ Uof;sf] lrq, ;fg nufPsf] / gnufPsf] x“l;of
cflb k|bz{g ug]{ . oL ;fdu|Lx¿ tyf lrq;“u sf]xL kl/lrt 5g
eg] tL ljBfyL{;“u pSt k|ljlw s]s] sfddf k|of]u ul/G5 < s]s]
kmfObf x'G5 < Tof] k|ljlwdf s]s] k|of]u x'G5 < h:tf k|Zgsf]
cfwf/df s;/L agfOG5 < o;sf] s] dxŒj 5 < cflb k|Zgdf
5nkmn u/fpg] . ;Dej ePdf tL k|ljlwx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf]
7fp“df ljBfyL{nfO{ cWoog e|d0fdf n}hfg] . o;/L cf;kf;df ePsf
cGo k|ljlwx¿s]f klg gfd / sfd atfpg] .
– rf/cf]6f ;fdfGo k|ljlwsf]
gfd n]v .
– sDkf]:6 dn s;/L agfOG5 <
– uf]a/ Uof;af6 s] kmfObf
x'G5 <
#
3G6L

If]q÷PsfO sIff ! sIff @ sIFf #
;hLj j:t'x¿ ## @* @%
jftfj/0f ( ( &
kbfy{ / zlSt !% !@ !)
k[YjL / cGtl/If & !% !%
;"rgf k|ljlw – – $
;fdfGo :yfgLo
k|ljlw
– – #
hDdf ^$ ^$ ^$
o; ljifosf] cWofkgsf nflu sIff !, @, # df jflif{s kf7oef/ ^$ / ;fKtflxs kf7oef/ @ lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ljifosf] lzIf0f ubf{ ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ ljleGg ljlwx¿sf] cjnDag ug{'kb{5 . o; ljifosf]
cWofkgsf nflu pko'St dflgPsf ljlwx¿df cjnf]sg, k|of]ufTds, k|bz{g, vf]h, If]q cGj]if0f,
k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn cflb kb{5g . s'g} 36gf, ljifoj:t' jf glthfsf] kl/ro lb“bf jf AofVof ubf{ eg]
k|jrg ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; ljifodf afns]lGb|t lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkåf/f ljBfyL{df j}1flgs tl/sfn] ;f]Rg] (critical
thinking_, juL{s/0f ug]{, t'ngf ug]{, k|Zg ug]{, lh1f;f /fVg], sf/0f lbg], tYofªs /fVg], cjnf]sg ug]{
h:tf k|lj|mofut ;Lkx¿ (process skills) xfl;n u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f lzIffsf] cWoog cWofkgdf 1fgsf] e08f/ dfq j[l4 ug]{ geO{ 1fgsf] vf]hL ug]{
ljlw klg lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfn] cGj]if0f / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;Lkx¿ k|of]u u/]/ cfg}
cg'ejåf/f l;S5g . o;sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;s];Dd a9L k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUg
u/fpg'kb{5 .
ljz]if u/L jftfj/0f;“u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] cWofkg u/fp“bf lgDglnlvt a'“bfx¿df Wofg
k'¥ofpg'kb{5 M
!= s'g} l:ylt jf 36gfaf/] ;f]Wg] .
@= To;sf] glthf cyjf k|efjaf/] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] .
#= kl/slNkt wf/0ff k/LIf0f ug{ pT;flxt ug]{ .
$= cfkm}“ lgisif{df k'Ug] cj;/ lbg] .
%= lgisif{sf] cf}lrToaf/] k'gM ljrf/ ug]{ df}sf lbg] .
k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . kf7n] lbg vf]h]sf
wf/0ffnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ k|efjsf/L lj|mofsnfk x'g h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ lj|mofsnfk
x'g'kb{5 M

-s_ lrq cjnf]sg M ;DalGwt kf7df ;dflji6 / cGo ;fGble{s lrqx¿sf] ;d]t cjnf]sg u/fO{
k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn ug]{ .
-v_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Project work) M ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf s'g} lglZrt ;dodf
tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug{ lbO{ To;sf k|lj|mof / glthf ;DaGwdf sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn u/fpg]
/ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .
-u_ cEof; M cEof; u/fp“bf pQ/ dfq gvf]hL s;/L u/]sf] 5 < eGg] s'/f hf“r]/ k[i7kf]if0f lb“b} hfg]
/ yk cEof;sf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
-3_ lj|mofsnfk M wf/0ff, ;Lk / clej[lQdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf ;fy} c¿ yk l;sfO cg'ej lbgsf
nflu lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] .
sIffaflx/ ul/g] lj|mofsnfkn] ljBfyL{nfO{ b}lgs Psf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg / jf:tljs cg'ej u/fpg d2t
ug]{ ePsfn] If]q e|d0f a]nfa]nfdf u/fpg' -ljifoj:t';“u ;DalGwt u/L_ pko'St dflgG5 .
lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f lzIff ljifodf d"Nofªsg k|lj|mofnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cleGg cªusf ¿kdf
lnOPsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L o; ljifodf cf}krfl/s lnlvt k/LIffnfO{ eGbf klg ljBfyL{df ck]lIft p2]Zo
-l;sfOpknlAw_ xfl;n eof] jf ePg egL lg/Gt/ d"NofªsgnfO{ hf]8 lbg'kb{{5 . cjnf]sgsf
dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df s]s:tf] kl/jt{g cfof], ;f]sf] d"Nofªsg ug'{kb{5 . ck]lIft p2]Zo
xfl;n jf Jojxf/ kl/jt{g geP;Dd lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg'kb{5 . lg/Gt/
d"Nofªsgsf dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{sf] sl7gfO kQf nufO{ ;'wf/sf nflu sf]l;; hf/L /fVg'kb{5 .
sIffsfo{, u[xsfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf] cjnf]sgh:tf ;fwgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 lg/Gt/
d"Nofªsg ug'{kb{5 . ljz]ifu/L o; ljifodf ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofªsg ubf{ k|lj|mofut ;Lkx¿ xfl;n
ePgePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{kb{5 .

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, :jf:Yo lzIff 140
-cf_ :jf:Yo lzIff v08
!= kl/ro
:jf:Yo dfgj hLjgsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfdWo] Ps xf] . :j:y hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg' ;a}sf] clwsf/
xf] . s'g} klg cleefjs cfgf afnaflnsf lg/f]uL xf]pmg, ;kmf;'U3/ a;"g, k'mlt{nf, x[i6k'i6 xf]pmg /
pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} rf]6k6s gnfuf]; eGg] rfxG5g . clzIff, c1fg / cGo sf/0fn] ljZjdf a;]{lg ;?jf
/f]u tyf Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8;af6 ;ªj|mldt eO{ nfvf}+F JolStx¿sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;df
ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf afnaflnsf / o'jfju{sf] ;ªVof k|ltlbg al9/x]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo lzIffn] JolStdf
:jf:Yo;DaGwL 1fg, wf/0ff / ;Lksf] ljsf; u/L Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg dxŒjk"0f{
of]ubfg lbG5 . To;}n] ljBfno lzIffsf] k|fylds txb]lv g} :jf:Yo lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] .
k|fylds txsf nflu o; ljifodf lgDglnlvt If]qx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g M
!= JolStut ;kmfO
@= jftfj/0fLo ;kmfO
#= kf]if0f tyf vfgf
$= /f]ux¿
%= arfp tyf k|fylds pkrf/
^= :jf:Yo ;]jf
&= w"dkfg tyf nfu' kbfy{
k|fylds tx k"/f u/]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g M
!= z/L/ ;kmfOk|lt ;sf/fTds efjgf /fvL JolStut ;/;kmfO ug{ .
@= 3/, ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg, jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO ug{ .
#= ;?jf /f]ux¿af6 aRg lg/f]wfTds pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ .
$= ljleGg vfB;d"xaf6 kf}l:6s vfgfx¿ 5fgL vfg] afgL a;fNg .
%= b}lgs lj|mofsnfkdf ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg .
^= ;d'bfodf pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u cfjZostfg';f/ ug{ .
&= nfu'kbfy{ tyf w"dkfgaf6 x'g] v/fj c;/x¿ dgg u/L To;af6 6f9f /xg] pkfox¿ ckgfpg .

#= If]q / j|md
o; ljifosf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] If]q / j|mdtnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
!= JolStut
;kmfO
- z/L/sf aflx/L cªux¿sf] klxrfg / ;kmfO
- v]n v]n]/ cfPkl5, l;Fufg kmfn]kl5 cflb cj:yfdf
xft w'jfO
- ;xL tl/sfn] xft w'g] / bfFt dfemg] tl/sf
- lxF8bf, p7bf, / a:bfsf] l:ylt
- z/L/sf aflx/L cªux¿sf] ;kmf ug]{ tl/sf
- ;/;kmfOdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx¿
- lx“8bf, a:bf, p7bf / ;'Tbfsf] l:ylt
- z/L/sf ljleGg cªux¿sf] ;kmfO
ug'{kg]{ sf/0f
- z/L/sf] ;kmfOdf k|of]u x'g] :yfgLo
;fdu|Lx¿
- df};dcg';f/sf n'uf nufpg] tl/sf
- lgb|f, cf/fd / Jofofdsf] dxŒj
@= jftfj/0fLo
;kmfO
- 3/ tyf ljBfnodf x'g] kmf]xf]/x¿
- 3/ tyf ljBfno ;kmf ug]{ tl/sf
- lb;flk;fa ug]{ :yfg
- ;'/lIft / c;'/lIft kfgL]
- lkpgsf nflu ;'/lIft / :jR5 kfgL
- 3/ tyf ljBfno ;kmf ug{ rflxg] ;fdu|Lx¿ / tL
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
- 3/ tyf ljBfnodf ;/;kmfOaf6 x'g] kmfObf, jftfj/0f
k|b"if0f x'g] sf/0f / arfj6sf pkfo
- 3/ tyf ljBfnoaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/x¿
- ;/;kmfOaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿
- jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'gaf6 arfj6 ug]{
tl/sf .
- rkL{sf] plrt k|of]u / ;/;kmfO
- vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t÷d'xfgsf] klxrfg /
;/;kmfO
#= kf]if0f tyf
vfgf
- vfgfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
- b}lgs vfg] vfgf
- sfFr} vfOg] vfg]s'/fx¿
- vfgf vfg] tl/sf
- cfˆgf] ufp“ / ;d'bfodf kfOg] vfg]s'/f
- ;'/lIft / tfhf vfgf
- z/L/sf nflu kfgLsf] cfjZostf
- cfˆgf] ufp“ / ;d'bfodf kfOg]
vfg]s'/fsf ;|f]tx¿
- xl/of] ;fukft / kmnk"mnx¿sf]
k|of]u
- vfg]s'/f ;'/lIft /fVg] tl/sf
$= /f]ux¿ - ;Grf]kgf / la/fdL cj:yf
- ;fwf/0f /f]ux¿
- ;g]{ / g;g]{ /f]ux¿
- la/fdL cj:yf
- :j:y afgL
- ;g]{ / g;g]{ /f]ux¿
- :j:y afgL
- pkrf/ ;]jf

%= arfp tyf
k|fylds
pkrf/
- 3/, ljBfno, ;8s, af6f]3f6f]df x'g ;Sg]
b'3{6gfx¿ -v:g], n8g], kf]Ng], sf6g], RofKg], 3f]Rg],
s/]G6 nfUg], ;8s b'3{6gf cflb_
- b'3{6gfaf6 arfj6 -cfuf], ljh'nL, df]6/uf8L, wfl/nf
cf}hf/ cflb;Fusf] xf]l;of/L_
- 3/, ljBfno, ;8s af6f]3f6f]df x'g ;Sg] b'3{6gfx¿ M –
v:g] n8g], kf]Ng], sf6g], RofKg], 3f]Rg], s/]G6 nfUg],
;8s b'3{6gf cflb
- ;8s, af6f]3f6f] / 3/ tyf ljBfnodf x'g ;Sg] b'3{6gf
- b'3{6gfaf6 aRg] tl/sf -cfuf], lah'nL, df]6/uf8L,
wfl/nf cf}hf/ cflb;“usf] xf]l;of/L_
- b'3{6gf / b'3{6gfsf sf/0fx¿ M
v]nd}bfg, kf]v/L, vf]nf, ;8s,
s/]G6 cflb
- k|fylds pkrf/sf] pkof]u
- b'3{6gfaf6 aRg] pkfox¿
- arfp tyf k|fylds pkrf/ M 3fp,
rf]6k6s
^= :jf:Yo ;]jf - :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] ;+:yfx¿sf] gfd
- :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u
- :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] ;+:yfx¿ – kl/ro / ;fdfGo sfd
- :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cfjZostf
- :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] ug]{ sfd
&= w"dkfg tyf
nfu'kbfy{
- w"dkfgsf] kl/ro / k|sf/
- w"dkfgsf] ;fdfGo c;/ .

sIff M !
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!= JolStut
;kmfO
!= z/L/sf aflx/L ljleGg
cªux¿ klxrfg ug{ .
@= z/L/sf aflx/L ljleGg
cªux¿ plrt tl/sfn]
;kmf ug{ .
#= xft wf]P/ vfg'k5{ eGg]
ljrf/ /fVg .
$= 7Ls tl/sfn] lx“8g,
pleg, a:g / ;'Tg .
- z/L/sf aflx/L cªux¿sf] klxrfg /
;/;kmfO -gfs, sfg, d'v, xft, v'66f,
cf“vf, gª, 6fpsf] cflb_ ug{ .
- v]n v]n]/ cfPkl5, l;“ufg kmfn]kl5,
kmf]xf]/ j:t' kmfn]kl5 xft w'g] .
- ;xL tl/sfn] bf“t dfemg] .
- lx“8bf, p7bf, a:bfsf] l:ylt .
- ljBfyL{ jf lzIfs cfkm}“n] cfgf
aflx/L cªux¿ k|bz{g u/L gfd
atfpg] .
- Pshgf ljBfyL{ cufl8 NofP/
p;sf aflx/L cªux¿ s]s] 5g
;f]Wg] / cfkmgf aflx/L cªux¿
klxrfg ug{ nufpg] .
- aflx/L cªux¿ ;kmf ug]{ tl/sf
k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
- z/L/sf kf“rcf]6f aflx/L
cªux¿sf] gfd eGg nufpg] .
- df}lvs k|Zgf]Q/ / cjnf]sg
!)
3G6L
@= jftfj/0fLo
;kmfO
%= 3/ tyf ljBfno ;kmf
ug]{ tl/sf atfpg .
^= sfd gnfUg] j:t'nfO{
lglZrt 7fp“df kmfNg .
&= cfk"m a:g] sf]7f tyf
sIff sf]7f ;kmf x'g'k5{
eGg] wf/0ff /fVg .
*= lglZrt :yfgdf
lb;flk;fa ug{ .
(= kfgL ;'/lIft /fVg /
;'/lIft kfgL lkpg .
- 3/ tyf ljBfnodf x'g] kmf]xf]/x¿
- 3/ tyf ljBfno ;kmf ug]{ tl/sf /
lgoldt ;/;kmfO, kmf]xf]/ lglZrt
7fp“df kmfNg ef“8f] jf vf8nsf]
Joj:yf / kmf]xf]/ j:t' tf]lsPsf]
:yfgfdf kmfNg] afgL .
- lb;flk;fk ug]{ :yfg -h:t}
rkL{÷tf]lsPsf] :yfg_ .
- c;'/lIft / ;'/lIft kfgL -kl/ro /
logLx¿df kfOg] leGgtf_ .
- lkpgsf nflu ;'/lIft / :jR5 kfgL .
- cgfjZos j:t'x¿ hyfefjL
kmfNgfn] 3/ tyf ljBfno kmf]xf]/
x'G5 eGg] s'/f atfO{ cgfjZos
j:t'x¿af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
- To:tf cgfjZos j:t'x¿
lglZrt 7fp“df kmfNg] sfo{df
;xeflutfd"ns cEof; u/fpg]
- ;/;kmfOsf nflu sfo{tflnsf
agfpg] .
- 5nkmn u/fpg] .
- s:tf] sf]7fnfO{ kmf]xf]/ sf]7f
elgG5 <
- xfd|f] sIffsf]7f kmf]xf]/ s;/L
x'G5 <
- s]s] u¥of] eg] sf]7f ;kmf x'G5 <
- cjnf]sg
%
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= kf]if0f tyf
vfgf
!)= cfˆgf] 3/df vfg]
u/]sf vfg]s'/fsf] gfd
atfpg .
!!= sf“r} vfOg]
vfg]s'/fx¿ kvfn]/
dfq vfg .
!@= kf]if0fo'St vfgfsf]
dxTj / kmfObf a'emL
lgoldt ¿kn] vfg .
- vfgfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro .
- b}lgs vfg] vfgf -eft, bfn, cfn',
sfpnL, ;fukft, /f]6L, bxL, b"w,
kmnk"mn cflb_
- sf“r} vfOg] vfg]s'/fx¿ -ufh/, d"nf,
sf“qmf], :ofp, cDaf cflb_
- vfgf vfg] tl/sf -/fd|/L rkfP/ vfg],
vfgf v]/ gkmfNg], w]/} tftf] / w]/}
lr;f] gvfg], w]/} lrNnf] / d;nfo'St
vfgf gvfg], vfgf vf“bf g5g]{, gkmfNg]
cflb ._
- k|bz{g u/L ljBfyL{x¿n] b}lgs
vfg] u/]sf vfgf lrGg nufpg] .
- cfh s]s] vfg]s'/f vfP/ cfof} <
egL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ eGg
nufpg] .
- sf“r} vfg]s'/f s]s] 5g < lrq
k|bz{g ub}{ 5nkmn u/fpg] .
- sf“r} vfg] vfg]s'/f kvfn]/ dfq
vfg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff k||:6 kfg]{ .
- lgDglnlvt gd'gf k|Zgx¿
df}lvs ¿kdf ;f]Wg] M
-s_ ltdL 3/df s]s] vfg]s'/f
vfG5f} <
-v_ tLgcf]6f sf“r} vfg] vfg]s'/fsf]
gfd eg .
^
3G6L
$=/f]ux¿ !#= ;fwf/0f /f]ux¿sf
gfdx¿ atfpg .
!$= la/fdL cj:yfk|lt
;r]t /xg .
!%= cfk"mnfO{ ;Grf]
gePsf] s'/f c¿nfO{
atfpg / d2t lng .
- ;Grf]kgf / la/fdL cj:yf
- ;fwf/0f /f]ux¿ -n'tf], h'sf kg'{,
emf8fkvfnf, ?3fvf]sL, unuf“8
cflb ._
- oL /f]ux¿af6 aRg] pkfox¿ .
- ;Grf] gePsf] a]nfsf] cg'ej
atfpg nufpg] .
- la/fdL / ;Grf]kgfsf] af/]df
ljBfyL{x¿sf] cg'ejnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL 5nkmnaf6 k|:6 kfg]{ .
- ;Grf] gePsf] s'/f cfkm"eGbf
7"nfnfO{ atfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/f
af]w u/fpg] .
- 5nkmn sfo{snfk .
- k|Zgf]Q/ sfo{snfk .
- s] x'“bf ;Grf] x'“b}g <
- ;Grf] gx'“bf s] u5f}{ <
- df}lvs k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
- Jojxf/ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
%
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%= arfp tyf
k|fylds
pkrf/
!^= ;8s, af6f]3f6f] / 3/
tyf ljBfnodf x'g
;Sg] b'3{6gfx¿
atfpg .
!&= nfk/jfxLsf sf/0fn]
b'3{6gfx¿ x'g ;S5
eGg] wf/0ff /fVg .
!*= 3/ tyf ljBfnodf
x'g] b'3{6gfx¿af6
aRg / ckl/lrt,
a]jfl/;] j:t'
grnfpg .
- 3/, ljBfno, ;8s, af6f]3f6f]df x'g
;Sg] b'3{6gfx¿ -v:g], n8g], kf]Ng],
sf6g], RofKg], 3f]Rg], s/]G6 nfUg],
;8s b'3{6gf cflb_ .
- b'3{6gfaf6 arfj6
-cfuf], ljh'nL, df]6/uf8L, wfl/nf
cf}hf/ / ckl/lrt, a]jfl/;] j:t'
cflb;“u x'g'kg]{ xf]l;of/L_ .
- ;8s, ljBfno, 3/, v]Ng] rf}/df
kfng ug'{kg]{ lgodx¿ .
- xf]; gu/L ljleGg lj|mofsnfk
ubf{ x'g ;Sg] b'3{6gfx¿sf]
5nkmn u/fpg] -lrqdf s]
eO/x]sf] 5 <_
- ljBfyL{x¿dWo] s;}nfO{ To:tf]
36gf 36]sf] eP p;sf
cg'e"ltx¿ sIffdf ;'gfpg
nufpg] .
- s]s] ubf{ 3fp x'g ;S5 <
- df]6/ u'8g] ;8sdf cfkm"
stfaf6 lx“8g'k5{ <
- cjnf]sg ug]{ .
$
3G6L
^= :jf:Yo ;]jf !(= :yfgLo txdf ePsf
:jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
;+:yfgx¿sf] gfd
atfpg .
@)= la/fdL x'Fbf :jf:Yo
;]jf lng'k5{ eGg]
dfGotf /fVg .
@!= la/fdL k/]sf] cj:yfdf
:jf:Yo ;]jf lng .
@@= la/fdL JolStx¿nfO{
;xof]u ug'{k5{ eGg]
wf/0ff /fVg .
- :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] ;+:yfx¿ -:jf:Yo
rf}sL, :jf:Yo pkrf}sL, j}Bvfgf,
:jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|, c:ktfn, lSnlgs
cflb_ .
- :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u .
- la/fdLnfO{ ;xof]u .
- :yfgLo:t/df pknAw :jf:Yo
;]jfsf gfd eGg nufpg] .
- la/fdLnfO{ pkrf/ ug{ nu]sf]
lrq k|bz{g u/L la/fdL x'Fbf
:jf:Yo ;]jf lng'k5{ eGg] s'/f
k|:6 kfg]{ .
- ufp“df la/fdL kbf{ s]
ul/G5 < eGg] k|Zg u/L la/fdL
dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ egL
s'g} 36gf atfP/ k|:6 kfg]{ .
- :ynut e|d0f, 5nkmn .
– la/fdL x'“bf ltdL s;nfO{
eG5f} <
– la/fdL x'“bf pkrf/ sxfF
u/fp“5f} <
@
3G6L

