Curri 1-3

ljBfno txsf] lzIffnfO{ a9L p2]Zod"ns, Jofjxfl/s, ;d;fdlos Pjd :t/Lo agfpg]
clek|fon] kf7oj|md tyf kf7ok':tsdf lzIfs, cleefjs, ljBfyL{ / a'l4hLjLaf6 /fo;'emfj
;ªsng u/L ;f]sf cfwf/df kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/ k|lj|mofsf] ¿kdf cªuLsf/
ul/“b} cfPsf] 5 . kf7oj|md lzIf0f k|lj|mofsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] / o;s} cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ z}lIfs
lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn] kf7oj|md ;d;fdlos kl/j]zcg's"n kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ . jt{dfg
nf]stflGqs kl/j]zdf o;} dfGotfg';f/ k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, @)$( nfO{ cem a9L
Jojxf/f]kof]uL agfpg of] kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] xf] . kl/dflh{t kf7oj|md z}lIfs ;q @)^! ;fnb]lv
b]zsf 5flgPsf b; lhNnf -tfKn]h'ª, wgs'6f, wg'iff, eStk'/, /;'jf, afun'ª, slknj:t', h'Dnf,
s}nfnL / 8f]6L_ sf %) cf]6f ljBfnodf sIff ! b]lv r/0fa4 ¿kdf k/LIf0f u/]/ k|fKt
k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L o; ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o; kl/dfh{gdf afnaflnsfn]
hfGg'kg]{ / l;Sg'kg]{ ljifox¿sf ;Gbe{df lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg cfof]usf ;'emfjx¿, /fli6«o
uf]i7L, If]qLo uf]i7L cflbaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f;d]tsf cffwf/df ljifout j|mda4tf;d]tnfO{ ljz]if
Wofg k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . kf7oj|md kl/dfh{g ug{ ul7t lzIfs÷ljz]if1x¿sf sfo{bn, ljifo
lzIfssf] sfo{zfnf tyf ljifo ;ldltsf cltl/St /fli6«o kf7oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofªsg
kl/ifbsf] ;'emfj;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L kf7oj|mdsf] of] kl/dflh{t ¿k tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
ljZjdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ljsf;, ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf :yfgLos/0fnfO{
ljBfno txsf] lzIffdf ;dflxt u/L ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf, 1fglj1fgsf ljljw kIfx¿ Pjd
ljifout 1fgo'St lzIffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L of] kf7oj|md tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
o; kf7oj|mddf k|fylds txsf] 9f“rf, ljifosf] kl/ro, lzIf0f ljlw / d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 . afnaflnsfx¿df b]vf kg]{ u'0ffTds kl/jt{gsf] d"No lgwf{/0fsf nflu k|fylds
txdf sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd lzIf0fl;sfOdf cfwfl/t lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg k|0ffnLnfO{ ljz]if
dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . o;} u/L afnaflnsfx¿df b]vf kg]{ kl/df0ffTds kl/jt{gx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf
ug{ pknlAw k/LIffx¿ klg sIffut ¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
cfjZostfg';f/ ljBfnox¿n] d"Nofªsgsf ljljw ;fwgx¿ k|of]u u/L afnaflnsfx¿sf]
d"Nofªsg ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g] 5 .
o;df lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] b[li6sf]0fn] ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f, ;Defljt
lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk, d"Nofªsg / kf7oef/;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . kf7oj|mdsf]
9f“rfdf :yfgLo kf7oj|mdsf] Joj:yf ljBfnodf ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] cg';"rLdf ;f] k|lj|mofsf]
lgb]{zg;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . kf7oj|mdnfO{ cem Jofjxfl/s, k|efjsf/L / hLjgf]kof]uL
agfpg ;bfe}“m /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/
lj=;+= @)^# lzIff dGqfno
xfd|f] egfO

ljifo;"rL
zLif{s k[i7
k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|mdsf] k|f¿k !
lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo @
k"j{k|fylds lzIffsf p2]Zo @
k|fylds lzIffsf p2]Zo @
k|fylds lzIffsf] 9f“rf #
kf7oj|md 9f“rf #
dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifo #
lzIffsf] dfWod $
k7gkf7gsf] ;dofjlw $
lzIf0f ljlw÷k|lj|mof $
ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg $
kf7oj|md d"Nofªsg %
kf7oj|md sfof{Gjog tflnsf %
g]kfnL ^
ul0ft #$
;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snf &&
lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff !@)
cªu|]hL !&!
:yfgLo kf7oj|md lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf !*$
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg clen]v kmf/fdx¿ !*(

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md
@)^#
sIff ! – #
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
 ;jf{lwsf/ k|sfzsdf lglxt
k|yd k|sfzg M lj=;+= @)^#
k'gM k|sfzg M lj=;+= @)^$
d'b|0f k|lt M

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, g]kfnL 6
g]kfnL
!= kl/ro
ljBfnoLo lzIffdf g]kfnL efiffsf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . ljBfno txsf] k|f/lDes sIffb]lv clgjfo{
k7gkf7g x'g] o; ljifonfO{ k|efjsf/L / Jofjxfl/s 9ªun] lzIf0f ug{ pko'St kf7oj|md Pjd
kf7o;fdu|L x'g'k5{ . p2]Zod"ns, ;do;fk]If / Jofjxfl/s kf7oj|mdn] dfq kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{, ;fdflhs
d"NodfGotf, ljZjhgLg gjLgtd 1fg / Go"gtd ljifout 1fgnfO{ ;d]6g ;S5 .
g]kfnL efiff ljifosf] o; kf7oj|mddf ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfOk|lt pTk|]l/t
u/fpg cfjZos kg]{ 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lQut l;sfOpknlAw, lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk / d"Nofªsg
k|lj|mofnfO{ lj:tfl/t ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|fylds txdf g]kfnL l;sfOg'sf] k|of]hg j0f{lrgf/L,
zAbfy{ / ;/n jfSosf] k|of]u tyf ;fdfGo eflifs bIftf clej[l4 ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt
s'/fx¿df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 M
– kf7oj|mdnfO{ ;fdlos, pkof]uL / Jojxf/d"ns agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
– b}lgs hLjgdf efiff k|of]unfO{ ;lhnf] kfg]{ / dflyNnf] txsf] lzIff cfh{g ug{ cfjZos kg]{
eflifs Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
– efiff l;sfOnfO{ ;Lkut l;sfOpknlAwdf lgwf{/0f u/L ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO ;Lksf]
ljsf;sf nflu pko'St kf7oj:t'sf] 5gf]6 Pjd :t/0fdf ;r]ttfk"j{s ;Ldfªsg ul/Psf] 5 .
– ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|mdnfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
– eflifs ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu k"/s¿kdf sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f / zAbfy{÷zAbe08f/nfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 .
– lzIf0f k|lj|mofsf] ;xhLs/0fsf nflu l;sfOpknlAw lj:t[tLs/0f, eflifs ;Lkut kf7oef/,
lzIf0f l;sfOsf sfo{snfk / ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsgsf k|lj|mof lgb]{z ul/Psf] 5 .
– hftLo, n}ªlus / If]qLo ¿kn] ;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|oTg
ul/Psf] 5 .
@= txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
k|fylds txsf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 g]kfnL efiffdf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5g M
-s_ ;'gfO ;Lk
– ljleGg k|sf/sf lgb]{zgx¿ ;'g]/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ug{ .
– s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] j0f{g, 5nkmn cflb Wofgk"j{s ;'g]/ ltgsf] cy{ / cfzo a'emL k|ltlj|mof
hgfpg .
– afnsyf, uLt, sljtf cflb cfgGb lng] u/L ;'Gg .

-v_ af]nfO ;Lk
– zAbx¿ z'4 / :ki6;“u pRrf/0f u/L :jfefljs ultsf ;fy af]Ng .
– b]v];'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf s'/f l;nl;nf ldnfO{ atfpg .
– s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn cflbdf cfgf s'/f ws gdfgL lzi6 9ªun] /fVg .
-u_ k9fO ;Lk
– g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf ;/n kf7o;fdu|Lx¿ ult / olt ldnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf k9g .
– ;–;fgf ;"rgf ljj/0f k9]/ cfzo a'‰g .
– ;/n afn;flxTosf /rgfx¿ ?lr lnO{ k9g .
-3_ n]vfO ;Lk
– 7Ls b'/Ldf afGsL ldnfP/ cIf/ n]Vg .
– b]v];'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf s'/fx¿ l;nl;nf ldnfP/ z'4;“u n]Vg .
– cfgf] cg'ejsf ;]/f]km]/f]sf ljifodf 5f]6f lnlvt /rgf tof/ ug{ .

g]kfnL
#= If]q / j|md
o; ljifosf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] If]q / j|mdtn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
If]q sIff ! sIff @ sIff #
;'gfO – lgb]{zg
– cfjfh, j0f{lje]b, cIf/
– k|Zgf]Q/, s'/fsfgL
– afnuLt, syf cflb .
– lgb]{zg
– cfjfh, j0f{lje]b, zAb
– afnuLt, syf cflb .
– lgb]{zg
– cjfh, j0f{, zAb
– afnuLt, syf
– ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ;fwgsf sfo{j|md cflb .
af]nfO – j0f{ pRrf/0f
– lzi6frf/sf zAb
– s'/fsfgL, ;f]wk'5, k|Zgf]Q/
– afnuLt, afnsyf cflb .
– z'4 pRrf/0f
– lzi6frf/sf zAb
– s'/fsfgL, ;f]wk'5, k|Zgf]Q/, j0f{
– z'4 pRrf/0f
– lzi6frf/sf zAb
– s'/fsfgL, ;f]wk'5, k|Zgf]Q/, j0f{g, 5nkmn
k9fO – cIf/ lrgf/L
– hf]l8Psf cIf/
– j0f{lje]b
– ;/n zAb tyf jfSo
– hf]l8Psf cIf/
– j0f{lje]b
– j0f{lje]b
– ;fwf/0f ;"rgf, ljj/0f
– kf]:6/, leQ]kfqf]
– ;/n afn;flxTo cflb .
n]vfO – lrq /]vfªsg
– cg'n]vg
– lxHh]
– >'ltn]vg
– zAb/rgf, jfSo /rgf
– lr≈gsf] k|of]u
– lrq /]vfªsg
– cg'n]vg
– lxHh]
– >'ltn]vg
– zAb/rgf, jfSo/rgf
– lr≈g k|of]u
– lrq lgdf{0f
– lrqj0f{g
– cg'n]vg
– lxHh]
– >'ltn]vg
– lgb]{lzt /rgf
– lr≈g k|of]u
*sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f – kb;ªult
– lj|mofsf sfn
– kb;ªult
– lj|mofsf sfn
– kb;ªult
– lj|mofsf sfn
*af]nfO / n]vfOsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq

$= l;sfOpknlAwsf] lj:t[tLs/0f
o; ljifodf sIffut¿kdf afnaflnsfx¿n] xfl;n ug]{ l;sfOpknlAwx¿nfO{ ljlzi6 p2]Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . l;sfOpknlAwsf] lj:t[tLs/0f tnsf]
tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
sIff M !
If]q l;sfOpknlAw÷ljlzi6
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
-l;sfOpknlAw÷ljifoj:t'_
;Defljt lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;Defljt d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof kf7oef/
;'gfO != ;fwf/0f df}lvs lgb]{zg
;'g]/ kfng
ug{ .
cx|fPsf] ;fwf/0f sfd ug{
-h:t} M hfpm eGbf hfg, cfpm
eGbf cfpg, lx“8 eGbf lx“8g
cflb_ .
s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ hfpm, cfpm, lx“8 a;,
cflb lgb]{zg lbO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
lgb]{zg lbPcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] u/]gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .
&& 3G6L
Ps jfSo;Ddsf] ;"rgf ;'g]/
s;}nfO{ atfpg .
Ps jfSosf] s'g} ;"rgf ljBfyL{nfO{
;'gfP/ ;f]xL ;"rgf csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg
nufpg] .
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf] ;"rgf atfpg
nufpg] .
@= j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ ;'g]/
5'6ofpg .
:j/ j0f{ / Jo~hg j0f{x¿ ;'g]/
5'6ofpg .
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ ;'gfpg] / pRrf/0f
ug{ nufpg] .
;'g]sf j0f{x¿ pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
#= ljleGg k|sf/sf
cfjfhx¿ ;'g]/
5'6ofpg .
j:t' tyf r/fr'?ªuLsf] cfjfh
5'6ofpg .
ufO{, e]8f, r/fr'?ªuLsf] cfjfh ;'gfpg]
/ s]sf] cfjfh xf] egL 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
r/fr'?ªuL / hgfj/sf ;'g]sf cfjfh
lrGg nufpg] .
$= b'O{hgf aLrdf x'g]
;fdfGo s'/fsfgLx¿
;'g]/ k|ltlj|mof hgfpg .
kl/lrt jftfj/0fdf s'/fsfgL
ug{ -3/, ljBfno, k“w]/f] k;n
cflbdf_
lzIfsn] b'O{, tLghgf ljBfyL{;“u s'g}
ljifodf s'/fsfgL ug]{ / c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{
klg ;dfj]z u/L s'/fsfgL ug{ nufpg] .
s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf a]nf ljBfyL{nfO{
;dfj]z u/fp“bf pgLx¿n] b]vfpg]
k|ltlj|mof a'‰g] .
%= ;fwf/0f kl/lrt
afnuLt tyf syfx¿
;'g]/ eGg .
:yfgLo ¿kdf k|rlnt kl/lrt
afnuLt yf syfx¿ ;'g]/ eGg .
lzIfsn] :yfgLo txsf kf7ok':tssf
afnuLt / syfx¿ eGg], ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'Gg
nufpg] / k'gM eGg nufpg] .
afnuLt / syfx¿ 7Ls tl/sfn]
eg]geg]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] hfg]sf] afnuLt÷syf eGg
nufO{ ;'Gg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
af]nfO ^= j0f{dfnfsf ;Unf, ;+o'St
/ dfqf;lxtsf j0f{ / tL
j0f{ k|of]u ePsf zAbsf]
z'4 pRrf/0f ug{ .
:j/ / Jo~hg j0f{gsf] z'4
pRrf/0f ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{sf] z'4 pRrf/0f
ug{ .
dfqf nfu]sf j0f{sf] z'4
pRrf/0f ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf /
rGb|laGb'÷lz/laGb' nfu]sf
zAbsf] z'4 pRrf/0f ug{ .
:j/ / Jo~hg j0f{ ;'gfpg], ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg
nufpg] / pRrf/0f ug{ ufx|f] kg]{ 6–t, 9–w,
0f–g, 8–b, `–1 h:tf j0f{ pRrf/0fdf yk
cEof; u/fpg] .
j|m, d|, So, Ro cflb ;+o'St j0f{sf] pRrf/0f
ug{ nufpg] / yk cEof; klg u/fpg] .
cfsf/, Osf/ cflb dfqf nfu]sf zAb ;'gfP/
pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
;+o'St j0f{ k|of]u ePsf emG8f, rDrf, rKkn,
£ofDkf], ;k{, afv|f] cflb / rGb|laGb'÷lz/laGb'
k|of]u ePsf cf“vf, bf“t, 3f“6L, af“b/, af“;,
;+;f/, x+; cflb zAb ;'gfP/ pRrf/0f ug{
nufpg] .
j0f{x¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f ug{
nufpg] .
j0f{x¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf]
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
dfqf nfu]sf j0f{x¿ z'4;“u
pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .
zAbx¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
&& 3G6L
&= lzi6frf/sf zAb k|of]u
u/L af]Ng .
gd:t]÷gd:sf/, ltdL, tkfO+{
cflb lzi6frf/sf zAb k|of]u
ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{NfO{ plNnlvt zAb k|of]u u/L
lzi6frf/ ug{ l;sfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{
;f]xLcg';f/ ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] af]Nbf lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
*= kl/lrt JolSt;“u
;f]wk'5, s'/fsfgL /
k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ .
cfk"mn] ga'em]sf s'/f c¿;“u
;f]wk'5 ug{ / ;fyLx¿;“u
s'/fsfgL ug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ljifodf k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] /
eGg g;s]df ;fyLnfO{ ;f]w]/ eGg nufpg] .
h:t} M ltd|f] gfd s] xf] <
ltd|f] 3/ sxf“ 5 <
ltd|f] ;fyLsf] gfd s] xf] <
lzIfsn] ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf] hjfkm
lbPglbPsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
cfgf] af/]df ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿s} af/]df ljleGg
k|Zg ;f]Wg] / pQ/ eGg nufpg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
kf7sf af/]df ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7sf ljifoj:t'sf
af/]df ljleGg k|Zg ;f]Wg] / pQ/ eGg
nufpg] .
k|Zgsf cfwf/df dg k/]sf
j:t' / lrqsf] df}lvs j0f{g
ug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} j:t' jf lrq b]vfO{ ljleGg
k|Zg ;f]w]/ df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
;DalGwt lrqsf af/]df ljBfyL{n]
u/]sf] j0f{g ;'Gg] .
(= kl/lrt :yfgLo
afnuLtx¿ JolStut
tyf ;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt ufpg .
kl/lrt :yfgLo afnuLtx¿
JolStut tyf ;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt ufpg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/lrt :yfgLo afnuLtx¿
xfpefp;lxt ;'gfpg] / JolStut tyf
;fd"lxs ¿kdf ufpg nufpg]
xfpefp ldnfP/ ufPgufPsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!)= cfk"mn] hfg]sf afnsyf
eGg .
:yfgLo kl/j]zsf afnsyf
eGg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] hfg]sf
afnsyf eGg nufpg] / pgLx¿n] eGg
g;s]sf 7fp“df ;xof]u u/L syf k"/f ug{
pTk|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ syf eGg nufpg] .
k9fO !!= j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ lrGg
/ z'4 pRrf/0f u/L
k9g .
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ lrGg . j0f{dfnfsf :j/ / Jo~hg j0f{x¿ tflnsfdf
/fvL lrgfpg] / pRrf/0f ug{ klg nufpg] .
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿nfO{ j|md ldnfP/
/ gldnfO{ b]vfP/ lrg]glrg]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
%! 3G6L
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ z'4
pRrf/0f u/L k9g .
j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ / tL j0f{ k|of]u ePsf
zAb tflnsfdf k|:t't u/L lzIfsn] z'4
pRrf/0f u/]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut
tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;DalGwt j0f{sf] z'4
z'4;“u k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!@= ;/n zAbx¿ k9g . ;/n zAbx¿ k9g . lzIfsn] kf7ok':tssf / cfjZostfcg';f/
cGo zAb n]vL k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{
klg tL zAb k9g nufpg] .
zAbx¿ k9g nufpg] / /fd|/L
k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!#= hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{x¿af6
ag]sf zAb z'4 / :ki6
pRrf/0f u/L k9g .
hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{x¿af6 ag]sf
zAb z'4 / :ki6 pRrf/0f
u/L k9g .
emG8f, rDrf, rKkn, £ofDkf], ;k{, afv|f],
v]N5, eG5h:tf hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{af6 ag]sf
zAbx¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/]/ ;'gfpg] /
ljBfyL{nfO{ klg JolStut tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf
k9g nufpg] .
emG8f, rDrf / £ofDkf] 7Ls
tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!$= ;/n jfSox¿ k9g . ;/n jfSox¿ k9g . lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf /
rf/kf“r zAb;Ddsf cGo ;/n jfSo
-stf{, lj|mof÷stf{, sd{ / lj|mof cflb ePsf]
jfSo_ k9g nufpg] .
jfSox¿ 7Ls tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!%= ;/n afnuLt / syfx¿
;:j/ k9g .
;/n afnuLt no ldnfO
k9g .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf ePsf afnuLtx¿ no
ldnfP/ k9L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ klg
JolStut / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no ldnfP/ k9g
nufpg] / kof{Kt cEof; u/fpg] .
ljBfyL{n] no ldnfP/ k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
;/n syfx¿ xfpefp;lxt
k9g .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tssf syfx¿ xfpefp;lxt
k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ klg k9g
nufpg] .
syf ;:j/ k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ / syfsf ;Gbe{df ljleGg
k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ eGg nufpg] .
n]vfO !^= lrq agfO{ To;sf] gfd
eGg / n]Vg .
cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ lrqx¿
agfO{ gfd eGg / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ dg kg]{ r/f, df5f, 3/
cflbsf] lrq agfpg nufpg] . lrqdf s]xL
cEo:t ePkl5 pgLx¿sf ?lrsf h'g;'s} lrq
agfpg / ltgsf] gfd eGg / n]Vg nufpg] .
lrq agfO{ ltgsf] gfd eg]geg]sf],
n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
#* 3G6L
!&= lxHh] ldnfP/ kl/lrt
zAb n]Vg .
j0f{x¿ j|md / dfqf ldnfP/
kl/lrt zAbx¿ n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] kl9;s]sf÷
hflg;s]sf ;fdfGo zAbx¿ j0f{sf] j|md /
dfqf ldnfP/ n]Vg nufpg] .
-h:t} M sfsf, lbbL cflb_
7Ls tl/sfn] n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{, hf“Rg] / uNtL ePdf
;RofOlbg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!*= afGsL ldn]sf j0f{x¿
n]Vg .
cfsf/k|sf/ ldnfP/ j0f{x¿
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] j0f{dfnfsf ;a} j0f{x¿ ;kmf;“u
cfsf/k|sf/ ldnfP/ n]Vg nufpg] / uNtL
u/]df ;RofOlbg] .
j0f{x¿ ;kmf;“u cfsf/k|sf/
ldnfP/ n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
!(= ;/n zAb /
dfqf;lxtsf zAbsf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
;/n zAb / dfqf;lxtsf
zAbsf] cg'n]vg ug{ .
kf7ok':tssf ;/n zAb / dfqf;lxtsf zAb
;fg{ nufpg] / 7Ls gePdf ;RofOlbg] .
ljBfyL{n] ;f/]sf zAb hf“Rg] .
@)= ;/n zAb /
dfqf;lxtsf zAbsf]
>[ltn]vg ug{ .
;/n zAb / dfqf;lxtsf
zAbsf] >[ltn]vg ug{ .
kf7ok':tssf ;/n zAb / dfqf;lxtsf zAb
ljBfyL{sf] n]vg ultnfO{ Vofn u/L
b'O{tLgk6s k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ;'g]sf cfwf/df
n]Vg nufpg] .
ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf zAb hf“Rg] .
@!= ;/n zAb / jfSosf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
;/n zAb / jfSosf] cg'n]vg
ug{ .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf / cGo
:jtGq ;/n zAb tyf jfSox¿ ;fg{ nufpg]
/ 7Ls;“u g;f/]df ;RofOlbg] .
ljBfyL{n] ;f/]sf zAb tyf jfSo
cjnf]sg ug{] .
@@= ;/n zAb / jfSosf]
>'ltn]vg ug{ .
;/n zAb / jfSosf]
>'ltn]vg ug{ .
kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf ;/n zAb / jfSo
ljBfyL{sf] n]vg ultnfO{ Vofn u/L b'O{tLgkN6
k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf cfwf/df
n]Vg nufpg] .
;'g]sf cfwf/df 7Ls tl/sfn]
@#= ;/n / kl/lrt zAb
tyf jfSox¿ n]Vg .
;/n / kl/lrt zAb tyf
jfSox¿ n]Vg .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf / cGo
:jtGq ;/n / kl/lrt zAb tyf jfSox¿
n]Vg nufpg] . -ljBfyL{ ljleGg Ifdtfsf x'g]
ePsfn] pgLx¿s} Ifdtf / cg'ejcg's"nsf
zAb tyf jfSo n]Vg clek|]l/t ug]{ ._
ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf zAb tyf
jfSox¿ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
@$=k"0f{lj/fdsf] k|of]u ug{ . k"0f{lj/fdsf] k|of]u ug{ . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf jfSosf] cGTodf
k"0f{lj/fd lrxg -._ k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
jfSosf] kl5 k"0f{lj/fdf lrxg -._

