1. The majority of households in the study area depended on diversified smallholder farming for their livelihoods, combining food crops for household consumption and cash crops for income generation.
2. Livelihood strategies were influenced by the capital assets households owned, and strategies with a higher number of crops resulted in better food security. However, coping strategies that eroded capital assets undermined resilience.
3. Gender norms and socioeconomic status affected individuals' abilities to undertake livelihoods and be food secure, though some positive changes toward gender equality were observed. Continued disadvantages included unequal access to and control of capital assets.
Towards synergies between food security and biodiversity conservation: an out...joernfischer
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- production focus is too narrow
- need to look at other issues, e.g. female education
- even better, use a systems approach
- systems have leverage points (sensu Meadows 1999)
- the most influential points of intervening in systems are changing the system goals and questioning the paradigms underpinning the systems
- it follows that we ought to challenge the global systems for food security and biodiversity conservation -- they are based on paradigms that are not achieving either of these two goals very well
Towards synergies between food security and biodiversity conservation: an out...joernfischer
Â
- production focus is too narrow
- need to look at other issues, e.g. female education
- even better, use a systems approach
- systems have leverage points (sensu Meadows 1999)
- the most influential points of intervening in systems are changing the system goals and questioning the paradigms underpinning the systems
- it follows that we ought to challenge the global systems for food security and biodiversity conservation -- they are based on paradigms that are not achieving either of these two goals very well
perception towards family planning and its implication to environmental susta...IJEAB
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This study was conducted aiming at to assess perception of couples towards family planning and its relevance to environmental sustainability and to identify factors hindering family planning practice. Sample respondents for study comprises 90 couples in rural and 28 in urban. Data was collected by using random systematic and simple random sampling methods. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus group discussion. The research found that there is promising level of awareness on family planning and main source of information were health extension agents. Reported reasons in sought of large number of children were old age support, son or daughter preference, considering children as a wealth, and labor support, religious prohibition. Nearly half of respondent couples approve contraceptives with more approval of women in both settings. Most of the respondents showed positive attitude towards family planning. Furthermore, half of the rural and nearly less than half of the urban respondents approve the importance of family planning for environmental sustainability. During the study period 23.2% of urban and 18.9% of rural couples were using some method of family planning; among which 21.4 of urban and 16.7% of rural women were using modern methods, hence, awareness level and practice in family planning showed a gap in both urban and rural. In general, urban showed more favorable attitude and practice than rural couples in family planning. Despite of their lower practice in family planning, rural respondents likely showed more favorable attitudes towards relevance of family planning for environmental sustainability.
Agroecological Transformations: Background and RationaleICCASA
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Presented by Martin Oulu, Ph.D at the ISFAA SENSITIZATION WORKSHOP ON AGROECOLOGY AND AGROBIODIVERSITY INTEGRATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA.
This is the slideshow i am using now (2013) to open design courses. This part goes over a bit of my background, a bit of history and inspiration for permaculture and its development, and the state of the world. It also begins to explore how permaculture is manifested in the world which is a reflection of the 14 chapters of the Designers manual which acts as a framework for how the course is structured.
Integration of Agroecology and Agrobiodiversity in Agricultural Education Cur...ICCASA
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Presented by Dr. Robert Mbeche, at the ISFAA SENSITIZATION WORKSHOP ON AGROECOLOGY AND AGROBIODIVERSITY INTEGRATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA.
perception towards family planning and its implication to environmental susta...IJEAB
Â
This study was conducted aiming at to assess perception of couples towards family planning and its relevance to environmental sustainability and to identify factors hindering family planning practice. Sample respondents for study comprises 90 couples in rural and 28 in urban. Data was collected by using random systematic and simple random sampling methods. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus group discussion. The research found that there is promising level of awareness on family planning and main source of information were health extension agents. Reported reasons in sought of large number of children were old age support, son or daughter preference, considering children as a wealth, and labor support, religious prohibition. Nearly half of respondent couples approve contraceptives with more approval of women in both settings. Most of the respondents showed positive attitude towards family planning. Furthermore, half of the rural and nearly less than half of the urban respondents approve the importance of family planning for environmental sustainability. During the study period 23.2% of urban and 18.9% of rural couples were using some method of family planning; among which 21.4 of urban and 16.7% of rural women were using modern methods, hence, awareness level and practice in family planning showed a gap in both urban and rural. In general, urban showed more favorable attitude and practice than rural couples in family planning. Despite of their lower practice in family planning, rural respondents likely showed more favorable attitudes towards relevance of family planning for environmental sustainability.
Agroecological Transformations: Background and RationaleICCASA
Â
Presented by Martin Oulu, Ph.D at the ISFAA SENSITIZATION WORKSHOP ON AGROECOLOGY AND AGROBIODIVERSITY INTEGRATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA.
This is the slideshow i am using now (2013) to open design courses. This part goes over a bit of my background, a bit of history and inspiration for permaculture and its development, and the state of the world. It also begins to explore how permaculture is manifested in the world which is a reflection of the 14 chapters of the Designers manual which acts as a framework for how the course is structured.
