The sustainable livelihoods approach improves understanding of the livelihoods of the poor. It organizes the factors that constrain or enhance livelihood opportunities, and shows how they relate. It can help plan development activities and assess the contribution that existing activities have made to sustaining livelihoods.
Livelihood is defined as the activities people perform to meet their basic needs like food, water, shelter, and clothing. This can be done individually or collectively using human and material resources.
Natural resource management deals with how people and landscapes interact. It aims to ensure the sustainability of key industries like agriculture, mining, and forestry by recognizing that human livelihoods depend on healthy environments.
Community-based natural resource management combines conservation with economic benefits for local communities. It acknowledges that indigenous groups are well-placed to conserve resources if the benefits of conservation outweigh the costs and if resources are directly linked to quality of life.
This document outlines concepts and strategies related to rural livelihoods and diversification. It discusses:
1) Key concepts like sustainable livelihoods, which allow people to cope with stresses and maintain assets, and rural livelihood diversification, which involves households constructing diverse income activities.
2) The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach framework for understanding poverty, which is people-centered, holistic, dynamic, builds on strengths, and promotes sustainability.
3) Rural livelihood strategies like savings, social networks, and diversifying income sources from both farm and non-farm activities in response to changing circumstances.
This document provides an introduction to the sustainable livelihoods framework. It describes the framework as a tool to improve understanding of livelihoods, particularly those of poor people. The framework presents the main factors affecting livelihoods and their relationships. It can be used to plan development activities and assess how existing activities contribute to livelihood sustainability. The framework focuses on people and emphasizes the multiple interactions between factors influencing livelihoods. It does not present a linear model but aims to facilitate structured debate about livelihood issues.
This document discusses integrated rural development models in Nepal. It provides background on integrated rural development, highlighting that it is a multisectoral approach that promotes the overall development of rural communities through optimal utilization of local resources. It then outlines 11 integrated rural development projects implemented in Nepal between 1974-present, their objectives, approaches used. Key approaches discussed include the Tuki system, field assistants, integrated village development, and irrigation systems. The document also notes both positive impacts on infrastructure/production, but also implementation challenges around funding delays, staffing, and coordination.
The document discusses Right Livelihood Award winners from India between 1986 and 2008 who have done work related to social and environmental causes. It provides details on the monetary award shared by winners which is meant to support their ongoing work, not for personal use. It also notes that the Right Livelihood Award has been called the 'Alternative Nobel Prize' and is presented annually in Stockholm to recognize individuals and groups for their efforts.
The sustainable livelihoods approach improves understanding of the livelihoods of the poor. It organizes the factors that constrain or enhance livelihood opportunities, and shows how they relate. It can help plan development activities and assess the contribution that existing activities have made to sustaining livelihoods.
Livelihood is defined as the activities people perform to meet their basic needs like food, water, shelter, and clothing. This can be done individually or collectively using human and material resources.
Natural resource management deals with how people and landscapes interact. It aims to ensure the sustainability of key industries like agriculture, mining, and forestry by recognizing that human livelihoods depend on healthy environments.
Community-based natural resource management combines conservation with economic benefits for local communities. It acknowledges that indigenous groups are well-placed to conserve resources if the benefits of conservation outweigh the costs and if resources are directly linked to quality of life.
This document outlines concepts and strategies related to rural livelihoods and diversification. It discusses:
1) Key concepts like sustainable livelihoods, which allow people to cope with stresses and maintain assets, and rural livelihood diversification, which involves households constructing diverse income activities.
2) The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach framework for understanding poverty, which is people-centered, holistic, dynamic, builds on strengths, and promotes sustainability.
3) Rural livelihood strategies like savings, social networks, and diversifying income sources from both farm and non-farm activities in response to changing circumstances.
This document provides an introduction to the sustainable livelihoods framework. It describes the framework as a tool to improve understanding of livelihoods, particularly those of poor people. The framework presents the main factors affecting livelihoods and their relationships. It can be used to plan development activities and assess how existing activities contribute to livelihood sustainability. The framework focuses on people and emphasizes the multiple interactions between factors influencing livelihoods. It does not present a linear model but aims to facilitate structured debate about livelihood issues.
This document discusses integrated rural development models in Nepal. It provides background on integrated rural development, highlighting that it is a multisectoral approach that promotes the overall development of rural communities through optimal utilization of local resources. It then outlines 11 integrated rural development projects implemented in Nepal between 1974-present, their objectives, approaches used. Key approaches discussed include the Tuki system, field assistants, integrated village development, and irrigation systems. The document also notes both positive impacts on infrastructure/production, but also implementation challenges around funding delays, staffing, and coordination.
The document discusses Right Livelihood Award winners from India between 1986 and 2008 who have done work related to social and environmental causes. It provides details on the monetary award shared by winners which is meant to support their ongoing work, not for personal use. It also notes that the Right Livelihood Award has been called the 'Alternative Nobel Prize' and is presented annually in Stockholm to recognize individuals and groups for their efforts.
This document discusses rural development, defining it as a process aimed at improving the well-being and livelihoods of rural communities. It notes several key aspects of rural development including poverty reduction, basic infrastructure and services, employment generation, and transitioning rural communities from traditional to progressive ways of living. The document also outlines various approaches, objectives, policies, components, and strategies for rural development in India with a focus on economic, social, and human capital development.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
The document discusses rural development in India. It outlines how the concept of rural development has changed over time, from a focus on agriculture to a more holistic approach addressing quality of life. Some key challenges include high rural poverty rates, especially among scheduled castes and tribes. The document then discusses various government programs and approaches over the decades to promote rural development, community development, empowering local governments, and more recent programs focusing on employment, infrastructure, housing, and social services.
The World Bank has shifted its focus on rural development from mainly lending for agriculture to working in all major development areas and providing financial and technical assistance. It is owned by five institutions working together for sustainable solutions and to reduce poverty and build shared prosperity. In the Philippines, the World Bank has funded 338 rural development projects, with 27 currently active. Community organizations and integrated rural development approaches have been used, with the latter defined as both a strategy and program and taking various forms like being target-oriented or community-centered. Cooperative development has also been a key approach, with the first rural credit cooperative established in 1916 and marketing cooperatives and the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration later playing roles in rural financing and groupings of
The document defines rural livelihood as the activities, assets, and access that jointly determine how individuals and households obtain basic necessities like food, water, shelter and clothing. It notes that Ellis (1998) provided a definition of livelihood as the activities and assets that determine a person's means of making a living. The document also mentions that the rural livelihood diversification framework is discussed, and it provides references on the topic of rural livelihoods and diversification.