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
*sfo{d"ns
Jofs/0f
-s_ kb;ªult
@%= jrg, lnªu, k'?if /
cfb/;“u lj|mofkbsf] d]n
u/fP/ af]Ng / n]Vg .
jrg -Psjrg, ax'jrg_
ldn]sf jfSo af]Ng / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] s'g} j:t' jf lrqsf] j0f{g ubf{
jrg ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng / n]Vg
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] jfSo af]Nbf / n]Vbf jrg
ldn]gldn]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!# 3G6L
lnªu -k'lnªu / :qLlnªu_
ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng /
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] s'g} j:t' jf lrqsf] j0f{g ubf{
lnªu ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng / n]Vg
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] jfSo af]Nbf / n]Vbf lnªu
ldn]gdlnsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
k'?if -d / ltdL_ ldn]sf
jfSox¿ af]Ng / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] j:t' jf lrqsf] j0f{g ubf{ k'?if
ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng / n]Vg k|f]T;fxg
ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] jfSo af]Nbf / n]Vbf k'?if
cfb/ -af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL,
efO, alxgLh:tf kb;“u_ ldnfO{
af]Ng / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] s'g} j:t' lrq jf ljifosf] j0f{g
ubf{ cfb/ -af cfpg'eof] . cfdf hfg'eof] .
bfh' k9g'x'G5 . lbbL ufpg'x'G5 . efO k95,
alxgL k95] cflb_ ldn]sf jfSox¿ af]Ng /
n]Vg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] jfSo af]Nbf / n]Vbf cfb/
-v_ lj|mofsf]
sfn
@^= ;fdfGo jt{dfg /
;fdfGo e"tsfn k|of]u
u/L af]Ng .
vfG5, k95h:tf lj|mofkbdf
pQ/ cfpg] jfSo af]Ng /
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] u5{, k95h:tf lj|mofkb k|of]u
ePsf jfSodf pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf ljleGg
k|Zg ;f]wL cEof; u/fpg] h:t} M efO s]
u5{ <, ufO{n] s] vfG5 < ltd|f af s]
ug'{x'G5 <
tnsfh:tf k|Zgx¿ agfO{ ltgsf
pQ/ eGg tyf n]Vg nufpg] h:t} M
-s_ r/f] sxf“ a:5 <
-v_ cfdf s] sfd ug'{x'G5 <
-u_ ltdL sltv]/ p75f} < cflb .
vfof], k9of]h:tf lj|mofkbdf
pQ/ cfpg] jfSo af]Ng /
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ vfP“, u/]“, vfof],
k9of]h:tf lj|mofkbdf pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf
ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ eGg nufpg]
h:t} M ltdLn] lxhf] s] u¥of] <
tnsfh:tf k|Zgx¿ agfO{ ltgsf
pQ/ eGg tyf n]Vg nufpg] .
-s_ ltdLn] lxhf] s] u¥of} <
-v_ ==== syfdf ==== n] s] u¥of] <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
**zAbfy{ @&= zAbe08f/ j[l4 ug]{ . lrq x]/]/ zAb eGg / n]Vg . ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf ljleGg
lrhj:t'sf lrq x]/]/ ltgsf] gfd eGg tyf
n]Vg -;Dej eP_ nufpg] .
lrqcg';f/sf gfd eg]geg]sf],
zAb x]/L lrq lrGg . ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg zAb ;'gfpg] / lrq
sNkgf u/L ltgsf lrq agfpg nufpg] .
zAbcg';f/sf] lrq agfPgagfPsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
* sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f af]nfO / n]vfOsf nflu dfq xf] .
** of] l;sfOpknlAwcg';f/ sIff ! df cfgf] kl/j]zsf !))) zAb;Ddsf] zAbe08f/ j[l4 u/L rf/kf“r zAbsf jfSo af]Ng / n]Vg ;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . of] sIff !
df ;a} ljifo kl9;s]kl5sf] ck]Iff xf] . g]kfnL ljifodf dfq oL zAbsf] zAb;Ldf vf]hL ug{ cfjZos 5}g t/ a9L zAb tyf jfSo k|of]u ug]{ kIfdf eg] Wofg lbg'k5{ .

sIff M@
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
;'gfO != ;fwf/0f df}lvs
lgb]{zg ;'g]/ kfng
ug{ .
ug{ eg]sf ;fwf/0f sfd ug{
/ gug{ eg]sf sfd gug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf x]g]{, ;fyLsf] s'/f
;'Gg]h:tf ljleGg lgb]{zg lbO{ sfd ug{
nufpg] .
lgb]{zg lbPcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] u/]gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
^$ 3G6L
Ps jfSo;Ddsf] ;"rgf ;'g]/
s;}nfO{ atfpg .
Ps jfSosf] s'g} ;"rgf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfP/
;f]xL ;"rgf csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg nufpg] .
;"rgf ;'g]sf] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf] s'/f] atfpg
nufpg] .
@= ljleGg k|sf/sf
cfjfhx¿ / p:t}
Wjlg ;'lgg] zAb
;'g]/ 5'6ofpg .
j:t', hgfj/ tyf
r/fr'?ªuLsf] cfjfh
5'6ofpg .
ufO{, e]8f, afv|f, r/fr'?ªuL / j:t'sf] cfjfh
;'gfpg] / s]sf] cfjfh xf] egL 5'6ofpg
nufpg] .
r/fr'?ªuL, hgfj/ j:t' cflbsf] cfjfh
lrg]glrg]sf] ;'g]/ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] j0f{ /
zAbaf6 Wjlg klxrfg ug{ .
6f6f]–tftf], kfyL–kf7L, sfd–vfdh:tf zAbx¿
;'gfP/ oL zAb tyf ;DalGwt 6–t, 7–y /
s–v cflb j0f{ pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
j0f{ tyf zAbsf] pRrf/0f 7Ls tl/sfn]
u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= tLgrf/hgf aLrdf
x'g] ;fdfGo
s'/fsfgLx¿ ;'g]/
k|ltlj|mof hgfpg .
kl/lrt jftfj/0fdf -3/,
ljBfno, k“w]/f], l5d]s, rf}tf/f],
k;n cflbdf_ s'/fsfgL ug{ .
lzIfsn] tLgrf/hgf ljBfyL{;“u s'g} ljifodf
s'/fsfgL ug]{ / c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ s'/fsfgL ug{
;dfj]z u/fpg] .
s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf a]nf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfj]z
u/fp“bf pgLx¿n] b]vfpg] k|ltlj|mof a'‰g] .
$= ;fwf/0f / kl/lrt
afnuLt tyf syfx¿
;'g]/ eGg .
kl/lrt afnuLt tyf syfx¿
;'g]/ eGg .
lzIfsn] :yfgLo txdf k|rlnt tyf kf7ok':tssf
afnuLt / syfx¿ eg]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'Gg nufpg]
/ k'gM eGg nufpg] .
afnuLt tyf syfx¿ 7Ls tl/sfn] eg]geg]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ;'g]sf uLt÷syf ;'gfpg
nufpg] . h:t} M ltdLn] hfg]sf] uLt÷syf ;'gfpm
.
%= ljB'tLo ;~rf/
dfWodaf6 k|;fl/t
afnuLt, sljtf tyf
syf ?lr lnP/
;'Gg .
/]l8of] 6]lnlehgdf k|;f/0f
ePsf afnuLt, sljtf tyf
syf ;'Gg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ cfgf] 3/, kl/jf/ tyf
;d'bfodf pknAw x'g] /]l8of], l6eLdf k|;f/0f x'g]
afnuLt, sljtf tyf syf ;'g]/ cfpg lgb]{zg lbg]
.
ljBfyL{nfO{ /]l8of]÷l6eLdf ;'g]sf afnuLt, sljtf
tyf syfsf] d'Vo c+z eGg nufpg] . -of] cEof;
;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu dfq xf] . pgLx¿n]
eGg g;s] klg ;'Gg pTk|]l/t ug]{_
af]nfO ^= ;+o'St j0f{ ePsf /
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg]
zAbx¿sf] z'4
pRrf/0f ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf / dfqf
nfu]sf zAbsf] z'4 pRrf/0f
ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf emG8f, rDrf, rKkn, £ofDkf],
kGw|, kRrL;, ;k{, afv|f], cf“vf, bf“t, 3f6L, af“b/,
af“;, e}“;L, sf“w, 6f“s, ef“8f cflb zAb ;'gfP/
z'4 pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] . ^$ 3G6L
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] zAb ;'gfP/
pRrf/0f ug{ .
6f6f]–tftf], kfyL–kf7L, kftL–kf6L, l8n–lbnh:tf
zAbhf]8L ;'gfP/ j0f{sf] leGgtf klxrfg u/fpg] .
z'4 pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .
&= lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/L af]Ng .
gd:t]÷gd:sf/, ltdL, tkfO{+,
xh'/ cflb lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ plNnlvt zAb k|of]u u/L
lzi6frf/ ug{ l;sfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]xLcg';f/
ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ b}lgs cGtlj|{mofdf lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/L af]Ng nufpg] / lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ -o;df zAb k|of]u
kIfnfO{ dfq hf]8 lbg] ._

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
*= ;fdfGo ljifodf
kl/lrt JolSt;“u
;f]wk'5, s'/fsfgL,
k|Zgf]Q/ / j0f{g
ug{ .
cfk"mn] ga'em]sf s'/f c¿;“u
;f]wk'5 ug{ / ;fyL{x¿;“u
s'/fsfgL ug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ljifodf s'/fsfgL u/fpg] /
af]Ng grfxg]nfO{ af]Ng k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
lzIfsn] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbPglbPsf]
;'Gg] . h:t} M ltd|f] 3/ sxf“ 5 <
cfgf] 3/kl/jf/ / k9]sf
kf7sf af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf 3/kl/jf/ /
kf7sf ljleGg ljifoj:t'sf af/]df k|Zg ;f]Wg]
/ pQ/ eGg nufpg] .
ljBfyL{nfO{ af]Ng pTk|]l/t ug]{ / ;DalGwt
ljifoj:t'sf af/]df ljleGg k|Zg u/L yk
j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
k"/f jfSodf pQ/ lbg . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg k|Zg ;f]Wg] /
ltgsf] k"/f jfSodf pQ/ lbg nufpg] .
k|Zgsf] k"/f jfSodf pQ/ lbPglbPsf] ljrf/
ug]{ / pQ/ lbg g;s]df ;xof]u u/L k"/f
jfSodf pQ/ lbg nufpg] .
cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sf] j:t' /
lrqsf] df}lvs j0f{g ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ dg kg]{ j:t' / lrq
b]vfpg] / ltgsf] df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
ljBfyL{nfO{ lrq, j:t' cflb j0f{g ug{
nufpg] .
(= kl/lrt :yfgLo
afnuLtx¿
JolStut tyf
;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt
ufpg .
kl/lrt :yfgLo afnuLtx¿
JolStut tyf ;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt ufpg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/lrt :yfgLo afnuLtx¿
xfpefp;lxt ;'gfpg] / JolStut tyf
;fd"lxs ¿kdf ufpg nufpg] .
xfpefp ldnfP/ ufPgufPsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!)= cfk"mn] hfg]sf
afnsyf eGg .
:yfgLo kl/j]zsf afnsyf
eGg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] hfg]sf
afnsyf eGg nufpg] / pgLx¿n] eGg
g;s]sf 7fp“df ;xof]u u/L syf k"/f ug{
nufpg] .
ljBfyL{n] eg]sf syf ;'Gg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k9fO !!= p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] j0f{ /
zAbx¿ aLrsf] leGgtf
5'6ofO{ k9g .
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] j0f{ /
zAbx¿ aLrsf] leGgtf
5'6ofO{ k9g .
6f6f]–tftf], kftL–kf6L, l8n–lbnh:tf
zAbhf]8Lx¿ k6sk6s pRrf/0f u/]/
ljBfyL{nfO{ oL zAb / zAbdf k|of]u ePsf
j0f{ pRrf/0f ug]{ cEof; u/fpg] .
;xL tl/sfn] pRrf/0f u/gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
^$ 3G6L
!@= hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{x¿af6
ag]sf] zAb z'4 / :ki6
pRrf/0f u/L k9g .
hf]8]df]8]sf j0f{x¿af6 ag]sf
zAb z'4 / :ki6 pRrf/0f
u/L k9g .
emG8f, rDrf, rKkn, £ofDkf], ;k{, afv|f],
kGw|, kRrL;, v]N5, eG5h:tf hf]8]df]8]sf
j0f{af6 ag]sf zAbx¿ z'4;“u pRrf/0f
u/]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ klg j}olSts
tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf k9g nufpg] .
7Ls tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{,
cjnf]sgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf k|Zg
agfpg] M
tnsf zAb z'4;“u k9]/ ;'gfpm M ;k{,
emG8f, kRrL; cflb .
!#= ;/n jfSox¿ k9g . ;/n jfSox¿ k9g . lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf /
rf/kf“r zAb;Ddsf cGo ;/n jfSo
-stf{, sd{ / lj|mof ePsf] jfSo_ ;'gfO{ k9g
nufpg] .
jfSox¿ 7Ls tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg u/L 7Ls tl/sfn] gk9]df
;'wf/ u/L k9g ;xof]u ug]{ .
!$= ;/n afnuLt / syfx¿
;:j/ k9g .
;/n afnuLt no ldnfO{
k9g .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf ePsf afnuLtx¿
no ldnfP/ k9L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ klg
JolStut / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no ldnfP/
k9g nufpg] / kof{Kt cEof; u/fpg] .
ljBfyL{n] no ldnfP/ k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
;/n syfx¿ xfpxfp;lxt
k9g .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf syfx¿
xfpefp;lxt k9]/ ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{
klg ;f]xLcg';f/ k9g nufpg] .
lzIfsn] syfsf ;Gbe{df ljleGg k|Zg
;f]wL syf k9bf ;:j/ k9]gk9]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ . h:t} M ==== syfdf ====n]
s] eGof] < -o; a]nfdf ;:j/tf /
xfpefp Vofn ug]{ ._