Integration of Agroecology and Agrobiodiversity in Agricultural Education Cur...ICCASA
Â
Presented by Dr. Robert Mbeche, at the ISFAA SENSITIZATION WORKSHOP ON AGROECOLOGY AND AGROBIODIVERSITY INTEGRATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA.
Gender, Agriculture, and Environment: From Zombie Facts to EvidenceSophie Theis
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Four "zombie myths" continue to haunt us in the field of gender and agriculture. This presentation looks at the evidence on the feminization of poverty, women's contributions to agriculture, land ownership, and role as environmentalists. Presented by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at Penn State University, June 2016.
For more information about IFPRI's Gender Research, please see our research topic page: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/gender
Stay up to date on happenings in gender and agriculture: http://gender.ifpri.info
Gender, Agriculture, and Environment: From "Zombie Facts" to EvidenceIFPRI Gender
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Four "zombie myths" continue to haunt us in the field of gender and agriculture. This presentation looks at the evidence on the feminization of poverty, women's contributions to agriculture, land ownership, and role as environmentalists. Presented by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at Penn State University, June 2016.
For more information about IFPRI's Gender Research, please see our research topic page: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/gender
Stay up to date on happenings in gender and agriculture: http://gender.ifpri.info
Using Community Gardens to Augment Food Security Efforts in Low-Income Communities
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Using Community Gardens to Augment Food Security
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This presentation is based on various issues faced by women in agricultural services and the reasons why gender-sensitization schemes are not widely accepted.
Presentation by Patricia Rodrigues on conservation of birds in Ethiopian coffee forest. Presented in September 2016 at the SCB Meeting in Morocco. Findings are preliminary.
Presentation of PRELIMINARY findings at the 2016 conference on development research at Stockholm University. Focus is on the household level livelihood strategies.
Presentation of PRELIMINARY findings at the 2016 conference on development research at Stockholm University. Focus is on the governance of food security and biodiversity conservation.
Integration by place, case and process: Transdisciplinary sustainability scie...joernfischer
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Sustainability science is an emerging arena of scientific enquiry. Unlike traditional disciplinary research, sustainability science seeks to transcend boundaries between disciplines, and between researchers and other societal stakeholders. Here, I summarize five years of team research that investigated trajectories for sustainable development in Southern Transylvania, Romania. This region boasts some of Europe's most notable natural and cultural heritage, including traditional land use systems and their associated biodiversity (from wildflower meadows to the European Brown Bear). However, rapid socioeconomic changes, and associated changes in land use, are now threatening these traditional heritage values. The aim of our research was to better understand the changes taking place in order to obtain insights for how they may be navigated. To this end, we integrated insights from the social sciences and ecological sciences with local expert knowledge via an approach centered around the notions of "place", "case" and "process". This integration approach focuses all research participants on a shared problem (here, landscape change in Transylvania) and common units of analysis (here, selected villages), and emphasizes informal methods of knowledge integration. In the past five years, among others, we surveyed plants, butterflies, birds and mammals at over 120 sites; we interviewed hundreds of people about rural development, living with carnivores, and their aspirations for the future; we involved 18 stakeholder groups in developing scenarios exploring the future; and we prepared a traveling exhibition, an outreach tour, and a bilingual book to share our research findings with local communities. This presentation summarizes key highlights of this research project and considers avenues in which similar approaches could also be useful in other settings.
Describes findings of a paper on scenario planning and a holistic approach to studying social-ecological systems; study to be published in Ecology & Society
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar âDigital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?â on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus âManaging screen time: How to protect and equip students against distractionâ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective âStudents, digital devices and successâ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation âBlue Starâ is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
1. Food
?
Aisa O. Manlosa
Email: aisamanlosa@gmail.com / manlosa@leuphana.de
Linking livelihoods, food security, and social equality
2. Why are livelihoods important?
People have
goals and
they act on
those goals
People use
resources or capital
assets
People make
a living and
achieve well-
being
3. Outline of presentation
Livelihood strategies
⢠Why focus on livelihoods? What livelihoods were identified?
Coping strategies
⢠How do smallholder farming households cope with
livelihoods-related problems?
Gender and social relationships
⢠How does gender and differences in socioeconomic status
affect abilities to undertake livelihoods and be food
secure?
5. Livelihood strategies â main findings
The majority of households depended on diversified smallholder
farming for their livelihoods.
These livelihoods typically combined food crops and cash crops.
Food crops such as maize, sorghum, and teff were mainly for
household consumption. Cash crops such as coffee and khat were
mainly for selling to earn income.
The capital assets households owned influenced the types of
livelihood strategies they were able to undertake. Size of farm field,
ownership of coffee plots, and engagement in sharecropping were
some of the most important capital asset determinants.
Livelihood strategies influenced household food security. The
higher the number of crops in a strategy, the better the food security
status.
Education and gender of household head also influenced food
security.