This document discusses the livelihoods framework for understanding how households derive their livelihoods. It explains that a livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required for a means of living. The livelihoods framework views livelihoods holistically, considering economic development, reduced vulnerability, and environmental sustainability. The framework examines the vulnerability context, livelihood assets, policies/institutions/processes, livelihood strategies, and outcomes that shape household livelihoods. The document also discusses how the framework can be applied through direct asset support and improving structures and processes that influence livelihood options for the poor.
The document discusses the concept of livelihoods and provides definitions. A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required to make a living. Livelihoods are sustainable when they can cope with stress and shocks, maintain assets without damaging resources. The framework analyzes livelihoods through five capital assets - financial, natural, physical, social, and human. Livelihood strategies utilize these assets to produce livelihood outcomes within the context of vulnerabilities. The sustainable livelihood approach is people-centered and considers multiple strategies across sectors to build on strengths and opportunities through evidence-based policies.
An introduction to the sustainable livelihoods frameworkafrica-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne at the Training of Trainers workshop on the use of Livelihoods Characterization/Benchmarking Tool (SLATE), Jeldu, Ethiopia, 1-5 April 2013
This document provides an overview of participatory rural appraisal (PRA). PRA is a bottom-up approach that involves local communities in the analysis of their situation. It uses flexible and visual tools like mapping, modeling, diagrams and rankings to facilitate discussion. The key principles of PRA are participation, flexibility, optimal ignorance and triangulation of data. Some techniques include semi-structured interviews, participatory mapping, seasonal calendars and wealth rankings. PRA aims to ensure projects address local priorities by learning from rural people's own analysis of problems and solutions.
1) Livelihoods and food security are threatened by climate change as it can undermine people's capabilities, assets, and activities required for living as well as disrupt food availability, access, and use.
2) Sustainable livelihoods focus on building on existing community and individual assets of the poor rather than just meeting needs.
3) Food security exists when people have reliable physical and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live healthy lives.
This document discusses definitions and objectives of rural development. It defines rural development as a process leading to sustainable improvement in the quality of life of rural people, especially the poor. The main objectives of rural development programs are improving living standards by utilizing natural and human resources, developing agriculture and industries, and building socio-economic infrastructure and community services. Key aspects of rural development include increasing production, providing social and physical infrastructure, and ensuring people's participation.
The document discusses concepts related to sustainable rural livelihoods. It defines rural development and livelihoods, and identifies key elements of livelihoods including the creation of working days, poverty reduction, and sustainability of the natural resource base. The document also examines determinants of livelihood strategies and outlines some of the challenges facing rural development, including rural poverty, limited access to employment, and effects of climate change. It concludes by calling for a redefinition of rural development policy to address poverty, inequality, and sustainable use of rural resources.
We’re getting serious about poverty
What we have done in the past has not been too successful: a search for something more effective
Initially: “direct impact on the poor”
Later: a more analytical understanding
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a set of approaches and methods that allow local communities to share and enhance their knowledge about life and conditions in order to plan and take action. The key principles of PRA include respecting local knowledge, involving disadvantaged groups, collecting only necessary data, visualizing information for communities, and ensuring analysis is done in the field with communities. PRA uses various tools like interviews, group discussions, seasonal calendars, flow diagrams, timelines, wealth rankings, maps, observations, Venn diagrams and matrices to involve communities in understanding issues.
rapid rural appraisal and participatory rural appraisalpooja garg
Rapid Rural Appraisal consists of a series of techniques for "quick and dirty" research that are claimed to generate results of less apparent precision, but greater evidential value, than classic quantitative survey techniques
A growing combination of approaches and methods that enable rural people to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and act and to monitor and evaluate.
The document summarizes the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), a self-employment program launched by the Government of India. The key points are:
1) SGSY aims to bring families living below the poverty line above it by providing income-generating assets through bank credit and government subsidies.
2) It focuses on a group approach and forming self-help groups, as well as identifying clusters of economic activities.
3) Implementation involves organizing the rural poor into self-help groups, providing training and assets, and linking groups to credit and marketing support.
This Presentation was given by the student of BS Sociology UMT, Lahore to Mr.Wasif Ali Waseer Lecturer Sociology at UMT, Lahore in the class of Rural Sociology
This document discusses needs assessments and participatory approaches such as participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA). It defines a needs assessment as a systematic process of gathering information to improve human conditions. Key aspects of needs assessments include identifying normative, perceived, expressed, and relative needs. PRA and RRA are participatory approaches that emerged in the 1970s/80s to gather local knowledge and assess rural conditions through flexible techniques like mapping, interviews, and discussions with local communities.
This document discusses various participatory approaches used in extension work including rapid rural appraisal (RRA), participatory rural appraisal (PRA), participatory learning and action (PLA), participatory action research (PAR), participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation (PAME), and farmer system research (FSR). It provides an overview of the concepts, origins, principles, tools, and uses of each approach. The goal is to actively involve rural communities in analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation of development programs through collaborative and democratic methods.
The document discusses concepts related to rural livelihoods including definitions of livelihood, reasons for promoting livelihoods, and livelihood strategies. It defines livelihood as a set of activities to generate resources for meeting household needs. Key reasons for promoting livelihoods are ensuring rights, opportunities, income and stability. Common livelihood strategies discussed are agricultural intensification/extensification, livelihood diversification, and migration. Livelihood assets that support various strategies are also outlined, including human, social, natural, physical, and financial capital.
Agnes Quisumbing, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, and Jemimah Njuki
POLICY SEMINAR
Gender Equality in Rural Africa: From Commitments to Outcomes
Co-Organized by the Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) and IFPRI
DEC 12, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EST
The document discusses gender equality in rural Africa and achieving commitments outlined in the Malabo Declaration. It notes that while many African countries have committed to supporting women's participation in agriculture and business, gender barriers like unequal access to resources and social norms continue to limit growth. The framework presented highlights how addressing gaps in areas like assets, livelihoods strategies, and control over income can boost outcomes across sectors by empowering women and achieving more equitable distributions of work and rewards.
This document discusses rural development, defining it as a process aimed at improving the well-being and livelihoods of rural communities. It notes several key aspects of rural development including poverty reduction, basic infrastructure and services, employment generation, and transitioning rural communities from traditional to progressive ways of living. The document also outlines various approaches, objectives, policies, components, and strategies for rural development in India with a focus on economic, social, and human capital development.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
The document discusses rural development in India. It outlines how the concept of rural development has changed over time, from a focus on agriculture to a more holistic approach addressing quality of life. Some key challenges include high rural poverty rates, especially among scheduled castes and tribes. The document then discusses various government programs and approaches over the decades to promote rural development, community development, empowering local governments, and more recent programs focusing on employment, infrastructure, housing, and social services.