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
n]vfO !%= lrq agfO{ To;sf] gfd
n]Vg .
cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ lrqx¿ agfO{
gfd n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ dg kg]{ lrq agfpg
/ ltgsf] gfd n]Vg nufpg] .
lrq agfP/ ltgsf] gfd n]Vg
;s]g;s]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
%! 3G6L
!^= lxHh] ldnfP/ kl/lrt
zAb n]Vg .
j0f{x¿sf] j|md / dfqf ldnfP/
kl/lrt zAbx¿ n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tsdf
kl9;s]sf / ljBfyL{n] hflg;s]sf ;fdfGo
zAbx¿ j0f{sf] j|md / dfqf ldnfP/ n]Vg
nufpg] . -h:t} M sfsf, lbbL, e}“;L cflb_
o; qmddf 6–t, 7–y, 9–w, o–P h:tf
j0f{ / tL j0f{ k|of]u ePsf zAbsf]
n]vgdf ljz]if Vofn ug]{ .
7Ls tl/sfn] n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
;+o'St j0f{sf] ;xL k|of]u u/L
;fwf/0f zAb n]Vg .
lzIfsn] v]N5, eG5, u5{, ;To, a§fh:tf
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf zAbx¿ j0f{ljGof;
ldnfO{ z'4 / :ki6;“u n]Vg] cEof;
u/fpg] .
!&= afGsL ldn]sf j0f{x¿
n]Vg .
cfsf/k|sf/ ldnfP/ j0f{x¿
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] j0f{dfnfsf ;a} j0f{x¿
cfsf/k|sf/ ldnfP/ ;kmf;“u n]Vg
nufpg] / uNtL u/]df ;RofOlbg] .
j0f{x¿ ;kmf;“u n]v]gn]v]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
!*= ;/n cg'R5]bsf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
;/n cg'R5]bsf] cg'n]vg ug{ . kf7ok':tssf ljz]iftM syf ljwfsf ;/n
cg'R5]bx¿ ;fg{ nufpg] / 7Ls;“u ;fg{
clek|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] ;f/]sf cg'R5]b hf“Rg] .
!(= kl/lrt zAb tyf
jfSox¿ >'ltn]vg ug{ .
kl/lrt zAb tyf jfSox¿
>'ltn]vg ug{ .
ljBfyL{n] hflg;s]sf zAb tyf jfSox¿
lzIfsn] z'4 pRrf/0f u/L ;'gfpg] /
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf cfwf/df n]Vg nufpg] .
;'g]sf cfwf/df 7Ls tl/sfn] n]v]gn]v]sf]
x]/L hf“lrlbg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@)= ;/n jfSox¿
n]Vg .
;/n jfSox¿ n]Vg . lzIfsn] kf7ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf / cGo
:jtGq ;/n jfSox¿ n]Vg nufpg] . ljBfyL{
ljleGg Ifdtfsf x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿s}
Ifdtfcg's"nsf jfSox¿ n]Vg clek|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf jfSox¿ hf“Rg] .
@!= k"0f{lj/fd /
k|Zgjfrs lr≈gsf]
k|of]u ug{ .
k"0f{lj/fd / k|Zgjfrs
lr≈gsf] k|of]u ug{ .
lzIfsn] k"0f{lj/fd / k|Zg lr≈g k|of]u ug'{kg]{
vfnsf jfSox¿ n]lv÷elglbg] / ljBfyL{n]
n]v]sf jfSosf] cGTodf k"0f{lj/fd lr≈g -._ /
k|Zgjfrs lr≈g -<_ k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
tnsf jfSosf kl5 k"0f{lj/fd -._
/fv M
/fd 3/ hfG5
;Ltf kf7 k95]
k|Zgjfrs lr≈g -<_ /fv M
ltd|f] gfd s] xf]
ltdL slt sIffdf k95f}
*sfo{d"ns
Jofs/0f
-s_ kb;ªult
@@= jrg, lnªu, k'?if /
cfb/;“u lj|mofkbsf]
d]n u/fP/ af]Ng /
n]Vg .
Ps jrg / æx¿Æ
nfu]/ ax'jrg x'g]
kb;“u lj|mofsf] d]n
ug{ .
lzIfsn] Ps jrg gfd zAbdf æx¿Æ nufP/
ax'jrg agfpg l;sfpg] / Psjrgsf] stf{
tyf ax'jrgsf stf{;“u lj|mofsf] d]n u/fpg
cEof; u/fpg] . h:t} M
Psjrg ax'jrg
/fd /fdx¿
r/f] r/fx¿
/fd k95 . /fdx¿ k95g .
ufO{ r5{ . ufO{x¿ r5{g .
tnsf Psjrg zAbnfO{ æx¿Æ hf]8L
ax'jrg agfpm M snd, k"mn, ufO{====
tnsf Psjrgsf jfSonfO{ ax'jrg
agfpm M
ufO{ r5{ .
dfG5] cfof] .
efO k95 .
alxgL k95] .
!#
k'lnªu /
:qLlnªucg';f/ lj|mofsf]
d]n ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ k'lnªu stf{cg';f/ k'lnªu
lj|mof / :qLlnªu stf{cg';f/ :qLlnªu lj|mof
k|of]u u/L af]Ng / n]Vg nufpg] h:t} M s]6f]
cfof] . s]6L cfO{ .
s'g 7Ls xf] eg M
s]6f] cfof] .
s]6L cfof] .
alxgL cfO{ .
efO cfO{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
‘d’ / ‘ltdL’ stf{;“u
pko'St lj|mofsf] k|of]u
ug{ .
lzIfsn] d k95', d vfG5', ltdL k95f}, ltdL
v]N5f}h:tf y'k|} jfSosf] pbfx/0f lbO{ ‘d’ /
‘ltdL’ stf{;“u pko'St lj|mof k|of]u u/L af]Ng] /
n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] .
s'g 7Ls xf] eg M
d vfG5' .
d cfof] .
ltdL vfG5f} .
ltdL hf .
d k95' .
af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL,
efO, alxgLh:tf kb;“u
lj|mofsf] d]n ug{ .
lzIfsn] af cfpg'eof], cfdf hfg'eof], bfh'
k9g'x'G5, lbbL ufpg'x'G5, efO k95h:tf y'k|}
jfSosf pbfx/0f lbO{ af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL, efO,
alxgLh:tf kb;“u lj|mofsf] d]n u/L af]Ng] /
n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] .
s'g 7Ls 5}g, eg M
af cfof] .
cfdf cfpg'eof] .
bfh' hfg'eof] .
lbbL k95 .
alxgL cfO{ .
-v_ lj|mofsf]
sfn
@#= ;fdfGo jt{dfg /
;fdfGo e"tsfn
k|of]u u/L af]Ng .
;fdfGo jt{dfg sfn
k|of]u u/L af]Ng .
lzIfsn] ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfndf pQ/ cfpg]
vfnsf ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL cEof; u/fpg] .
h:t} M efO s] u5{ < ltdL s] u5f}{ < ltd|L cfdf
s] ug'{x'G5 <
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eg M
-s_ r/f] sxf“ a:5 <
-u_ ltdL sltv]/ p75f} <
;fdfGo e"tsfnsf] k|of]u
u/L af]Ng .
lzIfsn] ;fdfGo e"tsfndf pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf
ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ eGg nufpg] . h:t} M
-s_ ltdLn] lxhf] s] u¥of} < o:t} ljleGg syf
;'gfO{ e"tsfndf pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
h:t} M ==== syfdf ====n] s] u¥of] <
-v_ ==== syfdf ===== n] s] u¥of] <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
**zAb e08f/ @$=zAbe08f/ j[l4 ug{ lrq x]/]/ zAb eGg /
n]Vg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo kl/j]zsf ljleGg
lrhj:t'sf lrq b]vfP/ ltgsf] gfd eGg /
n]Vg nufpg] / ltgsf] ;fdfGo JofVof -df}lvs_
ug{ nufpg] .
lrqcg';f/sf gfd eg]geg]sf],
zAb x]/L lrq lrGg . ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg zAb ;'gfpg] / pgLx¿s}
wf/0ffcg';f/ ltgsf] lrq agfpg nufpg] .
zAbcg';f/sf lrq agfPgagfPsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
k|of]u ;Gbe{ x]/L zAbsf]
cy{ atfpg .
ljBfyL{n] kl9;s]sf zAbsf] cy{ atfpg
nufpg] .
zAbsf] cy{ a'em]ga'em]sf] hf“r ug]{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6} zAbsf] leGg k|of]u ;Gbe{df
leGgleGg cy{ x'g ;Sg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
u/fpg] . h:t} M
ltdL vf]nf t/ . -tg'{_
ltdL t/ vfpm . -b"wsf] 5fnL_
/fdn] cfn'sf] t/sf/L vfof] . -kmnk"mn_
/fdn] k/LIffdf cfn' vfof] . -cg'QL0f{_
kl/j]zcg';f/sf] zAbsf] cy{ a'em]/
-o;df a9L zAb k|of]u ug]{ kIfnfO{
hf]8 lbg vf]lhPsf] xf] ._
** of] l;sfOpknlAwcg';f/ sIff @ df cfgf] kl/j]zsf !%)) zAb;Ddsf] zAbe08f/ j[l4 u/L rf/kf“r zAbsf jfSo af]Ng / n]Vg ;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . of] sIff @
df ;a} ljifo kl9;s]kl5sf] ck]Iff xf] . g]kfnL ljifodf dfq oL zAbsf] zAb;Ldf vf]hL ug{ cfjZos 5}g t/ a9L zAb tyf jfSo k|of]u ug]{ kIfdf eg] Wofg lbg'k5{ .

sIff M #
p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
;'gfO != ;fwf/0f df}lvs
lgb]{zg ;'g]/ kfng
ug{ .
s'g} vf; ;do / cj:yfdf
ug'{ eg]sf] sfd ;f]xL ;do
/ cj:yfdf ug{ .
;do lgb]{z u/L sIffsfo{÷u[xsfo{, jfrg /
cGo df}lvs lgb]{zgx¿ lbO{ sfo{ ug{
nufpg] .
lgb]{zg lbPcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] sfd u/]gu/]sf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
%! 3G6L
b'O{tLg jfSo;Ddsf] ;"rgf
;'g]/ c¿nfO{ atfpg .
lzIfsn] b'O{tLg jfSosf] s'g} ;"rgf
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfP/ ;f]xL ;"rgf csf]{
ljBfyL{nfO{ eGg nufpg] .
;"rgf ;'g]sf] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'g]sf] s'/f
atfPgatfPsf] Vofn ug]{ .
@= ljleGg k|sf/sf
cfjfhx¿ / p:t}
Wjlg ;'lgg] zAb
;'g]/ 5'6ofpg .
j:t', hgfj/ tyf
r/fr'?ªuLn] lgsfNg] cfjfh
5'6ofpg .
ufO{, e]8f, afv|f / ljleGg j:t' tyf
r/fr'?ªuLsf] cfjfh ;'gfpg] / s]sf]
cfjfh xf] egL 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
r/fr'?ªuL, hgfj/ / j:t'sf] cfjfh
lrg]glrgsf] ;'g]/ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
p:t} Wjlg ;'lgg] zAbaf6
Wjlg klxrfg ug{ .
6f6f]–tftf], kfyL–kf7L, sfd–vfdh:tf
zAbx¿ ;'gfP/ oL zAb tyf ;DalGwt
6–t, 7–y / s–v cflb j0f{ pRrf/0f ug{
nufpg] .
j0f{sf] pRrf/0f 7Ls u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .
#= ljz]if kl/j]zdf
ePsf s'/fsfgLx¿
;'g]/ k|ltlj|mof
hgfpg .
ljz]if jftfj/0fdf -dlGb/,
xf6ahf/ cflb_ x'g] s'/fsfgL
;'gL k|ltlj|mof hgfpg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dlGb/, xf6ahf/
cflb 7fp“df 3'dfpg n}hfg] / ljBfyL{n] tL
7fp“df ;'g]sf s'/fx¿ eGg tyf tL
7fp“k|ltsf] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlj|mof JoSt ug{
nufpg] .
ljBfyL{x¿n] cfk"mn] 3'd]sf 7fp“af/] eg]sf /
k|ltlj|mof hgfPsf ljifosf af/]df 7Ls jf
a]7Ls egL lzIfsn] klg k|ltlj|mof lbg] .
$= afnuLt tyf
syfx¿ ;'g]/ eGg .
ckl/lrt ;/n afnuLt tyf
syfx¿ ;'g]/ eGg .
lzIfsn] kf7ok':tseGbf aflx/sf ;d]t
afnuLt tyf syfx¿ ;'gfpg], ljBfyL{nfO{
;'Gg nufpg] / k'gM eGg nufpg] .
afnuLt tyf syfx¿ 7Ls tl/sfn]
eg]geg]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ . h:t} M ltdLn]
hfg]sf] uLt÷syf ;'gfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%= ljB'tLo ;~rf/
dfWodaf6 afn
pkof]uL sfo{j|md
?lr lnP/ ;'Gg .
/]l8of] 6]lnlehgdf
k|;f/0f ePsf afn
pkof]uL sfo{j|md ;'Gg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ cfgf] 3/, kl/jf/ /
;d'bfodf /]l8of]÷l6eLdf k|;f/0f x'g] pgLx¿sf
nflu pkof]uL ljleGg sfo{j|md ;'g]/ cfpg lgb]{zg
lbg] .
ljBfyL{nfO{ /]l8of]÷l6eLdf ;'g]sf afnuLt,
sljtf tyf syfsf] d'Vo c+z eGg
nufpg] . -of] ;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu
dfq xf] . pgLx¿n] eGg g;s] klg ;'Gg
pTk|]l/t ug{]_
af]nfO ^= ;+o'St j0f{ ePsf
zAbx¿sf] z'4
pRrf/0f ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf
zAbx¿sf] z'4 pRrf/0f
ug{ .
;+o'St j0f{ ePsf v]NYof], eGYof], uYof]{, pk|mGYof],
r66, 6Ss, cf“vf, bf“t, 3f“6L, af“b/, af“;, e}“;L,
sf“w, 6f“s, ef“8f, e“8f/, Jo'“emg', Ajf“;f] cflb h:tf
zAbx¿ ;'gfP/ z'4;“u pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
z'4 pRrf/0f u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] . ^$ 3G6L
&= lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/L af]Ng .
gd:t]÷gd:sf/, ltdL,
tkfO{+, xh'/, wGojfb
cflb lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ plNnlvt zAb k|of]u u/L
lzi6frf/ ug{ l;sfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]xLcg';f/
ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ k|To]s lbg lzi6frf/sf zAb
k|of]u u/L af]Ng nufpg] / lzi6frf/ k|of]u
u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ -o;df zAb k|of]u
kIfnfO{ dfq hf]8 lbg] ._
*= ;fdfGo ljifodf ws
gdfgL ;f]wk'5,
s'/fsfgL, k|Zgf]Q/,
j0f{g / 5nkmn
ug{ .
b]v];'g]sf / k9]sf
s'/fsf] df}lvs j0f{g
ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] b]v]sf, ;'g]sf /
kf7ok':ts tyf cGo ;fdu|Ldf k9]sf s'/fx¿sf]
df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] . o; j|mddf pgLx¿nfO{
kof{Kt j0f{g, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/sf] cEof;
u/fpg] .
lzIfsn] s]xL ljBfyL{x¿n] hfg];'g]sf
ljifo, s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ / j0f{g
u/]sf] ;'Gg] .
(= ;/n afnuLt /
sljtf plrt
xfpefp;lxt
ufpg .
afnuLt / sljtfx¿
no ldnfO{ JolStut
tyf ;d"xdf
xfpefp;lxt ufpg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ afnuLt / sljtfx¿ xfpefp;lxt
;'gfpg] / JolStut tyf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ufpg
nufpg] .
xfpefp ldnfP/ ufPgufPsf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
!)= cfk"mn] hfg]sf
afnsyf eGg .
cfk"mn] hfg]sf afnsyf
eGg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] hfg]sf afnsyf
eGg nufpg] / pgLx¿n] eGg g;s]sf 7fp“df
;xof]u u/L syf k"/f ug{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] eg]sf syf ;'Gg]
ljBfyL{nfO{ syf eGg nufpg]

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
k9fO !!= n]lvPsf s'/fx¿
z'4 / :ki6
pRrf/0f u/L k9g .
n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ z'4 /
:ki6 pRrf/0f u/L
k9g .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf kf7x¿ Pjd
cfjZostfg';f/ cGo kf7o;fdu|Lx¿ k9g lbO{
zAb tyf jfSox¿ z'4 / :ki6 pRrf/0f u/L
k9g nufpg] .
7Ls tl/sfn] k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{
-cjnf]sg ubf{ zAbsf] z'4 pRrf/0f
u/]gu/]sf] ;d]t Vofn ug]{ ._
^$
!@= ;fOgaf]8{ /
kf]:6/x¿ k9g .
;fOgaf]8{ / kf]:6/x¿
k9g .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg 7fp“df nuL ;fOgaf]8{
/ kf]:6/x¿ k9g nufpg] / kl9;s]kl5 pgLx¿n]
k9]sf s'/f eGg nufpg] .
;fOgaf]8{ / kf]:6/x¿ 7Ls tl/sfn]
k9]gk9]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
!#= ;fwf/0f ;"rgfx¿ /
cGo ljj/0fx¿
z'4;“u k9g .
;fwf/0f ;"rgfx¿ /
cGo ljj/0fx¿ z'4;“u
k9g .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfnodf k|of]u x'g] ;/n
;"rgf / cGo ljj/0fx¿ k9g lbO{ ltgsf af/]df
k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] .
ljBfyL{n] ;"rgfx¿ k9]sf] ;'g]/ hf“Rg] .
!$= ;/n afn
;flxTox¿ ;:j/
k9g .
;/n j0f{g olt, ult
ldnfO{ ;:j/ k9g .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tssf k|aGw, hLjgL cflb uB
kf7x¿ ult, olt ldnfO{ ;:j/ k9g nufpg] .
k9g lbPsf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;:j/ k9]gk9]sf]
Vofn u/L d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
;/n syf÷sljtfx¿
xfpefp;lxt k9g .
kf7ok':tsdf ePsf afnuLt÷syfx¿ / cGo
afn ;flxTosf ;fdu|Lx¿ NofO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ klg
JolStut / ;fd"lxs ¿kdf no ldnfP/ k9g
nufpg] .
k9g lbPsf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;:j/ k9]gk9]sf]
Vofn u/L d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
n]vfO !%= lrq agfO{ To;sf]
lnlvt j0f{g ug{ .
cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ lrqx¿
agfO{ lnlvt j0f{g ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ dg kg]{ lrq agfpg /
ltgsf] lnlvt j0f{g ug{ nufpg] . -h:t} M
ljBfyL{n] r/fsf] lrq agfPdf r/f cfsfzdf
p85 . ¿vdf a:5 . r/fn] k'mn kf5{ . h:tf]
j0f{g ug{ nufpg] ._
lrq agfpg tyf ltgsf] lnlvt j0f{g ug{
nufpg] / j0f{g ug{ ;s]g;s]sf] cjnf]sg
ug]{ .
^$