sIff M @
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!= JolStut
;kmfO
!= z/L/sf ljleGg
cªux¿ ;kmfO ug]{
tl/sf eGg .
@= JolStut ;kmfOdf k|of]u
x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL
lgdf{0fdf g]t[Tj lng .
#= z/L/sf ljleGg
cªux¿ ;kmf ug{ /
logLx¿nfO{ 7Ls
l:yltdf /fVg .
$= 7Ls tl/sfn] lx“8g,
pleg, a:g / ;'Tg .
- gfs, cf“vf ;kmf ug]{ / skfn
sf]g]{ tl/sf .
- ;/;kmfOdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgx¿
-;fa'g, 6'ya|;, ;fa'g /fVg] a66f,
?dfn, sfO“of] cflb_ .
- gfs, cf“vf, ;xL tl/sfn] ;kmf
ug]{, skfn sf]g]{ / bf“t dfemg]
tl/sf cflb .
- lx“8bf, a:bf, p7bf / ;'Tbfsf]
l:ylt .
- ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L z/L/sf
aflx/L cªux¿sf] ;kmf ug]{ tl/sfaf/]
5nkmn ug{ nufpg] . /fd|f];“u z/L/ ;kmf
gubf{ x'g] c;/ atfpg] .
- JolStut ;/;kmfOdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|Lsf]
k|bz{g u/L tL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] plrt tl/sfn]
k|of]u ug{ ljBfnodf k|of]ufTds ljlwaf6
l;sfpg] . ;/;kmfO ug]{ j|mddf lb;f lk;fj
ug]{ cªux¿ klg ;kmf ug{'kg{]af/] ;r]t
ug{] .
- lx“8g], a:g] / ;'Tg]h:tf lj|mofsnfkx¿ ug{
clego ljlw ckgfpg] .
– df}lvs k|Zg ug]{,
k|of]ufTds
sfd u/fO{ ;Lk
cjnf]sg u/L /]s8{
/fVg] .
!)
3G6L
@=jftfj/0fLo
;kmfO
%= 3/ tyf ljBfno ;kmf
ug]{ tl/sf / o;sf
kmfObf atfpg .
^= 3/ tyf ljBfno ;kmf
/fVg ;xof]u ug]{ efjgf
/fVg .
&= jftfj/0f b"lift x'gaf6
arfpg .
- 3/ tyf ljBfno ;kmf ug{ rflxg]
;fdu|Lx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] k|of]u .
- 3/ tyf ljBfnodf ug'{kg]{
;/;kmfOaf6 x'g] kmfObf, jftfj/0f
k|b"if0f x'g] sf/0f / arfj6sf
pkfox¿ .
- 3/ tyf ljBfnoaf6 lg:sg]
kmf]xf]/x¿ .
- lrqdf s] ul//x]sf 5g, 5nkmn u/fO{ lsg
ug]{ < s;n] ug]{ < slxn] ug]{ < h:tf
k|Zgaf6 ljifoj:t'sf] wf/0ff lbg] .
- ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"x ljefhg u/L sIffsf]7f /
ljBfno ;kmf ug{'kg]{ ljifodf k|of]ufTds
tl/sfaf6 Jojxf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
- kmf]xf]/L afgLJojxf/sf sf/0f x'g] /f]u /
;dfhdf x'g] ckx]ngfjf/] syf ;'gfpg],
syfsf] cfwf/df ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo
;'emfpg] .
– df}lvs k|Zg
tyf ljBfno ;/;kmfO /
sIffsf]7f ;/;kmfOdf
;xeflutf cjnf]sg u/L
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
%
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= kf]if0f tyf
vfgf
*= cfˆgf] kl/j]zdf kfOg]
vfg]s'/fsf] gfd
atfpg .
(= ;kmf / tfhf vfg]s'/f
dfq vfg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf
;r]t x'g .
!)= z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf
;Gt'ng ug{ ;do;dodf
kfgL lkpg .
- cfˆgf] ufp“ / ;d'bfodf kfOg]
vfg]s'/f -h:t} M ;fukft, ss{nf],
lgp/f], l;:gf], l;d;fu, a]y], n66],
kmfk/, kfn'ªuf], /fof] cflb ._
- kx]“nf] kmnk"mn -d]jf, cf“k, ufh/,
s]/f cflb ._
- cGg -wfg, rfdn, ux'“, ds} cflb_ .
- u]8fu'8L -df;, rgf, /x/, d';'/f],d'ª
cflb ._
b"w, bxL, l3p, df5f, df;', cG8f
cflb .
- ;'/lIft / tfhf vfgf -5f]k]/
/fv]sf ;a} vfgfx¿, pdfn]sf] b"w
/ kfgL, /fd|/L kvfn]sf] t/sf/L /
kmnk"mn cflb ._
- kmf]xf]/ vfgfaf6 x'g] a]kmfObfx¿ .
- vfg]s'/fx¿af6 x'g] kmfObf /
kmf]xf]/ tyf ;8]un]sf vfgfaf6
x'g] a]kmfObfx¿ .
- z/L/sf nflu kfgLsf] cfjZostf
-k]6 ;kmf ug{, 5fnfnfO{ :j:y
agfpg_ .
- lrqdf lbOPsf vfg]s'/fsf ;fy} cGo
vfg]s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg nufO{ tL
vfg]s'/fx¿ s'gs'g df};ddf kfOg] x'g
5nkmn ug]{ .
- ;fukft ;d"x / cGo t/sf/L ;d"xdf
juL{s/0f ug{sf nflu sfnf]kf6Ldf tflnsf
agfO{ sfkLdf ;f]cg';f/ eg{ nufpg] .
- df};dcg';f/ cfˆgf] ufp“+ / j/k/sf ufp“df
kfOg] kmnk"mnsf] gfd, hflt;DaGwL 5nkmn
ug]{ .
- zlStsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf 5nkmn ug{ xfdLn]
vfg] vfgfdf s:tf] vfg]s'/f w]/} x'G5 < cflb
;“u} vfgf b"lift x'g] sf/0fdf le+muf, kmf]xf]/
jtfj/0f tyf cfˆgf] a]xf];Laf/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
- ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ vfgf k|b"if0f xg] tl/sfsf]
clego u/fO{ wf/0ff lbg] / ;kmf / kmf]xf]/
vfgfaf6 kg]{ k|efjsf] uLt agfO{ ufpg
nufpg] .
- kfgL ;kmf /fVg'kg]{ sf/0fx¿ atfp“+b} ;kmf /
kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿jf/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
– lnlvt k|Zg, df}lvs
k|Zg, sIffsfo{ tyf
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf
cfwf/df d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
^
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k|lj|mof
kf=ef
$=/f]ux¿ !!= ;g]{ / g;g]{ ;fwf/0f
/f]ux¿sf] gfd atfpg .
!@= cfk"mnfO{ ;Grf] gePsf]
s'/f c¿nfO{ atfpg .
!#= vf]Sbf, xflR5p“ ubf{
gfsd'v 5f]Kg /
hyfefjL gy'Sg .
- ;g]{ / g;g]{ /f]ux¿ -n'tf],
h'sf kg'{, emf8fkvfnf, cfp“,
bfb'/f, unuf“8 cflb ._
- la/fdL cj:yf .
- :j:y afgL .
- ljBfyL{x¿;“u pgLx¿n] cg'ej u/]sf / yfxf kfPsf
/f]ux¿ ;f]w]/ ;"rL tof/ ug]{ . yf]/} dfq cfPdf
lzIfsn] klg yKg] .
- l6lkPsf ;"rLnfO{ ;g]{ / g;g]{ /f]ux¿sf] tflnsf
agfO{ 5nkmn u/L 5'6ofpg] .
- ;g]{ / g;g]{ /f]ux¿sf] ljleGg pbfx/0f lbP/ wf/0ff
k|i6 kfg]{ .
- cfk"meGbf 7"nfnfO{ ;'Grf] gePsf] geGbf ePsf
;d:ofx¿ cg'ejsf] cfwf/df atfpg] .
- xflR5p“ ubf{, vf]Sbf /f]u ;g]{ tl/sf b]vfpg
Knfl:6ssf] l;;Ldf kfgL xfn]/ ;fgf] Kjfn kf/L
lyr]/ klg b]vfpg ;lsG5 .
– df}lvs k|Zg, u[xsfo{,
sIff sfo{ / kl/of]hgf
sfo{sf] cfwf/df
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
%
3G6L
%= arfp tyf
k|fylds
pkrf/
!$=;8s, af6f]3f6f], 3/
tyf ljBfnodf x'g ;Sg]
b'3{6gfx¿sf] sf/0f /
o:tf b'3{6gfx¿af6
aRg] pkfo atfpg .
!%= 3fprf]6k6s nfUbf
k|fylds pkrf/ ug'{k5{
eGg] wf/0ff /fVg .
!^= ;8s, af6f]3f6f], 3/
tyf ljBfnodf x'g ;Sg]
b'3{6gfx¿af6 aRg]
pkfo ckgfpg .
- 3/, ljBfno, ;8s
af6f]3f6f]df x'g ;Sg]
b'3{6gfx¿ -v:g], n8g], kf]Ng],
sf6g], RofKg], 3f]Rg], s/]G6
nfUg], ;8s b'3{6gf cflb ._
- b'3{6gfaf6 aRg] tl/sf -cfuf],
lah'nL, df]6/uf8L, wfl/nf
cf}hf/, a]jfl/;] ;fdfg
cflb;“usf] xf]l;of/L_ .
- ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 ePsf 3fp,
rf]6x¿sf], b'vfOsf cg'ejx¿af/] ;f]Wg] . s:tf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] eof] < ;f]Wg] To;}sf] cfwf/df aRg]
pkfoaf/] k|:6 kfg]{ .
- cf–cfgf] 7fp“ kl/j]zcg';f/ ePsf b'3{6gfx¿sf]
pkrf/ s;/L x'g] u/]sf] 5, ljBfyL{x¿af6 pgLx¿n]
b]v]sf] cg'ej eGg nufpg], k|fylds pkrf/
ug'{kgf{sf sf/0faf/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
- x'g ;Sg] b'3{6gf, b'3{6gfsf] ljj/0f, b'3{6gfsf
sf/0f, s] u/] aRg ;lsG5 < h:tf jfSof+z /fvL
tflnsf agfO{ 5nkmn ug]{ / tflnsf eg{ nufpg] .
- ;8s, oftfoft, a]jfl/;] j:t' cflbaf6 kg{ ;Sg]
vt/fx¿ 5nkmn u/L ;"rL agfpg] .
– df}lvs k|Zg, ;fdu|L
klxrfg, k|of]ufTds
sfo{, sIff sfo{ tyf
ljBfyL{x¿sf]
lh1f;fx¿sf cfwf/df
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
$
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k|lj|mof
kf=ef
^= :jf:Yo
;]jf
!&= :yfgLo :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg]
;+:yfx¿sf] ;fdfGo
kl/ro lbg .
!*= la/fdL x'“bf :jf:Yo ;]jf
lng'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff
/fVg .
!(= la/fdL k/]sf] cj:yfdf
:jf:Yo ;]jf lng .
@)= lj/fdL JolStnfO{
;xof]u ug'{k5{ eGg]
wf/0ff /fVg .
- :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg] ;+:yfx¿
-kl/ro / ;fdfGo sfd_
- :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u .
- ;DalGwt 7fp“df ;"rgf
-lzIfs, cleefjs jf
cfk'meGbf 7"nfnfO{_ .
- lrq 5nkmn u/fpg], yk krf{, kDkn]6 kf]:6/
b]vfP/ cf–cfgf] ljrf/ eGg nufO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf lbg]
;+:yfaf/] k|:6 kfg]{ .
- :jf:Yo ;]jf;“u ;DalGwt zAbx¿ 8fS6/, :jf:Yo
;]ljsf, ;'O{, cf}ifwL cflbaf/] 5nkmn ug]{, :jf:Yo
;]jf lng'kg]{af/] clego ljlwaf6 lzIf0f ug]{ .
– df}lvs k|Zg,
lrq ;ªsng,
sIffsfo{, u[xsfo{
cflbaf6 d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
@
3G6L

sIff M #
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k|lj|mof
kf=ef
!= JolStut ;kmfO != z/L/sf cªux¿ ;kmf
ug'{kg]{ sf/0fx¿ atfpg
@= JolStut ;kmfOk|lt
;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVg .
#= df};dcg';f/sf n'uf
nufpg'kg]{ sf/0f
atfpg .
$= z/L/sf nflu cf/fd,
lgb|f / Jofofdsf]
;Gt'ng ldnfpg .
- z/L/sf ljleGg cªux¿sf]
;kmfO ug'{kg]{ sf/0f .
- z/L/sf] ;kmfOdf k|of]u x'g]
:yfgLo ;fdu|L -lkgf, l/77f,
v/fgL_ .
- df};dcg';f/sf n'uf nufpg'kg]{
sf/0f .
- lgb|f, cf/fd / Jofofdsf] dxŒj .
- sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{x¿dWo] Pshgf ;kmf
ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fg]/ p;n] ug]{ b}lgs
lj|mofsnfk eGg nufO{ p;sf] egfOsf]
cfwf/df ;kmf x'g'kg]{ sf/0fx¿ 5nkmn
u/fP/ n]Vg
nufpg] .
- ljleGg lsl;dsf ;/;kmfO ug]{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
;"rL lzIfsn] af]8{df n]Vg] / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
;fg{ nufpg], pSt ;fdu|Lsf] :yfgdf cfgf]
7fp“df s:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u u/]sf] 5,
To;af6 x'g] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds
k|efjsf] 5nkmn ug]{ .
- z/L/nfO{ tGb'?:t /fVg Jofofd / cf/fdsf]
h?/taf/] clego, gSsn cflbaf6 k|:6
kfg]{ .
- df}lvs k|Zg, ;fdu|L
;ªsng ;lj|motf,
b}lgs ;kmfO, n'uf,
skfn, gfs, cg'xf/,
xft, uf]8f ;kmfO tyf
k|of]ufTds sfdsf]
cfwf/df d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
*
3G6L
@=jftfj/0fLo
;kmfO
%= 3/, 5/l5d]s / 6f]nsf]
;/;kmfOaf6 x'g] kmfObf
atfpg .
^= jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'gaf6
arfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
/fVg .
&= rkL{ tyf wf/f ;kmf
/fVg] tl/sf k|of]u ug{ .
- ;/;kmfOaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ .
- jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'gaf6 arfj6
ug]{ tl/sf .
- rkL{sf] plrt k|of]u /
;/;kmfO .
- vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t÷d'xfgsf] klxrfg
-wf/f, s'jf, Ogf/, sn, d"n,
k“w]/f_ / ;/;kmfO .
- ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfk"mn] 3/sf] ;/;kmfO ug]{
u/]gu/]sf]af/] k|Zg u/]/ gug]{x¿nfO{ ug{
k|]l/t u/L To;sf kmfObfx¿jf/] k|:6 kfl/lbg]
.
- 3/, cf“ug / ljBfnosf] ;/;kmfO;“u hf]8L
jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsg] /
Tof] cfgf] klg bfloTj xf] eGg] a'‰ffpg] .
- cfgf] 3/df / ljBfnodf lkpg] kfgLsf]
;|f]t ;kmf /fVg] sfo{ sIff sfo{sf] ¿kdf
- df}lvs k|Zg
- k|of]ufTds sfd -lrq
;ªsng u/L 6f“;]/
u/fpg]_ cflbaf6
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
$
3G6L

lzIfsn] :ynd} nu]/ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf
u/fpg] .