The World Bank has shifted its focus on rural development from mainly lending for agriculture to working in all major development areas and providing financial and technical assistance. It is owned by five institutions working together for sustainable solutions and to reduce poverty and build shared prosperity. In the Philippines, the World Bank has funded 338 rural development projects, with 27 currently active. Community organizations and integrated rural development approaches have been used, with the latter defined as both a strategy and program and taking various forms like being target-oriented or community-centered. Cooperative development has also been a key approach, with the first rural credit cooperative established in 1916 and marketing cooperatives and the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration later playing roles in rural financing and groupings of
The document defines rural livelihood as the activities, assets, and access that jointly determine how individuals and households obtain basic necessities like food, water, shelter and clothing. It notes that Ellis (1998) provided a definition of livelihood as the activities and assets that determine a person's means of making a living. The document also mentions that the rural livelihood diversification framework is discussed, and it provides references on the topic of rural livelihoods and diversification.
This document discusses the livelihoods framework for understanding how households derive their livelihoods. It explains that a livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required for a means of living. The livelihoods framework views livelihoods holistically, considering economic development, reduced vulnerability, and environmental sustainability. The framework examines the vulnerability context, livelihood assets, policies/institutions/processes, livelihood strategies, and outcomes that shape household livelihoods. The document also discusses how the framework can be applied through direct asset support and improving structures and processes that influence livelihood options for the poor.
The document discusses the concept of livelihoods and provides definitions. A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required to make a living. Livelihoods are sustainable when they can cope with stress and shocks, maintain assets without damaging resources. The framework analyzes livelihoods through five capital assets - financial, natural, physical, social, and human. Livelihood strategies utilize these assets to produce livelihood outcomes within the context of vulnerabilities. The sustainable livelihood approach is people-centered and considers multiple strategies across sectors to build on strengths and opportunities through evidence-based policies.
An introduction to the sustainable livelihoods frameworkafrica-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne at the Training of Trainers workshop on the use of Livelihoods Characterization/Benchmarking Tool (SLATE), Jeldu, Ethiopia, 1-5 April 2013
This document provides an overview of participatory rural appraisal (PRA). PRA is a bottom-up approach that involves local communities in the analysis of their situation. It uses flexible and visual tools like mapping, modeling, diagrams and rankings to facilitate discussion. The key principles of PRA are participation, flexibility, optimal ignorance and triangulation of data. Some techniques include semi-structured interviews, participatory mapping, seasonal calendars and wealth rankings. PRA aims to ensure projects address local priorities by learning from rural people's own analysis of problems and solutions.
1) Livelihoods and food security are threatened by climate change as it can undermine people's capabilities, assets, and activities required for living as well as disrupt food availability, access, and use.
2) Sustainable livelihoods focus on building on existing community and individual assets of the poor rather than just meeting needs.
3) Food security exists when people have reliable physical and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live healthy lives.
This document discusses definitions and objectives of rural development. It defines rural development as a process leading to sustainable improvement in the quality of life of rural people, especially the poor. The main objectives of rural development programs are improving living standards by utilizing natural and human resources, developing agriculture and industries, and building socio-economic infrastructure and community services. Key aspects of rural development include increasing production, providing social and physical infrastructure, and ensuring people's participation.
The document discusses concepts related to sustainable rural livelihoods. It defines rural development and livelihoods, and identifies key elements of livelihoods including the creation of working days, poverty reduction, and sustainability of the natural resource base. The document also examines determinants of livelihood strategies and outlines some of the challenges facing rural development, including rural poverty, limited access to employment, and effects of climate change. It concludes by calling for a redefinition of rural development policy to address poverty, inequality, and sustainable use of rural resources.
We’re getting serious about poverty
What we have done in the past has not been too successful: a search for something more effective
Initially: “direct impact on the poor”
Later: a more analytical understanding
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a set of approaches and methods that allow local communities to share and enhance their knowledge about life and conditions in order to plan and take action. The key principles of PRA include respecting local knowledge, involving disadvantaged groups, collecting only necessary data, visualizing information for communities, and ensuring analysis is done in the field with communities. PRA uses various tools like interviews, group discussions, seasonal calendars, flow diagrams, timelines, wealth rankings, maps, observations, Venn diagrams and matrices to involve communities in understanding issues.
rapid rural appraisal and participatory rural appraisalpooja garg
Rapid Rural Appraisal consists of a series of techniques for "quick and dirty" research that are claimed to generate results of less apparent precision, but greater evidential value, than classic quantitative survey techniques
A growing combination of approaches and methods that enable rural people to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and act and to monitor and evaluate.
The document summarizes the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), a self-employment program launched by the Government of India. The key points are:
1) SGSY aims to bring families living below the poverty line above it by providing income-generating assets through bank credit and government subsidies.
2) It focuses on a group approach and forming self-help groups, as well as identifying clusters of economic activities.
3) Implementation involves organizing the rural poor into self-help groups, providing training and assets, and linking groups to credit and marketing support.
This Presentation was given by the student of BS Sociology UMT, Lahore to Mr.Wasif Ali Waseer Lecturer Sociology at UMT, Lahore in the class of Rural Sociology
This document discusses needs assessments and participatory approaches such as participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA). It defines a needs assessment as a systematic process of gathering information to improve human conditions. Key aspects of needs assessments include identifying normative, perceived, expressed, and relative needs. PRA and RRA are participatory approaches that emerged in the 1970s/80s to gather local knowledge and assess rural conditions through flexible techniques like mapping, interviews, and discussions with local communities.
This document discusses various participatory approaches used in extension work including rapid rural appraisal (RRA), participatory rural appraisal (PRA), participatory learning and action (PLA), participatory action research (PAR), participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation (PAME), and farmer system research (FSR). It provides an overview of the concepts, origins, principles, tools, and uses of each approach. The goal is to actively involve rural communities in analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation of development programs through collaborative and democratic methods.
The document discusses concepts related to rural livelihoods including definitions of livelihood, reasons for promoting livelihoods, and livelihood strategies. It defines livelihood as a set of activities to generate resources for meeting household needs. Key reasons for promoting livelihoods are ensuring rights, opportunities, income and stability. Common livelihood strategies discussed are agricultural intensification/extensification, livelihood diversification, and migration. Livelihood assets that support various strategies are also outlined, including human, social, natural, physical, and financial capital.