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
!^= lxHh] ldnfP/ zAb
n]Vg .
zAbdf j0f{x¿sf] j|md /
dfqf ldnfP/ n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7ok':tsdf kl9;s]sf /
cGo zAbx¿ lxHh]cg';f/ j0f{sf] j|md / dfqf
ldnfP/ n]Vg nufpg] .
;+o'St j0f{sf] ;xL k|of]u
ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+o'St j0f{ k|of]u ePsf
zAbx¿ lxHh] ldnfO{ z'4 / :ki6;“u n]Vg] cEof;
u/fpg] .
!&= afGsL ldn]sf
j0f{x¿ 7Ls b'/Ldf
n]Vg .
afGsL ldn]sf j0f{x¿
7Ls b'/Ldf n]Vg .
lzIfsn] j0f{dfnfsf ;a} j0f{x¿ ;kmf / z'4;“u
tyf b'/L ldnfP/ n]Vg nufpg] .
j0f{x¿ ;kmf;“u / 7Ls b'/Ldf n]v]gn]v]sf]
x]/L hf“Rg] .
!*= ;fwf/0f cg'R5]bsf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
;fwf/0f cg'R5]bsf]
cg'n]vg ug{ .
kf7ok':tssf ljz]iftM syf ljwfsf ;/n
cg'R5]bx¿ ;fg{ nufpg] / 7Ls;“u ;fg{ clek|]l/t
ug]{ .
ljBfyL{n] ;f/]sf cg'R5]b hf“lrlbg] .
!(= ;/n jfSosf]
>'ltn]vg ug{ .
;/n jfSox¿ >'ltn]vg
ug{ .
ljBfyL{n] hflg;s]sf tyf cGo ;/n jfSox¿
lzIfsn] z'4 pRrf/0f u/L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{
;'g]sf cfwf/df n]Vg nufpg] .
;'g]sf cfwf/df 7Ls tl/sfn] n]v]gn]v]sf]
x]/L hf“lrlbg] .
@)= lgb]{zgcg';f/ 5f]6f
cg'R5]b n]Vg .
lgb]{zgcg';f/ 5f]6f
cg'R5]b n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ljleGg lgb]{zg lbO{ 5f]6f cg'R5]b n]Vg
nufpg] . h:t} M tn dfly u/L jfSo lbg] /
lbOPsf jfSosf] j|md ldnfO{ cg'R5]b agfpg
nufpg] . cg'R5]bsf ljleGg 7fp“df vfnL 7fp“ lbO{
zAb / jfSo yk]/ cg'R5]b k"/f ug{ nufpg] .
ljleGg k|Zg lbg] / ltgsf] pQ/ n]vL cg'R5]b
agfpg nufpg] . ljleGg a'“bfx¿ lbg] / ltgs}
cfwf/df cg'R5]b agfpg nufpg] .
lbOPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] cg'R5]b
tof/ kf/]gkf/]sf] x]/L hf“lrlbg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@!= k"0f{lj/fd, cNklj/fd
/ k|Zgjfrs
lr≈gsf] k|of]u ug{ .
k"0f{lj/fd, cNklj/fd /
k|Zgjfrs lr≈gsf]
k|of]u ug{ .
lzIfsn] k"0f{lj/fd, cNklj/fd / k|Zg lr≈g
k|of]u ug'{kg]{ vfnsf jfSox¿ n]lv÷elglbg] /
ljBfyL{n] n]v]sf jfSodf k"0f{lj/fd lr≈g -._,
cNklj/fd -,_ / k|Zgjfrs lr≈g -<_ k|of]u ug{
nufpg] .
tnsf jfSosf kl5 k"0f{lj/fd -._ /fv M
/fd 3/ hfG5, ;Ltf kf7 k95]
cNklj/fd -,_ lr≈g /fv M
;'df clgtf / ;'lgtf ahf/ hfG5g .
k|Zgjfrs lr≈g -<_ /fv M
ltd|f] gfd s] xf]
ltdL slt sIffdf k95f}
*sfo{d"ns
Jofs/0f
-s_ kb;ªult
@@= jrg, lnªu, k'?if /
cfb/;“u lj|mofkbsf]
d]n u/fP/ af]Ng /
n]Vg .
Ps jrg / ¿k
ablnP/ tyf æx¿Æ
nfu]/ ax'jrg x'g]
kb;“u lj|mofsf] d]n
ug{ .
lzIfsn] Ps jrg gfd zAbdf æx¿Æ nufP/
ax'jrg agfpg / Psjrgsf zAbsf] ¿k
ablnP/ ax'jrg agfpg l;sfpg] / Psjrgsf]
stf{ tyf ax'jrgsf stf{;“u lj|mofsf] d]n
u/fpg cEof; u/fpg] . h:t} M
Psjrg ax'jrg
/fd /fdx¿
r/f] r/fx¿
/fd k95 . /fdx¿ k95g .
ufO{ r5{ . ufO{x¿ r5{g .
tnsf Psjrg zAbnfO{ æx¿Æ hf]8L
ax'jrg agfpmM snd, k"mn, ufO{=====
tnsf Psjrgsf jfSonfO{ ax'jrg
agfpm M
ufO{ r5{ .
dfG5] cfof] .
efO k95 .
alxgL k95] .
s]6f] k95 .
!#
k'lnªu /
:qLlnªucg';f/ lj|mofsf]
d]n ug{ .
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{n] k'lnªu stf{cg';f/ k'lnªu
lj|mof / :qLlnªu stf{cg';f/ :qLlnªu lj|mof
k|of]u u/L af]Ng / n]Vg nufpg] h:t} M s]6f]
cfof] . s]6L cfO{ .
s'g 7Ls xf] eg M
s]6f] cfof] .
s]6L cfof] .
alxgL cfO{ .
efO cfO{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
‘d’, ‘t“’, ‘ltdL’, tkfO{+,
‘pm’ / ‘pgL’ stf{;“u
pko'St lj|mofsf] k|of]u
ug{ .
lzIfsn] d k95', d vfG5', t“ k95g . ltdL
k95f}, ltdL v]N5f} . tkfO{+ k9g'x'G5 . pm k95 .
pgL k95g . pgL k9l5gh:tf y'k|} jfSosf
pbfx/0f lbO{ ‘d’, ‘t“’, ‘ltdL’, tkfO{+, ‘pm’ / ‘pgL’
stf{;“u pko'St lj|mof k|of]u u/L af]Ng] / n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
s'g 7Ls xf] eg M
d vfG5 .
d cfof] .
ltdL vfG5f} .
ltdL hf .
d k95' .
tkfO{+ k95 . cflb .
af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL,
efO, alxgLh:tf kb;“u
lj|mofsf] d]n ug{ .
lzIfsn] af cfpg'eof], cfdf hfg'eof], bfh'
k9g'xG5, lbbL ufpg'x'G5, efO k95h:tf y'k|}
jfSosf pbfx/0f lbO{ af, cfdf, bfh', lbbL, efO,
alxgLh:tf kb;“u lj|mofsf] d]n u/L af]Ng] / n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
s'g 7Ls 5}g, eg M
af cfof] .
cfdf cfpg'eof] .
bfh' hfg'eof] .
lbbL k95 .
alxgL cfO{ cflb .
-v_ lj|mofsf]
sfn
@#= ;fdfGo jt{dfg,
;fdfGo e"tsfn
k|of]u u/L af]Ng /
n]Vg .
;fdfGo jt{dfg sfn
k|of]u u/L af]Ng /
n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ;fdfGo jt{dfg sfndf pQ/ cfpg]
vfnsf ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL cEof; u/fpg] .
h:t} M efO s] u5{ < ltdL s] u5f}{ < ltd|L cfdf
s] ug'{x'G5 <
-s_ r/f] sxf“ a:5 <
-u_ ltdL sltv]/ p75f} < cflb .
;fdfGo e"tsfnsf]] k|of]u
u/L af]Ng / n]Vg .
lzIfsn] ;fdfGo e"tsfndf pQ/ cfpg] vfnsf
ljleGg k|Zg ;f]wL pQ/ eGg / n]Vg nufpg]
h:t} M -s_ ltdLn] lxhf] s] u¥of] < o:t} ljleGg
syf ;'gfO{ e"tsfndf pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
h:t} M =====syfdf =====n] s] u¥of] <
-v_ ===== syfdf =====n] s] u¥of] <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
**zAbfy{ @$=zAbe08f/ j[l4
ug{ .
lrq x]/]/ zAb eGg /
n]Vg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo kl/j]zsf / cGo ljleGg
lrhj:t'sf lrq b]vfP/ ltgsf] gfd eGg tyf
n]Vg / df}lvs -;Dej eP lnlvt_ j0f{g ug{
nufpg] .
lrqcg';f/sf gfd eGg, n]Vg / j0f{g
ug{ ;s]g;s]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
zAb x]/L lrq lrGg . ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg zAb ;'gfpg] / pgLx¿s}
wf/0ffcg';f/ ltgsf] lrq agfpg nufpg] .
zAbcg';f/sf lrq agfPgagfPsf]
cjnf]sg ug]{ .
k|of]u ;Gbe{ x]/L zAbsf]
cy{ atfpg .
ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] hfg]sf zAbsf] cy{ atfpg],
k|of]u ;Gbe{cg';f/ cy{ atfpg / zAbnfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
zAbsf] cy{ a'em]ga'em]sf], k|of]u
;Gbe{cg';f/ cy{ a'em]ga'em]sf] / cy{
a'em]/ jfSodf k|of]u u/]gu/]sf] hf“Rg] .
** of] l;sfOpknlAwn] sIff # df cfgf] kl/j]z / cGo If]qsf @))) zAb;Ddsf] zAbe08f/ j[l4 u/L /, clg, h:tf ;+of]hs k|of]u u/]/ kf“r 5 zAb;Ddsf jfSo af]Ng
/ n]Vg ;Sg] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . of] sIff # df ;a} ljifo k9bf ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff xf] . g]kfnL ljifodf dfq oL zAbsf] zAb;Ldf vf]hL ug{ cfjZos 5}g t/ a9L zAb
tyf jfSo k|of]u ug]{ kIfdf eg] Wofg lbg'k5{ .

%= kf7oef/ ljt/0f tflnsf
eflifs ;Lk sIff ! sIff @ sIff #
;'gfO #) @% @)
af]nfO -pRrf/0f;d]t_ #) @% @%
k9fO -zAb e08f/;d]t_ @) @% @%
n]vfO -lxHh] / lr≈g k|of]u;d]t_ !% @) @%
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f -kb;ªult dfq_ % % %
hDdf !)) !)) !))
^= lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mof
k|fylds txsf] efiff lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofdf k|z:t cEof;sf] cfjZostf kg]{ ePsfn] o; txdf ;'gfO
/ af]nfOsf nflu s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ clego tyf e"ldsf lgjf{x, v]nh:tf ljBfyL{s]lGb|t
lzIf0f ljlwsf] pkof]u ul/g] 5 . k9fO / n]vfO ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu cfjZostfg';f/sf k9fO /
n]vfO;“u ;DalGwt sfo{snfk u/fOg] 5 . lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofsf] ljj/0f l;sfOpknlAw÷ljifoj:t'
lj:t[tLs/0fdf sIffut ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 . k|fylds txsf ;Lkut ;femf lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofsf
;Defljt sfo{snfknfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ ;'gfO lzIf0fsf ;DefJo sfo{snfkx¿
– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cf“vf lrDng nufO{ ljleGg cfjfh ;'gfP/ klxrfg ug{ nufpg] .
– ljleGg cfjfhx¿ ;'gfP/ To;cg';f/ gSsn ug{ nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{ / p;sf] 3/kl/jf/sf af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– ljleGg lgb]{zgx¿ lbP/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ug{ nufpg] .
– ukm, s'/fsfgL ;'gfP/ k|ltlj|mof JoSt ug{ nufpg] .
– ljleGg /dfOnf syf, sljtf cflb ;'gfP/ afnsljtf ufpg / syf eGg nufpg] .
– ljleGg ljifoj:t', 36gf cflb ;'gfP/ To;sf d'Vod'Vo s'/f eGg nufpg] .
– ljleGg ljifoj:t', 36gf cflbsf af/]df k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
– cGtfIf/L cflb zAbv]n v]nfpg] .
– cIf/, zAb, jfSo / cg'R5]bsf] >'ltn]vg u/fpg] .
– ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ;fwgsf sfo{j|md ;'gfP/ k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn u/fpg] .
-v_ af]nfO lzIf0fsf ;DefJo sfo{snfkx¿
– j0f{, cIf/ / zAbsf] pRrf/0f ug{ nufpg] .
– s'g} ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] .
– ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg j:t' ;ªsng ug{ nufP/ tL ;fdu|Lsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .
– afnuLtx¿ ult, olt, no ldnfO{ jfrg u/L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{n] ;'g]hfg]sf To:t} uLt ufpg
nufpg] .
– afnsyfx¿ jfrg u/L ;'gfpg] / ljBfyL{x¿n] ;'g]hfg]sf afnsyf eGg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{n] b]v], ;'g]sf / cg'ej u/]sf j:t', 36gf, lrq cflbsf af/]df j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
– ;fyLefO / ;d"xdf s'/fsfgL / 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] .
– jfbljjfb, clego, e"ldsf lgjf{x / pb3f]if0f ug{ nufpg] .
– s'g} ;fdfGo ;d:of lbP/ ts ug{ nufpg] .

-u_ k9fO lzIf0fsf ;DefJo sfo{snfkx¿
– ljleGg cfsf/ / :j¿ksf j:t' tyf lrq b]vfO{ km/s 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
– j:t' / cIf/ ;DalGwt u/fP/ cIf/ lrGg cEof; u/fpg] .
– cIf/, zAb 5gf]6 ug]{, hf]8f ldnfpg] v]n v]nfpg] .
– uf]hLtflnsfdf cfsf/, Osf/kQL /fvL To;df cIf/kQL hf]8b} dfqf lrgfpg] .
– uf]hLtflnsf k|of]u u/L zAbkQLx¿sf] dWodaf6 zAb k9g nufpg] .
– uf]hLtflnsfdf zAbx¿ /fvL jfSo agfpg] / k9g] cEof; u/fpg] .
– uLt, syf, ;+jfb cflbsf c+z 5fgL ult, olt, no / xdfpefp;lxt ;:j/ k9g nufpg] .
– ;–;fgf ljj/0f, ;"rgf, kf7 cflbsf] cfzo a'‰g] u/L k9g nufP/ k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ .
– kf7 k9g nufP/ To;df ePsf s'/fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg nufpg] .
– k9]sf s'/fsf] cy{ / cfzo eGg nufpg] .
– cg'R5]b lbP/ k9g nufP/ ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg nufpg] .
-3_ n]vfO lzIf0fsf ;DefJo sfo{snfkx¿
– ljleGg wsf{ / cfsf/ -lqe'h, j[Q, rt'e{'h, w;f{ cflb_ n]Vg nufpg] .
– dg k/]sf lrq sf]g{ nufP/ To;sf] gfd;d]t n]Vg nufpg] .
– j0f{dfnfsf j0f{x¿ n]Vg nufpg] .
– zAbsf] j|md gldn]sf jfSo lbP/ j|md ldnfO{ n]Vg nufpg] .
– k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg nufpg] .
– lrq, j:t' tyf jftfj/0f j0f{g u/L n]Vg nufpg] .
– zAb, jfSo / 5f]6f cg'R5]bsf] cg'n]vg u/fpg] .
– cIf/, zAb / jfSosf] >'ltn]vg u/fpg] .
– a'“bf, k|Zg cflbsf cfwf/df ;fwf/0f lr7L, lgj]bg, k|aGw cflb n]Vg nufpg] .
– ljBfyL{nfO{ cfgf] OR5fcg';f/sf] lnlvt /rgf tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
– c¿n] n]v]sf] ;fdu|L ;Dkfbg ug{ nufpg] .
– leQ]klqsf tof/ ug{ nufpg] .
&= ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg
k|fylds txdf ljBfyL{sf] eflifs ;Lksf] d"Nofªsg lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] ul/G5 M
;'gfO
;'gfO ;Lk ljsf;sf ;DefJo d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M
– eg]sf s'/f ljBfyL{n] ?lr lnP/ ;'g]sf] 5÷5}g cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– ;f]w]sf s'/fsf] hjfkm ;'Gg] .
– ;d"x 5nkmndf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– lgb]{zgcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] 7Ls 9ªun] u/]gu/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– >'ltn]vg u/fP/ hf“Rg] .
– afnuLt ufP/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ufpg nufpg] .
– syf, 36gf ljj/0f cflb ;'gfP/ d'Vod'Vo s'/f eGg nufpg] .
– ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodsf sfo{j|md ;'gfP/ d'Vo s'/f eGg nufpg] .

af]nfO
af]nfO ;Lk ljsf;sf ;DefJo d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M
– cIf/ / zAbsf] pRrf/0f 7Ls 9ªun] u/]gu/]sf] ;'Gg] .
– ;f]w]sf s'/fsf] hjfkm ;'g]/ .
– ;d"x 5nkmndf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– afnuLt ufpg nufP/ .
– afn syf, r'6lsnf cflb eGg nufP/ .
– j:t' lrq 36gf j0f{g ug{ nufP/ .
– pko'St ljifoj:t'÷;d:of lbP/ tfls{s cleJolSt ug{ nufP/ .
– pko'St ljifoj:t' lbO{ ;+jfb, jfbljjfb / pb3f]if0f ug{ nufP/ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
– xfpefp;fy clego ug{ nufP/ cjnf]sg ug]{ .
k7fO
k9fO ;Lk ljsf;sf ;DefJo d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M
– sfnf]kf6Ldf jf cIf/kQLdf n]lvPsf cIf/ k9g nufP/ .
– cIf/ tyf zAbkQLsf] vftaf6 s'g} vf; cIf/ / zAb 5fGg nufpg] .
– zAb / lrqsf] hf]8f ldnfpg nufpg] .
– zAb / jfSo k9g nufP/ .
– kf7leq jf aflx/sf sljtf / pko'St cg'R5]b 5gf]6 u/L ult, olt / no ;:j/jfrg ug{
nufP/ ;'Gg] .
– kf7ok':tsleq jf aflx/sf kf7o;fdu|L k9g nufP/ af]w k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
n]vfO
n]vfO ;Lk ljsf;sf ;DefJo d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g M
– ljleGg cfsf/ -3]/f, wsf{ cflb_ / lrq sf]g{ nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– cIf/, zAb / jfSo n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– cg'n]vg u/fP/ hf“Rg] .
– zAbsf] cy{ / k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– cg'R5]b n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– s'g} ljifoj:t' / cg'ej u/]sf s'/f j0f{g ug{ nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– :jtGq¿kdf syf, sljtf, k|aGw n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– lr7L / lgj]bg n]Vg nufP/ hf“Rg] .
– ljBfyL{n] tof/ u/]sf /rgf / leQ]kfqf] cflb hf“Rg] .
– c¿n] n]v]sf ;fdu|L ;Dkfbg ug{ nufpg] .
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f
sIffcg';f/sf] af]nfO / n]vfOsf lj|mofsnfk cjnf]sg ug]{ .
pko'{Stcg';f/sf ;Lksf] d"Nofªsgsf ;fwgx¿ u[xsfo{, sIffsfo{, sIff ;xeflutf, Jofjxfl/s
kl/jt{g, pknlAw k/LIff cflb x'g]5g .

