Review literature for fulfillment of PhD in agribusiness and value chain management at Haramaya university Seminar I

1. Submitted to the College of Agricultural and Environmental Science, School of
Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Department of Agribusiness and
Chain Management.
Seminar I
Gender Role in the Livestock Value Chain and Its Challenges in Ethiopia: Review
By
Gemechu Degefa (PhD student)
September 2022
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

2. Introduction
Literature review and Discussion
Summary and conclusion
Future line of the work
Presentation Outlines

3. Introduction
1.1 Background and Justification
The livestock sector makes a significant contribution to the economy of
the country, by
raising income, providing employment opportunities, ensuring food
security, providing services, contributing to wealth, cultural and
environmental value, and maintaining livelihoods for farmers (Emana et al.,
2017).
Gender roles may be deeply embedded in the social structure of the
community, but they are not set in Proper (Quisumbing et al., 2014).

4. Many aspects of livestock, such as knowledge, workforce, property rights, and usage
rights, vary by gender men and women have different knowledge of livestock, are
responsible for different livestock-related obligations, own different types of
livestock, and have different rights to livestock products.
There remains a knowledge gap this is in contrast to an extensive research review on
the role of women in the value chain, where the importance of women is widely
recognized and lessons learned on the best ways to reach and support women
through interventions and strategies. (Quisumbing and Pandolfelli 2010; Gladwin et
al. 2001).
Inequality is related not only to income differences but also to opportunity
inequality.
Cont.…

5. However, pastoral women experience double alienation as they experience
discrimination and marginalization while living in remote, poorly serviced areas and
living a lifestyle misunderstood by many decision-makers.
It has been Accessing to financial services is especially important for women to
improve their ability to participate in the value chain beyond the role of producers.
For example, the ability to add value to agricultural products (Mutua, et al., 2014),
power asymmetry value chain, and role
Cont.…

6. Gender issues raised in cattle include the Ministry of Justice, Access to ownership,
management of resources, budget decision-making, and sexual relations (Kinati &
Mulema, 2019).
The Ethiopian government has introduced policies, legal measures, and gender
mainstreaming policies across the sector to improve the environment in which
gender equality can be achieved at all levels, but there has been no improvement in
narrowing gender inequality in the field (Ogato et al., 2013).
The general purpose of this seminar is to review gender roles in the livestock value
chain and challenges in Ethiopia. based on assessment results, related studies, and
peer-reviewed research articles.
Cont.…

7. 2.1 Key concepts and Operational Definitions
The term Value Chain (VC) was used in Michael Porter's book "Competitive Advantage,
creating and sustaining superior performance (1985)".
The value chain analysis (VCA) describes your organization's activities and links them to
your organization's competitive position.
The value chain is a concept that can be easily described as all the activities required to
reach the final destination of the market from the initial stage of input and supply to the
various stages of production
Gender role (GR) is described as "women's and men's, girls' and boys' socially determined
roles and status." It's a collection of culturally particular features that define women's and
my social behavior, as well as our connection
2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND DISCUSSION

8. Figure 2: Porter value chain 1985
supportive activities
Inbound
logistics
Operation Outbound
logistics
Marketing
and sales
services
Technology developement
Human resource
Infrastructure
Procurement

9. A careful selection of a product/commodity that has the potential to boost income
and eliminate poverty is the first stage in a value chain study (Kaplinsky & Morris,
2001). Smallholder farmers, the government, and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) should choose commodities based on stated criteria such as the potential for
job creation, income source, productivity level, environmental conservation, women
empowerment, food security, market access, and demand trends (Ghore, 2015; Herr &
Muzira, 2009).
2.1.1. Selection of entry points
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2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Dairy Beef Sheep and Goat Poultry
No of document Reviewed
Total document Included Excluded

10. • After describing the types of ways used to improve gender equity outcomes
through value chain analysis and analyzing the efficacy of upgrading; product,
process, functional, and structural upgrading strategies (Coles & Mitchell, 2017).
• Vertical and horizontal cooperation in the organization may benefit women by
enhancing their market and social power, improving access to services as an asset,
and addressing some of the underlying gender imbalances that disempower women
in value chains, such as poor social status (Stoian et al., 2018).
2.1.2 The efficacy of upgrading dealing with gender concerns