Agnes Quisumbing, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, and Jemimah Njuki
POLICY SEMINAR
Gender Equality in Rural Africa: From Commitments to Outcomes
Co-Organized by the Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) and IFPRI
DEC 12, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EST
The document discusses gender equality in rural Africa and achieving commitments outlined in the Malabo Declaration. It notes that while many African countries have committed to supporting women's participation in agriculture and business, gender barriers like unequal access to resources and social norms continue to limit growth. The framework presented highlights how addressing gaps in areas like assets, livelihoods strategies, and control over income can boost outcomes across sectors by empowering women and achieving more equitable distributions of work and rewards.
1. The majority of households in the study area depended on diversified smallholder farming for their livelihoods, combining food crops for household consumption and cash crops for income generation.
2. Livelihood strategies were influenced by the capital assets households owned, and strategies with a higher number of crops resulted in better food security. However, coping strategies that eroded capital assets undermined resilience.
3. Gender norms and socioeconomic status affected individuals' abilities to undertake livelihoods and be food secure, though some positive changes toward gender equality were observed. Continued disadvantages included unequal access to and control of capital assets.
The document discusses the concept of sustainable rural livelihoods from various perspectives. It examines sustainability from an economic, ecological, and social lens. A sustainable livelihood is one that provides adequate resources and income to meet needs over time while maintaining the environment and social systems. The document outlines factors that determine rural livelihoods like birth, gender, and inheritance. It also discusses livelihood resources, strategies like agriculture intensification, diversification, and migration, and the outcomes of improved livelihood sustainability like increased income, reduced poverty and vulnerability, and protection of natural resources.
This document discusses concepts related to rural development. It defines rural development as improving quality of life and economic well-being for rural people. Large rural populations, poverty, and contributions to GDP are reasons for concern over rural development. Population growth can impact development either positively, negatively, or neutrally depending on economic and social factors. Gender equality is also important for effective rural development. Elements of rural development include meeting basic needs, increasing economic welfare, and enhancing capabilities. Agricultural research and extension play key roles by generating and disseminating new technologies to farmers.
This document provides an overview of rural livelihoods and social welfare. It begins by defining key concepts such as livelihood, sustainable livelihood, and vulnerability context. It then discusses livelihood assets, strategies, and outcomes. Livelihood strategies include agricultural intensification/extensification, livelihood diversification, and migration. The goal of livelihood promotion is to create sustainable livelihoods that are resilient to shocks, do not rely on external support, maintain resource productivity, and do not undermine others' livelihoods.
Smallholder family farmers produce most of the world's food but remain poor. Investing in smallholder family farmers has large potential returns and is critical for reducing poverty and achieving food security and sustainable development. IFAD has invested over $15 billion empowering over 410 million rural people. Continued investment is needed in key areas like infrastructure, research, and risk mitigation to help family farmers improve productivity and incomes while strengthening food systems, communities, and the environment.
Social Capital and Poverty Reduction : Community-Based organic farmingSidi Rana Menggala
Economic development is proven if the community are willing to become a unit which increase their welfare. I want to show you a sample of that possibility by triger the concept of organic farming
What is livelihood?
What is Rural Livelihood?
Importance of Rural livelihood?
how to uplift the livelihood of Rural people?
Various measures to be taken to make the lives of rural people better
Mobility map
This document provides a course description and objectives for a class on food security and livelihoods. The course aims to provide an understanding of human vulnerability to food insecurity and livelihood risks. It will cover topics like definitions of livelihoods and food security/insecurity, livelihood assets, coping strategies of poor households, and the influence of resource scarcity on vulnerability and food insecurity over time and space. Different food security analysis techniques will also be discussed. The course objectives are to understand concepts of livelihoods and food security, analyze sustainable livelihood frameworks, identify causes of food insecurity, compare analysis techniques, and explain Ethiopia's food security programs and strategies.
This document provides a course description and objectives for a class on food security and livelihoods. The course aims to provide an understanding of human vulnerability to food insecurity and different livelihood risks. It will cover topics like definitions of livelihoods and food security/insecurity, and analyze factors influencing households' livelihoods and vulnerabilities. Students will learn techniques for food security analysis and about Ethiopia's food security programs and strategies. The document also provides an introduction to livelihood and food security concepts, including common definitions, approaches, and frameworks for analyzing livelihood assets, strategies, and outcomes.
Mainstreaming gender and nutrition into agricultural extension servicesFaith Okiror
This document discusses mainstreaming gender and nutrition into agricultural extension services in Uganda. It begins with an introduction to Uganda's agricultural sector and policies related to agriculture, food, and nutrition security. It then covers linkages between agriculture and nutrition, challenges to gender and nutrition in agricultural extension, and the role of extension workers in addressing these issues. Practical approaches discussed include promoting enterprise mixes for regular income, producing diverse nutrient-rich foods, protecting the environment, considering gender and family needs, and promoting water, sanitation and hygiene practices. The document provides examples and recommendations for extension workers to integrate these approaches into their work.
This document discusses the changing nature of rural livelihoods in India. It notes that while India's economy has grown, many rural areas still face poverty and food insecurity. Rural livelihoods increasingly rely on non-farm activities as agriculture alone often cannot support families. The document examines trends in agriculture, including a shift to cash crops over food crops, declining food intake, and threats to small farmers' livelihood security and food security. It argues for understanding rural livelihoods holistically rather than through any single lens.
The document provides information about the Public Welfare & Development Society (PWDS) non-governmental organization (NGO) located in Tamil Nadu, India. The NGO's vision is to create a world with peace and human dignity, and its mission is overall human development while preserving endangered flora and fauna. The NGO aims to implement tribal development programs, empower underprivileged groups, and encourage community participation in identifying and solving problems. It also provides contact information, leadership details, and descriptions of donation opportunities to support various health, education and livelihood generation programs.
The document discusses promoting the planning, design, and construction of a wider range of housing unit types to adequately house all income levels and age groups. It also encourages energy efficiency in new and existing housing and ensuring new housing developments are protected from potential flood hazards. The summary is as follows:
The document discusses promoting housing that meets the needs of all income levels and age groups through a wider range of housing unit types. It also promotes energy efficiency in housing and protecting new developments from flooding.
1) The document discusses development for different groups in society including landless rural laborers, prosperous farmers, traders, and girls from rich urban families.
2) It also covers several topics related to economics and development including definitions of developed, developing, and underdeveloped economies as well as key indicators like per capita income, literacy rates, and infant mortality rates.
3) Sustainable development is defined as development that does not damage the environment or compromise the needs of future generations by exhausting resources.
