2. Sustainable development is development
which meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
3.
4.
5.
6. The Economic Perspective
• Efficient resource allocation should have the
effect of maximizing utility from consumption.
• The amount one can consume during a period
and still be as well off at the end of the period.
7. The Ecological Perspective
• sustainability must involve limits on
population and consumption levels.
• An ecological economic approach requires
that resources be allocated in such a
fashion that they threaten neither the
system as a whole nor the key
components of the system.
8. The Social
Perspective
• Recognize the social component of development
as an essential part of the new paradigm.
• Social sustainability occurs when the formal and
informal processes; systems; structures; and
relationships actively support the capacity of
current and future generations to create healthy
and liveable communities. Socially sustainable
communities are equitable, diverse, connected
and democratic and provide a good quality of
life."
9. A synthesis of these
perspectives
A concept of sustainable development must
remedy social inequities and environmental
damage, while maintaining a sound economic
base.
Conservation of natural capital for sustainable
economic production and intergenerational
equity.
both population and total resource demand
must be limited in scale,
Social equity, the fulfilment of basic health and
educational needs, and participatory
10. SECTORIAL SUSTAINABILITY
Agriculture
On the production side, current high-input
techniques which are leading to serious soil
degradation and water pollution and overdraft must
be replaced by organic soil rebuilding, integrated
pest management, and efficient irrigation. This in
turn implies much greater reliance on local
knowledge and participatory input into the
development of agricultural techniques.
11. On the consumption side, both limits on population
growth and greater equity and efficiency in food
distribution are of central importance given
probable resource limitations on production.
12. ENERGY
A non-fossil energy system would be significantly more
decentralized, adapted to local conditions and taking
advantage of opportunities for wind, biomass, and off-
grid solar power systems. This is unlikely to occur
without a major mobilization of capital resources for
renewable energy development in countries now
rapidly expanding their energy systems.
Both supply limits and environmental impacts should be
considered.
13. INDUSTRY
The new concept of “industrial ecology” implies the
restructuring of whole industrial sectors based on a
goal of reducing emissions and reusing materials at
all stages of the production cycle.
Corporate reform and “greening” as well as a broad
cooperative effort between corporations and
government will be needed to achieve goal.
14. Renewable Resource Systems
Multilateral agreements and global funding
are needed to conserve transboundary
resources;
national resource management systems
must be shifted from goals of exploitation
to conservation and sustainable
harvesting; and
local communities must be strongly
involved in resource conservation.
15. Rural Dilemma
Limited access to off-
farm employment
Skewed income
distribution
Poor transport, basic
services and market
infrastructure
Low literacy rates
Climate change and
ecosystem change
Threat to rural
livelihoods
Vulnerability of rural
sectors -agriculture,
coastal resources,
energy, forestry, tourism,
and water
Feminization of rural
areas = Feminization of
agriculture =
Feminization of
poverty and disease
(Youth exodus to cities)
Social protection
(absolute poverty
strategies) vs productive
and sustainable
livelihoods
Comparative advantage
that does not translate to
competitiveness
Spatial imbalances &
Rural-urban
disconnecting
Overdependence on
17. Sustainable Livelihood
• A livelihood comprises the capabilities,
assets (including both material and social
resources) and activities required for a
means of living. A livelihood is sustainable
when it can cope with and recover from
stresses and shocks, maintain or enhance
its capabilities and assets, while not
undermining the natural resource base.
18. Livelihood is defined as adequate stocks
and flows of food and cash to meet basic
needs. Security refers to secure ownership
of, or access to, resources and income-
earning activities, including reserves and
assets to offset risk, ease shocks and
meet contingencies. Sustainable refers to
the maintenance or enhancement of
resource productivity on a long term basis.
A household may be enabled to gain
sustainable livelihood security in many
ways-------
19. Through ownership of land, livestock or
trees,
Rights to grazing, fishing, hunting or
gathering;
Through stable employment with adeqaute
renumeration;
Or through varied repertoires of activities.
20. Determinants of livelihood
The initial determinants of livelihood strategy are:
3.1 Birth: Many livelihoods are largely predetermined by
accident of birth. Livelihoods of this sort may assign: in
village India, children may be born into a caste with an
assigned role as potters, shepherds, or washer people.
3.2 Gender : As socially defined, it is also a pervasive
ascriptive determinant of livelihood activities.
3.3 Inherited livelihood: A person may be born, socialized
and apprenticed into an inherited livelihood – as a
cultivator with land and tools, a pastoralist with animals,
a forest dweller with trees, a fisherperson with boat and
tackle, or a shopkeeper with shop and stick. Each of these
may create a new household or households in the same
occupation.
21. The nature of human livelihoods
4.1 The simple definition of a livelihoods as a means of
securing a living. It summarizes a reality which comes
into focus as being complex as its parts are found and
named, and its structure unraveled.