11.  Gender profit from their involvement in livestock value chains by exploiting and building
economic rewards, which might come from resource scarcity (barriers to entry) (Morris and
Kaplinsky, 2001). Limiting rivals' involvement via control of production variables generates
financial and (human and natural) resources.
In other words, individuals fight for land, labor capital, and other assets that allow them to
participate in and profit from value chain operations (Mulema, Annet; Taffesse, Shiferaw;
Kinati, 2015). The role of women, in this case, is undermined.
Factors affecting women in the livestock value chain, include perception, and labor stress,
as well as women's invisibility and gender capacity building. Women tend to participate in
value-adding activities as workers in areas where men and women have uneven access to
money and property, but males dominate managerial jobs (Stoian et al., 2018).
2.2 Gender in the livestock Value Chain

12. FAO has a long history of working in smallholder dairy development and has learned that well-
designed dairy development initiatives may help disadvantaged households improve their
incomes and nutrition while also providing jobs in milk processing and marketing (Foster et al.,
2015).
Demand for dairy products has risen consistently and continues to rise, particularly in
emerging nations' metropolitan areas. Women and children, as well as men, benefit from
small-scale dairy farming. Milk sales provide a steady source of income for women, and dairy
products can help people, particularly children over the age of 12 months and undernourished
pregnant women, diversify their diets (Wegari Obosha & Dabesa, 2017).
Extension, input supply (feed, bulls), and value chain development are all part of the dairy
value chain have extensive experience working in smallholder dairy development a(Foster et
2.2.1 Gender Role in the Dairy Value Chain

13. • Beef cattle production and value addition practices are known as major income-
earning activities and economic stay of the farmers, brokers, traders, hotels, and
restaurants and also provide huge financial supporters are actors of beef cattle
value chain, yet attention given to the sector is not comparable to the economic
value the sector owns (Bassa et al., 2017).
2.2.3 Gender Role in Beef Value Chain

14. Major Actors Core function beef value chain
Input suppliers supply of animals for fattening, provision of animal health services, feed and
provision of credit services
producers feeding the animal, watering, provision of veterinary services, and housing the
animal for better production of the required live weight (meat)
Traders or
marketers
Marketing involves buying animals (farm gate or local markets), transportation, and
distribution to final destinations (in this case, butchers, group consumers,
Abattoirs, consumers, and supermarkets.
processors Butchers and hotels and restaurants.
consumers Domestic consumers why either processed meat from butchers and supermarkets or
who, as a group, buy beef animals to slaughter and then share the meat.
Table 1 Beef cattle actors and role in the value chain
Source: Degefa., 2018

15. • Developing a value chain is the key to increasing productivity and improving the lives
of the poor in rural areas, especially women. The value chain offers women great
opportunities through better market links and employment opportunities (chkowsky,
2017).
• However, small ruminants, sheep, and goats play an important role in rural life for
both men and women in Ethiopia, but women are dominating major activities.
• There are some governments and non-governmental organizations and institutions
that are primarily or in combination with other sectors working on the development
of small ruminant value chains (Legese & Fadiga, 2014).
2.2.4 Gender Role Sheep and Goat Value Chain

16. Poultry is the major activity of women, Ethiopian girls had been empowered to generate
extra earnings via stepped-forward hen manufacturing. The initiative has helped to keep
home breeds of fowl exceptional suitable for growing manufacturing due to their
resilience to neighborhood climatic situations in the environment (Garry Marvin, 2020;
Goitom, 2017).
Chickens play an important socio-monetary function in Ethiopia; rural manufacturing
money is owed for over 98% of the country`s egg and fowl meat economy. As chickens
are taken into consideration as low-reputation animals, girls are allowed to hold them,
and the proceeds of the sale of hen and eggs (MacVicar, 2020).
 Poultry manufacturing is growing within the globe to excessive shape and hen
merchandise due to excessive protein content. manufacturing of cattle has an effect on
the resident’s maintain involvement in hen manufacturing (Hailemicheal et al., 2016).
2.2.5 Gender Role in Poultry Value Chain