NATURAL-RESOURCES-AND-RURAL-LIVELIHOOD.pptxmikko david
This document discusses natural resources and rural livelihoods. It defines natural resources and describes the main types as renewable (e.g. forests) and non-renewable (e.g. fossil fuels). The five most important natural resources are identified as air, water, soil, iron, and forests. Rural livelihoods are mainly based on small-scale farming, fishing, and livestock. Improving access to education, skills training, and diverse income sources is needed for sustainable rural livelihoods. The importance of rural livelihoods includes addressing global poverty and supporting national economies through markets, tax revenue, and employment.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Understanding how timely GST payments influence a lender's decision to approve loans, this topic explores the correlation between GST compliance and creditworthiness. It highlights how consistent GST payments can enhance a business's financial credibility, potentially leading to higher chances of loan approval.
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance36 Crypto
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
https://36crypto.com/the-future-of-dogecoin-how-high-can-this-cryptocurrency-reach/
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Applying the Global Internal Audit Standards_AIS.pdf
Rural Livelihood Diversification 2020
1. Rural livelihood Diversification:
Determinants, Challenges, Constraints
& Opportunities
By Dr. Melkamu T. Wazza
Wolaita Sodo University & PBTAfrica College
Lecture Note, 2020
Email: melkamtw@gmail.com
Mob: 091120 6853
2. COURSE OUTLINE
1. Rural Livelihood Diversification
Basic Concepts: What is?
Diversification Strategies/Activities
Why RL Diversification? Decision dichotomy
Household Economic Model
Push and Pull Factors
Extent of Diversification
Advantages and Disadvantages
2. Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification
Seasonality
Risk
Labor Markets
Credit Markets
Asset Strategies
Coping Behaviour
3. Challenges and Constraints of Rural
Livelihood Diversification
Challenges
Constraints
4. Opportunities for LhD
5. Policy Priorities and Way outs
Human Capital
Infrastructure
Credit Policy (Micro-Credit)
Enabling Environment for
Grassroot Initiatives
Targeting and Support
3. RLD is defined as ‘the process by which HHs construct a
diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities
for survival and in order to improve their standard of living’
(Ellis, 1999)
[Rural] LD refers to those individual, HH and community level
strategies and objectives that are pursued alongside, or in
lieu of, traditional agricultural activities to diversify income
streams and reduce risk (Persha, 2017).
4. Using their own assets
(farm land) in the
production of goods
• Crop Production
• Livestock Rearing
On-Farm
Activities
• Wage/Salary employment
• Trade (livestock; livestock
products; crops; manufactured
commodities…
• Self-employed enterprises
hairdressing, carpentry,
tailoring, trading, brewing,
food processing, charcoal
trading, masonry, Hand crafts,
brick making, sewing…
• Ecotourism
Non-Farm
Activities
• Working on the others
farm land in the form
of sharing
• Wage work in
agriculture
Off-Farm
Activities
Livelihood Strategies & Activities
5. Only On-Farm (Farming/No Diversification)
1. On-Farm Plus Off-Farm
2. On-Farm Plus Non-Farm
3. On-Farm Plus Off-Farm Plus Non-Farm
6. Pastoral HH income sources may be classified into three main categories.
1.Pastoralism (No Diversification)
The income from pastoralism consists of milk off-take for own
consumption and sales, livestock slaughter for own consumption,
livestock sales, and miscellaneous income from sales of hides
and skins. (Source: Berhanu, Colman, & Fayissa, 2008)
2.Dryland farming (Diversification)
Since farming and pastoralism are essentially different
activities, farming is considered as a form of pastoralist
income diversification; farm income is a non-pastoral income.
3. Non-farm non-pastoral activities (Diversification)
All other non-pastoral activities are, hence, classified as non-farm non-
pastoral activities.
7. Country/
Region
% Non-
Farm HH
income
References
LDCs 30 - 45 Haggblade, Hazell and
Reardon, 2005
SSA 30 - 50 Reardon, 1997
Southern
Africa
80-90 May, 1996; Baber, 1996
Ethiopia 25 World Bank, 2009
Pakistan,
Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka
15
(by
remittances)
Von Braun and Pandya-
Lorch, 1991
Regions in
Ethiopia
% Non-
Farm HH
income
References
Sidama 56 Yohannes Yona &
Tafese Mathewos,
2017
Oromiya 8 van den Berg &
Kumbi, 2006
Tigray 35 Woldenhanna &
Oskam, 2001
Harari 20 Tefera, Perret, &
Kirsten, 2005
Central and
Southern Regions
of Ethiopia 13 Matsumoto, Kijima,
& Yamano, 2006
8. 1.Necessity:
Examples:
•Dispossession of a tenant family from its access to land,
•Fragmentation of farm holdings on inheritance,
•Environmental deterioration leading to declining crop yields,
•Natural or civil disasters such as drought, floods or civil war
resulting in dislocation and abandonment of previous assets,
•Loss of the ability to continue to undertake strenuous agricultural
activities due to accident or ill health.
Why individuals and households pursue diversification? (Ellis, 2000)
involuntary and desperate reasons for diversifying
9. 2.Choice:
Example:
•Educating children to improve their prospects of obtaining
nonfarm jobs
•Saving money to invest in nonfarm businesses such as
trading,
•Utilising money obtained off the farm to buy fertilisers or
capital equipment for the farm enterprise.
voluntary and proactive reasons for diversifying.
10. Word of caution on the Dichotomy
The division of the determinants of diversification into these two main
types is misleading concerning the range of experience it seeks to
assign to one process or another.
Choice, or the lack of it, does not obey a definable breakpoint between
two mutually exclusive states.
There are many instances where individual choice may be socially
circumscribed at standards of living well above the survival minimum, as
occurs, for example, for women in some cultural settings.
More generally, diversification obeys a continuum of causes, motivations
and constraints that vary across individuals and HHs at a particular point
in time, and for the same individuals or HHs at different points in time.
11. Household Economic Model (Farm HH Model) and Diversification
HH production is the production of goods and services by the members of
a HH, for their own consumption, using their own capital and their own
unpaid labor (Duncan Ironmonger, 2001).
In the HH production function, time plus market goods and services
combine to produce the so-called basic commodities, or nonmarket goods.
Basic commodities according to Becker’s Theory of the HH
Production (1965) are, for example, children, health, pleasure,
sleeping or seeing a play.
A HH chooses the best combination of these commodities, i.e., a
combination which will maximize the HH utility function (Baker, 1965; Cited
in Bergstrom 1997).