k|lj|mof
kf=ef
#= kf]if0f tyf
vfgf
*= ljleGg k|sf/sf
vfg]s'/fsf] ;|f]t
atfpg .
(= xl/of] ;fukft / kx]“nf
kmnk"mn vfg'k5{ eGg]
;f]rfO /fVg .
!)= kf]if0fo'St vfgfn] z/L/nfO{
:j:y / alnof] agfp“5 eGg]
wf/0ff /fVg .
!!= ;'/lIft vfg]s'/f vfg .
- cfˆgf] ufp“ / ;d'bfodf
kfOg] vfg]s'/fsf] ;|f]tx¿
-ag:klt / hgfj/af6 k|fKt
x'g] vfgf_ .
- xl/of ;fukft /
kmnk"mnx¿sf] k|of]u .
- vfg]s'/f ;'/lIft /fVg] tl/sf .
- ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ PsPs y/Lsf vfg]s'/fx¿sf] gfd eGg
nufpg] . ;"rL agfO;s]kl5 ltgLx¿sf ;|f]taf/] 5nkmn
u/fO{ eGg nufpg] .
- cGg, ;fukft / kmnk"mnaf6 kfOg] km/skm/s nfeaf/]
rrf{ u/L :jf:YonfO{ kmfObf ug]{ ;j} lsl;dsf vfg]s'/fx¿
vfg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff lbg] .
- z/L/nfO{ :j:y / alnof] /fVg zlSt lbg], z/L/ j[l4 ug]{
/ z/L/ alnof] agfpg] vfgfsf ;d"x¿cg';f/ rrf{ ug]{ .
- df}lvs k|Zg .
- k|of]ufTds sfd
-u]8fu'8L, kmnk"mn,
xl/of] ;fukft cflb
;ªsng / k|bz{g_
cflbsf] cfwf/df
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
%
3G6L
$=/f]ux¿ !@= ;g]{ / g;g]{ s]xL ;fwf/0f
/f]ux¿sf] nIf0f atfpg /
;g]{ /f]ux¿sf] /f]u ;g'{sf
sf/0f atfpg .
!#= /f]u nfu]df pkrf/ ug'{k5{
eGg] ;f]rfO /fVg .
!$= cfjZos dfqfdf vf]k
lng'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf
;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVg .
!%= /f]u nfu]df pkrf/fTds
;]jf lng .
!^= vf]k lng c¿nfO{ klg
clek|]l/t ug{ .
- ;g]{ / g;g]{ /f]ux¿ -cfp“,
bfb'/f, 7]pnf, Ifo/f]u,
Eofu't] /f]u, kf]lnof],
lgdf]lgof, wg'i6ªsf/
cflb ._
- :j:y afgL -/f]uk|ltsf]
;r]tgf, /f]u nfu]df cf}ifwL
vfg], ;'/lIft vfgf, kfgLsf]
k|of]u cflb ._
- pkrf/ ;]jf -cfk"mnfO{ ePsf]
Joyf atfpg], pkrf/
s]Gb|df hfg], ;dodf cf}ifwL
vfg] cflb ._
- lzIfsn] cfk"mnfO{ zf/Ll/s ;d:of ePsf] j]nf -Hj/f] jf
/f]u_ s]–s] ePsf] lyof], tL s'/fsf] rrf{ u/]/ ljBfyL{nfO{
klg cfgf]af/] eGg nufpg] . o; k|sf/ ljleGg /f]u
nfUgeGbf klxn] z/L/df x'g] kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ /f]usf
nIf0fsf] ¿kdf wf/0ff lbg] .
- /f]u ;g]{ dfWod ljleGg x'G5g eGg] s'/f k|of]u u/L
b]vfpg] .
- ;g]{ / g;g]{ /f]usf] wf/0ff lbP/ ;"rL agfpg nufpg] .
- s'g} /f]u cfkm}“ lgsf] x'G5 t}klg ;dodf lrlsT;ssf]df
hfg'kg]{ sf/0fx¿ eGg] 8fS6/ / wfdL ‰ff“qmLn] ug]{ /f]u
k/LIf0f / pkrf/ ljlwsf] ;fgf] ;+jfb agfO{ clego
u/fpg] / km/s 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
- ;Dej eP :jf:Yo s]Gb| cjnf]sg e|d0fsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .
- ;xeflutf, cjnf]sg
u/]/ d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
%
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k|lj|mof
kf=ef
%= arfp tyf
k|fylds
pkrf/
!&= ljleGg :yfgx¿df x'g]
b'3{6gfx¿sf sf/0f /
logLx¿af6 aRg] tl/sf
atfpg .
!*= 3fp, rf]6k6s nfUbf
k|fylds pkrf/ ug'{k5{
eGg] wf/0ff /fVg .
!(= ljleGg :yfgdf x'g ;Sg]
b'3{6gfdf k|fylds
pkrf/sf] ;]jf lng .
- b'3{6gf, o;sf sf/0f / aRg]
pkfox¿ -v]nd}bfg, kf]v/L, vf]nf,
;8s, df]6/, lah'nL,hgfj/,
ckl/lrt tyf a]jfl/;] j:t'
cflb ._
- k|fylds pkrf/sf] pkof]u
- 3fp rf]6k6ssf] k|fylds
pkrf/ .
- lzIfs cfk"m ;fgf] 5“bf ef]u]sf] b]v]sf], ;'g]sf]
s'g} Pp6f b'3{6gfsf] :d/0f eGg] To:t} 36gf
c¿ ljBfyL{af6 eGg nufpg] . To:tf
36gfaf6 aRg s] ug{'kg]{ /x]5 . 5nkmn u/L
;f/f+z l6kfpg] .
- ljleGg cj:yfdf x'g] 3fpcg';f/ k|fylds
pkrf/sf ;fdu|L ljBfnodf eP b]vfpg] geP
glhssf] :jf:Yo s]Gb|df nu]/ b]vfpg] /
k|lj|mofsf] af/]df eGg] .
- df}lvs k|Zg,
;xof]uLkg, 5nkmndf
;xefuL, u[xsfo{,
sIffsfo{ cflbaf6
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
- k|of]ufTds sfd
-ljleGg k|fylds
pkrf/sf nflu
pkof]uL ;fdu|L lgdf{0f
u/fpg]_ .
$
3G6L
^= :jf:Yo ;]jf @)= :yfgLo ;]jf lbg]
;+:yfx¿sf] cfjZostf
atfpg .
@!= la/fdL x'“bf :jf:Yo ;]jf
lng'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff
/fVg / c¿nfO{ :jf:Yo
;]jf lngsf nflu
pTk|]l/t ug{ .
@@= la/fdL k/]sf] cj:yfdf
:jf:Yo ;]jf lng .
- :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cfjZostf /
:jf:Yo ;+:yfn] ug]{ sfd
- glhssf] :jf:Yo s]Gb|df ePsf kf]:6/x¿
;ªsng u/L ltgLx¿n] lbg] ;]jfaf/] atfpg] .
glhssf] :jf:Yo s]Gb|n] lbg] ;]jf / Toxf“
gePsf] pkrf/ s:tf] 7fp“df x'g ;S5 k|:6
kfl/lbg] .
- :jf:Yo ;]jf lng l9nf] ePsf] sf/0f x'g ;Sg]
/ ePsf 36gfx¿ atfO{ To:tf] ;dodf j]n}df
;]jf lng'kg]{af/] ;r]t u/fpg] lsl;dsf
36gfx¿ eGg] . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg ;]jf lng
/ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{af/] pTk|]l/t ug]{ .
- df}lvs k|Zg, lh1f;f
/fVg] tl/sf, :jefj,
sIffsfo{, u[xsfo{af6
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
@
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k|lj|mof
kf=ef
&=w"dkfg tyf
nfu'kbfy{
@#= w"dkfgsf] ;fdfGo
kl/ro / o;sf k|sf/
atfpg .
@$=w"dkfg xflgsf/s x'G5
eGg] wf/0ff /fVg .
@%= w"dkfg gug{ 3/kl/jf/
/ l5d]sdf ;Nnfx lbg .
- w"dkfgsf] kl/ro / k|sf/
-lj“8L, r'/f]6, v}gL, tdfv', ;'tL{,
uf“hf_ .
- w"dkfgsf] ;fdfGo c;/ -3/,
kl/jf/, ;fyLefO, 5/l5d]sdf
gsf/fTds c;/sf] k|rf/k|;f/_ .
- ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;'tL{hGo kbfy{x¿sf] gfd n]Vg
nufpg] . tL kbfy{x¿dWo] s'g kbfy{ s;n]
s;/L k|of]u u¥of] ;f]Wg] .
- w"dkfg tyf nfu' kbfy{x¿sf] lgif]w lrq n]Vg]
k|ltof]lutf u/L /fd|f lrqx¿ sIffdf 6f“:g] .
- df}lvs k|Zg ;f]Wg]
w"dkfg;DaGwL lrq
k|ltof]lutf u/fpg] .
- sIffsfo{, u[xsfo{
cflbaf6 d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
$
3G6L

kf7o PsfO
sIff – ! sIff – @ sIff – #
!= JolStut ;/;kmfO !) !) *
@= jftfj/0f ;/;kmfO % % $
#= kf]if0f tyf vfgf ^ ^ %
$= /f]ux¿ % % %
%= arfp tyf k|fylds pkrf/ $ $ $
^= :jf:Yo ;]jf ;xof]u @ @ @
&= w"dkfg tyf nfu"kbfy{ – – $
hDdf #@ #@ #@
gf]6 M kf7oef/ k|ltxKtf sIff !—# sf nflu ! 3G6L
:jf:Yo lzIff Jofjxfl/s 1fg, wf/0ff / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t ePsf] x'“bf lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ljBfyL{
s]lGb|t x'g'k5{{ . lzIfs ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf k|:t't eO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL 1fg, wf/0ff / ;Lksf cg'ej
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k|:tt' ug{ pTk|]l/t ug'{k5{ . ctM :jf:Yo lzIff lzIf0f ug{ lgDglnlvt ljlw pkof]uL
x'G5g M
!= ;d"xdf 5nkmn (Group Discussion) @= dl:tis dGyg (Brain Storming)
#= clego (Role Play) $= ;–;fgf ;d"xsf u'~h 5nkmn (Buzz Session)
%= v]n tyf k|lt¿k (Game and simulation) ^= jfbljjfb (Debate)
&= of]hgf sfo{ (Project Work) *= cWoog e|d0f (Field Trip)
(= ;d:of cWoog (Case Study) !)= k|bz{g tyf vf]h (Demonstration and Enquiry)
:jf:Yo lzIff ljifosf ljleGg 1fg, wf/0ff / ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg ljljw k|sf/sf lj|mofsnfkx¿ u/fpg
;lsG5 . s]xL pkof]uL lj|mofsnfkx¿ lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g M
– j0f{g u/fpg] M ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk"mn] b]v]sf, cg'ej u/]sf s'/fx¿ -h:t}M kf]:6/,
lrq, vfg]s'/f, 7fpF, ;/;kmfO kmf]xf]/d}nf cflbsf_ af/]df j0f{g
ug{ nufpg] .
– cjnf]sg u/fpg] M ljBfyL{aLr z/L/sf cªux¿, kf];fs tyf sIffsf]7f,
ljBfnosf] xftf, zf}rfno, vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f cflb cjnf]sg
ug{ nufO{ k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
– cEof; ug{ nufpg] M :jf:Yo lzIffcGtu{t l;s]sf ;Lkx¿sf] cEof; ug{ nufpg]
-h:t}M xftv'66f w'g nufpg], ;/;kmfO ug]{ cflb ._
– lrq agfpg nufpg] M ljBfno j/k/, 3/, 5/l5d]sdf ePsf :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljifosf
/fd|f kIfsf / ;'wfg'{kg]{ kIfsf lrq agfpg nufpg] .
– cg'ej jf k|ltj]bg eGg nufpg] M ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf k|ltj]bg, cjnf]sgsf cg'ej sIffdf
k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
– u/]/ b]vfpg nufpg] M :jf:Yo;DaGwL vf;vf; ;Lkx¿ u/]/ b]vfpg] h:tf sfo{ ug{
nufpg] .
– vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg M s'g} lglZrt ljifosf] ;d:of jf tYo kQf nufpg nufpg] .

:jf:Yo lzIff cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo g} ljBfyL{x¿df jfl~5t Jojxf/ :yflkt ug'{ /x]sfn] ljBfyL{
d"Nofªsgstf{n] k|To]s l;sfOpknlAwcg';f/ Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ePgePsf] cjnf]sg u/L
cfjZostfcg';f/ ljBfno jftfj/0f ;f]xLcg's"n agfO{ Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf nflu pTk|]l/t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofªsg ubf{ o; txsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] afndgf]lj1fgnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL j|mdzM tnb]lv
dfly cjnf]sg, df}lvs k|Zgf]Q/ ub}{ lnlvt k/LIfftkm{ k"0ff{ªs a9fp“b} hfg'k5{ . ck]lIft l;sfOpknlAw
xfl;n geP;Dd k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] ;Dks{df /xL Jofjxfl/s ;Lk tyf 1fg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf lbO/xg'k5{ .
ljz]if u/L o; ljifodf lg/Gt/ d"Nofªsgsf] dfWodaf6 hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkdf cfwfl/t eO{ pgLx¿sf]
;d:of klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf nflu k|of; hf/L /fVg'kb{5 .
:jf:Yo lzIffdf ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsgsf] p2]Zo M
– JolStut ;/;kmfO tyf jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfOtkm{ Jojxf/df jf r]tgfdf kl/jt{g eof] ls
ePg <
– vfgfdf kf}l:6stf / ;Gt'lnt ef]hgk|lt ;sf/fTds Jojxf/ tyf ;r]ttf k|bz{g u/] jf u/]gg <
– /f]u, pkrf/ tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfk|lt ;r]t eO{ k/Dk/fut wf/0ffdf kl/jt{gsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng]
sf]l;; u/] jf u/]gg <
– cfgf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u/L /rgfTds 9ªun] ;dfwfg ug]{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf] ljsf; eP jf
ePgg <

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, zf/Ll/s lzIff 156
-O_ zf/Ll/s lzIff v08
!= kl/ro
zf/Ll/s lzIff ;fwf/0f lzIffsf] Ps cleGg cªu xf], o;sf]] dfWod zf/Ll/s lj|mofsnfkx¿ / v]ns'b
x'g . o;n] JolStsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds kIfsf] ljsf; cyf{t ;jf{ªuL0f ljsf;
ub{5 . k|fylds txsf afnaflnsfx¿ x's{g] pd]/sf ePsf x'gfn] z/L/sf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{ ;xL 9f“rf
k|bfg ug{ zf/Ll/s lzIffn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . zf/Ll/s lj|mofsnfk tyf v]ns'b eg]kl5
s]6fs]6Lx¿ /dfp“5g . kmntM o;sf] dfWodaf6 xfdL ljBfyL{x¿sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug{ ;S5f}“ . To;}n]
ljZjsf ;a}h;f] d'n'sx¿df zf/Ll/s lzIffnfO{ ljBfno lzIffdf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifosf ¿kdf ;dfj]z
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
zf/Ll/s lzIffsf clwsf+z cg'ejx¿ k|of]ufTds ¿kdf lbOg] x'gfn] o;sf nflu v]Ng] 7fp“ tyf
;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t/ ;a} ljBfnodf To:tf] ;'ljwf gx'g klg ;Sg] ePsf] x'“bf ljBfnodf
pknAw ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu
kf7oj|mddf ;dfj]z ePsf v]nx¿sf ;fy;fy} :yfgLo:t/df v]lng] /dfOnf v]nx¿ v]nfP/ klg
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s lzIff;DaGwL cg'ejx¿ lbg ;lsG5 . o; ljifodf lgDglnlvt If]qx¿ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 M
!= zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿
-s_ ultzLn cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿
-v_ l:y/ cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿
@= zf/Ll/s Jofofd / sjfh
#= ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿
$= l;h{gfTds v]nx¿
%= es'G8f] v]]nx¿
^= lhDgfl:6S; tyf ;Gt'ng sfo{
k|fylds txsf] cWoog k"/f ePkl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g M
-s_ zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ k|bz{g ug{ .
-v_ ;d"xdf Ps};fy kL=6L= tyf sjfhsf sfo{x¿ k|bz{g ug{ .
-u_ ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿ v]Ng .
-3_ syf / ljleGg hgfj/df cfwfl/t l;h{gfTds tyf cg's/0ffTds sfo{x¿ ug{ .
-ª_ an of“Sg, ;dfTg, kf; ug{ / ;fwf/0f an v]nx¿ v]Ng .
-r_ lhDgfl:6S;sf ;fwf/0f kN6g], em'lG8g] / ;Gt'ng sfo{x¿ ug{