4.2 In our provisional anatomy of a household livelihood, we
postulate four categories of parts:
People Their livelihood capabilities )Proprietorship
Activities What they do )
Assets Tangible (resources and stores)
And intangible (claims and access)
Which provide material and social
means
portfolios
Gains or
outputs
A living, what they gain from what
They do
22. Key elements of Sustainable
Rural Livelihood
Creation of
working days
Poverty reduction
Well being and
capabilities
Livelihood
adaptations,
vulnerability and
resilence
Natural resource
base sustainability
23. Livelihood Resources
The ability to pursue different livelihood
strategies is dependent on the basic material
and social, tangible and intangible assets that
people have in their possession.
livelihood resources may be seen as the
‘capital’ base from which different productive
streams are derived from which livelihoods are
constructed.
24. Natural capital – the natural resource stocks
(soil, water, air, genetic resources etc.) and
environmental services (hydrological cycle,
pollution sinks etc) from which resource flows
and services useful for livelihoods are derived.
Economic or financial capital – the capital base
(cash, credit/debt, savings, and other economic
assets, including basic infrastructure and
production equipment and technologies) which
are essential for the pursuit of any livelihood
strategy.
25. Human capital – the skills, knowledge, ability to
labour and good health and physical capability
important for the successful pursuit of different
livelihood strategies.
Social capital – the social resources (networks,
social claims, social relations, affiliations,
associations) upon which people draw when
pursuing different livelihood strategies requiring
coordinated actions.
26. Checklist of key questions arise:
• Sequencing – What is the starting point for
successfully establishing a particular
livelihood strategy? Is one type of livelihood
resource an essential precursor for gaining
access to others?
• Substitution – Can one type of capital be
substituted for others? Or are different
capitals needed in combination for the pursuit
of particular livelihood strategies?
• Clustering – If you have access to one type of
capital, do you usually have access to
others? Or is there a clustering of particular
combinations of livelihood resources
27. • Access – Different people clearly have different
access to different livelihood resources. This is
dependent on institutional arrangements,
organisational issues, power and politics. A
socially differentiated view to analysing livelihoods
is therefore critical, one that disaggregates the
chosen unit of analysis – whether community,
village or household – and looks at individuals or
groups of social actors and their relationships, in
relation to the range of relevant dimensions of
difference (wealth, gender, age and so on) and the
distribution of control over resources.
• Trade-offs – In pursuing a particular portfolio of
livelihood strategies, what are the trade-offs faced
by different people with different access to
different types of livelihood resource? Depending
28. LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES:
Broadly, these are seen to cover the range of options
open to rural people.
• Either you gain more of your livelihood from
agriculture (including livestock rearing,
aquaculture, forestry etc.) through processes of
intensification (more output per unit area through
capital investment or increases in labour inputs) or
extensification (more land under cultivation),
• or you diversify to a range of off-farm income
earning activities,
• or you move away and seek a livelihood, either
temporarily or permanently, elsewhere.
• Or, more commonly, you pursue a combination of
strategies together or in sequence.
29. Some challenges for advocates of
livelihood approaches
Food Security
Resource degradation
Distributional issues
30. Agriculturalintensification/extensification
• between capital-
led (supported
often by
external inputs
and policy-led)
and labour-led
(based on own
labour and
social resources
and a more
autonomous
process)
intensification.
Livelihooddiversification
• Diversification
therefore may
involve developing
a wide income
earning portfolio
to cover all types
of shocks or stress
jointly or the
strategy may
involve focusing on
developing
responses to
handle a particular
type of common
shock or stress
through well
developed coping
mechanisms.
Migration
• between different
migration causes
(e.g. voluntary and
involuntary
movement),
effects (e.g.
reinvestment in
agriculture,
enterprise or
consumption at
the home or
migration site) and
movement
patterns (e.g. to or
from different
places).
31. Studies have revealed that most rural
households rely on multiple income sources
and adopt a range of survival strategies
(including various types of migration and
straddling, whereby some members stay in
rural areas while others live semi-
permanently in urban areas).
They recognize the importance of multiple
actors (from the private sector to national-
level ministries, from community-based
organisations to the new decentralised
32. • The new approaches emphasis the
importance of macro-level policy and
institutions to the livelihood options of local
communities and individuals, including the
very poorest. They also stress the need for
higher-level policy formulation to be based
upon insights gained at the local level.
• They make a serious effort to understand
the national and international linkages and
the effect these have on people’s
livelihoods.
33. • In rural areas sustainability is often
associated with natural resources, which
are clearly important but not the only
aspect of sustainability which is important.
Livelihoods approaches have learnt from
participatory assessments that
vulnerability is a core dimension of
poverty. Reducing vulnerability – helping
people to develop resilience to external
shocks and increase the overall
sustainability of their livelihoods – is
therefore a priority
34. Sustainable Livelihood Outcomes
Livelihood
• Increased no. of
working days
• Poverty reduced
• Well-being and
capabilities improved
Sustainability
• Livelihood adaptations,
vulnerability and
resilience enhanced.
• Natural resource base
sustainability ensured
35. ‘Sustainable livelihoods’ is thus a normative
concept made up of multiple and,
sometimes, contested elements.
Negotiating what is a sustainable
livelihood among the variety of
stakeholders must therefore be a first task
in any intervention process.