12. Household Economic Model (Farm HH Model) and Diversification
The HH economic model predicts diversification as a function of on-farm
returns to labour time compared to off-farm/non-farm earning opportunities.
With a given asset base i.e., land plus farm infrastructure and equipment, and
a given total amount of labour time, the HH makes comparisons between the
return to using more of that time on the farm or deploying it in nonfarm wage or
other income-generating activities.
Factors that increase the return to time spent on farm activities would tend to
reduce the motivation to diversify. EX: increase in the prices of farm outputs
or a rise in farm productivity
Conversely, a rise in off-farm or nonfarm wage rates (remunerative
opportunities) would increase the motive to diversify.
13. Push and Pull Factors for Diversification
Push Factors:
i.Performance of Agriculture: production failure that may cause inter-seasonal
and other transitory drops in farm income, chronic food insufficiency, and
fluctuations in farm income
ii.Incomplete markets for factors, including, but not limited to, missing or
incomplete land, credit, and insurance markets. In such cases, individuals and
HHs diversify their sources of income to self-insure themselves and provide
working capital
Pull Factors:
i.Higher non-farm earnings: if earnings from non-agricultural employments
are assessed to be higher than earnings from farm employment.
14. Contribute to the Sustainability of a RLDs
•A diverse portfolio of activities improves its long-
run resilience in the face of adverse trends or sudden shocks.
•Increased diversity promotes greater flexibility
because it allows more possibilities for substitution between
opportunities that are in decline and those that are
expanding.
1
15. Reduce the adverse effects of Seasonality
Diversification can contribute to reducing the adverse
effects of seasonality by utilizing labor and generating
alternative sources of income in off-peak periods
•Seasonality causes peaks and troughs in labor utilization on
the farm Labor smoothing
•Seasonality creates food insecurity due to the mismatch
between uneven farm income streams and continuous
consumption requirements Consumption smoothing
2
16. Risk Reduction
The more diversification comprises activities that
display uncorrelated risks between them (confront
different risk profiles), the more successful it will be.
•Example: The factors (e.g. climate) that create risk for one
income source should not be the same as those (e.g. urban job
insecurity) that create risk for another.
3
17. Enable Higher Income
•It can do this:
By making better use of available resources
and skills and
By taking advantage of spatially dispersed
income earning opportunities.
4
18. Enable Asset Improvement
To put assets to productive use
•Cash resources obtained from diversification may be
used to invest in, or improve the quality of, any or all of
the five classes of assets, for example, sending children to
secondary school or buying equipment like a bicycle that can be
used to enhance future income generating opportunities.
5
19. Provide Environmental Benefits
1.By generating resources that are then invested in
improving the quality of the natural resource base
2. By providing options that make time spent in
exploiting natural resources, e.g. gathering activities in
forests, less remunerative than time spent doing other things.
6
20. Gender Benefits
By improving the independent income-generating
capabilities of women
This, in turn, is expected to improve the care & nutritional status of
children since a high proportion of cash income in the hands of
women tends to be spent on family welfare.
For this to occur, activities need to be promoted in the rural areas that are
accessible to women, which means, usually, located close to sites of residence
and corresponding with types of work to which women have equal or better
access qualifications than men.
7
21. Poverty and income distribution
Diversification can be associated with widening
disparities between the incomes of the rural poor and
the better-off.
•This occurs because the better-off are able to diversify
in more advantageous labor markets than the poor, and
this in turn reflects asset poverty (Ellis,1999)
1
22. Reduction in Farm Output
Some types of diversification may result in stagnation on
the home farm
•This typically occurs when there are buoyant distant labor markets for
male labor, resulting in depletion of the labor force required to
undertake peak farm production demands such as land preparation
and harvesting.
2
23. Harmful effects on Environment
• As with agriculture, the effects of diversification on environmental
resource management are mixed and context-specific.
•For settled agriculturalists, non-farm earning opportunities can
result in neglect of labor-intensive conservation practices if
labor availability is reduced.
• Diversification contributes positively to livelihood sustainability because it reduces proneness
to stress and shocks. However, sustainable rural livelihoods need not equate with
the sustainability of all components of underlying ecological systems due to
substitutions that occur between assets during processes of livelihood adaptation over time.
3
24. Adverse Gender Effects
• Men and women have different assets, access to resources, and
opportunities, which, mostly, is in favor of the male.
• In general, therefore, diversification is more of an option for
rural men than for women. In this sense, diversification can
improve HH livelihood security while at the same time trapping
women in customary roles: women may be even more relegated to the
domestic sphere and to subsistence food production.
4
25. On balance, the positive effects of diversification
appear to outweigh its disadvantages.
The tend to be beneficial impacts
of wide applicability (e.g. risk reduction, mitigating
seasonality), while the typically
occur when labor markets happen to work in particular
ways in particular places.
27. Seasonality is an inherent feature of rural livelihoods
(Chambers et al., 1981; Sahn, 1989; Agarwal, 1990).
The cyclical levels of activity implied by seasonality
apply to:
Farm families
Landless rural families that depend on agricultural labour markets for
survival,
Agricultural input supply such as fertilizer delivery
Agricultural output service such as crop marketing
Trading activity: cyclical along seasonal lines, and for some perennial crops
with a single annual harvest e.g., coffee
28. As a means of survival, what happen to a vulnerable family when definite
outcomes in relation to income streams are replaced by probabilities of occurrence?
The family do not “put all their eggs into one basket” rather diversifies
its portfolio of activities in order to anticipate and to ameliorate the threat to
its welfare.
Diversification on-farm cropping systems: mixed cropping and field fragmentation
take advantage of complementarities between crops, variations in soil types and
differences in micro-climates that ensure risk spreading with little loss in total income
Off-farm and nonfarm diversification: EX: wage work in the agricultural slack
season may both diversify and raise total HH income; different HH members of different
skills in different labour markets (Walker & ryan, 1990; Blarel et al., 1992).
29. Labour markets offer nonfarm opportunities for income
generation differentiated by other considerations such as
education, skills, location and gender.
Work opportunities vary according to skills (e.g. in trading,
vehicle repair, brick making), education (e.g. for salaried jobs
in business or in government), and by gender (e.g. male wage
work in construction or mines vs female opportunities in trading
or textile factories).
30. The availability of funds to carry out timely purchases of cash inputs into agricultural
production, as well as to buy capital equipment like ploughs or water pumps, affects
productivity in small-farm agriculture.
Credit market failures provide another motivation for diversifying livelihoods with
the aim of utilising cash funds generated outside agriculture in order to purchase
agricultural inputs or make farm equipment purchases (Binswanger, 1983; Reardon, 1997) .