#= If]q / j|md
!= zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t
;Lkx¿
-s_ ultzLn cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿
- /]vfdf lx“8fO
- ;fwf/0f bf}8
- pk|mfO
- of“sfO
- @% ld= ;Ddsf] bf}8
- bf“ofafof“ ;g]{ lx“8fO
- pk|mfO
- of“sfO
- #) ld= ;Ddsf] bf}8
- sd b'/Lsf] nªhDk / sd prfOsf]
xfOhDk
- of“sfO
-v_ l:y/ cj:yfsf ;Lkx¿ - z/L/ tGsfpg] / e'mnfpg] ;Lk - lglZrt 7fp“df a;L z/L/ xNnfpg] ;Lk - 7f8f] j:t'df r9g], emg]{ / af/df e'mNg]
sfo{
@= zf/Ll/s Jofofd / sjfh
-s_ zf/Ll/s Jofofd
- kL=6L= -tflnsf g+= ! b]lv $ ;Ddsf
s;/tx¿_
- kL=6L= -tflnsf g+= ! b]lv & ;Ddsf s;/tx¿_ - 7Ls;“u e]nf eO{ kL=6L= tflnsf g+= !
b]lv !) ;Ddsf s;/tx¿
-v_ sjfh - tf“tLdf lx“8g] - ;ts{, uf]8fkmf6 / lj>fdh:tf sfo{x¿ - tf“tL / kªlStdf 7Ls;“u pleg] sfo{
#= ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿
-s_ ;fwf/0f v]n
- 3]/fdf v]lng] v]n / ;d"xdf v]lng] v]n - lglZrt :yfgleq nv]6]/ v]lng] v]n - xft ;dfO{ nv]6]/ v]lng] v]nx¿
-v_ :yfgLo v]nx¿ - :yfgLo v]nx¿ - :yfgLo v]nx¿ - :yfgLo v]nx¿
$= l;h{gfTds v]nx¿
-s_ syfgs v]nx¿
- ljleGg syfdf cfwfl/t sfo{x¿ - syfx¿df cfwfl/t sfo{x¿ - syfx¿df cfwfl/t sfo{x¿
-v_ clegofTds v]nx¿ - hgfjx¿sf] sfo{snfksf] cjnf]sg u/L
clego
- ljleGg hgfj/sf] lx“8fO - ljleGg hgfj/sf] pk|mfOsf] gSsn
%= e'sG8f] v]nx¿ - es'G8f] u'8fpg] / ;dfTg] v]n - es'G8f] u'8fpg] / ;dfTg] v]n - es'G8f] e'O“df pkmfg]{, kmfNg] / ;dfTg]
sfo{
^= lhDgfl:6s sfo{
-s_ kN6gafhL
- d'9fem}“ kN6g] sfo{ - kN6g] sfo{ - sf6{ l≈jn
-v_ ;Gt'ng sfo{ - a:bf, p7bf / lx“8bf z/L/sf] ;Gt'ng - z/L/ ;Gt'ng u/L pleg] sfo{ - km]ns, a]Gr, jf t];f{] sf7df ;Gt'ng

sIff M !
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!= zf/Ll/s lzIffsf
cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿
-s_ ultzLn cj:yfsf
;Lkx¿
– lx“8fO
– bf}8fO
!= /]vfdf lx“8g
@= ;fwf/0f bf}8 bf}8g .
- tfndf lx“8fO
- ljleGg /]vfdf lx“8fO
- ljleGg lbzfdf lx“8fO
- nDs]/ lx“8fO
- ;fwf/0f bf}8
- /]vfdf bf}8
- lr≈g l/n] bf}8
- @) ld6/ nfdf] 8f]/LnfO{ ;Lwf /fvL 8f]/L b'O{
v'66fsf] leq kg]{ u/L -w]/} gkmf6]sf] /
gbf]la|Psf]_ z/L/ ;Lwf / uf]8fx¿ ;Lwf lx“8g]
lbzftkm{ kf/]/ lx“8]sf] k|bz{g ug]{ / ;a}nfO{
kfn}kfnf] tf“tLdf cEof; u/fpg nufpg] .
- ljleGg cj:yfsf lx“8fOx¿nfO{ lzIfssf]
lgb]{zgdf af/Daf/ u/fpg] .
- e¥ofª (ladder) df bf}8sf] k|bz{g ug]{ /
kfn}kfnf] cEof; u/fpg] .
- @) ld6/sf] b'/Ldf s'g} lr≈g nufO{ ljBfyL{
;ªVofcg';f/sf] a/fa/ ;ªVofsf ;d"xx¿
agfO{ l/n] v]n k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
- tfndf, /]vfdf, ljleGg lbzfdf
nlDsP/ cflb lj|mofsnfkx¿
u/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ . uf]8f /
xftsf] xNnfOdf ;dGjo
ePsf] 5 5}g cjnf]sg ug]{ /
/]s8{ /fVg] .
- z/L/ cufl8 e'ms]sf], xft /
v'66fsf] tfnd]n ldn]
gldn]sf], lhp xn'sf
ePgePsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
- ;a} hgfn] bf}8 k"/f u/]gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg u/L /]s8{ /fVg] .
@
3G6L
– pk|mfO #= prfO pk|mg .
$= nfdf] pk|mg .
%= l:sk ug{ .
- pk|mfO / 6]sfO
- e'sG8f]em}“ pk|mfO
- cj/f]w g3fO
- ljBfyL{x¿sf] prfOcg';f/ ^ OG5b]lv a9fP/
8f]/L /fVg]÷Ps xftn] / b'j} xftn] pSt 8f]/L
5'g] tl/sf k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
- nfdf] /]vf lvRg] pSt :yfgaf6 b'j} v'66fn]
pkm|“bf b'j} v'66fn] 6]Sg] (Land) / Ps v'66fn]
pk|m“bf pxL v'66fn] 6]Sg] lj|mofsnfk k|bz{g
u/L cEof; u/fpg]
– s'g ljBfyL{n] slt prfO jf
b'/L gf3]sf] 5 cjnf]sg u/L
/]s8{ /fVg] .
@

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
– of“sfO ^= j:t' kmfNg – an of“sfO - Pp6f ;Lwf /]vf lvRg] / pSt /]vfeGbf
aflx/af6 cufl8 6fpsf] dflyaf6 an of“Sg]
sfo{ k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– an of“s]sf] lj|mofsnfk
cjnf]sg u/L of“s]sf] b'/Lsf]
/s]8{ /fVg] .
!
3G6L
-v_ l:y/ cj:yfsf
;Lkx¿
&= z/L/nfO{ tGsfpg /
e'msfpg .
– tgfO / ws]nfO{ - ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a;fP/ xft v'66f tfGg] s;/t
- hf]8Ldf /fvL Psn] csf{sf] xTs]nf hf]8L
ws]Ng] sfo{ k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
- tfGg] / ws]Ng] k|To]s cEof;x¿ b;b; ;]s]G8
dfq u/fpg] .
– tfGg] / ws]Ng] cEof; ubf{
pR5[ªvn lj|mofsnfk u/]sf
5g ls < cjnf]sg ug{] .
– cfwf p7a; Ps ldg]6df slt
k6s ug{ ;S5g /]s8{ /fVg] .
– 7Ls;“u u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg
u/L /]s8{ /fVg] .
@
3G6L
@= zf/Ll/s Jofofd
/ sjfh
-s_ zf/Ll/s Jofofd
*= 7Ls;“u pleO kL=6L=
tflnsf g+= ! b]lv $
;Ddsf s;/tx¿
ug{ .
– zf/Ll/s Jofofd
-tflnsf g+= ! b]lv $
;Ddsf s;/tx¿_
- tflnsf ! b]lv $ ;Ddsf s;/tx¿ PsPs
lj|mofsnfksf] k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– kªlStdf / tf“tLdf plePsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ / cEof; u/]sf]
cjnf]sg u/L /fd|f] ug]{b]lv
j|mdzM /]s8{ /fVg] .
– lzIfssf] uGtLdf Jofofd ug{
hfg]sf] jf ghfg]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
&
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
-v_ sjfh (= nfOgdf ldn]/
lx“8g .
– nfOgdf pEofO / lx“8fO
– lj>fd, ;ts{ / uf]8fkmf6
- ljBfyL{ ;ªVofcg';f/ b;afx|hgfsf tf“tLx¿
cfjZostfcg';f/ /fv]/ cf–cfgf] tf“tL
glalu|g] u/L lx“8g] cEof; u/fpg] .
- ;ts{ cj:yfdf s's'{Rrf hf]8]/ uf]8f V
cfsf/df /fVg nufpg] .
- uf]8f kmf6 cj:yfdf bfof“ uf]8f grnfO{ afof“
uf]8f dfq km6fpg] / xft k5fl8 nu]/ bfof“
xTs]nfdfly afof“ /fvL a"9L cf}“nfn] RofKg
nufpg] .
- lj>fddf pk|m]/ b'j} v'66f km6fO{ xft bf“of
af“of aundf /fvL xn'sf;“u pleg] sfo{
– tf“tL ;Lwf 5 5}g, lj|mofsnfk
u/]sf] 7Ls 5 5}g < cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
%
3G6L
#= l;h{gfTds
v]nx¿
-s_ syfgs v]nx¿
!)= lzIfsn] eg]sf
ljleGg syfdf
cfwfl/t sfo{x¿
ug{ .
– syfx¿df cfwfl/t sfo{x¿ - 5f]6f5f]6f syfx¿ ;'gfO{ syfsf k|To]s
kfqx¿sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ tl/sf a'emfO{
cEof; u/fpg] .
- af“sL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgjf{x ul/Psf
e"ldsfx¿ 7Ls 5g 5}gg lrGg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿sf] clego
cjnf]sg u/L Ifdtfjfgx¿sf]
klxrfg ug]{ .
– ljBfyL{sf] clego cjnf]sg
ug]{ / /]s8{ /fVg] .
@
3G6L
-v_ clegofTds
v]nx¿
!!= cfgf] jl/kl/ /x]sf
hgfj/x¿sf]
sfo{snfksf]
cjnf]sg u/L
ltgsf] clego ug{ .
– ljleGg hgfjx¿sf] clego
-h:t} M s's'/ ;'t]sf], af3
uh]{sf], ufO{n] s/fPsf] cflb ._
- ljleGg hgfj/sf lrq b]vfpg] / ltgLx¿sf]
lj|mofsnfkaf/] 5nkmn u/fpg] .
- 5nkmndf cfPsf s'/fx¿ ljBfyL{x¿dfkm{t
clego ug{ nufpg] .
– lj|mofsnfkx¿ cjnf]sg ug]{
;lj|motfsf] cfwf/df /]s8{
/fVg] .
$
3G6L
$= ;fwf/0f tyf
:yfgLo v]nx¿
-s_ ;fwf/0f v]n
!@= 3]/fdf v]lng] v]n /
;d"xdf v]lng] v]n
v]Ng .
– 3]/fdf v]lng] ;fwf/0f v]nx¿
-leqaflx/ la/fnf] / d';f,
cfpm v]n, g]tf kQf nufpm,
Do'lhsn r]o/ cflb ._
- ljBfyL{ ;ªVofcg';f/ pko'St ;ªu7g u/L
cfg} pkl:yltdf ;a}n] kfn}kfnf] ug{ kfpg]
u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– s'g} ljlzi6 Ps v]ndf
ljBfyL{x¿n] s:tf] Jojxf/
b]vfP, cjnf]sg u/L /]s8{
/fVg] .
$
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
-v_ :yfgLo v]n !#= lzIfssf] lgb]{zgdf
:yfgLo v]nx¿
v]Ng .
– :yfgLo 7fp“df v]lng]
ljleGg k|sf/sf v]nx¿
-nSs' 9fNg] v]n, u66L
v]n, 8G8Llaof] cflb ._
- ;d"xdf v]lng] jf JolStut ¿kdf v]lng]
v]nx¿ klxrfg u/L cfgf] ;d'bfodf v]lng]
v]n / cGo :yfgdf v]lng] v]nx¿af/]
atfO{÷;f]wL v]nsf] k|bz{g u/L cEof;
u/fpg] .
– cfgf] ;d'bfo jf jl/kl/sf] ;d'bfodf
v]lng] b'O{tLgcf]6f v]nx¿sf] gfd
;f]Wg] / /]s8{ /fVg] .
@
3G6L
:yfgLo
kf7of+;
;d]t
%= es'G8f]
v]nx¿
!$= es'G8f] u'8fpg /
;dfpg .
– xftn] an u'8fpg]
– afªuf]l6ªuf] /]vfdf
u'8fp“b} cufl8 a9fO .
– lglZrt 7fp“;Dd k'Ug]
u/L xftn] an u'8fO .
– an u'8fpg] / ;dfpg]
v]n .
- ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtfcg';f/ b'O{tLg ;d"x
agfO{ cfDg];fDg] tf“tLdf /fvL an Psn]
csf]{ sxf“ k'Ug] u/L / gpk|mg] u/L u'8fP/
b]vfpg] .
- ;a}n] cEof; ug{ kfpg] u/L cj;/ lbg] .
– an u'8fp“bf jf ;dfTbf ljBfyL{x¿sf]
zf/Ll/s l:ylt cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– an ;dfTbf jf u'8fp“bf s] cg'ej
eof] < k|Zg ug]{ .
– an u'8fPsf] / ;dfPsf] tl/sf
cjnf]sg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / /]s8{
/fVg] .
!&
3G6L
^= lhDgfl:6s
tyf ;Gt'ng
sfo{
-s_ kN6g afhL
sfo{
-v_ ;Gt'ng sfo{
!%= d'9fem}“ kN6g .
!^= a:bf, p7bf /
lx“8bf z/L/sf]
;Gt'ng ldnfpg .
– e'O“df pQfgf] k/L d'9fem}“
kN6g] sfo{ .
– e'O“df 3f]K6f] k/L d'9fem}“
kN6g] sfo{ .
– a:bf, p7bf / lx“8bf
z/L/sf] ;Gt'ng .
- e'O“df, pQfgf] jf 3f]K6f] k/L b'j} v'66fnfO{
tGsfP/ ;'Tg] .
- b'j} xftnfO{ sfgsf] ;Lwf 6fpsf] dfly 7f8f]
kfg]{ .
- d'9fem}“ bfof“ jf afof“ u'8b} kN6g sfo{
k|bz{g ug]{ / ;a}nfO{ kfn}kfnf] cEof;
u/fpg] .
- pko'St ;ªu7gdf /fvL kfn}kfnf] Ps
v'66fn] 6]s]/ tn;Dd hfg] / Toxf“af6 p7g]
sfo{ k|bz{g ug]{ .
- ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] jf ;d"xdf cEof;
u/fpg] .
- b'j} v'66fn] 6]sL pk|m]/ bfof“ afof“ 3'Dg] sfo{
k|bz{g ug]{ / cEof; u/fpg] .
– lj|mofsnfk u/]sf] 9f“rf 7Ls 5 5}g,
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– bfof“ afof“ kN6bf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿
eGg nufO{ ;lhnf] tl/sf k|of]u ug{
;s]g;s]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ / /]s8{
/fVg] .
– lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg u/L sl7gfO:t/
klxrfg ug{ nufpg] .
– ;Ifd / sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] /]s8{
/fVg] .
– lj|mofsnfk;DaGwL ljleGg k|Zgx¿
ug]{ -Ps v'66fn] a:bf / p7bf
ltdLnfO{ z/L/sf] s'g 7fp“df ufx|f]
eof] <_
^
3G6L

sIff M @
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!= zf/Ll/s
lzIffsf
cfwf/e"t
;Lkx¿
-s_ ultzLn
cj:yfsf
;Lkx¿
– lx“8fO
– bf}8fO
– hf]8Ldf rf/} lbzfdf
lx“8g .
– @% ld6/;Ddsf] b'/L
bf}8g .
– lx“8fO, O;f/fdf lx“8fO
– ;fwf/0f bf}8
– @% ld=sf] bf}8
– j:t' l6Kg] l/n]
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;'?df b'O{b'O{hgfsf] hf]8L agfpg] / leqL b'O{
v'66fx¿ g/d j:t'n] xn'sf;“u s:g] .
– hf]8Ldf lx“8g] sfo{sf] k|bz{g ug]{ .
– ;'?df s]xL ;do cEof; u/fpg] .
– hf]8L kl/jt{g ug]{ cyjf hf]8Ldf /x]sfx¿nfO{ side kl/jt{g
ul/lbg] / cEof; u/fpg] .
– ;fwf/0f bf}8 xKtfsf] Psk6s jf b'O{ ;ftfdf Psk6s @)) ld=
b]lv;Ddsf] u/fpg] .
– Starting line / End line agfO{ standing start df @%
ld6/ bf}8 ;a}nfO{ Ps jf b'O{k6s bf}8 u/fpg] .
– Start ug]{ tl/sfaf/] atfO{ cEof; u/fpg] .
– v'66fnfO{ jf“wL lx“8bf ePsf] cg'ejaf/]
df}lvs ¿kdf k|:6 ug]{ .
– lj|mofsnfkdf u/]sf Jojxf/nfO{ cjnf]sg
u/L nugzLntfcg';f/ /]s8{ /fVg] .
– k|ltof]lutf u/fO{ :yfg lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
– ;fwf/0f bf}8df lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b'/Lcg';f/
ljBfyL{ut ;do /]s8{ ug]{ .
– 5n˚n u/L efjgf a'‰g] .
– @% ld6/ bf}8df ultsf] /]s8{ /fvL ult
j9fpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
@
3G6L
– pk|mfO – ;fwf/0f nªhDk ug{ .
– ;fwf/0f xfOhDk ug{ .
– nªhDk
– xfOhDk
– l:slkª
– xlkª
– 8f]/LnfO{ aLrdf ;dfP/ b'O{ 6'Kkf km6fpg] a9Ldf !@) ;]=ld= ;Dd
8f]/Ln] yf]/}b]lv w]/} b'/Lx¿ b'j} v'66fn] pk|m]/ b'j} v'66fn] 6]Sg]
(Broad jump) sfo{ Ps jf b'O{k6s ;a}nfO{ u/fpg] .
– s]xL k/ -$–% ld=_ af6 Pk|f]r -bf}8_ lnO Ps v'66fn] 6]Sg]
(Land) sfo{ k|bz{g u/fO{ cEof; u/fpg] .
– lj|mofsnfk ubf{ ePsf ;d:ofx¿af/]
df}lvs k|Zg ug]{ .
– lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg u/L b'/L jf prfO
/]s8{ /fVg] .
@
3G6L
– of“sfO – ;fgf] jf 7"nf] an
lglZrt 7fp“df ˚fNg
– 6fpsf] dflyaf6 an of“sfO
.
– bfof“ jf afof“af6 an of“sfO
.
– 6f]s/Ldf an of“sfO .
– b'O{b'O{hgfsf] hf]8L agfO{ an Pscfk;df kf; ug{ nufpg] . – an of“Sg] / ;dfTg] tl/sf cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
!
3G6L
-v_ l:y/
cj:yfsf
;Lkx¿
– z/L/ 3'dfpg / a6fg{ . – Ps} 7fp“df uf]8fsf] kGhfn]
6]sL z/L/ rnfpg],p7a; /
em'lG8g] ;Lk .
– uf]8f hf]8L pleg nufO{ 6fpsf]b]lv j|mdzM v'66f;Dd jf
v'66fb]lv dfly 6fpsf];Dd b'j} lbzfdf a/fa/ 3'dfpg] sfo{
– pleP/ xft ˚}nfO{ bfof“ afof“ dsf{pg], -Swing_ sfo{sf] k|bz{g
u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– 7Ls 9ªun] u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– rnfpg'kg]{ cªux¿ k"/f dfqfdf rn]sf
5g 5}gg cjnf]sgaf6 ;d:of klxrfg
u/L /]s8{ /fVg] .
@
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@= zf/Ll/s
Jofofd /
sjfh
-s_ zf/Ll/s
Jofofd
– cg'zfl;t eO{
;d"xdf ldnL kL=6L=
-tflnsf g+= ! b]lv
& ;Ddsf_
s;/tx¿ ug{ .
– zf/Ll/s Jofofd
tflnsf g+= ! b]lv &
;Ddsf s;/tx¿ .
– kf7ok':tsdf lbOPsf s;/tx¿ cEof;
u/fpg'cufl8 sIff ! df l;s]sf Jofofd u/fO{{
tflnsf %–& ;Dd j|mdzM k|bz{g u/L cEof;
u/fpg] .
– 7Ls 9ªun] u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
– rnfpg kg]{ cªux¿ k"/f dfqfdf
rn]sf 5g 5}gg cjnf]sgaf6
;d:of klxrfg u/L /]s8{ /fVg] .
^
3G6L
-v_ sjfh – ;t{s, uf]8fkmf6 /
lj>fd h:tf
sfo{x¿ ug{ /
nfOgdf cufl8
lx“8g .
– bfof“, afof“ kms{g]
sfo{x¿ .
– lx“8g] -kªlSt_ .
– tf“tL / kªlSt ldnfP/ /fvL uf]8f˚f6 ;ts{
u/fO;s]kl5 bfof“ ˚s{, afof“ ˚s{sf sfo{x¿
k|bz{g ug]{ -htf ˚s{g] xf] Totfkl66sf]
uf]8fsf] s's'{Rrf csf{sf] kGhfn] 6]s]/_
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cEof; u/fpg] .
– afof“ v'66faf6 uf]8f rfNg] k|bz{g u/L afof“
uf]8faf6 /f]Sg nufpg] -6f]nL c8sf] cfb]zdf_
– uf]8f rfndf afof“ v'66faf6 rfNg
;'? u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L !–@–!
uGtLdf ldnfpg'kg]{ .
– lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg u/L ;Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df :t/lgwf{/0f u/]sf] /]s8{
/fVg] .
^
3G6L
#= ;fwf/0f
tyf :yfgLo
v]nx¿
-s_ ;fwf/0f
v]n
– lgwf{l/t :yfgdf
v]lng] v]n ;fwf/0f
nv]6fO, s's'/ ˚'Sof]
cflb ;fwf/0f
v]nx¿ v]Ng .
– lgwf{l/t :yfgdf v]lng]
v]n ;fwf/0f nv]6fO,
xfQL nv]6fO, hfkfgL
n]v6fO, s's'/ km'Sof]
cflb v]n .
– v]n v]nfpg'cufl8 cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿sf]
cEof; u/fO{ ;fwf/0f v]n v]Ng] :yfg lgwf{/0f
ul/;s]kl5 v]Ng] tl/sf / lgod atfO{ !%–
@) ldg]6 oL v]nx¿ ;j} ;xefuL x'g kfpg]
u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– lgod kfng u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{, Odfgbf/, ;f]´f / ´u8fn'
ljBfyL{ klxrfg ug]{ / /]s8{ /fVg] .
$
3G6L
-v_ :yfgLo
v]nx¿
– lzIfssf] lgb]{zgdf
:yfgLo v]nx¿
v]Ng .
– :yfgLo 7fp“df v]lng]
ljleGg k|sf/sf
v]nx¿ .
– v]n v]nfpg'cuffl8 cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿sf]
cEof; u/fO{ ;fwf/0f v]n v]Ng] :yfg lgwf{/0f
ul/;s]kl5 v]Ng] tl/sf / lgod atfO{
ljBfyL{x¿df˚{t jf lzIfs cf˚}“n] hfg]sf jf
;ªsng u/]sf v]nx¿sf] df]6fdf]6L lgod
lgwf{/0f u/L v]Ng] Joj:yf ug]{ .
– ljBfyL{x¿sf] Pscfk;df cGt/lj|mof
u/fpg] k|of; ug]{, af]Ng] z}nL
cjnf]sg u/L z}nL klxrfg u/L
/]s8{ /fVg] / cjfl~5t Jojxf/x¿
x6fpg] k|of; ug]{ .
!@
3G6L
:yfgLo
kf7of+z
;d]t