k|fylds lzIff kf7oj|md, ul0ft 34
ul0ft
!= kl/ro
xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ lj|mofsnfkx¿df ul0ft k|of]u eO/x]sf] x'G5 . ul0ft ljifo cfkm}“df s] xf] eg]/ oxf“ yf]/}
zAbdf kl/eflift ug{ g;lsP tfklg tnsf tYoaf6 b}lgs hLjgdf ul0ftsf] pkof]lutf÷dxŒj÷
cfjZostf sltsf] 5 eGg] s'/f 5n{ªu x'G5 M
– cfh w]/} udL{ 5 . lxhf]eGbf slt a9L xf]nf <
– 3/af6 ljBfno slt 6f9f k5{ < s] ! 306fdf k'luG5 <
– s] @ lsnf]u|fd rfdnn] ltd|f] kl/jf/nfO{ lbgel/nfO{ k'U5 <
– ltd|f] ufO{n] lbgsf] slt dfgf÷ln6/ b"w lbG5 <
– cfh slt ut] xf] <
– b'O{ /f]kgL v]tdf slt dfqf dn rflxPnf <
cfhsf] o:tf] abln“bf] kl/j]zdf t emg lbgk|ltlbg ljsf; x'“b} u/]sf / dflg;n] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]udf
cfpg] ljleGg j:t'x¿, ;fwgx¿, oGqx¿ cflbnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg klg ul0ftLo 1fg / ;Lksf]
cfjZostf ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;afx]s s'g} s'/fsf] j}1flgs cGj]if0f, cg';Gwfg / j}1flgs tj/n]
k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu ul0ft cfwf/e"t ;fwg (Basic tools) g} l;4 ePsf] 5 . Pp6f jfSodf eGg] xf]
eg] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, j}1flgs, ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s dfgjhLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ kIf;“u ;Da4 /
tT;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljifox¿sf] cWoogsf nflu ;d]t ul0ftLo 1fg / ;Lk cTofjZos 5 .
;docg';f/ ;dfh / b]zdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] Ps d'Vo sf/s / dfWod lzIff xf] eg] csf]{lt/
dflg;nfO{ kl/jt{gzLn ;dfhdf ldNg ;Sg] t'Nofpg] cleef/f klg lzIffn] g} lnPsf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs
cfjZostfx¿, cfsfªIffx¿ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] hgzlSt tof/ kfg'{ g} ljBfnosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . o;
b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0f ubf{ klg ljBfnox¿df ;fdflhs hLjgsf k|To]s kIf;“u ;DaGw ug{ ul0ftnfO{
clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf k9fOg' cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvG5 .
k|fylds ljBfnodf k|j]z u/]sf afnaflnsfx¿dWo] sltn] of] tx g} k"/f gu/L ljBfno 5f]85g eg]
k"/f u/]sfdWo] klg ;a}n] lgDg dfWolds txdf egf{ eO{ cfgf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ub{}gg .
o;sf ljljw sf/0f x'g ;S5g / oxf“ sf/0feGbf klg o; jf:tljstfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL kf7oj|mddf
s]slt ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg] gLlt agfOg' -lgwf{/0f ul/g'_ a9L ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . k9fOdf lg/Gt/tf k|bfg
ug{, lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s agfpg kf7oj|md ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostf Pjd ?lrcg';f/ lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
k|fylds txdf k9fOg] ljifoj:t'df ljBfyL{n] alnof] hu a;fNg g;s]df cyjf k|fylds / lgDg
dfWolds txdf k9fOg] ljifoj:t'x¿aLr lg/Gt/tf gePdf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fylds tx k"/f u/] klg csf]{
txsf] k9fO sl7g x'g ;S5 . oL s'/fnfO{ klg Wofgdf /fvL of] ul0ft ljifosf] kf7oj|mdn] lgDglnlvt
b'O{cf]6f /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 . tL x'g M
– sIff % kl5 k9fO 5f]8g] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu klg pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfpg] lj|mofsnfkx¿
;~rfng / cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd ul0ftLo 1fg, ;Lk /
clej[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpg] .
– sIff % sf] k9fOkl5 sIff ^ df k9g] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf cfjZos ul0ftLo
1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpg] .
o; ljifodf Hofldlt† ;ªVofsf] 1fg† ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t lgodx¿† ;do, d'b|f / gfktf}n† leGg,
bzdnj, P]lss lgod / Jofh† lan / ah]6† tYofªszf:q† ;d"x / aLhul0ft u/L cf7cf]6f
ljifo If]q ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

@= txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
k|fylds txsf] cWoog k"/f u/]kl5 ul0ft ljifodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5g M
If]q txut ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿
!= Hofldlt != lgDg j:t'x¿nfO{ ljleGg HofldtLo u'0fx¿ -cfsf/, k|sf/,sf]0f / gfk_ sf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{, gfds/0f ug{ / tL
j:t' x¿sf gfk, gS;f;d]t u/L c¿ HofldtLo u'0fx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ M
7f]; j:t'x¿ M uf]nf, a]ngf, 3g, 3gfsf/, sf]g (cone), lk|Hd / ltgsf efux¿ -e'hf, sf]0f, ;tx lsgf/f==_ .
;dtn lrqx¿ M lqe'h, rt'e{'h, ;fdfgfGt/ rt'e{'h, ju{, cfot,j[Q .
@= ;ªVofsf] 1fg @= b]jfgfu/L / lxGb' c/]las cªssf] k|of]u u/L s/f]8eGbf dflysf ;ªVofx¿ uGtL ug{, k9g tyf cªs / cIf/df n]Vg
Pjd b; nfv -ldlnog_ ;Ddsf ;ªVofnfO{ cªu|]hLdf k9g . /f]dg cªsx¿ k|of]u u/L ! b]lv !@ ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿
k9g / n]Vg .
#= ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
#= hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg / efu u/L b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
$= ;do, d'b|f / gfktf}n $= ;do, d'b|f / gfk -b'/L, kl/ldlt, Ifdtf, tfkj|md, If]qkmn / cfotg_ tf}nsf] c8sn;d]t u/L Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{ .
%= leGg, bzdnj, k|ltzt,
P]lss lgod / Jofh
%= leGg, bzdnj, k|ltzt, P]lss lgod / Jofh -P]lss lgod k|of]u u/L_ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;d:of xn ug{ .
^= lan / ah]6 ^= 3/fo;L vr{ / cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0f tof/ ug'{sf ;fy} lan / ld6/ x]/L cfjZos ;"rgf lng / lbg .
&= tYofªs &= u|fkm, rf6{, tflnsf / gS;f x]/L cfjZos ;"rgf lng / lbg tyf lbOPsf] ;fdfGo ;"rgfnfO{ af/u|fkmdf k|:t't ug{ .
*= ;d"x *= j:t'x¿nfO{ ljleGg u'0fx¿sf cfwf/df ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ug{, ;d"x ;ªs]t { } k|of]u u/L ;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL -list_
tof/ ug{ / jfSodf n]Vg .
(= aLhul0ft (= aLhul0ftLo ;Lkx¿ k|of]u u/L aLhLo cleJo~hs / ;dLs/0f;DaGwL ;fwf/0f ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ .

#= If]q / j|md
ul0ft ljifosf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] If]q / j|mdnfO{ tn tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
!= Hofldlt != 7f]; j:t'sf] aflx/L 3]/fsf] 6«];
@= ;Lwf / jqm/]vf
#= ;/n HofldtLo cfsf/x¿ -tLgs'g],
rf/s'g] / uf]nf]_ / ltgLx¿sf] /rgf
!= ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L lqe'h, rt'e{'h / j[Qsf]
cfsf/
@= ljleGg 7f]; j:t'sf ;txx¿ / HofldtLo
cfsf/x¿
#= lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf] lrq
!= /]vfv08sf] gfk
@= sf]0fx¿sf] t'ngf -7"nf] jf ;fgf]_
#= ljleGg gfksf lqe'hx¿
$= lqe'h / rt'e'{hsf efux¿
%= /]vfv08, lqe'h / rt'e{'hsf e'hf / sf]0fx¿
@= ;ªVofsf] 1fg != ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf ;ªVof -b]jgfu/L
/ lxGb' c/]las cªsdf_
@= ! b]lv (( ;Ddsf ;ªVofsf
cªsx¿sf] :yfgdfg -b'j}df_
#= ! b]lv (( ;Ddsf ;ªVofsf] 36bf] /
a9bf] j|md
$= b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf !)) ;Ddsf hf]8L
;ªVofx¿
%= b;f}F :yfg;Ddsf j|mdfTds ;ªVofx¿
!= ! b]lv !))) ;Ddsf ;ªVof -b]jgfu/L /
lxGb'–c/]las cªs / cIf/df_
@= tLg cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] :yfgdfg /
tflnsf
#= tLg cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] a9bf] / 36bf]
j|md -tLg cf]6f;Dd_
$= tLg cªsn] ag]sf hf]8L ;ªVofx¿
%= /f]dg ;ªVof k|0ffnL I - XII ;Dd
!= ^ cªs;Ddsf ;ªVof uGtL -b]jgfu/L / lxGb'
c/]las cªs / cIf/df_
@= ^ cªs;Ddsf ;ªVofsf] :yfgdfg / tflnsf
#= ^ cªs;Ddsf ;ªVofsf] a9bf] / 36bf] j|md
-tLgcf]6f;Dd_
$= ! b]lv (( ;Ddsf ;ªVofsf] glhssf] b;df z"GofGt
%= hf]8 / lahf]/ ;ªVof
#= ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
# -s_ hf]8
!= b'O{ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVofx¿sf]
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_ hf]8 -b'O{cf]6f
addends ;Dd_
@= hf]8;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
!= b'O{ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f -xftnfuL
cfpg]_ ;ªVofsf] hf]8 . -b'O{cf]6f addends
;Dd_
@= tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf]
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_ hf]8 ug{ -tLgcf]6f
addends ;Dd_ .
#= ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
!= rf/ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] hf]8
@= ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:of

# -v_ 36fp != b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] 36fp
-;fk6L lng gkg]{_
@= 36fp;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿
!= tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ;ªVofsf] 36fp
-;fk6L lng kg]{_
@= 36fp;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
#= hf]8 / 36fpsf] ;DaGw -Pscsf{df ljk/Lt
lj|mof x'g eGg] wf/0ff_
!= $ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf -s'g} tLg :yfgdf ;fk6L
lng''kg]{_ ;ªVofx¿sf] 36fp ug{ / tt;DaGwL
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
# -u_ u'0fg != u'0fg / hf]8sf] ;DaGw
@= u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfsf] ul0ftLo
jfSo
#= lrqåf/f lbOPsf u'0fg;DaGwL ;d:of
$= @ b]lv % ;Ddsf] kxf8f
!= @ b]lv !) ;Ddsf] kxf8f
@= u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfsf] ul0ftLo jfSo
#= b'O{ cªssf] ;ªVofnfO{ Ps cªssf]
;ªVofn] u'0fg -xftnfuL gcfpg] dfq_
$= u'0fg;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
!= @ b]lv !@ ;Ddsf] kxf8f
@= u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfsf] ul0ftLo jfSo
#= b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofnfO{ b'O{
cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofn] u'0fg
$ u'0fg;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
# -3_ efu != clwstd @) cf]6f ;Ddsf j:t'nfO{ @
b]lv % cf]6f;Ddsf] a/fa/ ;d"xdf
af“8g] ;d:of
!= lbOPsf j:t'nfO{ ;d"xdf afF8L efusf]
cy{ / ul0ftLo jfSo
@= 36fpsf] bf]xf]l/Psf] ¿kdf efu
#= b'O{ cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofnfO{ Ps cªssf]
;ªVofn] efu -lgz]if efu hfg]_
!= tLg cªs;Ddsf] ;ªVofnfO{ b'O{ cªs;Ddsf]
;ªVofn] efu / hfFr
@= efu;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
#= u'0fg / efusf] ;DaGw
$= ;do, d'b|f /
gfktf}n
$ -s_ ;do
!= 306fdf ;do
@= xKtfsf ;ft lbg
#= afx| dlxgfsf gfd
!= 38L x]/L !%–!% ldg]6sf] km/ssf] ;do
@= 306f / lbg, lbg / xKtf, lbg / dlxgf,
dlxgf / jif{sf] ;DaGw
#= Sofn]G8/ x]/]/ dlxgf, ut] / af/
!= 38L x]/L 306f / ldg]6df ;do
@= lbgnfO{ 306fdf, xKtf / dlxgfnfO{ lbgdf ¿kfGt/0f
#= ¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ u/L lgDg ;dosf PsfOsf] hf]8
/ 36fp
— lbg / 306f
— 306f / ldg]6
— xKtf / lbg
— dlxgf / lbg

$ -v_ d'b|f != rngrNtLdf /x]sf !)) ;Ddsf d'b|f
-l;Ssf / gf]6_
@= xftnfuL gcfpg] d'b|fsf] hf]8 / 36fp
#= d'b|f;DaGwL hf]8 / 36fpsf ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
!= ?= !))) ;Ddsf gf]6
@= ?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf ¿kfGt/0f
#= ¿kfGt/ ug{ gkg]{ ?lkofF / k};fsf] hf]8 tyf
36fp .
$= hf]8 tyf 36fp;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:of .
!= ?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf / k};fnfO{ ?lkofFdf ¿kfGt/0f
@= ?lkofF tyf k};fsf] hf]8 -¿kfGt/0f ug{kg]{_ tyf
?lkofF tyf k};fsf] 36fp
-¿kfGt/ ug{ gkg]{_
#= ?lkofF tyf k};fsf] hf]8 /
36fp;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
$ -u_ b'/L != s'g} j:t'sf] nDafOnfO{ cGbfhåf/f
t'ngf ug]{ ;d:ofx¿
!= ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] ;DaGw
@= ;]lG6ld6/df lbPsf] j:t'sf] gfk
-;fdfGo dfq_
!= ld6/ / ;]lG6ld6/ k|of]u u/L nDafOsf] gfk
@= ld6/nfO{ ;]lG6ld6/df ¿kfGt/0f
#= ¿kfGt/ ug{ gkg]{ u/L ;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] hf]8
tyf 36fp
$ -3_ If]qkmn ———— != If]qkmnsf] t'ngf != lbOPsf] PsfOcg';f/ sf]7f / If]qkmn
$ -ª_ Ifdtf
(Capacity)
!= s'g} b'O{ efF8fx¿sf] Ifdtf t'ngf != !)) ldlnln6/, @)) ldlnln6/, %))
ldlnln6/ / ! ln6/ -!))) ldlnln6/_ sf
k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿sf] k|of]u .
!= @% ldlnln6/ b]lv ! ln= ;Ddsf k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿
k|of]u u/L c¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf efF8fx¿sf] Ifdtf
@= ! ln6/;Ddsf efF8fx¿sf] glhssf] !))
ldlnln6/df Ifdtfsf] cGbfh
#= ! ln6/nfO{ ldlnln6/df ¿kfGt/0f
$= ¿kfGt/ ug{ gkg]{ ln6/ / ldlnln6/;DaGwL hf]8
tyf 36fp
$ -r_ cfotg ———— ———— != ! 3g ;]lG6ld6/ (1cm3
) sf Ansx¿ uGtL u/]/ 7f];
j:t'x¿sf] cfotg
$ -5_ tf}n != s'g} b'O{ j:t'sf] tf}nsf] cGbfh u/]/
t'ngf -xn'sf jf ux|f}F_
!= !)) u|fd, @)) u|fd, %)) u|fd / !)))
u|fd -! ls=u|f=_ sf 9sx¿sf] k|of]u .
!= %) u|fd b]lv ! ls=u|f= ;Ddsf k|fdfl0fs 9sx¿
k|of]u u/L ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] tf}n
@= ! ls=u|f=;Ddsf j:t'x¿sf] glhssf] !)) u|fddf
tf}n cGbfh
#= ls=u|f=nfO{ u|fddf ¿kfGt/0f

%= leGg, bzdnj,
k|ltzt, P]lss lgod
/ Jofh
-s_ leGg
!= @
! / $
! leGgsf] hfgsf/L / k|of]u != $
! , $
# , #
! / #
@ Pjd @
! , $
! ,
$
# , #
!, #
@ / )!
! leGgsf] hfgsf/L /
k|of]u .
@= 5fof kf/]sf lrqnfO{ -cfwf, rf}yfO, tLg
rf}yfO, Ps ltxfO / b'O{ ltxfO_ ul0ftLo
efiff
!= ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] j|md
@= ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgx¿sf] hf]8 / 36fp
-ldl>t ;ªVofsf] k|of]u gx'g] u/L_
%= -v _bzdnj ———— ———— != b;f+z / ;of+zsf] kl/ro
%= -u_ P]lss lgod /
Jofh
———— ———— != PsfOsf] dfgsf] cfwf/df p:t} j:t'sf] ;d"xsf] s'n
dfg
^= lan / ah]6 ———— ———— != lan x]/L ;fdfGo ;"rgf -;fwf/0f dfq_
&= tYofªs != ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkm
@= ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkmsf] k9fO
#= ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkm;DaGwL ;/n ;"rgf
!= af/u|fkm k9g tyf ;"rgf -;fwf/0f dfq_ != PsfOx¿sf] uGtL u/]/ af/u|fkmåf/f t'ngfTds
;"rgf
@= tYofªssf] :s]nsf] cªs / ;"rgfx¿
#= gS;fdf ePsf j:t'x¿sf] b'/L t'ngf
*= ;d"x (Sets) != Pp6} vfnsf j:t'x¿ 5'6ofpg] ;d:of
-;fwf/0f dfq_
@= lbPsf j:t'x¿af6 gldNg] Pp6f j:t'
kQf nufpg] ;d:of -;fwf/0f_
!= ;dfg u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg
@= lbPsf j:t'x¿af6 gldNg] j:t'sf] klxrfg
!= jfSodf lbOPsf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ Set Notation
-;fdfGo dfq_
(= aLhul0ft ———— != cjnf]sg ljlw (Inspection Method) af6
xn x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t (Box Notation) sf
hf]8 lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf ;d:of
!= cjnf]sg ljlw (Inspection Method) jf af/Daf/
cEof; (Hit and Trail) af6 xn x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t
(Box Notation) sf hf]8 / 36fp lj|mof ;dfj]z
ePsf ;d:of