17. 2.3.1 Gender Roles and Responsibilities
 The roles of men and women along the value chain vary from production to
marketing. If it is backyard production, it is mainly women who manage the animals
and mainly men when it is outside the homestead.
 In production, women are very much involved in the sheep and goat value chain
carrying out activities such as feeding, cleaning, and processing milk. The processing
processing of meat is mostly done by men (FAO, 2012)
When it comes to marketing, most women don't sell sheep or goats. Women can
own animals, but it is mainly performed by men. And most women don't know the
price of sheep or goats. Men also manage income from the sale of sheep and goats.
Only women do the housework. Boys are primarily engaged in livestock farming
(Desta et al., 2016)
2.3 Summary of Empirical studies

18. Livestock Actors of the value chain Gender role Reference
Dairy  Input supplier
 producers
 markets
 processor and consumers
The role of men is about production and
marketing decision-making on dairy animals’
own. The women are about milking and selling
by-products of animals
Desta et al., 2016
Beef  Input supplier
 Producers
 Small trader/retailer
 Large trader/wholesaler
 Butcher
 Hotel and restaurant
 Live animal exporter and consumers
The men are fatting animals and producing,
marketing the beef animals. The women’s
activities in a beef animal are cleaning house
for beef animals and providing different
residues for beef animals
Degefa (2018)
Small ruminant  Input supplier
 Producers
 Marketers
 Butchers
 Meat exporters and consumers
The men again produce and decide on
marketing issues and sometimes women also
decided on the marketing issues. Keeping of
small ruminant is also included, women and
children.
Rischkowsky, 2017
Poultry  Input supply
 Producers
 Trader/collector
 Consumer
The role of men is less than women decided on
the production and marketing of poultry,
sometime this animal belongs to women rather
than male traditional.
MacVicar, 2020
Table 2: Gender role in the livestock value chain
Table 4: The key findings and gaps of different scholars on Gender roles in the
livestock value chain and its challenges in Ethiopia

19. Women and men share the same challenges and restrictions for operations in
agriculture value chains, but they tend to be more exaggerated for women than for
their male ones. The most important limitations of women acting within the value
chain of livestock are socio-economic factors;-
1) Lack of land ownership 2). For capital restrictions or lack, 3). for ability and
knowledge access to credit and financial services 4). Expansion extension
Services, 5). Cooling Systems and 6) Transport Infrastructure (Kinati & Mulema,
2019), and 7). Access to workers within the production activity.
2.4 Challenges of Gender in livestock value chain

20. In addition, social norms and practices related to knowledge and education,
leadership, and participation can pose challenges for female producers and other
female actors who do not have the same impact on men.
Product quality and other restrictions include lack of storage space, irregular
delivery of inputs, and high cost of credit lines. It is important to consider the
quantity or quantity and type of product for which the retailer is responsible, as it
can have a significant impact on the retailer's market demand (Emana et al., 2017).
Cont.…

21. Many aspects of livestock value chain , such as knowledge, workforce, property
rights, and usage rights, vary by gender Men and women have different knowledge
of livestock, are responsible for different livestock-related obligations, own different
types of livestock, and have different rights to livestock products.
 In Ethiopia, women traditionally face socio-cultural and economic discrimination,
resulting in fewer economic, educational, and social opportunities than men.
 Gender-influencing factors in the Ethiopian livestock value chain face several
challenges and impede the country's economic development while 50 % of the
population were females.
3. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

22. Ethiopia's livestock value chain is responsible for the country's economic
development, but participation in this value chain is determined by maleness or
femaleness nature and has a direct impact on the improvement and development
of the value chain.
The Ethiopia policy on gender is very clear but it is not changing the problem of
realizing and changing it into practice is very far from the goal.
Cont.…

23. This literature review on gender role in the livestock value chain and its challenges in Ethiopia,
suggests the following possible interventions.
Integrating into livestock research and development interventions to strengthen service
providers` Gender capacity building and women`s empowerment.
Creating awareness for local communities, and elders to improve socio-cultural discrimination
against women
To overcome gender-based constraints in livestock-based systems introduce livestock-based
gender transformative approaches
Rethinking the commercialization model of the milk and poultry value chain in Ethiopia in order
to address its unintended consequences on women`s ownership and control of income from the
milk and poultry business.
Reorienting policy on Gender and livestock value chain to bring sustainable improvement in the
sector.
Future prospects

24. Thank you!!
The end