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$= l;h{gfTds
v]nx¿
-s_ syffgs
v]nx¿
– lzIfsn] eg]sf
syfx¿df cfwfl/t
sfo{x¿ ;d"xdf
ug{ .
– syfx¿df cfwfl/t
sfo{x¿ .
– ljleGg kfqx¿ ePsf syfx¿ 5gf]6 u/L syfsf
kfqx¿sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ tl/sf -cfjfh / Jojxf/_
k|bz{g ug{ nufO{ cfjZos eP k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .
– clego / ljBfyL{x¿sf] Jojxf/ /
cjnf]sg u/]/ z}nL klxrfg u/L
/]s8{ /fVg] / cjfl~5t Jojxf/x¿
Nofpg] k|of; ug'{xf]; .
#
3G6L
-v_ clegofTds
v]nx¿
– ljleGg hgfj/sf]
lx“8fOsf] gSsn
ug{ .
– ljleGg k|sf/sf
hLjhGt'sf] lx“8fOsf]
gSsn -h:t} M k'tnLsf]
p8fO, xf“;sf] lx“8fO,
3f]8fsf] lx“8fO xfQLsf]
lx“8fO cflb ._
– ljleGg lj|mofsnfkaf6 lhp ttfpg] sfo{ ul/;s]kl5
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b]v]sf ;'g]sf hgfj/ kz'kG5Lsf] gfd
;f]Wg] / ltgLx¿sf] b}lgs Jojxf/af/] k|Zg ug{ cfPsf
s]xL hgfj/sf] Jojxf/ clegoaf6 k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
– 5nkmndf ;lj|mo ¿kdf efu lnP
glnPsf] /]s8{ /fVg] .
– hgfj/x¿sf ljleGg lj|mofsnfknfO{
zAbdf j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
– clego cjnf]sg u/L /]s8{ /fVg] .
#
3G6L
%= es'G8f]
v]nx¿
– es'G8f] kmfNg /
;dfTg .
– ;fwf/0f tl/sfaf6 an
of“sfO .
– c¿n] kmfn]sf] an
;dftfO .
– hf]8L jf ;d"xdf an
of“sfO / ;dftfO .
– hf]8Ldf v'66fn] an
u'8fP/ kf; ug]{ sfo{ .
– lhp ttfpg] sfo{kZrft lzIfsn] an kmfn]/
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] ;dfpg] cEof; u/fpg] /
ljBfyL{ljBfyL{aLr klg an kmfNg] / ;dfpg] cEof;
u/fpg] .
– annfO{ e'O“df u'8fP/ xfGg] -Grass Ball_ k|bz{g u/L
an ;fyL sxf“ k'Ug] u/L v'66fn] xfGg] / u'8]/ cfPsf]
an /f]Sg] -Trapping_ ;dfpg] cEof; u/fpg] .
– lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg u/L l;kfn'
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{] /
To;}sf] cfwf/df d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
!&
3G6L
^= lhDgfl:6s
tyf ;Gt'ng
sfo{
-s_ kN6gafhL
-v_ ;Gt'ng sfo{
– :jtGq¿kdf cufl8
kN6g .
– Psv'66fn] 6]sL
z/L/ ;Gt'ng u/L
pleg .
– hf]8Ldf cEof;
ug{ .
– :jtGq¿kdf cufl8
kN6g] sfo{ .
– Ps v'66fn] e'O“df 6]sL
z/L/nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf
/fVg] sfo{ .
– Ps v'66fn] 6]sL
hf]8Ldf p7a; ug]{
sfo{ .
– lhp ttfpg] s]xL sfo{snfk / lhp tGsfpg] s]xL sfo{snfk
ul/;s]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pko'St ;ªu7gdf /fvL
cufl8af6 kN6g] sfo{ atfO{ ;Defljt b'3{6gfaf/] atfpg] /
lzIfsn] pSt lj|mofsnfk k|bz{g ug]{ / kfn}kfnf] cEof;
ug]{ cj;/ lbg] .
– cfjZos tof/L k"/f eO;s]kl5 z/L/ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg]
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ ;D´fpg], kfn}kfnf]
Ps v'66fn] 6]s]/ a:g], p7g] sfo{ k|bz{g u/L
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ bfof“ / afof“ b'j} v'66fn] 5'66f5'§}| cEof;
u/fpg] .
– ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿af/] df}lvs k|Zg
ug]{, lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg u/L ;˚n
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ .
– ;a}n] u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L
;a}nfO{ ;xeflutf u/fpg] .
– lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg u/L clen]v
/fVg] / lj|mofsnfksf] af/]df df}lvs
k|Zg ug]{ .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
^
3G6L

sIff M #
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!= zf/Ll/s
lzIffsf
cfwf/e"t
;Lkx¿
-s_ ultzLn
cj:yfx¿
;Lkx¿
– lx“8fO
– bf}8fO
– s's{Rrf / kGhfdf
lx“8g] .
– ;Gt'ng /fvL lx“8g .
– ;fd"lxs sbddf
lx“8g .
– #) ld= ;Ddsf] b'/L
bf}8g .
– s's{Rrf / kGhfn] 6]sL
lx“8g] ;Lk .
– ;fwf/0f bf}8 .
– #) ld= ;Ddsf] bf}8 .
– ;ªVof l/n] /
afªuf]l6ªuf] l/n] .
– d}bfgsf] pknAwtfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L !÷! kªlStnfO{
kfn}kfnf] ;'?df s's'{Rrfn] 6]Sg] / j|mdzM v'66fsf] cufl8sf]
efun] 6]Sb} cf}+“nfx¿n] hldg 5f]8b} kfOnf ;fg]{ sfo{snfk
JofVof ub}{ k|bz{g ug]{ / Ps Ps kªlSt agfO{ cEof;
u/fpg] .
– lzIfsn] cfg} cu'jfOdf ljBfnosf] d}bfgsf] 5]p5]paf6
cGbfhL !))) ld= bf}8 u/fpg] .
– #) ld= ;Ddsf] b'/L ;'? ug]{ :yfg / clGtd /]vf lrGg
nufO{ On your mark, Get set go / Go sf] lgb]{zgdf
l56f] bf}8 bf}8“bf ckgfpg'kg]{ lgodaf/] atfO{ Starting sf]
k|bz{g ub}{ cEof; u/fpg] .
– l/n] v]naf/] lgod atfpg] / l/n]sf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿
k|bz{g u/]/ cEof; u/fpg] .
– kfOnf ;f/]sf] / xft rfn]sf]
ldn]gldn]sf] cjnf]sg u/L /fd|f /
sdhf]/ k|bz{gsf] clen]v /fVg] .
– df}lvs jf lnlvt k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– cfjZos b]lvPdf df}lvs k|Zg u/L
lgod ;D´fpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b'/L kf/ u/]sf] ;do
/]s8{ /fVg] u/L ljBfyL{{ d"Nofªsg ug]{
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
@
3G6L
– pk|mfO – ;fgf] b'/L tyf prfO
gf£g .
– ljleGg tl/sfn] xk
ug{ .
– ;fO8 l:slkª ug{ .
– 3'd]sf] 8f]/Ldf l:slkª
ug]{ .
– nªhDk .
– xfOhDk .
– xlkª .
– l:slkª
– ;fO8 l:sk .
– ;d"xdf l:sk .
– cufl8 a9g] xk .
– cfjZos lhp ttfpg] s;/t u/fpg] .
– v'66f / sDd/sf] s;/t u/fpg] .
– 6]sc˚ af]8{sf] nflu % ld= sf] 8f]/L l;wf /fVg] / pSt
8f]/LeGbf !%–@) ld= cufl8af6 Pk|f]r /g lnO{ nªhDk ug]{
tl/sf k|bz{g u/L ;a}nfO{ cEof; u/fpg] .
– Pk|f]]r lnO{ h'g v'66fn] 6]sc˚ u¥of] ;f]xL v'66fn] (Land)
sfo{sf] k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– 6]sc˚ af]8{sf] cufl8 ljBfyL{x¿ /fVg] / b'j} v'66fn]
Ps}rf]l6 p˚|]/ b'j} v'66fn] 6]Sg (Land) nuffpg] sfo{sf]
k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg]
– nfdf] 8f]/Ldf b'O{hgfnfO{ b'O{kl66 ;dfTg nufO{ 8f]/L
Ps}lt/af6 3'dfpg] / 3'd]sf] 8f]/Ldf j|mdzM ljBfyL{ PsPs
u/L k|j]z ug]{ jf ;'?df g} ljBfyL{nfO{ pEofP/ 8f]/L l:slkª
ug]{ sfo{ k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] . oL lj|mofsnfkx¿
k|To]snfO{ #–$ k6seGbf w]/} gu/fpg] -Ps lkl/o8df_ .
– k|To]s lj|mofsnfksf] 5'66f5'66} /]s8{
/fVg] .
– 5'66f5'§} lj|mofsnfksf] af/]df nªhDk
s;/L ug]{ <
– df}lvs k|Zg ug]{ h:t} nªhDk / a|f]8
hDkdf s] ˚/s 5 < k|Zg u/L /]s8{
/fVg]
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
@
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
– of“sfO – an of“Sg – lglb{i6 b'/L;Dd an
of“sfO .
– of“sfOsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ atfpg], xTs]nfdf an
/fv]/ sfgd'lgaf6 an of“Sg] sfo{ k|bz{g ug]{ .
kfn}kfnf] cEof; ug]{ cj;/ lbg] .
– cjnf]sg u/L /]s8{ /fVg] .
!
3G6L
-v_ l:y/
cj:yfsf
;Lkx¿
– 7f8f] j:t'df r9g,
emg{ / af/df
e'mNg .
– 7f8f] j:t'df r9g] /
emg]{{ .
– sf7 jf af/df e'mlG8g]
/ klN6g] .
– l;lnªdf 8f]/L af“w]/ jf ljBfyL{sf] zf/Ll/s
Ifdtfcg';f/sf] sf7sf] vDaf 78ofO{ vDafdf r9g] jf
8f]/Ldf r9g] sfo{ k|bz{g ug]{ / kfn}kfnf] k|To]snfO{
cEof; u/fpg] .
– lj|mofsnfkx¿ cjnf]sg u/L sIff
lj|mofsnfk;DaGwL df}lvs k|Zg ug]{ /
lj|mofsnfknfO{ zAbdf ptfg{ k|]l/t ug]{
Ifdtfsf] /]s8{ /fVg] .
@= zf/Ll/s
Jofofd /
sjfh
-s_ zf/Ll/s
Jofofd
– 7Ls;“u e]nf eO{
tflnsf g+= b]lv !)
;Ddsf s;/tx¿
ug{ .
– zf/Ll/s Jofofd
-tflnsf g+= ! b]lv !)
;Ddsf s;/tx¿_ .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tf“tL / kªlStdf /fv]/ ;fdfGo lhp
ttfpg] s;/t u/fpg] .
– sIff ! / @ df ul/;s]sf Jofofd u/fO{ yk Jofofd
k|bz{g ub}{ cEof; u/fpg] .
– Jofofd cjnf]sg ug]{ / /fd|f] ug]{af6
j|mdzM sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;"rL
agfpg] .
– df}lvs ¿kdf Jofofd tflnsf g+=
cg';f/ !–!) ;Dd s;/L ug]{ egL
k|Zg ug]{ .
^
3G6L
-v_ sjfh – tf“tL / kªlStdf
7Ls;“u pleg .
– tf“tL / kªlStdf
ldNg] .
– sIff ! / @ sf]
sjfhsf] k'g/fj[lQ .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fdfGo lhp ttfpg] s;/t u/fpg] .
– tf“tL / kªlStdf 7Ls 9ªun] ldnfpg sjfhsf lgodx¿
atfpg] .
– uf]8f ˚f6, ;ts{, uf]8f rfn, cufl8 a9, 6f]nL c8, bfof“
˚s{, afof“ ˚s{, k"/f ˚s{ cflb lj|mofsnfkx¿ cEof;
u/fpg] .
– tf“tL / kªlStdf ldn]sf] 7Ls 55}g
cjnf]sg u/L cg'zf;g;DaGwL
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
^
#= ;fwf/0f tyf
:yfgLo
v]nx¿
-s_ ;fwf/0f v]n
– xft ;dfO{ nv]6]/
v]lng] v]nx¿
v]Ng .
– hf]8L nv]6fO, l;j|mL
nv]6fO, tftf] cfn',
?dfn l6kfO, ofp/f] /
xf“; .
– o:tf lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'cufl8 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fdfGo
lhp ttfpg] s;/t u/fpg] .
– s]xL ldg]6 lhp tGsfpg] lj|mofsnfk lzIfssf]
pkl:yltdf u/fpg] .
– hf]8L nv]6fO, lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] lgod atfpg] .
– lj|mofsnfk k|bz{g ug]{ cEof; u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{ lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– zf/Ll/s Ifdtf, an, rkntf
lgodkfng cflb .
– lgodx¿af/] k|Zg u/]/
– cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!@
:yfgLo
kf7of+z
;d]t

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
-v_ :yfgLo v]n – :yfgLo v]nx¿
;ªsng u/]/
;d"xdf v]Ng .
– :yfgLo 7fp“cg';f/sf]
v]nx¿ £jfO“sf;f,
uf]6L v]n cflb .
– cf–cfgf] :yfgdf ePsf ;fwf/0f :yfgLo v]nx¿
;ªsng u/L tL v]nx¿sf] ;fdfGo lgod lgwf{/0f
u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ atfpg] .
– lhp ttfpg] lj|mofsnfk cflb u/fO;s]kl5 lgwf{l/t
:yfgLo v]nsf] lgod atfpg] / v]Ng] tl/sf k|bz{g
u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– lgodkfng u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg
u/L /]s8{ /fVg] lgodkfng u/fpg
k|]l/t ug]{ .
– ;LknfO{ l;h{gfTds k|of]u
u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/L k|]l/t
ug]{ .
$
3G6L
$= l;h{gfTds
v]nx¿
-s_ syfgs
v]nx¿
– lzIfsn] eg]sf
syf cfkm"n] klg
egL To;df
cfwfl/t sfo{x¿
ug{ .
– syfx¿df cfwfl/t
sfo{ .
– pd]/ / :t/cg';f/sf syfx¿ 5gf]6 u/L ;a}
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ clego ug]{ cj;/ lbg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf˚"n] /rgf u/]sf jf ;ªsng
u/]sf syfjfrg ug{ nufpg] .
– ljleGg hgfj/x¿sf Jojxf/x¿sf] lj|mofsnfkx¿ -
rnfO, lx“8fO, p˚|fO, cflb_ gSsn ug]{ sfo{ k|bz{g
u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿sf] syf jf /rgf jfrg
tfn, no, dfqf ldn]gldn]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg u/L /]s8{
/fv]/ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
#
3G6L
-v_ clegofTds
v]nx¿
– ljleGg hgfj/sf]
pk|mfOsf] gSsn
ug{ .
– ljleGg hLjhgfj/sf]
gSsn u/L pk|mg] ;Lk
-h:t} M Eofu'tfsf]
pk|mfO, v/fof]sf] pk|mfO,
3f]8fsf] pk|mfO cflb ._
– hLjhgfj/sf] pk|mfOsf] gSsn / k|bz{g u/L
ljBfyL{nfO{ cEof; u/fpg] .
– lg/LIf0f, lgb]{zg / cjnf]sg ug]{ . #
3G6L