$= l;sfOpknlAwsf] lj:t[tLs/0f
o; ljifodf sIffut¿kdf afnaflnsfx¿n] xfl;n ug]{ l;sfOpknlAwx¿nfO{ ljlzi6 p2]Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . l;sfOpknlAwsf] lj:t[tLs/0f tnsf]
tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
sIff M !
If]q l;sfOpknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo lj:t[tLs/0f
;Defljt lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;Defljt d"Nofªsg k|lj|mof kf=ef
!= Hofldlt !=! 7f]; j:t' /fv]/ 6]«; ug{ . ljleGg 7f]; j:t'x¿sf]
aflx/L 3]/f 6«]; ug{ -lvRg_ .
ljleGg k|sf/sf 7f]; j:t'x¿
;ªsng u/L 5nkmn u/fO{ aflx/L
3]/f lvRg] / lvRg nufpg] .
!= l;Ssfsf] aflx/L 3]/f lvr]/
b]vfpm . !& 3G6L
!=@ ;Lwf / jqm/]vf lrGg,
5'6ofpg / lvRg .
;Lwf /]vf -7f8f], t];f]{ /
58s]_ / jqm/]vf lgoldt /
clgoldt lrGg, 5'6ofpg /
lvRg .
ljleGg j:t'x¿ -lstfa, snd,
l;Ssf, :s]n, lunf; cflb_
;ªsng u/L 5nkmnaf6 ;Lwf /
jqm/]vf lvRg] / lvRg nufpg] .
@= ltd|f] l;;fsndsf] k|of]uaf6 ;Lwf
/]vf lvr .
!=# ;/n HofldtLo cfsf/x¿
lrGg / 5'6ofpg
-tLgs'g], rf/s'g] /
uf]nf]_ .
;/n HofldtLo cfsf/x¿
lrGg / 5'6ofpg -tLgs'g],
rf/s'g] / uf]nf]_ .
ljleGg HofldtLo cfsf/sf
j:t'x¿ ;ªsng u/L 5nkmn ug]{,
u/fpg] .
;ªsng ul/Psf ljleGg
cfs[ltx¿ -7f];, lrq_ af6
tLgs'g], rf/s'g] / uf]nf] cflb
5'6ofpg] / 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
#= ltd|f] lstfa s'g cfsf/sf] 5 <
eg .
$= tn lbOPsf lrqx¿af6 tLgs'g]]
lrq 5'6ofpm M
Gff]6M ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg, lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk / oxfF plNnlvt gd'gf k|Zgx¿sf] cfwf/df sIff lzIf0fnfO{ cleGg cªusf] ¿kdf cjnDag ug{'kg]{5 . oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf lzIf0f
l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / gd'gf k|Zgx¿ ;fdfGo kyk|bz{g (guide line) sf] lglDt dfq x'g eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@= ;ªVofsf]
1fg
@=!M ! b]lv !)) ;Dd
uGtL ug{, k9g,
lrGg / n]Vg
-b]jgfu/L / lxGb'
c/]las cªsdf_.
! b]lv ( ;Dd uGtL ug{, k9g / lrGg
-b'j}df_
7f]; j:t'sf] k|of]uaf6 uGg
-l;sfpg] / nufpg]_, lrqaf6
uGg nufpg] .
;ªVof tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L k9g
/ lrGg nufpg] .
!= ltdL;Fu sltcf]6f lstfax¿
5g <
@= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fdf sltcf]6f
emofnx¿ 5g <
%@ 3G6L
z"Go lrGg . 5}g pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgdf 5nkmn
u/fO{ z"Gosf] wf/0ff lgsfNg] .
#= tLgcf]6f cfFvf ePsf ltd|f
slthgf ;fyLx¿ 5g <
! b]lv !) ;Dd uGtL ug{, k9g, lrGg
-b'j}df_ .
7f]; j:t'af6, lrqaf6 uGg
nufpg] .
;ªVof tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L k9g
/ lrGg nufpg] .
$= ltd|f] b'j} xftsf hDdf
cf}Fnfx¿ sltcf]6f 5g <
!–!) ;Dd n]Vg -b'j}df_ ljleGg k|lj|mofx¿af6
;ªVofx¿nfO{ j|md};+Fu n]Vg]
cEof;x¿ u/fpg] .
%= % n]v]/ b]vfpm .
^= !–!) ;Dd n]v]/ b]vfpm .
!!–@) ;Dd uGtL ug{, lrGg / n]Vg
-b'j}df_ .
7f]; j:t'af6, lrqaf6 uGg
nufpg] .
;ªVof tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L
k9g, lrGg / n]Vg nufpg] .
&= ltd|f] b'j} xft v'66fsf
cf}Fnfx¿ hDdf sltcf]6f 5g <
*= !!, !*,@) n]v]/ b]vfpm .
-df}lvs ¿kdf k|Zg ug]{_ .
@!–#) ;Dd uGtL ug{, lrGg, k9g /
n]Vg . -b'j}df_
Sofn]G8/, ;ªVof tflnsf k|of]u
u/L k9g], lrGg] / n]Vg] cEof;
u/fpg] .
(= Sofn]G8/df @* b]vfpm .
!)= ! b]lv #) ;Dd j|md};“u n]v]/
b]vfpm
! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿sf]
9fFrfnfO{ bfFh]/ ;fdfGoLs/0f u/L !))
;Dd uGtL ug{, lrGg, eGg cªs /
cIf/ b'j}df k9g / cªsdf dfq n]Vg .
;ªVof tflnsfaf6 5nkmn u/fO{
;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ nufpg] .
k9g] / n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] .
!!= ;ªVof tflnsfdf %@ b]vfpm .
!@= ltd|f] sIffdf hDdf slthgf
s]6fx¿ 5g <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@=@M !–(( ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿sf]
cªsx¿sf]
:yfgdfg eGg /
tflnsfdf n]Vg
-b'j}df_ .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿sf]
cªsx¿sf] :yfgdfg eGg .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿nfO{
:yfgdfg tflnsfdf n]Vg .
Pafs; tyf ks]6rf6{sf] k|of]u u/L
:yfgdfgsf] wf/0ff 5nkmnaf6 lbg] .
:yfgdfg eGg / tflnsfdf /fVg
cEof; u/fpg] .
!#= @( df ( / @ sf] :yfgdfg
eg .
@=#M !–(( ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿nfO{ 36bf]
/ a9bf] j|mddf
n]Vg .
eGbf cufl8, eGbf k5fl8 /
aLrsf ;ªVofx¿ lrGg, eGg
/ n]Vg .
a9bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
36bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿ lbO{ 5nkmn
u/fO{ a9bf] j|mddf eGg] / n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿ lbO{ 5nkmn
u/fO{ 36bf]] j|mddf eGg] / n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
!$= &%,$@, #%, nfO{ a9bf]
j|mddf eg / n]v]/ b]vfpm .
!%= %%, #&, ^$, nfO{ 36bf]
j|mddf eg / n]v]/ b]vfpm .
@=$ b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf
!)) ;Ddsf hf]8L
;ªVofx¿nfO{
bfFHg .
b'O{ cªs;Ddn] ag]sf hf]8L
;ªVofx¿dWo] ;fgf], 7"nf] /
a/fa/ 5'6ofpg .
!–(( ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿dWo] s'g}
b'O{cf]6f ;ªVofx¿sf]
:yfgdfgdf 5nkmn u/fO{ ;fgf] jf
7"nf] 5'6ofpg] / 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
!^= ( / !! df s'g 7"nf] 5 eg .
!&= #( / (# df s'g ;fgf] 5
3]/f nufpm .
@=% b;f}F :yfg;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿sf]
j|md;ªVof (ordinal
Number) eGg .
klxnf], bf];|f], t];|f] ub}{
b;f}“;Dd j|mdzM eGg .
b; jf b;eGbf a9L ljBfyLx¿nfO{
bf}8 k|ltof]lutf u/fO{ klxnf]b]lv b;f}“
:yfg;Ddsf] 5nkmn u/fO{ :ki6 kfg]{
/ klxnf], bf];|f] ub}{ j|mdzM b;f}F;Dd
eGg] cEof; u/fpg] .
!*= tnsf] lrqdf bf];|f] :yfgdf
/x]sf] lrqsf] gfd eg .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= ul0ftsf
cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
# -s_ hf]8
#=! b'O{ cÍn] ag]sf b'O{
cf]6f ;ªVofx¿sf]]
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_
hf]8 ug{ .-b'O{cf]6f
addeded ;Dd_
of]ukmn % ;Dd cfpg] zflAbs ;d:of
lrqåf/f xn ug{ .
hf]8 lrXg "+" sf] k|of]u ug{ .
of]ukmn % ;Dd cfpg] tYosf] wf/0ff .
of]ukmn !) ;Dd cfpg] zflAbs
;d:of xn ug{ .
of]ukmn !! b]lv !* ;Dd cfpg] tYosf]
wf/0ff
of]ukmn !* ;Dd cfpg] hf]8sf zflAbs
;d:of xn ug{ . b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf
b'O{cf]6f ;ªVofnfO{ hf]8g
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_
p:t} u'0f ePsf @ y'k|f]x¿af6
Pp6} y'k|f] agfO{ hDdf ;ªVof
uGg nufpg] .
h:t} M -))_ / -)))_ a/fa/
-)))))_
@ u'Rrf + # u'Rrf = %u'Rrf
s]xL j:t' ePsf / gePsf
afs;x¿ b]vfO{ tL j:t'x¿nfO{
hDdf ug{ nufpg] . h:t}} M
sIffdf ePsf s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{
b'O{ ;d"x agfO{ uGg nufP/
hDdf kQf nufpg] .
!= /
hDDff slt dfG5] <
@= lrq tyf j:t'x¿ hf]8g nufO{
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
#= $ s]6L / % s]6L hDdf slt
s]6L eP <
$= hf]8 M
b; Ps
% # %#
+ @ $ + @$
$$ 3G6L
#=@ hf]8;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
Ps÷Ps cªsn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVofx¿ 7f8f] / t];f]{ ¿kdf /fv]/
hf]8g .
j|md ljlgdo u'0f k|of]u u/L xn ug{ .
hf]8;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
:yfgdfg tflnsfsf] wf/0ffaf6
:yfgdfg tflnsfdf /fvL b'O{
cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofx¿ hf]8g
nufpg] . tflnsfdf g/fv]/
;d]t hf]8g nufpg] .
j:t'x¿ tyf lrqx¿af6 j|md
ljlgdo u'0f k|of]u u/L hf]8
ug{ nufpg] .
%= -s_ @ + # =
-v_ # + @ =
s] -s_ / -v_ b'j} a/fa/ 5g <
^= $) ;'Gtnf / @@ ;'Gtnf Ps}
7fp“ /fVbf hDdf slt
;'Gtnf x'G5g <
&= + = +
# + @ = @ + #
=

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -v_ 36fp #=# b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofsf] 36fp
-;fk6L lng gkg]{_
ug{ .
Ps cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofaf6 Ps
cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVof 36fpg .
36fp " - " lrXgsf] k|of]u ug{ .
% ;Ddaf6 36fpg] 36fp tYox¿sf]
wf/0ff lng .
!) ;Ddaf6 36fpg] 36fp tYox¿sf]
wf/0ff lng .
Ps cªsn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f ;ªVofsf]
t];f]{ 36fp ug{ .
!! b]lv !( ;Ddaf6 36fpg] 36fp
tYox¿sf] wf/0ff lng .
;ªVof tflnsfaf6 36fp ug{ .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofaf6 36fpg
-;fk6L lng gkg]{_ .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofaf6 ;fk6
lng gkg]{ u/L b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVof 7f8f] ¿kdf /fv]/ 36fpg .
-lx;fa t];f{] klg lbg]_
lrq / Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0faf6
36fp ug{ nufpg], 36fp lrXgsf]
k|of]u ug{ nufpg] .
h:t} M %
–@
– # rNnf 5g ! uP @ afFsL x'G5g .
– # rNnfdf ! rNnf uP . slt afFsL
x'G5g <
# 36fp ! = @ afFsL
# - ! = @
lrq / Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0faf6 k|fKt
wf/0ffsf cfwf/df 7f8f] / t];f]{
36fp cEof; ug{ nufpg] .
!= $ d';fdf @ d';f uP ca slt
d';f aFfsL x'G5g .
@= 36fp u/ M
-s_ $
- !
-v_ &
-#
-u_ & – ) =
#= 36fp u/ M
-s_ !( -v_ !*
- ^ - &
-u_ !% -# =
-3_ @) -% =
-ª_ $# -r_ &$
- @! - %@
#=$= 36fp;DaGwL
;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
36fp;DaGwL ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
36fp;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
5nkmn / cEof;åf/f zflAbs
;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf n]Vg
nufO{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{
nufpg] .
$= !^ cf]6f afv|fdf kfFrcf]6f
afv|f a]lrof] eg] ca slt
afv|f afFsL x'G5g <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -u_ u'0fg #=% u'0fgnfO{ bf]xf]l/Psf]
hf]8sf] ¿kdf JoSt
ug{ .
#=^ u'0fg k|of]u ePsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg .
#=& lrqåf/f lbOPsf
u'0fg;DaGwL
;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ .
u'0fgnfO{ bf]xf]l/Psf] hf]8sf] ¿kdf
JoSt ug{ .
pxL u'0f ePsf j:t'x¿nfO{ plQs}
kl/df0fdf /fv]/ ;d"xx¿ agfpg
nufpg] . hDdf sltcf]6f ;d"xx¿
eof] < k|To]s ;d"xdf sltcf]6f
j:t'x¿ 5g < hDdf sltcf]6f
j:t'x¿ eP <
;d"xsf] ;ªVof / j:t'sf] ;ªVofaLr
s] ;DaGw 5 < 5nkmn u/fpg],
h:t} M
)) )) )) )) ))
– klxnf] ;d"xdf sltcf]6f u'Rrfx¿
5g <
– bf];|f] ;d"xdf sltcf]6f u'Rrfx¿
5g <
– klxnf] / bf];|f] ;d"xdf u/L hDdf
sltcf]6f u'Rrfx¿ eP <
– ;a} ;d"xdf u/]/ hDdf sltcf]6f
u'Rrfx¿ eP <
– u'Rrfx¿ gugL Ps}rf]l6 eGg
;S5f} <
)) )) )) ))
b'O{cf]6f u'Rrf ePsf] rf/cf]6f
;d"xx¿ 5g .
hDdf $ k6s @ cyjf * cf]6f
u'Rrfx¿ x'G5g eGg]af/] 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
!= lrq
hDdf sltcf]6f r/fx¿ 5g <
@= b'O{hgfnfO{ ?=^ sf b/n]
/sd afF8bf hDdf slt
?lkofF lbg'knf{ <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#=* % ;Ddsf] kxf8f
agfpg / atfpg .
lrqx¿åf/f ;d"x agfO{ kxf8f agfpg nufO{
u'0fgkmn tf]8g nufpg] .
h:t} M
-s_ )))
# × ! = #
-v_ ))) )))
# × @ = ^
-u_ ))) ))) )))
# × # = (
#= vfnL 7fpFdf e/ M
-s_ # rf/ k6s
-v_ $ 5 k6s
$= vfnL 7fpFdf e/ M
-s_ % × # =
-v_ $ × % =
# -3_ efu #=( clwstd @)
cf]6f;Ddsf
j:t'x¿ nfO{ @ b]lv
% cf]6f ;Ddsf]
a/fa/ ;d"xdf
afF8g .
!) ;Ddsf j:t'x¿nfO{ b'O{÷b'O{
;d"xdf a/fa/ x'g] u/L afF8g .
@) ;Ddsf j:t'x¿nfO{ @ b]lv %
cf]6f;Ddsf] ;d"xdf a/fa/ x'g] u/L
afF8g .
5nkmn / cEof;sf cfwf/df pxL u'0f ePsf
s]xL j:t'x¿ -@) cf]6feGbf ga9fO{_ nfO{
a/fa/L b'O{, tLg, rf/ / kfFr efudf ljefhg
ug{ nufpg] -afFsL g/xg] u/L_ .
!= !% cf]6f u'RrfnfO{
a/fa/ x'g] u/L %
efudf ljefhg u/ /
Ps efudf slt u'Rrf
k¥of] eg .
$=;do, d'b|f
/ gfktf}n
-s_ ;do
$=! 306fdf ;do
atfpg .
$=@ xKtfsf ;ft
lbgx¿sf gfd
atfpg .
$=# afx| dlxgfsf
gfdx¿ atfpg .
38L x]/L 306f ;'O{sf] cfwf/df
;do atfpg .
xKtfsf ;ft lbgsf gfdx¿
j|mdfg';f/ eGg .
Ps jif{df afx| dlxgf x'G5g eGg .
afx| dlxgfsf gfdx¿ j|mdfg';f/
eGg .
lzIfsn] 38L -geP gd'gf 38L agfO{_ b]vfO{
5nkmnsf cfwf/df k|To]s 306f eGg
nufpg] -5f]6f] / df]6f] ;'O{sf] dfq cfwf/
lng]_ .
ljBfyL{x¿af6 pgLx¿ hGd]sf] af/x¿ kQf
nufO{ ;ft af/df cfk"m hGd]sf af/nfO{
;ªVofn] hgfpg] cEof; u/fpg] .
dlxgfx¿nfO{ klg af/x¿sf] h:t} lj|mofsnfk
ug]{ .
!= 38L b]vfO{ 38Ldf slt
ah]sf] 5 < eg .
@= ;ft af/sf gfdx¿
j|mdzM eg .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$= -v_ d'b|f $=$ rng rNtLdf
/x]sf ?=!))
;Ddsf d'b|fx¿
-l;Ssf gf]6x¿_
lrg]/ 5'6ofpg .
rng rNtLsf ?=!, ?=@ / ?=% sf
l;Ssfx¿ / ?=!)) ;Ddsf gf]6x¿
lrGg / 5'6ofpg .
rng rNtLdf /x]sf l;Ssfx¿ b]vfO{
5nkmnaf6 ;a} l;Ssfx¿ / gf]6x¿
j|mdzM lrgfpFb} atfpg nufpg] .
!= of] -?=!, ?=@ / ?=% sf
l;Ssf b]vfpg]_ slt ?lkof“
xf], eg .
?=! ?=@ ?=%
$=% d'b|fsf] hf]8 /
36fp ug{ .
-xftnfuL
gcfpg]_
xftnfuL gcfpg] u/L d'b|fsf] hf]8
ug{ .
;fk6L lng gkg]{ u/L d'b|fsf] 36fp
ug{ .
cfwf/e"t lj|mofx¿ k"j{ 1fg /
;Lkx¿sf cfwf/df l;Ssf;DaGwL
;fdfGo hf]8 / 36fp l;sfpg] / ug{
nufpg] .
@= l;Ssfsf lrqx¿
!) k};f @% k};f %) k};f
dflysf l;Ssfx¿ sltslt
k};fsf x'g, eg .
#= hf]8 u/ M @% k};f
+ %) k};f
$= 36fp u/ M @% k};f
- !) k};f
$=^ d'b|f;DaGwL hf]8
/ 36fpsf ;/n
Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ -xftnfuL
gcfpg] dfq_ .
xftnfuL gcfpg] hf]8 tyf 36fp
lj|mof ;+nUg ePsf ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of xn ug{ .
sIff ! sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b}lgs
hLjgdf ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;fdfGo
;d:ofx¿nfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg] / ug{
nufpg] .
%= ltdL;Fu ?=# lyof], cfdfn]
?=@ ylklbg' eof] eg] hDdf
ltdL;+Fu slt ?lkofF x'G5 <
^= ;Ltf;+Fu ?= % lyof], pgLn]
?=@ sf] sfkL lslgg, ca
pgL;+Fu slt ?lkofF afFsL
/xG5 <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$=-u_ b'/L $=& s'g} j:t'sf]
nDafOnfO{
cGbfhåf/f t'ngf
ug{ . -cUnf],
xf]rf], nfdf] /
5f]6f]_
laQf, xfth:tf ck|fdfl0fs (Non
standard) gfkf]åf/f gfk lng .
lbPsf] ck|fdfl0fs gfkf]n] s'g} klg
j:t' jf cfsf/sf] gfkf] lng .
b'O{ j:t'x¿sf] nDafO gfkf]n]
bfFHg .
sIff sf]7f / jl/kl/sf ljleGg j:t'sf
nDafO xft, ljQfaf6 gfkL÷gfKg nufO{
gfk lng nufpg] .
k"j{1fg / ;Lksf] cfwf/df km/s b'O{
j:t'x¿ gfKg nufO{ gfkf]df ePsf]
km/snfO{ 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6 bfFHg
nufpg] .
xft, laQf, n67Lh:tf ck|fdfl0fs
gfkx¿af6 nDafO gfKg nufO{
nDafOsf] t'ngf ug{ nufpg] .
!= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fsf]
Psfkl§sf] nDafO xftsf]
gfkf]af6 gfk]/ slt x'G5
n]v .
@= ltdL a;]sf] a]Grsf] nDafO
slt laQf eof] < n]v .
#= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fdf /x]sf]
sfnf]kf6L / a]Gr laQfn]
gfk / s]slt km/s eof] <
bfFh]/ n]v .
$=-3_ Ifdtf
(Capacity)
$=* s'g} b'O{ efF8fsf]
Ifdtf t'ngf
ug{ .
s'g} b'O{cf]6f efF8fdf kfgL e/]/
ltgLx¿aLr 36L / a9Lsf] Ifdtf
t'ngf ug{ .
b'O{ efF8fdf kfgL e/]/ s'g efF8fdf a9L
kfgL c6g] Ifdtf 5, 5nkmn u/L eGg]
/ eGg nufpg] .
!= b'O{ b'O{cf]6f efF8fdf kfgL jf
cGo j:t'x¿ eg{ nufO{
a9L / 36L Ifdtfsf]
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
$=-ª_ tf}n $=( s'g} b'O{ j:t'sf]
tf}nsf] cGbfh
u/]/ t'ngf ug{ .
-xn'sf / ux|fF}_
s'g} b'O{ j:t'x¿sf] tf}n
-ux|fF}÷xn'ªuf]_ cGbfh u/]/ t'ngf
ug{ .
b'O{ km/s 7f];j:t'x¿ lzIfsn]
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ prfNg nufO{ 5nkmn
u/L ux|f} / xn'ªuf]sf] wf/0ff lbg] .
!= b'O{cf]6f j:t'nfO{ prfNg
nufO{ ufx|||f} / xn'ªuf] s'g
5 egL ;f]w]/ d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .
@= 7f]; j:t'x¿ prfNg nufO{,
s'g ux|f}F 5 < h:tf k|Zg
;f]Wg] .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%=leGg,
bzdnj,
k|ltzt,
Plss lgdo
/ Jofh
-s_ leGg
%=! @
! / $
! nfO{
hgfpg] .
5fof kf/]sf
lrqx¿nfO{
5'6ofO{ leGgdf
n]Vg / ljleGg
cfs[ltdf cfwf /
rf}yfO - @
! / $
! _
nfO{ 5fof kf/]/
b]vfpg .
lbOPsf HofldtLo lrq -b'O{ efudf
afFl8Psf]_ df a/fa/ 5g ls 5}gg
5'6ofpg .
b'O{ a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf
lrqx¿af6 cfwfsf] wf/0ff lbg .
b'O{ a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf
lrqx¿df 5fof kf/]/ cfwf b]vfpg .
rf/ a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf
lrqx¿df 5fof kf/]/ cfwf b]vfpg .
rf/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿df
a/fa/ 5g ls 5}gg 5'6ofpg .
lrqx¿df 5fof kf/]/ Ps rf}yfOsf]
wf/0ff lbg .
lrqx¿df 5fof kf/]/ Ps rf}yfO
b]vfpg .
7f]; j:t'nfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efudf afF8g]
jf 5nkmn u/L a/fa/ b'O{ efudf
afF8g nufpg] . k|To]s efu cfwf - @
! _
efu xf] eGg] wf/0ff lbg] .
HofldtLo lrqx¿ hDdf u/L k|To]s
lrqnfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efudf afF8g] jf
5nkmn u/L afF8g nufpg] . k|To]s
efu cfwf - @
! _ efu xf] egL lrgf/L
lbO{ 5nkmn To; cfwf - @
! _ efudf
u/L /ª nufpg l;sfpg] .
5nkmn u/L 7f]; j:t'nfO{ rf/ a/fa/
efudf afF8g] / afF8g nufpg] . rf/
efusf] Psefu Ps rf}yfO - $
! _ xf]
eGg] wf/0ff lbg] .
HofldtLo lrqnfO{ 5nkmn u/L rf/
efudf afF8g] / afF8g nufpg] . rf/
efusf] Ps efu Ps rf}yfO - $
! _ xf]
eGg] wf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg] .
!= 7f]; j:t'nfO{ sf6g nufP/
/ lrq /ªufpg nufP/
cfwf / rf}yfOsf] d"Nofªsg
ug]{ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
^= tYofªs ^=! ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkm
k9g ;"rgf lng
/ lbg .
;fwf/0f lrqu|fkm k9g .
;fwf/0f lrqu|fkmaf6 ;"rgf lng /
lbg . -kfFry/Lsf j:t'x¿ a9Ldf
b;cf]6f;Dd_
j:t', lrq tyf Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0fsf
cfwf/df 5nkmn / k|bz{gåf/f ;fwf/0f
lkS6f]u|fkm k9g cEof; u/fpg] .
k"j{1fgsf] cfwf/df 5nkmn /
k|bz{gåf/f ;fwf/0f lrqu|fkmaf6 ;"rgf
lng] / lbg] cEof; u/fpg] .
!= lrqu|fkm k9g lbg] /
ljleGg ;d:of agfO{
df}lvs ¿kdf ;f]w]/
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
& ;d"x
(sets)
&=! ;d"xaf6 Ps}
vfnsf j:t'x¿
5'6ofpg .
-;fdfGo dfq_
&=@ lbPsf j:t'x¿sf]
;d"xx¿af6
gldNg] Pp6f j:t'
kQf nufpg .
-;fwf/0f dfq_
Ps} vfnsf j:t'x¿sf] ;d"x
agfpg .
w]/} j:t'x¿sf] ;d"xaf6 lbOPsf]
;dfg u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df j:t'x¿
5'6ofpg .
lbOPsf] ;d"xaf6 gldNg] j:t' kQf
nufpg . -b'O{cf]6f dfq km/s u'0f
lbg'kg]{_
Pp6f 6f]s/Ldf w]/} vfnsf j:t'x¿
lbg] . lzIfsn] s'g} Pp6f u'0fsf]
5nkmn u/fO{ pSt u'0f;+Fu ldNg]
;b:ox¿ -j:t'x¿_ 5'6ofpg nufO{
gofF ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ cEof;
u/fpg] .
s'g} Pp6f ;d"xdf ePsf ;b:ox¿dWo]
Pp6fdfq gldNg] ;b:o lbg] / pSt
gldNg] ;b:onfO{ 5'6ofpg cEof;
u/fpg] .
cGo Jofjxfl/s lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] .
! lrq tyf j:t'x¿ h:t} M
s]/f, sfkL, snd, :ofp,
lstfa cflb j:t'x¿
b]vfP/ tnsf h:t} u/L
k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] M
lbPsf] 6f]s/Laf6
kmnk"mnx¿sf] ;d"x / n]Vg]
j:t'x¿sf] ;d"xdf s]s]
k5{g 5'6ofP/ eg .
@= gldNg] j:t'nfO{ ( 0 ) lrXg
nufpm M
s';L{, vf6, u'Gb|L .
Gff]6 M ljBfyL{ d"Nofªsg, lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk / oxfF plNnlvt gd'gf k|Zgx¿sf] cfwf/df sIff lzIf0fsf] cleGg cªusf] ¿kdf cjnDag ug{'kg]{5 . oxfF k|:t't
ul/Psf lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk / gd'gf k|Zgx¿ ;fdfGo kyk|b{zg (guide line) sf lglDt dfq x'g eGg] ;Demg'k5{ .