This strategy has the potential to overcome:
The absence of lending facilities in rural areas,
Avoid paying high rates of interest on such funds as may be available from public or
private sector financial institutions, and
Avoid also placing the individual/family in a subordinate social relationship with a
private moneylender.
31. Rural HHs take a longer-term view of livelihood security than merely
taking advantage of currently available income earning opportunities.
Therefore, an additional motive for diversification, not covered by
consumption, security, or purchase of recurrent farm inputs, is that of
making investments in order to increase income-generating capabilities in the
future (to enhance future livelihood prospects ⁓
The five main asset categories jointly determine the asset status and
livelihood robustness of HH survival strategies.
32. 1.Risk Management
Ex ante income management
A deliberate HH strategy to
anticipate failures in individual income
streams by maintaining a spread of
activities (Walker & Jodha, 1986)
Risk strategies imply forward
planning to spread risk across a
diverse set of activities, in the
context of subjective evaluations
about the degree of risk attached to
each source of income.
2.Coping Behavior
Ex-post consumption maintenance in
the wake of crisis/disaster
Coping refers to the methods used by
HHs to survive when confronted with
unanticipated livelihood failure.
The involuntary response to disaster
of unanticipated failure in major
sources of survival.
Correspond closely to the notion of
diversification through necessity
Ex: drawing down on savings, using
up food stocks, gifts from relatives,
community transfers, sales of livestock
or other asset sales...
33. Determinants
of RLD
Magnitude and Direction
of the Effect
Possible Reasons Sources
Sex/
Gender
•Female: Negatively &
Significantly
•(HHs headed by female are
less likely to participate in off-
farm)
• Gender disparity resulting from culture:
Women mobility not culturally accepted
• Factors that females are assigned to care the
child, perform home works and other social roles
(Gecho et. al, 2014;
Bekele, A. E., 2008;
Ellis, F., 2004)
Lorato, 2019
(Nduma et al. 2001
cited in Watson &
Binsbergen, 2008)
Age •Negatively & Significantly
(Farmers with old age are
less likely to diversify
• As the HH heads get older, they become inactive and
expected to be risk averse and more farm experience;
hence depend more only on their own farm income;
• Young HHs are relatively better educated, have
better access to technologies, and look alternative
livelihood opportunities
Lorato, 2019
(Gebru, Ichoku,
Ogbonnia, & Eze,
2018)
•Positively & Significantly
• Old aged are more likely diversify
the LD strategies into non-farm
activities
• Multiplicity of LD strategies
increases with advancing age
• More children create pressure on the need
of basic necessities and hence diversify
• More children in turn help to have
available labor to engage in diverse
activities.
• Gecho et. al, 2014;
• Tedla, 2019
• Khatun, D. & B.C. Roy,
2012;
• Adugna &Wagayehu
(2012)
34. Determinants
of RLD
Magnitude and
Direction of the Effect
Possible Reasons Sources
Livestock
ownership
(TLU)
Negatively & Significantly
(HHs having larger size of livestock
are less likely to diversify into non-
farm, off-farm and combining non-farm
and off-farm activities equally)
• Herd size creates better opportunity to earn
more income from livestock production
• Diversify if their objective is to increase asset
holding
• Gecho et. al, 2014;
• Bekele, A. E., 2008;
• Lorato, 2019
Information
access
Positively & Significantly
(access to telephone
communication, radio or other
information source have
increased the probability
diversifying their livelihood)
• Access to media may improve rural
youths’ information on non-farm
opportunities.
• Tedla, 2019;
• Okoyo, & Fekadu
(2015)
Urban
linkage
Positively & Significantly
Having urban linkage increased
the likelihood of youth
participation
• Having friends/relatives in the urban area
improves the rural youths’ information and
facilitation of conditions on nonfarm
livelihood diversification opportunities
• Tedla, 2019;
• Yenesew, Okoyo &
Fekadu (2015) as
35. Determinants
of RLD
Magnitude and
Direction of the Effect
Possible Reasons Selected
Sources
Farm
Size
Negatively & Significantly
(farmers with large farm size are
less likely to diversify the LD
strategies into farm + non-farm,
farm + off- farm and farm + non-
farm & off-farm activities
• Large farm size helps farmers to
cultivate and produce more
(Gecho et. al, 2014;
Lemma T, 2003.
Urrehman M et al,
2008.
Education
level
Positively & Significantly
(High educational level are more
likely diversify livelihood strategies
into non-farming and/or off-
farming activities
• Increased capability of finding a job
(skill, experience, knowledge;
information access)
Gecho et. al, 2014;
Khatun, D. & B.C. Roy,
2012; Babatunde, R.O. et
al, 2010; G. W. Gebru and
F. Beyene, 2012
Agro-
ecology
Highland: Positively &
Significantly
The incidence/magnitude of
diversifying the LD into
farming with non-farming
increases as we go from low
land to high land.
• Declining cultivated & grazing land due to high
population pressure in high land area
• Availability of resources (eg. Bamboo tree) in some areas
helps farmers to engage in handcrafts
• Limited cash crops in high land area and this in turn limit
income sources
• Available land holding in low land allow farmers to
produce crops and rear livestock
• Gecho et. al, 2014;
• Khatun D. and Roy
B.C., 2012.
36. Determinants
of RLD
Magnitude and
Direction of the Effect
Possible Reasons Selected
Sources
Total
Annual
Cash
Income
Positively & Significantly
(HHs having large cash
income are more likely to
diversify the into non-farm
and/or off- farm activities)
• Those farmers who have adequate income
sources can overcome financial constraints
to engage alternative LD strategies: higher
income can encourage them to invest in)
(Gecho et. al, 2014;
Babatunde, R.O. et al,
2010; Isaac, B. 2009;
Sisay, W. A., 2010
Tedla, 2019; Yisehak,
Johan & Janssens,
2014)
Training
(agricultural)
Negative & Significantly
(HHs’ participation in agricultural
training most likely decreases the
likelihood of diversification into
combing non-farm with off-farm
activities.