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%= es'G8f] v]nx¿ – es'G8f] e'O“df pkmfg{,
kmfNg / ;dfpg .
– es'G8f] e'O“df ahfb}{, ;dfp“b}
cufl8 a9g] ;Lk .
– es'G8f]nfO{ sGr6d'lgaf6
kmfNg] ;Lk .
– es'G8f]nfO{ 6fªd'lgaf6 kmfNg]
;Lk .
– es'G8f]nfO{ 6fpsf] dflyaf6
kmfNg] ;Lk .
– es'G8f] v'66fn] kf; ug]{ .
– ;fdfGo lhp ttfpg] s;/t u/fpg] .
– xft v'66fsf] s;/t u/fpg] .
– cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] s]xL b'/L -% ld=_ df pEofO{ v]Ng]
tl/sfaf/] atfpg] / k|bz{g ug]{ .
– k|To]s b'O{ kfOnfdf an e'O“df 7f]Ssfpg] / p˚fg]{ ub}{
cufl8 nuL ;fyLnfO{ an kf; ug]{ .
– % b]lv !) ld= sf] b'/Ldf b'O{ kªlStnfO{ cfd'Gg];fd'Gg]
/fv]/ sfg 5]paf6 cufl8sf] ;fyLnfO{ an kf; ug]{
tl/sf k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg], o:t} 6fpsf]
dflyaf6 an kf; ug]{ sfo{ klg u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tf“tLdf /fv]/ an cufl8af6 k5fl8
kf; ug]{ tl/sf k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{x?nfO{ 3]/fdf /fvL Ps v'66fn] an /f]Sg] /
csf]{ v'66fn] an kf; ug]{ tl/sf k|bz{g u/L cEof;
u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf lj|mofsnfk
cjnf]sg ug]{ -;lj|mo ;xeflutf,
cg'zfl;t tyf ;Lko'St ;xeflutf,
;xof]uL cflb Jofjxfl/s /
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkdf cfwfl/t u/fO{
d"Nofªsg ug]{_ .
– ljBfyL{x¿ ;a} ;xefuL eP/ ;Lk
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!&
3G6L
^= lhDgfl:6s tyf
;Gt'ng sfo{
-s_ kN6g afhL
– xftn] 6]sL 5]paf6
kN6g] sfo{ .
– xftn] e'O“df 6]sL bfof“ afof“
t˚{af6 kN6g] .
– ;fdfGo lhp ttfpg s;/t / xft v'66fsf] s;/t
cfgf] pkl:yltdf u/fpg] .
– bfof“ jf afof“ lt/af6 xftn] e'O“df 6]Sg] / v'66f
˚6fP/ dfly nuL xftn] 6]s]/ j|mdzM v'66fn] 6]Sb}
kfªu|f 3'd] h:tf] 3'Dg] sfo{nfO{ sf6{lJxn eGg] s'/f
atfp“b} k|bz{g ug]{ / kfn}kfn] cEof; u/fpg] .
– ˚n]snfO{ hldgeGbf s]xL dfly p7g] u/L /fVg] /
To;af6 gv:g] u/L xftn] ;Gt'ng agfP/ lx“8g]
sfo{ k|bz{g u/L cEof; u/fpg] .
– sl7g sfo{ ePsfn] ljBfyL{nfO{
la:tf/} cEof; u/fpg] / k|ultsf]
/]s8{ tof/ ug]{ .
– lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg u/]/ ;xeflutf
d"Nofªsg ug]{ / /]s8{ /fVg] .
– ;a} ;xefuL u/fpg] / ljBfyL{x¿n]
u/]sf] cEof; cjnf]sg ug]{ .
$
3G6L
-v_ ;Gt'ng sfo{ – kmn]s, a]Gr jf t];f]{
sf7df lx“8g .
– kmn]s / a]Gr / t];f]{ kmn]sdf
lx“8bf z/L/nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf
/fVg] sfo{ .
– ;a}nfO{ kfn}kfnf] lx“8g nufO{
cjnf]sg ug]{ / k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .
@
3G6L

kf7o PsfO sIff ! sIff @ sIff #
!= zf/Ll/s lzIffsf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ & & &
@= zf/Ll/s Jofofd tyf sjfh !@ !@ !@
#= ;fwf/0f tyf :yfgLo v]nx¿ ^ ^ ^
$= l;h{gfTds v]nx¿ ^ ^ ^
%= es'G8f] v]nx¿ !& !& !&
^= lhDgfl:6s sfo{x¿ ^ ^ ^
&= :yfgLo kf7oj|mdsf] c+z !) !) !)
hDdf ^$ ^$ ^$
:yfgLo kf7oj|mdsf] c+z
:yfgLo txdf ;|f]tJolStsf] ;dGjodf ljBfnon] cfgf] ;]/f]k]m/f], ;d'bfo jf If]qleq b]Vb} / v]Nb} cfPsf
ljleGg zf/Ll/s lj|mofdnfkx¿ ;d]6L kf7oj|md tof/ u/L ;f]cg'¿ksf lj|mofsnfkdf ;l/s u/fpg'k5{
. kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] kf7oj|mdn] klg ljleGg :yfgsf :yfgLo v]nx¿nfO{ ;d]6g]
sf]l;; u/]sf] 5 . tyflk ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts / ;d'bfout ljljwtfn] ubf{ o; kf7oj|mdn] ;d]6g
g;s]sf / :yfgLo rngdf /x]sf v]nx¿nfO{ kf7oj|mdsf] :yfgLo c+zsf] ¿kdf @) k|ltzt kf7oef/
5'6ofOPsf] 5 . pSt c+z :yfgLo rf8, d]nf, kj{ cflb jf cGo cj;/df ul/g] lj|mofsnfkx¿nfO{
;d]6L tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .
b[i6Jo M cfjZostfg';f/ If]qut 3G6L 36a9 u/L lzIf0fl;sfO ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
o; ljifosf] lzIf0f k"0f{tof k|of]ufTds x'g] ePsfn] k|fylds:t/sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0f ubf{ ;Lk
l;sfpg] / To;nfO{ cEof; u/fpg]lt/ s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . ;Lk lzIf0f ubf{ k|bz{g ljlw pko'St x'G5 .
k|bz{g ljlwdf s'g sfo{ s;/L ug]{ egL b]vfOG5 . lzIfsn] k|bz{g ubf{ ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] b]lvg] u/L
ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ rGb|fsf/df /fVg' pko'St x'G5 . k|bz{gkl5 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;f]
sfo{sf] cEof; u/fpg'k5{ . cEof; u/fp“bf lzIfssf] ;lj|mo ;xeflutf x'g' cfjZos 5 . olb
cEof;sf j|mddf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;xL 9ªun] ;Lk sfo{ k|of]u ug{ ghfg]df lzIfsn] pSt sfo{ ;'wfg]{ of
k'gM k|bz{g ug]{ ug'{k5{ . olb Psb'O{hgf ljBfyL{n] dfq uNtL u5{g eg] JolStut¿kdf ;'wf/ u/] k'U5
t/ w]/} ljBfyL{n] uNtL u/]sf 5g eg] k'gM k|bz{g ug'{k5{ . zf/Ll/s lzIff lzIf0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{
cfwf/e"t s'/fdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfssf] lgb]{zg / lgoGq0fdf zf/Ll/s lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUg u/fOPsf]
x'g'k5{ . o;/L lj|mofsnfk u/fp“bf z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ cªu ;Gt'ltn 9ªun] ;~rfng x'g] / ljBfyL{x¿
;d"xdf /dfpg] x'g'k5{ .

d"Nofªsgn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ultsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . zf/Ll/s lzIffdf ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ zf/Ll/s
;Lk / lj|mofsnfk;“u ;DalGwt x'g] ePsf] x'“bf o;sf] d"Nofªsg klg ;f]xLcg'¿k x'g'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf
nflu ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'g} v]nsf ;Lk cEof; ug{ lbOPsf] 5 eg] d"Nofªsg ubf{ cjnf]sgsf] dfWodaf6
ltgLx¿n] ;xL ¿kdf cEof; u/]gu/]sf] d"Nofªsg ug'{k5{ . o;/L d"Nofªsg ubf{ ;xL ;Lk k|bz{g ug]{
ljBfyL{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ cufl8 a9gdf d2t ug'{k5{ eg] uNtL ug]{ of ;Lk k|of]u ug{ ghfGg]
ljBfyL{nfO{ xf};nf lbO{ l;Sgdf k|]l/t ug'{k5{ . k|fylds:t/df afnaflnsfx¿sf] lzIf0f lj|mofsnfksf]
d"Nofªsg ubf{ oxL tYonfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . zf/Ll/s lzIffdf ljBfyL{x¿sf ;fdfGo eGbf ;fdfGo
s'/fx¿sf] kl/jt{gn] klg pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]bgfTds / ;fdflhs Jojxf/x¿df dxŒj
/fVb5 . o;/L ;"Id cjnf]sgaf6 ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofªsg ubf{ pgLx¿sf] rf}t˚L{ ljsf;df lzIfssf]
e"ldsf ;fy{s x'g'sf] ;fy;fy} cfgf] d"Nofªsg IfdtfnfO{ klg ljsf; u/fp“5 .
zf/Ll/s lzIffdf k|d'v ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] lzIf0fl;sfO ljlw k|bz{g / ;xeflutf xf] eg] d"Nofªsg ug]{
k|d'v cfwf/ sfo{snfksf] cjnf]sg xf] . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿sf 7"nfb]lv ;fgf;fgf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{
cjnf]sg u/L clen]v /fVg ;s] ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg ;xh x'G5 . o;/L d"Nofªsg k|lj|mofnfO{ lg/Gt/
¿kdf lzIf0f l;sfOlj|mofsnfks} Ps cleGg cªusf] ¿kdf lnO{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] sIff]Gglt Pjd :t/
lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .

English 171
English
1. Introduction
English has been a second language taught in all schools in Nepal and the medium of teaching and
learning at higher level. Furthermore, the National Education Commission reports and interaction
programmes held at different places times and with various groups e.g. stakeholders, teachers etc.
have laid great emphases on introducing English as a compulsory subject in all schools of Nepal from
the very beginning of school education. This curriculum has been designed for primary level (Grades
1-5) education in Nepal, with a view to catering to the immediate needs of children learning English
and building a basic foundation for their further studies in and through English. Moreover, it aims at
developing a comprehensive communicative competence on the part of learners.
The major focus of this curriculum is on language skills viz, listening, speaking, reading and
writing. By the end of Grade 5 children will be able to use English effectively in a limited set of
situations.
2.1 General Objectives, Grades 1 - 5 (Level wise)
The objectives of teaching English in the primary schools of Nepal are:
to give pupils ample exposure to the English language so that they can understand and
respond in simple English with acceptable pronunciation and intonation,
to provide them with the opportunities to practise their English in and outside the classroom,
so that they can communicate in simple English,
to help them develop enthusiasm for reading so that they will be responsive and
knowledgeable readers,
to help them develop their potentialities in writing so that they can be creative writers, and
to develop a positive attitude towards learning English and build up confidence in using
English.
2.2 Specific Objectives, Grades 1- 3
Grade Language area Learning achievement
One Listening 1. Hear English spoken during the whole (or most part of the) lesson
2. Listen and imitate English sounds, words and phrases
3. Listen to the teacher and respond non-verbally, and later verbally
4. Listen to different voices and respond to simple commands and
questions
5. Listen and do different kinds of task (drawing, matching, etc.)
6. Listen to and discriminate the English sounds
Speaking 7. Sing a song or recite a chant by listening to the teacher or a tape
8. Reproduce what the pupils heard from their teachers
9. Ask short, simple questions and answer them
10. Name objects, things (nouns), actions (verbs), etc. and describe
them by using adjectives and adverbs
11. Do different kinds of tasks (name things, describe pictures, ask days
of the week, give commands etc.)
Reading 12. Recognize different lines and shapes essential for reading
13. Recognize capital and small letters, and say them aloud by sound
14. Put sounds together to read words and sentences
15. Read words and simple sentences, and understand them
16. Read and do different kinds of verbal and non-verbal tasks
(answering verbally, matching, acting, etc.)

English 172
Writing 17. Hold a pencil correctly and gain control to draw lines, curves and
circles, etc.
18. Trace the letters and later write them
19. Copy letters and words, and later reproduce them
20. Combine and recombine different letters to form words, and put the
words in correct order to form simple sentences
21. Write what they can speak and read
Two Listening 1. Respond to both positive and negative questions verbally and non
verbally
2. Discriminate words with similar sounds in connected speech
3. Gather key information from a short speech or conversation
4. Participate in short simple conversation
5. Do a variety of tasks (matching, drawing, ordering, play game, etc)
6. Follow simple stories with visual clues
Speaking 7. Converse with the teacher and class friends using simple English
8. Use language with acceptable pronunciation, stress and intonation
9. Participate in pair and group work activities
10. Ask and answer a wide range of questions in simple English
concerning location, simple description, time and other information
11. Talk about the present and the past
Reading 12. Recognize common words by look
13. Read out simple sentences with acceptable pronunciation
14. Understand and enjoy simple stories
15. Understand different kinds of reading texts in simple language
(stories, letters, etc)
16. Find out specific information (names, number, etc) from a reading
texts
Writing 17. Write all the letters both capital and small
18. Write sentences both dictated and their own in good writing
19. Use capital letters, full stops and question marks correctly
20. Express their ideas in simple sentences

English 173
Three Listening 1. Respond to a wide variety of heard stimuli (words, sentences,
questions, instructions, etc) both verbally and non verbally
2. Understand and enjoy a song or story with a variety of visual clues
3. Find out specific information (names, dates, time, etc ) From
different kinds of listening texts ( short conversation)
Speaking 4. Participate in short piece of conversation (e.g. apologizing,
congratulating, etc
5. Describe oneself or people, object, things, etc using adjectives,
adverbs and prepositions
6. Talk about the past and the future events
7. Use telephone simply
Reading 8. Read silently
9. Understand and enjoy different kinds of reading texts (charts,
timetables, information, etc)
10. Use glossary
11. Guess the meaning of unknown words from contexts and pictures
12. Develop interest in reading short poems and stories
Writing 13. Write very short simple personal letters with correct format
14. Understand and use capital letters, full stop, question mark correctly
15. Write about oneself, people, and things, etc, with the help of the
given clues
16. Write simple stories by completion, matching to pictures or ordering
3. Scope and sequence
Listening
SN Grade One Grade Two Grade Three
1 - To identify the
sounds of vowels
and consonants and
relate them to the
correct letter or
word (initial letters
only). 1,2,3,6
- To discriminate
between simple
minimal pairs.
1,2,3,6
- To respond to very
simple commands.
1,3,4,5
- To identify
numbers, 1-10.
1,3,5
- To understand
simple questions.
1,3,4,5
- To match words and pictures,
1,2,3,5
- To draw from a simple
description, 1, 3,5
- To discriminate between
pronouns, 1,2,3,4,5,
- To respond to positive and
negative commands, including
location, 2,3,5
- To identify numbers 1-100,
1,2,3,4,5
- To respond verbally and non-
verbally to questions and
statements, 1, 2,3,4,5
- To extract ages numbers or
time from a spoken text, 2, 3,5
- To understand a simple story,
with the help of pictures and
miming 3,6
- To match pictures to people,
objects in a short text. 1,3
- To draw pictures of scenes
from verbal description. 1, 3
- To respond to commands and
instructions including simple
directions on a map. 1,3
- To identify numbers 1-1000.
1,3
- To respond as directed to a
range of statements, questions
and commands. 1,3
- To extract specific
information from a short
text.3
- To understand and enjoy
simple stories and songs and
respond to true/false
statements. 1,2

English 174
Speaking
1 - To ask and answer
questions giving
names of people,
occupations,
objects, present
action, location,
quality, possession
and number.
8,9,10,11
- To use simple
greetings.8,11
- To give commands.
8,11
- To ask for
something. 8,9,11
- To ask and answer
yes/no and WH-
questions.8,9,10,11
- To say chants with
good rythm.7,9
- To ask and answer about
occupations, colour,
possessions, 7,8,9,10,11
Ask and answer about time,
days, numbers, age
7,8,9,10,11
- To take leave of people, 7,8,9
- To ask and answer about
present action, 7,8,9,10,11
- To give positive and negative
commands, 7,8,9
- To describe a scene.
7,8,9,10,11
- To ask and answer about past
action, and tell simple story,
7,8,9,10,11
- To say chants and rhymes,
7,8
- To apologose, congratulate,
gain attention, express ability,
ask politely, tell time, give
directions, ask for permission
and use number to a
thousand. 4,5
- To narrate, ask and answer
about the past. 4,6
- To discuss same and
different. 4,5
- To use pronouns as object of
verb. 4,5,6
- To say chants, rhymes, and
the alphabet. 4
- To describe real things or
pictures, including weather.
4,5,6
- To talk about the future. 6
- To use simple telephone
language. 7
Reading
1 - To recognize and
match simple
shapes.12
- To recognize and
give the sounds of
small letters. 13
- To read simple
unknown words
phonetically. 14,16
- To read own name.
13,14
- To read well-known
words.14,15,16
- To read figures1-10.
12,16
- To read short, well-
known
sentences.14,15,16
- To read very
simple, well-
illustrated "story".
14,15,16
- To recognize all letters by
sounds. 12
- To recognize sounds of
common diphthongs and read
words containing them. 12,13
- To recognize all active
vocabulary words. 12
- To read figures 1-100. 12
- To read language learned
orally. 12,13,14,15
- To read simple texts.
14,15,16
- To read simple stories
silently. 14,15
- To read chants and rhymes.
12,13,15
- To recognize all diphthongs
and consonant blends and
read words containing them.
8,9,10
- To do word puzzles.
8,9,10,11
- To read notes, posters, cards
and short letters. 8,9,11
- To read language learned
orally. 8,9,12
- To read simple stories
(including comic-strip style)
silently and do simple
activities, such as guessing
word-meanings. 8,11,12
- To read chants poems and
rhymes. 8,12
- To read and follow simple
instructions. 8,9,11
- To find word meanings. 10

English 175
Writing
1 - To trace and draw
all kinds of lines
from left to right. 17
- To draw straight
lines and circles.17
- To draw small
letters with correct
method. 17,18,19
- To write figures1-
10. 17,18
- To write simple
words
independently.
19,20,21
- To write simple
sentences.19,20,21
- To write all small and capital
letters correctly. 17
- To write words containing
diphthongs.17,18
- To complete sentences. 18,19
- To write correctly and neatly
(unjoined script) 17,18,19,20
- To write figures 1-100. 17
- To use capitals, full stops and
question marks. 17,18,19,20
- To write simple sentences
independently. 18,19,20
- To do word puzzles activities.
15
- To complete, match, order or
re-write sentences. 14,15,16
- To write a simple letter, note,
poster, greeting card or
instruction. 13,14,15
- To use capitals, full-stops, and
question mark, with good
standard of writing and layout.
13,14
- To write own sentences.
13,15,16
- To complete speech bubbles.
15,16
- To write simple stories,
descriptions or poems with
clues. 16
4.1 Elaboration matrix for grade one
The following matrix presents the specific language structures for the given language functions,
possible classroom activities and student evaluation techniques. It has been presented grade wise
and skill wise for the user's convenience.
A. Listening and Speaking
S.N. Language function Language/Structure Activities and context
1. Greeting. Good morning/afternoon
(name/children)
Hello, How are you?
I’m fine. Thank you.
Drill pronunciation. Classroom daily
routine. Role-play. Simple chant.
2. Introducing and
naming.
What’s your/his/her name?
I’m___. It’s___ / She’s __
Hello, I’m ___. I'm a girl.
This is ______.
Teacher/pupil dialogue. Role play.
Pair work, groups.
People meeting for first time.
3. Giving simple
commands.
Sit down please. Stand up!
Please come here. Be quiet
Do this/that.
Obeying commands. Children as
teachers. Play Do this/do that.
Boys and girls, different commands.
4. Identifying. What’s this? Who’s this? It’s
a ____. It’s Mrs. Thapa. Is it
a book? Yes it is/No it isn’t.
This is ____, That is ____.
Drilling with variety of simple objects,
flashcards, people. Children asking
questions. Running to pick up object.
Guessing game ‘Is it a pencil?’
6. Counting numbers1-
5 then 6-10.
Plurals (with 's') and
irregular.
How many ___ are there?
There are five. There are five
books.
There are a lot of books.
Many games, chants, counting
activities
Writing the numbers.
7. Giving information
with plurals.
These are …
Those are … They are…
Realistic conversation