sIff M @
If]q l;sfOpknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo lj:t[tLs/0f
!= Hofldlt !=! ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L,
lqe'h, rt'e'{'h / j[Qsf]
cfsf/ lvRg .
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ M
— lqe'hsf] cfsf/ lvRg .
— rt'e'{'hsf] cfsf/ lvRg .
— j[Qsf] cfsf/ lvRg .
sIff sf]7fdf pknAw x'g] :yfgLo
;fdu|L -8:6/, sfkL, lstfa
cflb_ / cGo ;fdu|L lzIfsn]
cfk}mF lgdf{0f u/L, 5nkmn
u/L÷u/fO{ rt'e{'h, lqe'h /
j[Qsf] cfsf/ lvRg nufpg] .
!= cfˆgf] lstfasf] ;xfotfn]
rt'e'{'h lrq lvr]/ b]vfpm .
!%
!=@ ljleGg 7f];
j:t'x¿sf ;txx¿ /
HofldtLo cfsf/
5'6ofpg .
lbOPsf 7f]; j:t'sf
;txaf6 lqe'hfsf/,
rt'e{'hfsf/, j[Qfsf/sf]
j:t' lrGg / 5'6ofpg .
ljleGg 7f]; j:t'x¿ -lqe'h,
rt'e{'h / j[Qsf/sf ;txx¿
cjnf]sg u/fO{ 5nkmn
ug]{÷u/fpg]] / cfsf/x¿
5'6ofpg]÷ 5'6ofpg nufpg] .
@= ltd|f] sIffsf] sfnf]kf6Lsf]
cfsf/ s:tf] 5 <
!=# j[Q, lqe'h / rt'e{h'sf
lrqx¿ ;fwg k|of]u
gu/L xftn] lvRg .
;fwg k|of]u gu/L (free
hand) xftn] lvRg M
— j[Q
— lqe'h
— rt'e{'h
j[Q, lqe'h / rt'e'{'h lrqx¿sf
af/]df 5nkmn ug]{, lvRg
l;sfpg] / lvRg nufpg] .
#= tLgcf]6f lqe'hsf] lrq agfO{
b]vfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@=;ªVofsf]
1fg
@= ! b]lv !))) ;Dd uGtL
ug{, k9g, n]Vg,
-b]jgfu/L / lxGb'
c/]las, cªs /
cIf/df_ .
tLg cªs;Dd k9g, n]Vg,
uGtL ug{ / lrGg
-cªsdf_
tLg cªs;Dd k9g
-cªsdf_ .
tLg cªs;Dd k9g
-cIf/df_ .
tLg cªs;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿
cIf/df n]Vg .
;ªVof rf6{sf] k|of]uaf6 / j]; 6]g
Ans÷sf8{af6 !–!))) ;Ddsf
;ªVofx¿ 5nkmn u/fO{ uGtL ug{, k9g
/ lrGg nufpg] .
!))÷!)) sf] cGt/df ;ªVofx¿ k9g]
/ n]Vg] cEof; 5nkmnåf/f u/fpg] .
!–!))) ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿sf
aLraLrsf ;ªVofx¿ 5fgL n]Vg] cEof;
u/fpg] .
!–!))) ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿ cIf/df
n]lvPsf] rf6{ k|of]u u/L cIf/df k9g],
k9g nufpg] .
!–!))) ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿ cIf/df n]Vg]
cEof; ;fdfGoLs/0f u/fO{ 5nkmnaf6
l;sfpg] .
!= $%%, %^) / (^& dflysf
;ªVofx¿ k9 .
@= tLg;o k}tL;, rf/;o
a}o;77LnfO{ cªsdf n]v]/
b]vfpm .
#= #$@, &&& / *(! nfO{ cIf/df
n]v]/ b]vfpm .
$%
@=@ tLg cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofsf] :yfgdfg
eGg / tflnsfdf
/fVg .
tLg cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofx¿sf] :yfgdfg lrGg
/ eGg .
tLg cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVof–
x¿nfO{ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf
n]Vg .
Pjfs; tyf :yfgdfg ks]6
rf6{÷tflnsf k|of]u u/L s'g} klg tLg
cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf] :yfgdfg
5nkmn u/fO{ lrGg, eGg / tflnsfdf
n]Vg nufpg] .
$= ^&( df ^ sltsf] :yfgdf k5{ <
eg .
%= @%& nfO{ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf
b]vfpm .
@=#= tLg cªssf
;ªVofx¿nfO{ a9bf] /
36bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
-# cf]6f;Dd_
lbPsf tLg cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofx¿nfO{ a9bf] /
36bf] j|mddf n]Vg .
tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ljleGGf
;ªVofx¿nfO{ :yfgdfg tflnsfdf
/fv]/ b]vfO{ :yfgdfgdf 5nkmn u/fO{
a9bf] / 36bf] j|mddf n]Vg cEof;
u/fpg] .
^= ;ªVofx¿ %$$,&&&,@@#,
nfO{ a9bf] j|mddf n]v]/ b]vfpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
@=$= tLgcªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofsf hf]8f bfFHg
tyf >, < / =
lrxgsf] k|of]u
ug{ .
lbPsf tLg cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf] hf]8LnfO{
bfFHg .
– eGbf 7"nf]
– eGbf ;fgf]
– a/fa/
tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf ljleGg hf]8L
;ªVofx¿nfO{ :yfgdfgdf 5nkmn
u/fO{ 7"nf], ;fgf] / a/fa/ 5'6ofO{ bfFHg
nufpg] .
&= lgDg hf]8f ;ªVofx¿sf hf]8f
@#% / #%#,
&* / *!,
%# / @)) tyf
@@! / @@! dWo] …eGbf ;fgf],Ú
…eGbf 7"nf]Ú jf …a/fa/Ú s] 5g <
eg .
@=%= /f]dg ;ªVof k|0ffnLdf
I - XII ;Dd k9g /
n]Vg .
/f]dg ;ªVof k|0ffnLdf
I - XII ;Dd k9g .
/f]dg ;ªVof k|0ffnLdf
I - XII ;Dd n]Vg .
I - XII ;Dd n]lvPsf] rf6{ 38L b]vfO{
j|mdzM k9g / lrGg cEof; u/fpg] .
I - XII ;Ddsf /f]dg ;ªVofx¿nfO{
n]v]/ b]vfpg] / 5nkmn u/fO{ n]Vg]
cEof; u/fpg] .
*= !@ ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿nfO{ /f]dg
cªsdf eg .
(= ! b]lv !@ ;Ddsf ;ªVofx¿nfO{
/f]dg cªsdf n]v .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#=ul0ftsf
cfwf/e"t
lj|mofx¿
# -s_ hf]8
#=s != b'O{ cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVofx¿sf] hf]8
ug{ -xftnfuL
cfpg]_
-tLgcf]6f addend
;Dd_ .
#=s=@ tLg cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf]
-xftnfuL gcfpg]_
-tLgcf]6f addend
;Dd_ .
#=s #= ;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVof :yfgdfg tflnsf
k|of]u u/]/ cfk;df hf]8g .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf b'O{cf]6f
;ªVofx¿ cfk;df hf]8g .
– b;sf] :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg] .
– Pssf] :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg] .
– b'j} :yfgdf xftnfuL
cfpg] .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf b'O{
;ªVof cfk;df hf]8g] .
– zflAbs ;d:of xn ug{ .
– tLg cªs;Ddn] ag]sf
;ªVofx¿sf] -xftnfuL
gcfpg]_ hf]8 ug{ .
-tLgcf]6f addend ;Dd_
hf]8;DaGwL zflAbs ;d:of
xn ug{ . -pko{'St hf]8x¿
ubf{ a9Ldf tLgcf]6f lbg]_
hf]8 ubf{ j|md ljlgdo u'0f
k|of]u ug{ .
:yfgdfg tflnsf / Abacus sf]
k|of]uaf6 5nkmn / cEof; u/fO{
xftnfuL cfpg] hf]8 u/fpg] .
Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0faf6 -sIffsf]7fdf
s]6f / s]6L cflb_ 5nkmn u/fO{,
zflAbs ;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf
n]Vg nufO{ hf]8 lj|mof ug{ nufpg] .
j|md ljlgod u'0fsf] cEof; u/fpg]
h:t}M !@ + !^ = !^ + !@
! hf]8 u/ M
b; Ps
% &
# $
@= hf]8 u/ M
$ @ #
@ & ^
+@ ) )
#= Pp6f ¿vaf6 %) cf]6f cfFk / csf]{
¿vaf6 &% cf]6f cfFk l6k]/ NofOof]
eg] hDdf slt cfFk eP <
$= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] ;ªVofdf
/fv M
!@ + !% = !% + ...
$*

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -v_ 36fp #=v != tLg cªs;Ddn]
ag]sf ;ªVofx¿sf]
36fp -;fk6L
lng'kg]{_ ug{ .
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVofaf6
b'O{ cªsn] ag]sf ;ªVof
36fpg -Pssf] :yfgdf
;fk6L lng'kg]{_
tLg cªsn] ag]sf
;ªVofaf6 s'g} Ps :yfgdf
;fk6L lng'kg]{ 36fp ug{ .
Ps :yfg cufl8af6 ! ;fk6L lnFbf
To;sf] dfg !) x'g] x'Fbf h'gaf6
36fpg'kg]{ xf] To;df !) hf]8L cfPsf]
of]uaf6 36fpg'kg]{ ;ªVof 36fpg] s'/f
5nkmn tyf cEof;af6 ug{ nufpg] .
36fp u/ M
!= & %
– @ &
#=v=@= 36fp;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
xn ug{ .
36fp;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofnfO{ xn
ug{ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿
lbO{ xn ug{ nufpg] . h:t} M Pp6f
afs;df %) cf]6f ;'GtnfdWo] @& cf]6f
vfP/ ;lsof] eg] ca slt afFsL
xf]nf <
afs;df ePsf ;'Gtnf %)
vfO;s]sf] –@&
afFsL @#
@= sIff @ sf #& hgf ljBfyL{dWo]
@* hgf aflx/ uP eg] ca
sIffdf slt hgf afFsL /x]5g <
#=v=# hf]8 / 36fpsf]
;DaGw atfpg .
-Pscsf{df ljk/Lt
lj|mof x'g eGg]
wf/0ff_
hf]8 / 36fpsf] ;DaGwsf]
hfgsf/L -hf]8 / 36fp
Pscsf{df ljk/Lt lj|mof x'g
eGg] wf/0ff_
!@ – & = %
& + % = !@
h:tf pbfx/0faf6 / sIff sf]7fsf]
kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;d:ofx¿ agfO{
5nkmn u/fO{ cEof; u/fpg] .
#= @% – !! = !$
!! + !$ = @%
dflysf] pbfx/0fdf hf]8 /
36fpsf] s:tf] ;DaGw 5 <