Positively & Significantly
• Training enhances agricultural production
skills, knowledge and experiences of farmers;
Helps farmers to get better production, and
then this most likely leads to obtain more
income
• Gecho et. al, 2014;
• Khatun D. and Roy B.C.,
2012; cited in Gecho et
al 2014
Fertilizer
Use;
Improved
Seed
Negatively & Significantly
(farmers who have access to
fertilizer/improved seed use are
less likely adopt farming with
off-farming activities)
Using fertilizer/Improved seed most likely
increase the production and productivity of
crops, and this can help farmer to get access to
more food and generate more income
• Gecho et. al, 2014;
• Sisay, W. A., 2010
37. Major
Determinants
of RLDbor
Magnitude and
Direction of the Effect
Possible Reasons Selected
Sources
Dependency
Ratio Negatively & Significantly
(youths with high
dependency ratio are
participated less in non/off-
farm LD diversification
strategies)
Positively & Significantly
• Higher dependency may forced youths to
spend their working time for giving care and
support for and children aged member of the
family
• If there is a raise in dependency ratio, the
ability to meet subsistence needs declines
and the dependency problems make it
necessary to diversify their income.
Tedla, 2019; Khatun
and Roy (2012)
Adugna &Wagayehu
(2012)
Access to
institutional
credit
service
Positively & Significantly
(increased credit access
is related with raised
LD diversification)
• Rural youths are mostly poor in
finance; it is difficult to them to start
their own nonfarm activities and to
engage in agriculture by renting land
Tedla, 2019;
Birhanu & Getachew
(2017)
38. Major
Determinants of
RLDbor
Magnitude and
Direction of the Effect
Possible Reasons Selected
Sources
Access
to ROAD
networks &
transportation
service
Positively & Significantly
(Access to roads
increased youth
participation of on-farm
plus nonfarm activities)
• Enable youth to access market
centers and to engage in petty trade
and exchange goods and service
• It can also enable them to participate
in casual works in urban centers
Tedla, 2019; Start and
Johnson, 2004;
Birhanu & Getachew
(2017),
Distance
from the
market
Positively and Significantly
to on-farm plus off-farm,
(Youths who are far from the
market decreased their
participation of on farm plus
nonfarm activities)
Negatively and significantly
related to on farm plus non-
farm livelihood strategies
•Youths in remote areas favor diversifying
their LD on farm plus off farm strategies than
on non-farm strategies.
•Farness to the market center means high
transaction cost for participating in petty
trade, urban based carousal works, and
delivery of services to urban HHs and
supplying of traditional hand crafts.
Tedla, 2019
Birhanu & Getachew
(2017)
39. Poor asset base & Low HH
average income
Lack of credit facilities,
Lack of awareness (eg. To
adopt modern technologies)
Low Access to land
Cultural values, Wrong attitude of the
local community & Youth’s job
preference
Fear of taking risk (Risk bhr)
Major Challenges and Constraints of Rural LD
Lack of rural infrastructure
and Poor Marketing linkage
Lack of opportunities in
non-farm sector
Weak extension services
Lack of skill & Knowledge
(Tedla, 2017; Gecho et al.. 2014; Dibaba,
Girma, & Haile, 2019; Yona & Mathewos, 2017)
Rural HH’s resource allocation decisions are fundamentally constrained by conditions of
livelihood asset endowments and related socio-political and institutional factors.
40. Table:
Rank of perception of
constraining level of
factors on rural
livelihoods activities for
rural livelihood groups
(N=388)
East Gojjam
Zone
Source: (Tedla, 2019)
41. Though country (region) & context specific, diversification
opportunities are available in terms of:
1.Human Capital:
• Existence of large number of productive age group
• Availability of knowledge and skills on local livelihood strategies
• Availability of significant level of training offered to households by GO and NGOs regarding livelihood
diversification strategies
2.Social Capital
• Instrumental support (significant instruments in agricultural practice: oxen, plough, yoke, money, horses,
donkeys and others)
• Informational support (Household share what they saw on the others farmland, heard from radios and learnt
from the experts of agriculture and so on).
• Emotional support (the provision and verbal expression of empathy, care, love and trust; encouragement,
active listening, reflection, and reassurance)
42. Cont’d=
3. Financial Capital
• Availability of saving and credit associations
• Awareness creation efforts on saving culture and the associated rise in saving
3.Natural/Environmental Capital
• It consists of renewable resources like agricultural crops, vegetation and wild
life and non-renewable resource like fossil fuel and mineral deposits.
• Attractive areas, recreation areas, mineral resources and wild life habitats as the
critical potential resource in their livelihood diversification.
43. There is wide scope within existing rural development policies
for support to beneficial forms of diversification.
Improving the institutional context of private decision-
making by, for example, reducing risk, increasing mobility,
minimizing barriers to entry (e.g. licensing regulations), and
ensuring fairness and transparency in the conduct of public
agencies.
Facilitating the poor to improve their assets, and to make
use of those assets to best effect.
44. The significance of education, both formal academic education
and workplace skills (TVET, Adult literacy, Community
awareness…) for improving livelihood prospects
Poverty is closely associated with low levels of education and
lack of skills.
Innovative approaches to educational delivery at village level:
High demand for education by rising populations vis-à-vis the
cost of updating educational materials another.
The appropriate mix of policies is highly context-specific,
but some general principles are likely to hold:
45. Infrastructural facilities have a potentially important impact on
poverty reduction by contributing to the integration of national
economies, improving the working of markets, speeding the flow of
information, and increasing the mobility of people, resources and
outputs.
Innovative infrastructural delivery approaches to provision and
maintenance. Reliance on central government and ad hoc project
finance from donors cannot be depended upon.
Decentralization helps to bring the prioritization and the financing
of rural infrastructure closer to rural communities themselves.
Privatization of infrastructural suppliers like electricity and
telephone companies may help to reach remote rural areas
46. There are now many different models and experiments in micro-credit
provision from which to adapt and to choose appropriate elements for local
solutions.
Micro- credit schemes:
Small-scale group lending
Continued involvement of NGOs. There is also a need to facilitate the
Spread of rural financial and credit institutions
Cooperatives
Self-sustaining approach on the basis of savings and loans organized
according to conventional banking criteria
Strengthening access of start-up capital to initiate small businesses.
47. The local level policy context often remains inimical to self-
employment and start-up business. Local enterprise often arises
‘outside’ the regulations, i.e. as an unrecognized informal sector
activity.
Reform (in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and fairness
of state operations), although proceeding at different speeds in different
countries, is still in its early stages.
The switch from antipathy to supportiveness in the relations between
public administration at local levels and private, non-farm, productive
activity in rural areas need to be secured.
48. The purpose of targeting is to provide support for those rural
social groups that are most vulnerable to ‘shocks’ that could
lead to insufficient food or destitution, e.g., landless, old,
disabled, etc.
Self- targeting works by providing wages or food in return
for work at levels that can enable the poor to survive, but that
are not so high as to be interesting for the better-off. In effect,
self-targeting provides a diversification option for those
needing to diversify to survive.