English 176
S.N. Language function Language/Structure Activities and context
8. Describing, asking
and answering about
location. (in, on,
under)
Where’s the book? Where is it?
Where are they? It’s in the
bag/on the table/ under the box.
“On the table".
There are two books on the
table.
Put….
Is it on the floor? Yes, it is.
It’s here. It’s there.
The classroom.
Following commands.
Hiding and seeking games.
Guessing games.
Action games.
Chants.
Drawing.
9. Describing colour
and size.
What colour is this?
It’s red. Red.
This is a green pencil.
This is a big box.
Is it big? No it isn’t. It’s small.
Real objects, flashcards, drills.
Matching, running and pointing
games.
Commands.
Colouring.
10. Asking and
answering about age.
How old are you?
How old is Sita?
I’m six. She’s seven.
Question and answer.
11. Describing
possession.
Yes/no question. This is my leg.
That is your/his/her head. Is this
your eye? Yes it is.
That is Ram’s nose.
“My body”
Chants, songs, action games.
Guessing pictures on board.
Pictures
Commands/games.
‘Touch your…’
12. Describing/asking
about present action.
I’m/You’re/He’s/She’s/We’re
standing/
sitting/dancing/jumping.
What’s he doing? He’s playing.
Are you sitting? No I’m not.
I’m eating a banana. He’s
shutting the door.
Miming, commands, question and
answer, stick pictures, flash-cards,
guessing games, action games and
songs and chants.
Simple sentence writing with
pictures and word choice.
13. Asking and
answering “who”
questions.
Who’s running? Ram is.
Who’s under the bench? Gita is.
Actions, pictures, guessing.
14. Describing
immediate
possession.
I’ve got two books. What have
you got?
I’ve got two eyes / a nose.
Chant. Guessing games.
Memory games. Pair work. Real
objects.
15. Talking about home
and family.
I’ve got two brothers. What’s
your sister’s name? Her name is
_____.
How many goats have you got?
I’ve got_____?
Mahesh is Ram’s brother.
My dog is brown (all animals)
My father’s a farmer.
Pictures on blackboard. Memory
games.
Talking in groups, then telling
teacher about others. True
conversations.
Make imaginary stories. Drawing
own home/family and
talking/writing.
Animals.
16. Talking about days
of the week
What day is it ?
It's __________
Is it Monday ?
Classroom use.
Games and pictures.
Ordering

English 177
Evaluation: The students' responses in class to the teachers'questions and instructions will give a
continual assessment of their mastery of each new language item.
B. Reading and Writing
S.N. Content Activities and Context
1. Gaining pencil control. Left to right drawing exercises. Curved, wavy and
straight lines. Circles. Writing on board, in
workbooks and copies.
2. Distinguishing shapes. Simple pictures, more abstract shapes, lines.
Colouring the same or different.
3. Recognizing letters by sounds and
shapes, and learning correct way to
write them. (In order: l, t, i, o, c, a, e, s,
f, n, h, m, r, d, g, u, b, p, v, w, y.)
Flashcard drills with key words. Letter / sound
association games. Demonstration of letter
formation. Phonic charts / word families.
4. Reading and writing simple well-known
words.
Word flashcard drills both phonic and 'look and
say'. Drawing pictures and writing words (given but
to be chosen).
5. Reading and writing simple sentences. Use of I, T, H, S, A, W. Pictures and gapped
sentences (all words given).
This is a ––––––– . It's a –––––– .
It's on the –––––– . He's running.
There are –––––– . etc
Evaluation: The students' work in class will give continual assessment of their ability to both read and
write. Flashcards can also be used to assess reading speed and skill.
4.2 Elaboration matrix for grade two
S.N Language
function
Language/Structure Activities and context
1 Leave taking Goodbye, Bye, Good night Role play, daily routine, simple chant
2 Describing/
asking about
occupations
What's Mrs Thapa? She's a
nurse. Are you a teacher? No
I'm not. I'm a student
Pretending/acting games. Flashcard
drills and guessing games. Combine
with greeting, introducing and leave
taking.
3 Discriminating
using "Which….?
Which one is red? This one is.
Which one is your book? That
one.
Listening and pointing games. Pair
work. Revision of this that, possession
and colour. Colouring activities.
Listening exercises with pictures to
match.
4 Asking and
answering about
actions
What is he wearing? A blue
shirt. What's he looking at? He
is looking at a picture. Is he
reading a book? No, he isn't.
He's reading a newspaper.
What's she doing? She's riding a
bike.
Flash cards drills and games. Pin
pictures and conversation. Miming
and guessing games. Action games
and chants. Craft activities

English 178
S.N Language
function
5 Counting 1-100 How many ….. are there? What
comes after twenty three?
Count the stones. What's this
number? It's fifty.
Number line and conversation.
Forming groups. Counting small
objects. Ordering. Chants. Listening
and drawing. Counting games.
6 Asking and
answering about
ages.
How old is your father? He's
thirty five.
Questions and answer. Simple
imaginative stories about stick people.
Listening exercises joining ages to
people.
7 Giving and
obeying positive
and negative
commands and
instructions
Don't run please. Open your
book at page twenty. Fold the
paper like this. Don't put the
book there. Please clean the
board. Don't open the window.
Listening and responding physically.
Games to discriminate between do
and don't. Children give commands to
teacher and other children. Daily
classroom routine and instructions.
Simple craft instructions.
8 Asking and
answering about
present actions
and positions or
movement
Where are you going? I'm going
to school. He's running home.
He's walking to the bazaar.
Where is the cat sitting? Under
the table. There is a girl
swimming in the river. She's
cooking. Where is she? In the
kitchen.
Flash cards drills. Miming and
guessing games. Action chants.
Listening and drawing simple
pictures. (description includes a few
distracters)
9 Discriminating
persons
He's…She's….They're….You'r
e…We're…She's in there. He's
a farmer. Where are you? What
are they?
Listening activities with response by
pointing, actions, or pictures.
10 Describing using
adjectives and
their opposites
It's a clean shirt. They're red.
Which bus is big? This one. Is
this a long ruler? No, it isn't. It's
short. Point to the easy sum.
Guessing games. Flash card drills.
Listening and drawing or matching.
Commands and actions. Matching
opposites. Describing a picture.
11 Giving
information and
asking about
immediate
possession
I've got a crayon. Have you got
a pencil? Yes, I have. No, I
haven't. Has he got a brother?
No, he hasn't. He's got two
sisters.
Describing possession of flashcards.
Memory games. Finding out by
asking games. Listening activities
with pictures of objects to mark.
(Some distracters) Chant. Role play
with real objects.
12 Describing a
scene or picture
There's a book on the table.
There are six birds. There's a
girl sitting under the tree.
Pair and class conversation. Listening,
drawing and giving own description.
Chant. Creative art and conversation.
13 Describing
location
The boy's behind the door.
She's in front of the house. I'm
sitting near Maya. It's on top of
the bus. (Also in, on, under) It's
here. There it is! Where is the
cat? Where's Ram? Is the dog
behind the tree? He's
inside/outside.
Chant. Obeying instructions. Action
and miming games. Picture drawing
and describing town and village
scenes, and fun pictures. Spot the
difference: pair and class activities.
Hiding and finding games. Daily
routine conversations.

English 179
S.N Language
function
14 Telling the time What time is it? What's the
time? It's six o'clock. It's half
past four. (O'clock and half past
only). It's school time/break
time/supper time/ play
time/going home time. It's ten
o'clock. I'm standing in line. It's
one o'clock. I'm playing a game.
Questions and answer with model
clock and real clock. Drawing clock
games. Action games. What time is it,
Mr. Wolf? (a game). Daily routine
instructions and conversation. Making
paper watches. Chant/song.
15 Describing
immediate past
action and
location
It was on the floor. Now it's on
the table. I was running. Now
I'm sitting down. What was he
doing? What were they doing?
What were they doing? They
were talking. Where were you
at eight o'clock? I was at
homed.
Real actions and objects, with
questions and answer. Picture
sequences and descsription
16 Talking about the
days of the week
What day is it today ? What day
was it yesterday? It was…
It's…. Its my birthday.
Tomorrow's Saturday/holiday.
Ordering games. Running and
changing games. Daily classroom
discussions chart and celebration.
Chants
17 Describing events
in the past
What did you do yesterday/last
night/this morning? I came to
school. What did he do? He
opened the door/cleaned the
board/jumped/hopped/sat
down/stood up/went outside.
Did you see an aeroplane? No, I
didn't. I saw a helicopter. When
did you go home? At 4 o'clock.
Flash card drills. Miming games. Pair
work.Guessing games. "Did he…..?"
Daily conversation.
18 Listening to and
retelling stories
The giant opened the door. Now
he's looking for Ram. What's he
doing now? Look.
Listening with help of pictures.
Simple yes/no questions. Using
pictures to retell stories. Creating own
stories.
19 Responding to
range of
statements,
questions and
commands
Any of the above Physical responses, running or
jumping or miming showing accurate
listening

English 180
Evaluation: Speaking and listening will be assessed by the children's ability to respond correctly to the
spoken word and to speak, using the language correctly and to express the child's own intention. This will
involve simple listening tasks and short informal conversations. This may be done in class on continual
basis as new functions are mastered.
S.N. Content Activities and Context
1 All the language structures and
functions included under speaking
and listening will also be read and
written at the same time.
Simple well illustrated stories featuring real children
and situations, as well as imaginative stories of
animals, magic, etc.
2 Reading and writing simple new
words phonetically
Drills, rhyming families and poems. Matching
pictures, opposites and categories.
3 Reading and writing words
containing:
final e, ee, ea, ar, er, ir, oo, ay, oy,
ow, igh, silent k, g
Word flash card drills, deciphering new words
phonetically. Gapped spellings, Spelling team games.
Recognition in texts. Putting into word families
rhymes, competing sentences, labeling pictures.
4 Recognising all small and capital
letters by sound and mane and writing
correctly laid out sentences and
questions.
Simple sentence writing, (linked to pictures) with
capital and fkul stop or question mark, correctly
formed on the line. Strong emphasis on neatness.
Matching small and big letters. Writing names of
children and school, village/town and country.
Muddled sentences.
5 Reading well-known words by look
and say.
Regular flashcards drills. Gapped spelling activities,
spelling games. Reading books. Run to the board
games.
6 Reading and writing numbers 1-100
(figures only)
Dictation, counting and writing.
7 Reading silently and responding Sentences cards
Evaluation: using labeling pictures, matching, yes/no questions, muddled and gapped sentences,
continuous or periodic assessment of combined reading and writing skills can be made.
4.3 Elaboration Matrix for Grade Three
S. N Language
functions
1 Apologising I'm sorry. That's all right. Ok. Classroom and acted situations. Creation of
dialogues from pictures or mimes.
2 Interrupting or
getting
attention
Excuse me. Can I help you?
Excuse me please!
Classroom and acted situations.
3 Congratulating
and praising.
Happy birthday. Well done.
Excellent. That's better.
Daily routine and role play
4 Telling the
time
When did you go home? At
quarter to two. What's the
time? It's nine o'clock. What's
Ram doing? (half, quarter,
past, to)
Daily conversation in class. Making and
using own model clocks. Drawing and
running games. Miming games. Chants

English 181
S. N Language
functions
5 Expressing ability Can you swim? Yes, I can. No,
I can't. I can see two birds. Fish
can swim, but cats can't. Can
Ram climb to the top? No, he
can't.
Tasks to try to perform. Describing what
can be seen in reality or in picture.
Guessing games. Pair work.
6 Asking for
permission and
objects
Please, can I sit down/have a
crayon/clean the board/ carry
your books? Yes, of course. No
I'm sorry. You can't.
Role play. Daily routine. Teacher and
students change roles. Listening and
matching pictures or marking yes/no.
7 Describing actions
involving known
pronouns or objects
I can see her. Please give this
to him. He put them in his
pocket. Please give me a
pencil. The teacher is talking to
(you, her, him, me)
Acting and questions 'What are you/is he
doing? With suitable answers. Listening
and identifying the person or thing referred
to.
8 Narrating, asking
and answering
about past events
What did you do at six o'clock
last night? I read my book. Did
you come to school yesterday?
Yes, I did/No, I didn't. He
didn't open the door, he opened
the window. It was hot. They
were on the table. Tell me what
the fox did? It…
Flashcard drill of range of verbs, described
in past. Guessing games using question
form. Listening to and retelling simple
stories. Daily classroom conversation:
news time. Simple drills changing to
question form or positive to negative and
vice versa. Yes/No drills and games. a
Responding by running/actions to
true/false statements about stories or class
activities. Miming and
discussion/guessing.
9 Giving directions Right, left, straight on Real or constructed situations. Children
walk in response to instructions. Listening
and marking on simple map. Giving
instructions to the teacher. Action chant.
10 Asking and
answering with a
choice
Is this an apple or an orange? Is
he walking or running? He's
running. Is it red or blue? It's
blue. Are you happy or sad?
I'm happy. Is it in my right
hand or my left hand?
Flashcard drills and pair work. Guessing
games.
11 Relating objects,
with also, same and
different.
They are the same. It's
different. That's also a book.
Describing pairs of objects. Quick
questions. Describing pictures. Pair work
finding differences.
12 Describing weather. It's sunny/windy/ rainy/cloudy.
The sun is shining. It's
hot/cold. It isn't raining. It was
hot yesterday. It was a very
cold morning….
Daily description and chart. Pictures and
descriptions. Stories, Miming, chant or
poem.
13 Using numbers to
one thousands
It's two hundred and six. Please
write four hundred and twenty.
Listening and writing or holding up cards.
Team action games responding to
numbers. Giving teacher/partner
instructions.
14 Describing future I'll return your book tomorrow.
She'll go to Pokhara next week.
15 Using telephone Hello, can I speak to …..
Hello, this is….. speaking.

English 182
Evaluation : Simple structured conversations using flash cards and pictures of situations between the
teacher and one or two students assesses the ability of students to communicate meaningfully. This also
assesses accuracy of listening, but linger spoken text with varied responses will assess the ability to pick
out important information and understand different accents.
S. N Content Activities and Context
1 All the language in speaking and
listening, but greater range of
vocabulary and occasional easy non
familiar structure.
Stories of real life, and worldwide folk stories.
Comic strip style stories. Silent reading with class
discussion and oral and written activities based on
the text. Completing/writing speech bubbles
2 Reading and writing remaining
diphthongs: oi, ai, ew, aw, au
Consonants: sk, sp, spr, pl, gr, fr, tr, st,
fl. Pr, spl, sw, etc
Drills with known and unknown words. Matching
words and pictures. Run to the board games. bingo,
etc.
3 Simple reading and writing correct
sentences
Matching two halves. Choosing true sentence.
Filling gaps, words both supplied and not.
Ordering three or four sentences. Writing own
sentences.
4 Reading and writing simple thank you
letters, greeting cards, posters
Activities to aid careful reading. Making student's
own. Sending notes to teacher and each other.
Role- play using such material. Looking at realia
and picking out some words. Writing 1 sentence
thank you letter.
5 Reading and writing simple instructions Drawing, paper folding, drawing according to
instructions. Matching instructions to pictures.
6 Handwriting and punctuation: capitals,
full stops, question marks
Increasing standard of letter formation and layout
expected, with correct sizes of all letters.
7 Word puzzles Simple picture cross words, word searches,
muddled words and gapped spelling, classifying
and writing in lists according to meaning or sound.
8 Using glossary Very simple, in text book. Games, races.
Evaluation : Very simple short unseen text and easy activities. Completing speech bubbles. Suitable new
but familiar reading and completion exercises will evaluate both reading and writing skills
5. Time allotment (weighting)
All lessons integrate the four skills. Below are the guidelines showing the relative importance of the
different skills from grades 1 - 3.
Skills Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
(45- Minutes period, 5 days a week for
roughly 150 days in one academic year)
Listening
Speaking
Reading
Writing
40%
40%
10%
10%
35%
35%
20%
10%
30%
30%
20%
20%

English 183
6.1 Teaching techniques:
• The English classroom should have a happy atmosphere where the children hear and speak
English in a natural way through a variety of activities.
• All four skills will develop together but new material will be learnt orally and aurally before
being read.
• As well as teacher-pupil conversation, there will be many opportunities for pupils to talk to
each other in pairs or groups or in front of the whole class.
• Praise for effort and achievement and encouragement will help each child to make progress.
• From the beginning creativity and the pupil’s independent use of the language should be
encouraged.
• Each lesson should have a variety of activities, suitable for the children’s age and interests.
These can include:
o Games, use of pictures on the blackboard or from books and flashcards for questions,
answers, cues in drills, new vocabulary and language learning
o Simple craft activities.
o Chants, rhymes, and action songs
o Talking in pairs and small groups with a pupil as “teacher”
o Simple acting and role play
o Actions to aid word retention
o Stories
o Simple listening exercises where pupils respond without writing or speaking
o Reading from the board, and daily practice reading word flashcards
o Silent reading leading to answering specific questions
o Use of sound(s), and look and say but no spelling aloud
o A large variety of written exercises from the board, which involve some measure of
choice and challenge however simple.
o Use of the textbook as a source of practice in speaking and developing reading skills and
in providing challenging exercises.
6.2 Teaching resources
• A comprehensive teacher’s guide for the year’s activity with instructions for games and
methods in Nepali, and the teacher’s and pupils’ conversations in English.
• A set of picture flashcards with the word included
These should cover nouns, including people, and uncountable and verbs. Each school should
have a complete set, printed on good card.
• A pupil’s book for each student.
• Teachers will be expected to make their own word flashcards on paper or cheap card.
7. Assessment
For the lower grades continuous assessment of each child’s achievement of the curriculum items in
all four skills is most appropriate.
For Grade 5 (and possibly four) a slightly more formal test can be given involving (a) simple,
familiar conversation (b) response to aural stimulus (listening activity) and an interesting
reading/writing test with new material but familiar methods, vocabulary and language which tests
the pupils ability to read and understand simple sentences and write neatly and correctly.