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -u_ u'0fg #=u=!= @ b]lv !)
;Ddsf] kxf8f
agfpg /
atfpg .
#=u=@= u'0fg k|of]u ePsf]
cj:yfnfO{
ul0ftLo jfSodf
n]Vg .
! b]lv !) ;Ddsf] kxf8f
-bf]xf]l/Psf] hf]8sf] wf/0ffaf6_
agfpg .
'x' lrxgsf] k|of]u ug{ .
u'0fg k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfnfO{
-'x' lrxg k|of]u u/L_ ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg .
lrq tflnsf tyf bf]xf]l/Psf] hf]8sf]
wf/0ffaf6 @–!) ;Ddsf kxf8f agfpg
nufpg] / s07 ug{ nufpg] .
tnsf] h:tf] pbfx/0faf6 'x' lrxgsf]
wf/0ff lbg] .
tLg k6s # ⇒ hDdf (
# × # = (
!= % sf] kxf8f lgdf{0f u/ / eg .
@= lx;fa u/ (
× )
#=u=#= b'O{ cªssf]
;ªVofnfO{ Ps
cªssf] ;ªVofn]
u'0fg ug]{ -xft
nfuL gcfpg]
dfq_
#=u $= u'0fg;DaGwL ;/n
Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
Ps cªssf] ;ªVofnfO{ Ps
cªssf] ;ªVofn] u'0fg ug{ .
Ps cªssf] ;ªVofnfO{ '0' n]
u'0fg ug]{ .
b'O{ cªssf] ;ªVofnfO{ Ps
cªssf] ;ªVofn] u'0fg
-kxf8f k|of]u u/L_ ug{ .
u'0fg;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s
;d:ofnfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf
n]Vg / u'0fgkmn lgsfNg .
vfnL ;d"x hlt k6s bf]xf]l/P klg
vfnL g} x'g] pbfx/0faf6 '0' sf] u'0ffsf]
wf/0ff lbg] .
rf/cf]6f ;'Gtnfsf] ;d"x kf“r k6s
y}nLdf /fVbf sltcf]6f ;'Gtnf x'G5g <
o;nfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf lgsfn h:tf
pbfx/0fnfO{ 5nkmn u/fO{ ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg nufpg] . kxf8f k|of]u
u/L u'0fgkmn lgsfNg nufpg] .
#= kfFr & k6s slt x'G5 <
o;nfO{ ul0ftLo jfSodf n]v /
lx;fa u/ .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
#= -3_ efu #=3=!= efunfO{
bf]xf]l/Psf]
36fpsf] ¿kdf
JoSt ug{ .
#=3=@= lbPsf
j:t'x¿nfO{
;d"xdf aFf8L
efusf] cy{
atfpg /
ul0ftLo jfSodf
n]Vg .
#=3=#= b'O{ cªs;Ddsf]
;ªVofnfO{ Ps
cªssf] ;ªVofn]
efu ug{ /
hfFRg . -lgz]if
efu hfg]_
efunfO{ bf]xf]l/Psf] 36fpsf
¿kdf JoSt ug{
lbPsf j:t'x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf
aFf8L efusf] cy{ atfpg efu
lrxg ÷ sf] k|of]u ug{ .
efu ug]{ tl/sf M
– Ps cªsn] b'O{ cªs
;Ddsf] ;ªVofnfO{{ efu ug{
-lgz]if efu hfg] _
– efu;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{
ul0ftLo jfSodf n]Vg .
lrq tflnsf / Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofaf6
k|fKt wf/0ffsf cfwf/df efunfO{
36fpsf] bf]xf]l/Psf] ¿kdf JoSt ug{
cEof; u/fpg] .
5nkmn, cEof; / Jofjxfl/s
pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df pxL u'0f ePsf
s]xL j:t'x¿nfO{ a/fa/ x'g] u/L
;d"xx¿ agfpg nufpg], k|To]s
;d"xdf k/]sf j:t'x¿df 5nkmn
u/fpg] .
ul0ftLo jfSodf -÷_ efu lrxg k|of]u
u/L n]Vg nufpg] / 5nkmnaf6 lx;fa
ug]{ tl/sfsf] k"j{1fgnfO{ pkof]u ub}{
tl/sfa4 efu ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
efhs, efHo / efukmnaLrsf]
;DaGwnfO{ 5nkmn cEof;af6 hfFRg
nufpg] .
!= !* cf]6f ;'Gtnf tLghgfnfO{
a/fa/ x'gu/L afF8bf k|To]sn]
sltcf]6f kfpnf < ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]vL lx;fa u/ .
@= %% cf]6f u'RrfnfO{ a/fa/
;ªVofdf efu nufpm / k|To]s
sltcf]6f x'G5g .
#= efu u/ / hfFr . ^% ÷ %

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$=;do, d'b|f
/ gfktf}n
$=-s_ ;do
$=s=!= 38L x]/L !%–!%
ldg]6sf] km/sdf
;do atfpg .
$=s @= 306f / lbg, lbg
/ xKtf, lbg /
dlxgf, dlxgf /
jif{sf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
$=s #= Sofn]G8/ x]/L
dlxgf, ut] / af/
k9g / n]Vg .
38L x]/L !%–!% ldg]6sf]
km/sdf ;do atfpg .
306f / lbgsf] ;DaGw atfpg .
xKtf / lbgsf] ;DaGw atfpg .
lbg / dlxgfsf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
dlxgf / jif{sf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
dlxgf, ut] / af/ k9g
tf]lsPsf] lbgsf] dlxgf, ut] /
af/ atfpg / n]Vg .
306f ;'O{ / ldg]6 ;'O{ ePsf] 38L lnP/ !%–
!% ldg]6sf] km/sdf /fvL 5nkmn u/L÷u/fO{
;do atfpg cEof; u/fpg] .
@$ 306fsf] Ps lbg x'G5 eGg] cfwf/
lnO{ 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6 @ lbg, # lbg
OToflbdf slt 306f x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf]
lgisif{ lgsfNg nufpg] .
xKtfdf & lbg x'G5 eGg] cfwf/ lnO{
5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6 @ xKtf, # xKtf
OToflbdf slt lbg x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf]
dlxgfdf ;fwf/0ft #) lbg x''G5 eGg]
tYosf cfwf/df @ dlxgf, # dlxgf
OToflbdf slt lbg x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf]
jif{df !@ dlxgf x''G5 eGg] tYosf
cfwf/df @ jif{, # jif{ OToflbdf slt
dlxgf, x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] lgisif{
lgsfNg nufpg] .
Sofn]G8/ b]vfO{ 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6
dlxgf ut] / af/ k9g, atfpg / n]Vg
nufpg] .
Sofn]G8/ k|of]u u/L 5nkmnsf
cfwf/df dlxgf, af/ / ut] dfq
hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
!= 38L x]/L ;do n]v]/ b]vfpg
nufO{ d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
@= Ps lbgdf slt 306f x'G5 <
n]v .
#= Ps xKtfdf slt lbg x'G5 <
n]v .
$= Ps dlxgfdf ;wf/0ftof slt
lbg x'G5 < n]v .
%= Ps jif{df slt dlxgf x'G5 <
n]v .
^= ltd|f] ljBfnosf] Sofn]G8/ x]/L
cfhsf] ut] / af/ eg .
&= dflysf] Sofn]G8/ x]/L hjfkm
n]v .
-s_ efb| !% ut] s'g af/ kb{5 <
n]v .
-v_ efb| dlxgfdf s'gs'g ut]df
cfOtaf/ kb{5g < n]v .
#!

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$= -v_ d'b|f $=v != ?=!))) ;Ddsf
gf]6x¿ lrg]/
5'6ofpg .
$=v=@= ?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf
¿kfGt/0f ug{ .
$=v #= ¿kfGt/0f ug{
gkg]{ ?lkofF /
k};fsf] hf]8 tyf
36fp ug{ .
$=v$ hf]8 tyf
36fp;DaGwL
;/n Jofjxfl/s
;d:of xn ug{ .
¿=!))) ;Ddsf gf]6x¿
lrGg .
?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf ¿kfGt/0f
ug{ .
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ ?lkofF /
k};fsf] hf]8 ug{ .
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ ?lkofF /
k};fsf] 36fp ug{ .
¿kfGt/0f ug{ gkg]{ ?lkofFF /
k};fsf] hf]8 / 36fp;DaGwL
;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ xn
ug{ .
gf]6 jf gf]6sf lrqx¿ k|bz{g u/fO{
5nkmnaf6 lrqx¿ lrgfpg] /
5'6ofpg nufpg] .
! a/fa/ !)) k};f x'G5 eGg] tYosf
cfwf/df 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/af6
?lkofFnfO{ k};fdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{
nufpg] .
5nkmn / ;d:of ;dfwfgaf6 hf]8 /
36fp ug{ cEof; u/fpg] .
;/n Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf] 5nkmn,
k|Zgf]Q/ / ;d:of ;dfwfgaf6 ul0ftLo
jfSodf n]Vg nufO{ xn ug{ nufpg] .
!= ?= ^ a/fa/ slt k};f x'G5 <
n]v .
@= k};fdf ¿kfGt/0f u/ M
-s_ ?=! -v_ ?=@ -u_ ?=%
-3_ ?=!) -ª_ ?=@)
-r_ ?=@% -5_ ?=%)
-h_ ?=!)) -em_ ?=@%)
-`_ ?=%)) -6_ ?=!)))
!= hf]8 u/ M
?lkofF k};f
@% @%
+ ^% @%
@= 36fp u/ M
?= k}=
^^ %)
– @% @)
#= /fdnfO{ a'afn] ?= ^ k};f @% /
cfdfn] ?=@ k};f %) lbP5g eg]
p;“u hDdf slt eof] < n]v .
$= ;Ltf;Fu ?= !@% k};f &% 5,
pgLn] lstfa / sfkL lsGbf ?=
!)% k};f %) vr{ ul/g . ca
pgL;“u slt afFsL eof] xf]nf <
n]v .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
$=-u_ b"/L $=u=! ;]lG6ld6/ /
ld6/sf] ;DaGw
atfpg .
$=u=@ lbOPsf j:t'sf]
gfk ;]lG6ld6/df
kQf nufpg .
-;fdfGo dfq_
lbOPsf j:t'sf] gfk ;]lG6ld6/df kQf
nufpg .
ld6/df lbOPsf j:t'sf] gfk kQf
nufpg .
;]lG6ld6/ / ld6/sf] ;DaGw atfpg .
?n/sf] ;xfotfn] lbOPsf] j:t'sf] gfk
kQf nufpg
ul0ft k':tssf] nDafO ;]lG6ld6/df
gflklbg] / 5nkmn u/L c¿ k':tsx¿sf]
nDafO gfKg nufpg] .
sIffsf]7fsf] nDafO ld6/df gflklbg] /
5nkmn u/L c¿ sf]7fx¿sf] nDafO
gfKg nufpg] .
!= ltdL;Fu ePsf] k]lG;nsf] nDafO slt
5 < ;]lG6ld6/df n]v .
@= ltdLn] v]Ng] rf}/sf] nDafO slt 5 <
gfKg] lkmQf k|of]u u/L ld6/df n]v .
$=-3_ If]qkmn $=3 != If]qkmnsf] t'ngf
ug{
If]qkmnsf] wf/0ff lbg .
ljleGg cfsf/sf / ;dtnLo ;tx
ePsf j:t'x¿sf ;txsf] If]qkmn
t'ngf ug{ . (Inpection Method
af6_
7f]; j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/L 5nkmn /
k|Zgf]Q/af6 ;txsf] If]qkmnsf] wf/0ff
lbg] .
k"j{1fgsf cfwf/df b'O{ km/s km/s
j:t'x¿sf ;tx b]vfO{ 5nkmnaf6 a9L
/ 36L If]qkmn 5'6ofpg nufO{
If]qkmnsf] t'ngf ug{ nufpg] .
!= ltd|f] sIffsf]7fsf] sfnf]kf6L / a]Grsf]
If]qkmnsf] t'ngf u/ .
@= s'gs'g If]qkmn a9L / s'g s'g If]qkmn
36L 5 < n]v .
$=-ª_ Ifdtf $=ª=! !)) ldlnln6/,
@)) ldlnln6/,
%)) ldlnln6/ /
! ln6/ -!)))
ldlnln6/_ sf
k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿
lrg]/ 5'6ofpg .
lbOPsf gfKg] efF8fx¿dWo] !))
ld=ln=, @)) ld=ln=, %)) ld=ln=/ !
ln=sf k|fdfl0fs efF8fx¿
– lrGg .
– 5'6ofpg .
– pSt efF8fx¿aLr t'ngf u/L
bfFHg .
km/s km/s gfk ePsf k|fdfl0fs
efF8fx¿ b]vfO{ 5nkmn / k"j{1fgsf
cfwf/df Ifdtf lrGg, 5'6ofpg / t'ngf
u/L bfFHg nufpg] .
!= tnsf Ifdtf ePsf efF8fx¿
lrg÷5'6ofpm M
-s_ !))ld=ln -v_ %)) ld=ln
$=-r_ tf}n $=5 != !)) u|fd, @))
u|fd / !))) u|fd
-! ls=u|f=_ sf
9sx¿ lrg]/
5'6ofpg .
!)) u|fd, @))u|f= %)) u|f= / !)))
u|f= -! ls=u|f_ sf 9sx¿
– lrGg .
– 5'6ofpg .
– aLr t'ngf ug{ .
ljleGg gfksf 9sx¿ b]vfO{÷ k|of]u u/L
ltgLx¿nfO{ lrGg / cfk;df 5'6ofpg
nufpg] .
k|of]uåf/f ltgLx¿aLr t'ngf ug{
nufpg] .
!= tnsftf}nsf9sx¿lrg]/5'6ofpmM
-s_ !))) u|f= -v_ %)) u|f=
-u_ @)) u|f -3_ !)) u|f=
lbOPsf 9sx¿df ;aeGbf a9L / 36L
u|fdsf s'gs'g x'g 5'6ofpm .

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
%=leGg,
bzdnj,
k|ltzt,
P]lss lgod
/ Jofh
%=-s_ leGg
%=s=! ,@
! ,$
!
$
# ,
#
!,/
#
@ nfO{ 5fof
k/]sf lrqx¿df
5'6ofpg tyf
To:t} lrqdf
,@
! ,$
!
$
# ,
#
!,
#
@ /
)!
! nfO{
5fof kf/]/
b]vfpg .
%=s @= 5fof kf/]sf
lrqnfO{ -cfwf,
rf}yfO, tLg rf}yfO,
Ps ltxfO / b'O{
ltxfO_ ul0ftLo
efiffdf n]Vg .
cfwf / rf}yfOdf 5fof kfl/Psf lrqx¿nfO{
ul0ftLo efiff - @
! /
$
! _, df n]Vg .
rf/ a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿af6 Ps
rf}yfO -
$
! _, cfwf -b'O{ rf}yfO =
$
@ _ / tLg
rf}yfO -
$
# _ sf] wf/0ff, rf/ a/fa/ efux¿df
afFl8Psf lrqx¿df 5fof kfl/Psf] cfwf/df
$
! ,
$
@ ,
@
! /
$
# 5'6ofP/ ul0ftLo efiffdf
n]Vg .
tLg a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿af6 Ps
ltxfO -
#
!_ / b'O{ ltxfO -
#
@ _ sf] wf/0ff lbg .
tLg a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿df 5fof
kf/]sf cfwf/df
#
! /
#
@ 5'6ofP/ ul0ftLo efiffdf n]Vg .
b; a/fa/ efudf afFl8Psf lrqx¿df 5fof
kf/]sf cfwf/df
)!
! n]Vg .
,@
!
#
!, ,$
!
#
!,
#
@ , /
)!
! hgfpg]
lrqx¿nfO{ leGgdf n]Vg .
;d"xaf6 leGgsf] wf/0ff lbg .
HofldtLo lrqnfO{ a/fa/ rf/ efudf
afF8]/ 5nkmn u/L
$
! ,
$
@ /
$
# oL
efux¿ lrgfpg] / lrGg nufpg] .
HofldtLo lrqnfO{ a/fa/ tLg efudf
afF8]/ 5nkmn u/L
#
! /
#
@ efux¿
lrgfpg] / lrGg nufpg] .
HofldtLo lrqnfO{ a/fa/ b; efudf
afF8L b; efusf] Ps efudf /ª nufO{
5nkmn u/L
)!
! efu lrgfpg] efu
nufpg / lrGg nufpg] .
lrq lbP/ To;af6 dfly lbOPsf] leGg
- @
! ,
$
! ,
#
!,
$
# ,
#
@ ,
)!
! _ agfpg
nufO{ 5nkmn u/L /ª eg{ nufpg] .
!= ljleGg lrqx¿ b]vfP/ 5fof
kf/L 5fof k/]sf] / 5fof
gk/]sf efux¿;DaGwL ;f]w]/
d"Nofªsg ug]{ .
@= cfwf, Ps rf}yfO, Ps ltxfO,
b'O{ ltxfO, tLg rf}yfO, Ps
b;f+znfO{ ul0ftLo efiffdf
n]v]/ b]vfpm .
@%

p2]Zo
lj:t[tLs/0f
^= tYofªs ^=! af/u|fkm, k9g /
;"rgf lng / lbg
-;fwf/0f dfq_ .
;fwf/0f af/u|fkm k9]/
– cfjZos ;"rgf
lng .
– cfjZos ;"rgf lbg .
j:t', lrq tyf Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df
5nkmn / k|bz{gaf6 ;fwf/0f af/u|fkm k9g
cEof; u/fpg] .
k"j{1fgsf cfwf/df 5nkmn / k|bz{gåf/f ;"rgf
lng cEof; u/fpg] .
af/u|fkmsf ;fwf/0f lrqx¿ ;ªsng u/L÷u/fO{
5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ / k|bz{gsf cfwf/df ;"rgf lng
/ lbg cEof; u/fpg] .
af/u|fkm agfP/ jf ag]sf] b]vfP/
tnh:t} u/L k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
!= sf];Fu w]/} k]lG;nx¿ 5g <
@= sf];Fu ;a}eGbf yf]/}
k]lG;nx¿ 5g <
#= tLg} hgf;Fu u/L sltcf]6f
k]lG;n 5g <
!)
&= ;d"x
(Sets)
&=! ;dfg u'0fsf]
cfwf/df j:t'x¿
5'6ofpg .
&=@ lbOPsf j:t'af6
gldNg] kQf
nufpg] .
;dfg u'0fsf] cfwf/df
j:t'x¿ 5'6ofpg .
lbOPsf] ;fwf/0f
u'0fcg';f/sf ;b:ox¿
eGg .
lbOPsf j:t'af6 gldNg]
kQf nufpg] .
w]/} j:t'x¿ ePsf] 6f]s/L jf lrqx¿sf] rf6{
b]vfpFb} s'g} Pp6f u'0fsf] 5nkmn u/fpg] / ;f]
u'0f;Fu ldNg] ;b:ox¿ 5fGg nufO{ cEof;
u/fpg] .
s'g} Pp6f u'0fsf] cfwf/df ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf]
gfd eGg cEof; u/fpg] .
lbPsf] ;d"xdf s'g} Pp6f gldNg] u'0f ePsf] ;b:o
lbP/ To;nfO{ 5fg]/ eGg / n]Vg nufpg] .
!= s]6f / s]6Lsf] gfd s'gs'g x'g,
5'6ofO{ b'O{ ;d"x agfpm M
/Ltf, Zofd, x/L, uLtf,
/fd,;l/tf, sdn
@= ltd|f] 3/sf] efG;f sf]7fdf
k|of]u x'g] ;fdfg s]s] x'g
eg .
#= gldNg] lrq 5fg / b]vfpm .
*
*= aLhul0ft *=! cjnf]sg ljlw
(Inspection
Method) af6 xn
x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t
(Box Notation)
sf hf]8 lj|mof
;dfj]z ePsf
;d:of xn ug{ .
cjnf]sg ljlw
(Inspection Method)
af6 xn x'g] sf]7f ;ªs]t
(Box Notation) sf
hf]8lj|mof ;dfj]z ePsf
;d:of xn ug{ .
7f]; j:t'x¿sf] k|of]uåf/f hf]8 lj|mof ;dfj]z
ePsf ;d:ofx¿ 5nkmn ug]{ M h:t} sltcf]6f
snddf tLgcf]6f snd yKbf kfFrcf]6f x'G5
xf]nf <
;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos ;ªVof lgsfNg
Box sf] k|of]u u/fpg] .
dflysf] pbfx/0fdf + 3 = 5 x'G5 .
– s] vfnL 7fpFdf 1 /fVbf hf]8kmn 5 x'G5 <
– s] vfnL 7fpFdf 2 /fVbf hf]8kmn 5 x'G5 < cflbaf/]
5nkmn ug]{ .
!= vfnL 7fpFdf s'g cªs /fVbf
pQ/ ldN5 <
-s_ 4 + = 10
-v_ + 6 = 15
!)

Curri 1-3

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Curri 1-3