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#= :yfgLo kf7oj|mdsf] cfjZostf lsg <

:yfgLo kf7oj|md 185
xfd|f] d'n's ;fgf] eP tfklg o;sf] j:t'l:ylt ljljwtfk"0f{ 5 . ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs,
hftLo cflb s'/fx¿df ljljwtf 5 . ljleGg 7fp“df ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ 5g . ljleGg 7fp“sf
dflg;x¿sf] cfjZostf / rfxgf ˚/s˚/s 5g . To;}n] s]Gb|df lgdf{0f u/]sf] kf7oj|mdsf ;a}
c+z ;a} Ô]qdf x'ax' nfu" ug{ g;lsg] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf sf7df8f}“ pkTosfsf
ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu oxf“sf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf :ynx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L
/ ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL lzÔf cfjZos x'g ;Sb5 eg] h'Dnfsf nflu t/sf/L tyf ˚n˚"n v]tL
/ o;sf] Joj:yfkg ljifodf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ cfjZos x'g ;S5g .
o;} u/L eflifs ;+/Ô0fsf nflu tfKn]h'ªdf lnDa" efiff, wg'iffdf d}lynL, slknj:t'df cjwL,
s}nfnLdf yf¿ efiffsf] lzÔ0f x'g cfjZos x'g ;Sb5 . xfd|f] d'n'sdf :yfgLo kf7oj|mdsf]
cfjZostf lgDglnlvt a'“bfn] k'li6 ub{5 M
;fdflhs ljleGgtfcg'¿ksf] kf7oj:t'nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ .
JolSt÷;d"x÷;dfhsf] cfjZostf a'emL ltgnfO{ k"/f ug{ .
:yfgLo dxŒjk"0f{ rf8kj{, :yfg ljz]if, snf sf}zn, Joj;fo, 3/]n' pBf]u, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]
plrt ;Ddfg / kl/rfng u/L ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{ .
kf7oj|mdnfO{ a9L pkof]uL, ;fGble{s / cfjZostfd'vL agfpg .
:yfgLo txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / ;+:yfsf] ;Ôdtf clej[l4 ug{ .
$= :yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0f s;/L ug]{ <
:yfgLo txsf] kf7oj|md lgdf{0fsf nflu kf7oj|md ljsf;sf ;a} r/0fx¿ ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . tL
r/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5gM
-s_ cfjZostf klxrfg -v_ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f
-u_ ljifoj:t' 5gf]6 -3_ sÔfut l;sfOpknlAw ljj/0f
-ª_ lzÔ0f k|lj|mof -lj|mofsnfk / ljlw_ -r_ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg
-5_ ;do lgwf{/0f
-s_ cfjZostf klxrfg
:yfgLo txsf] kf7oj|mdsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu :yfgLo txsf k|ltlglw, :yfgLo txsf u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, a'l4hLjL, pBf]uklt, Jofkf/L, /f]huf/bftf, cleefjs, lzÔs, ;|f]tJolSt,
;dfh;]jL, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;'´fj /
;Nnfxdf ljBfno jf ;|f]ts]Gb| jf lhNnf lzÔf sfof{nosf] g]t[Tjdf s]s:tf ljifoj:t'sf
:yfgLo kf7oj|md agfpg] eGg] af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ .
5nkmn ubf{ /fli6«o kf7oj|mdn] lbPsf ljifox¿nfO{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnO{ s'gs'g ljifodf
:yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] ;f] olsg ug]{ .
:yfgLo txdf g} lzÔ0f ug{ ;lsg] ljifoj:t' s]s] x'g ;S5g olsg ug]{ .
;ªslnt ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ljz]if1x¿sf] ;xof]un] k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ .
-c_ cfjZostf klxrfgsf ;DefJo Ô]qx¿

:yfgLo kf7oj|md 186
:yfgLo c+zsf] kf7oj|md ;DalGwt ljifox¿df lbO;lsPsf] 5 . To;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL :yfgLo
kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{5 .
-cf_ :yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0fsf] ;DefJo lhDd]jf/L
:yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ubf{ ljBfno, ;|f]ts]Gb| / lhNnf txaf6 ;DefJo kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ug{
;lsg] 5 .
ljBfno tx M s'g} vf; ljBfnosf nflu dfq pkof]uL x'g] ljifoj:t'sf] kf7oj|md ljBfnon]
;/f]sf/jfnf;“u k/fdz{ u/L ljBfno cf˚}“n] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
;|f]ts]Gb| tx M PseGbf a9L ljBfnosf nflu pkof]uL x'g] :yfgLo kf7oj|md ;/f]sf/jfnf;“u
k/fdz{ u/L ;|f]ts]Gb| txsf] g]t[Tjdf lgdf{0f ug]{ .
lhNnf tx M PseGbf a9L ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] :yfgLo kf7oj|md
;/f]sf/jfnf;“u k/fdz{ u/L lhNnf lzÔf sfof{nosf] g]t[Tjdf lgdf{0f ug]{ .
-O_ ;'´fj ;ªsng ug]{ cfwf/x¿
;fdflhs cWoog, l;h{gfTds / zf/Ll/s lzIffsf] :yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ubf{ s]Gb|n]
lgdf{0f u/]sf] kf7oj|mddf ePsf ljifoj:t' cWoog ug]{ . o;afx]s :yfgLo txsf nflu gk'u
ePsf s'/fx¿ s]s] x'g ;Sb5g eg]/ ;'´fj lng] .
:yfgLo ljifosf] kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ubf{ :yfgLo ljifo s]s] x'g ;Sb5g, tLleq s]s:tf
ljifoj:t' /fVg] eg]/ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;“u 5nkmn ug]{ .
-v_ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f
:yfgLo txsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/g] kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ubf{ k|fylds lzÔf kf7oj|mddf pNn]v ePsf
k|fylds txsf p2]Zo;“u d]n vfg] u/L ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:t}≤ pbfx/0fsf
nflu k|fylds tx k"/f ul/;s]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ ug{ ;Ôd x'g]5g M
:yfgLo txdf k|rlnt k/Dk/fut Jofj;flos ;Lk;DaGwL 1fg xfl;n ug{ / To;sf] k|j4{g
ug{ .
-u_ ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6
cfjZostf klxrfg u/L k|fyldstf j|md lgwf{/0f u/]sf cfwf/df g} p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'“bf
o;nfO{ g} ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6sf nflu cfwf/ agfpg] / 5gf]6 ePsf ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f
ug'{k5{ .
-3_ sÔfut l;sfOpknlAw lgwf{/0f
;fwf/0f p2]Zo / ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df sÔfut l;sfOpknlAw lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{5 . h:t}≤ s'g
sÔfdf s]slt, s:tf] vfnsf] ljifo lbg'kg]{ xf] ;f] olsg ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu ljBfyL{sf] pd]/,
1fgsf] cj:yf, eflifs :t/, pd]/ cflbnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
-ª_ z}lÔs ;fdu|L
kf7sf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ cfjZos, pknAw x'g ;Sg] / k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf
ug'{k5{ .

:yfgLo kf7oj|md 187
-r_ lzÔ0f ljlw / k|lj|mof
lzÔ0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5÷;ls“b}g eg]/ ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . ;fwf/0f
p2]Zosf] sfo{ k"/f ug{ ;S5 ;Sb}g k"j{cg'dfg ug'{k5{ . :yfgLo ¿kdf lzÔ0f ug'{kg]{ ljifosf]
k|efjsf/L lzÔ0f ug{ ;DefJo lzÔ0f ljlw, ljBfyL{ lj|mofsnfk pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo ¿kdf
lzÔ0fl;sfO ug'{kg]{ ljifosf] kf7ok':ts ePsf ljifodf kf7ok':ts / cGo ljifodf ljBfyL{n]
u/]/ l;Sg], b]v]/ l;Sg], k|bz{g ug]{, :yfgLo ;|f]tJolStnfO{ cfdGq0f u/L sÔf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{
x'G5 eg] w]/}h;f] cjnf]sg, lg/LÔ0f / e|d0f u/L l;Sg'kg]{ klg x'g ;S5g . kf7oj|mddf
/flvPsf ljifoj:t'sf] k|efjsf/L lzÔ0fl;sfOsf nflu s]s:tf] lzÔ0f ljlw cfjZos k5{ ;f] s'/f
:yfgLo kf7oj|mddf pNn]v ug'{k5{ . o;df :yfgLo txaf6 kf7ok':ts lgdf{0f gePsf] cj:yf
klg x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] ljBfyL{ lj|mofsnfkaf6 dfq kf7oj|mdsf p2]Zo k"/f ug'{kg]{ ePsfn]
pko'St lj|mofsnfk 5gf]6 ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu 5n˚n, Pk|]G6];Lk sfo{j|md, :ynut e|d0f,
:yfgLo JolSt;“usf] cGtlq{mof / ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿df ljBfyL{ ;xeflutf pkof]u x'g ;Sb5g .
-5_ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg
:yfgLo kf7oj|mdcg';f/ lzÔ0f l;sfO x'g] ljifodf ljBfyL{n] u/]/, cjnf]sg u/]/ l;Sg] ePsfn]
;xeflutf / l;Sg] xf};nf k|bfg ug]{ / k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df d"Nofªsg ug'{kb{5 .
cf}krfl/s k/LÔfsf] vf; k|of]hg /x“b}g . k|fylds kf7oj|mddf lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"NofªsgnfO{
hf]8 lbPsfn] :yfgLo kf7oj|mddf lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"NofªsgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg'kb{5 . o;sf
nflu lzÔsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg lj|mofsnfk u/fO{ pgLx¿n] u/]sf lj|mofsnfksf] cjnf]sg u/L
ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg ug'{k5{ .
-h_ ;do lgwf{/0f
kf7oj|mdn] tf]s]sf] ;do / kf7oef/cg';f/ lzÔ0f l;sfO ug'{kb{5 . :yn e|d0f, cWoog e|d0f
cflb ubf{ cGo ljifosf] k7gkf7gnfO{ afwf gkg]{ u/L n}hfg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 . :yfgLo
kf7oj|mddf zf/Ll/s / l;h{gfTds snfnfO{ @)∞ / ;fdflhs cWoognfO{ @)∞ 5'6ofOPcg';f/
g} k7gkf7g u/fpg'kg]{ 5 . o;sf nlfu ;fdflhs cWoognfO{ jflif{s %÷^ xKtf, To;} u/L
l;h{gfTds snfnfO{ / zf/Ll/s lzIffnfO{ klg #÷$ xKtf Pjd :yfgLo ljifosf nflu !@*
3G6L k7gkf7g u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . sIffsfo{, of]hgfsfo{, ;xeflutf, cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df
ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofªsg ug'{k5{ .
^= :yfgLo kf7oj|md s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ <
:yfgLo kf7oj|md sfof{Gjog ug{ pBf]uklt, Jofkf/L, a['l4hLjL, lzÔs, ;|f]t JolSt cflbnfO{
;+nUg u/fO{ ;|f]tJolStsf ¿kdf sÔfsf]7fdf NofO{ cGtlqm{of u/fpg'k5{ . :yfgLo JolSt;“u
e]6, cGtlq{mof, :ynut e|d0f, k'/ftflŒjs, ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts, s[lif Joj;fodf
;+nUg JolSt;“u uO{ ;fIffTsf/ sfo{;d]t u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
;DalGwt ljBfnosf lzÔs÷lzlÔsf ;f] ljifodf ljz]if1tf xfl;n eP ;f]xLaf6 k7gkf7g
u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
ljifosf] k|s[ltcg';f/ ;d'bfodf /x]sf pSt ljifodf ;Lk jf 1fg jf Joj;fo u/L a;]sf jf
k];fsf JolStx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf cfdGq0f u/L plNnlvt ljifodf 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ u/L
ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg ;lsG5 .
plNnlvt ljifosf] hfgsf/L lng :ynut e|d0f ug'{kg]{, ;f]xL :yfgdf uO{ cWoog ug'{kg]{
ljifodf tt :yfgdf g} ljBfyL{nfO{ e|d0f u/fO{ k|ToÔ cWoog u/fpg'kb{5 .

:yfgLo kf7oj|md 188
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg of]hgfsfo{ -Project work_ klg lbg ;lsG5 .
&= :yfgLo kf7oj|md s;n] lgdf{0f ug]{ <
:yfgLo kf7oj|mdsf nflu cfjZostf klxrfg eO{ ljifo Ô]q 5gf]6 eO;s]kl5 lzÔs,
ljBfyL{, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzÔs, cleefjs ;ª3 / a'l4hLjL;d]tsf] ;lj|motfdf
ljBfno cf˚}“n] :yfgLo kf7oj|md agfpg'k5{ .
b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9Lsf ljBfnosf] cfjZostf / rfxgf Pp6} ePdf ;|f]ts]Gb|sf] g]t[Tjdf
:yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
lhNnfel/sf] cfjZostf / ljifo Ô]q Pp6} ePdf lhNnf lzÔf sfof{non] g]t[Tj u/L :yfgLo
kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
:yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0f ug{ k|fljlws sl7gfO k/]df kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|af6 oyf;Dej
k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] 5 .
:yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos ah]6 ljBfnonfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;|f]taf6 g} vr{
ug'{kg]{ jf ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf cflbdf ;dfj]z u/L lgsf;f u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
*= kf7oj|md kl/dfh{g
:yfgLo txsf] kf7oj|md ljBfno, ;|f]ts]Gb| jf lhNnf lzÔf sfof{no h;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf]
sfof{Gjogdf k/]sf sl7gfO / cWoogsf] ;'emfj cflbsf cfwf/df p;}n] kl/dfh{g ;d]t ug{
;Sb5 . ljBfno txdf sfof{Gjog ubf{sf avt cfPsf k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df ljBfno :jodn]
klg :yfgLo kf7oj|md kl/dfh{g ug{ ;Sb5 . s]Gb|n] kf7oj|md kl/dfh{g ubf{ :yfgLo txsf]
kf7oj|mdnfO{ ;d]t cfjZos ;+zf]wg ug]{ u/L :yfgLo kf7oj|md kl/dfh{g ug{ ;Sb5 .

189
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg;DaGwL clen]v k|lj|mof
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg k|lj|mofsf] d'Vo p2]Zo k7gkf7g;“u} ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ kQf nufO{
sd l;s]sf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f jf JolStut ¿kdf ljz]if Wofg lbO{ l;Sg k|f]T;fxg
ug'{ xf] . o; d"Nofªsg k|lj|mofdf lgDgfg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ult clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 M
!= kf7ut cfwf/df ljBfyL{n] sIffdf l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ cg';"rL ! cg';f/sf] kmf/fddf tf]lsPsf
dfkb08sf cfw/df Psb]lv tLgcf]6f;Dd /]hf -√_ lr≈g nufpg] .
@= cltpQd l;s]sfnfO{ tLgcf]6f /]hf -√ √ √_, pQd l;s]sfnfO{ b'O{cf]6f /]hf -√ √_ / ;fdfGo
l;s]sfnfO{ Pp6f /]hf -√_ lbg] .
#= k|To]s kf7df /]hf lbgsf nflu lgDglnlvt dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] M
qm=;+= dfkb08 cltpQd pQd ;fdfGo
!= sIff sfo{ -sIff ;xeflutf_ √√√ √√ √
@= kl/of]hgf sfo{ √√√ √√ √
#= Jojxf/ kl/jt{g √√√ √√ √
$= l;h{gfTds sfo{ √√√ √√ √
%= xflh/L √√√ √√ √
$= kf7ut cfwf/df /]hf lbO;s]kl5 x]/s q}dfl;sdf /]hfsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt
tl/sfn] s, v, u >]0fLdf 5'6ofpg] M
&) k|ltztb]lv !)) k|ltzt;Dd – s >]0fL
$) k|ltztb]lv &) k|ltzt;Dd – v >]0fL
$) k|ltzteGbf tn – u >]0fL
%= kf7ut /]hfx¿sf] k|ltzt lgsfNg] tl/sf M
ljBfyL{n] kfPsf hDdf /]hf × !))
hDdf k9fO ePsf kf7 ;ªVof × !))
pbfx/0f M -s_ s'g} Ps ljifodf k|yd q}dfl;s;Dd k9fO eO;s]sf kf7 ;ªVof = ^
s'g} Pp6f ljBfyL{n] pSt ljifodf k|fKt u/]sf] /]hf ;ªVof = !%
;"qcg';f/ lx;fa ubf{ /]hf k|ltzt !% × !))
^×#
pSt ljBfyL{sf] /]hf k|ltzt *#=#
To;sf/0f pSt ljBfyL{sf] >]0fL s eof] .
b|i6Jo dflysf] k|lj|mofaf6 v / u >]0fL klg lgsfNg ;lsg] .
^= kf7ut¿kdf l;s]sf s'/f d"Nofªsg ubf{ kf7oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;sfOpknlAwx¿ k"/f
ePgePsf] x]g'{kg]{5 .
&= lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg kmf/fd g+= @ -cg';"rL @_ df kf7ut lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsgsf]
/]hfnfO{ a'“bf g+= $ cg';f/ s, v, u >]0fLdf / lnlvt tyf df}lvs pknlAw dfkgsf] cªs;fy
/fVg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 .
*= cg';"rL ! / @ cg';f/sf] l;sfO clen]v kmf/fd ljBfno cfkm}“n] tof/ ug'{kg]{5 .
;"q M /]hf k|ltzt =

190
cg';"rL – !
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg clen]v kmf/fd
-d"Nofªsg dfkb08sf cfwf/df /]hf nufpg]_
sIff M =================== ljifo M =========================================== z}lIfs ;q ==============
j|m=;+= ljBfyL{sf] gfd kf7 ==== kf7 ==== kf7 ==== kf7 ==== kf7 ==== kf7 ==== kf7 ==== kf7 ==== kf7 ==== kf7 ====
sIff lzIfs M =================================== ?h' ug]{ M ====================================== k|=c=sf] b:tvt M ================================
b|i6Jo M o; l;sfO clen]vsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOpknlAwsf af/]df pgLx¿sf cleefjsnfO{ ;do;dodf hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{5 .

191
cg';"rL – @
ljBfyL{ k|ult ljj/0f
z}lIfs ;q ==============
ljBfnosf] gfd M >L ============================================
ljBfyL{sf] gfd M =============================================== sIff M ============================= /f]=g+= ==========================
ljifo
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg >]0fL -
s,v,u_
cfjlws pknlAw:t/ -lnlvt tyf df}lvs k/LIffsf] cfwf/df cªs lbg] . t/ of] cªs
sIff pQL0f{sf nflu geP/ ljBfyL{sf] k|ult clen]v / k|ult k|ltj]bgsf nflu dfq x'g]5_
.
hDdf
k|yd
q}dfl;s
bf];|f]
q}dfl;s
jflif{}s
d"Nofªsg
k|yd q}dfl;s bf];|f] q}dfl;s jflif{s k/LIff
k"0ff{ªs
!)
k|fKtfªs k"0ff{ªs
#)
k|fKtfªs k"0ff{ªs
^)
k|fKtfªs
g]kfnL
cªu|]hL
ul0ft
;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snf
lj1fg, :jf:Yo, / zf/Ll/s lzIff
:yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff
hDdf
sIff lzIfs M ======================================= ?h' ug]{ M =================================== k|=c= sf] b:tvt ===============================

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