6. Table 1. Diverse crops in smallholder farming livelihoods.
Main crops Mean
harvest +
standard
deviation
Percentage
of harvest
used for
subsistence
Percentage
of harvest
sold
Maize 285 + 459 93 7
Teff 100 + 153 98 2
Sorghum 84 + 157 95 5
Barley 11 + 37 99 1
Wheat 10 + 39 100 0
Coffee 170 + 320 23 77
Khat 131 households
had khat
Some khat was
used by the
households
Most khat was
produced for the
local market
Livelihood strategies: crops and types
11. Implications
To strengthen food security
Support for crop diversification needed
Better access and control of key capital
assets (e.g. land) required
13. Two types of situations when households need to
cope
When capital assets are
lacking. How can people
undertake livelihoods?
When food is lacking. How can
people eat?
14. PEOPLE IMPLEMENT
COPING STRATEGIES
To cope is to deal with something difficult
Coping strategies are actions undertaken by households or individuals to reduce
the negative effect of a problem
This often involves drawing on the capital assets one has to mitigate a type of lack
in a process called capital asset substitution.
In some cases, a household needs to make different types of substitutions.
This has an effect on a houeholdâs capital asset base and their resilience.
16. Coping strategies â main findings
Challenges associated with
the natural capital are the
most frequently mentioned
reasons for needing to
cope.
Coping strategies that
erode capital assets in the
process of substitution,
undermine resilience and
food security. The poor are
particularly vulnerable to
this viscious cycle, but
even the better off are not
exempted.
17. Table 2 Most frequently mentioned livelihood problems, coping strategies, and
feedbacks.
Problem related
to capital assets
Coping strategies Capital asset
substitution
Feedback
Wild animal pests* Increasing farm labor
input (i.e. didaro) /
sharecropping
Social for human 0, + / 0, -
Lack of cash Farm wage labor / selling
coffee
Human for economic 0
Lack of oxen due to
diseases
Oxen sharing / buying
new oxen
Social for physical 0, + / -
Lack of farmland* Sharecropping Social for natural 0, +, -
Low soil fertility* Fertilizer application Economic and physical for
natural
-
Lack of farm labor Sharecropping Social for human 0, +, -
Capital
asset
substitution
(Notes:
* to indicate livelihood problem related to natural capital
In the feedback column, 0 means capital asset is maintained, + means capital asset is grown, and â means capital asset is
eroded.
18. Table 3 Some livelihood problems and demonstrative quotations.
Livelihood
problems
Quotations
Wild animal pests* âItâs like lending my other hand to another.â
Lack of oxen due to
diseases
âWe spend money to buy cows and oxen and then they die. Our
assets decrease. Once the livestock are dead, we cannot buy [oxen]
again because we do not have the money. This reduces our
livelihood.â
Lack of farmland* âMy father farmed this land, and his father before him. Over the years,
as land is handed down by inheritance, the sons receive smaller and
smaller areas of land, with more and more people in the family
depending on it. And because our land is small, we need to produce
from it in order to feed our family. We cannot leave it to fallow like our
ancestors did. In the past they would be able to fallow the land by
going to farther areas and farming there. But now, there are already
people farming in those areas.â
Low soil fertility* âThe land I have is enough for my family but soil fertility is a problem.
The production I generate from my farmland is not enough to buy
fertilizers. We had to sell a sheep to be able to buy fertilizer.â
19. Implications
Consideration of
the natural
environment as
a fundamental
requirement for
food security.
Broadening
options for
coping which do
not lead to
erosion of
assets.
Supporting local
farmers to build
up capital
assets,
including non-
material assets.
Especially liquidating assets to buy fertilizer erodes peopleâs assets,
thereby reducing the ability to cope in the future
20. GENDER AND SOCIAL RELATIONS
UNDERSTANDING HOW GENDER AND SOCIAL RELATIONS
INFLUENCE THE ABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS TO UNDERTAKE
LIVELIHOODS AND BE FOOD SECURE
21. Why is it important to consider gender and social
relations in discussing food security?
Livelihoods are not only about
production inputs (e. g. seeds,
labor, land) but are also
influenced by social relations.
Social relations are
characterized by norms which
are peopleâs shared
understanding of acceptable
attitudes and behaviors.
For example, gender norms
determine what women are
allowed and not allowed to do.
Source: Oxfam International (upper photo),
Jan Hanspach (lower photo)
22. Main findings
There have been positive
changes in relation to gender
equality.
However, women still face
systemic disadvantages, as do
poor men.
These disadvantages include
access and control of capital
assets, decision-making, and
delineated activities.
Reversing these systemic
disadvantages will be
important to expand
individualsâ capacities to
achieve well-being.
23. Various gender related changes were reported in
southwest Ethiopia in the last ten years. These can be
classified as:
Fig 7. Leverage points for improving gender equality.
24. Increased involvement in
livelihood activities similar
to menâs
Women participating in
public meetings and
trainings
Women getting involved
in conservation activities
Improved mobility
Decreased incidence of
husbands hitting wives
Women participating in
adult education
Fig 8. Gender-related changes in visible gaps.
25. Policy reforms (e. g. joint land
registration, family code)
Shared decision-making
Awareness about gender
equality and womenâs rights
Change in rules around access
and control of capital assets
Change in what women are allowed
to do in relation to their roles
Women are more knowledgeable
about trading and livelihoods
Women can clean themselves without
being perceived as doing bad
Women can save money
Women can take out loans
Women are more proactive
Women have more knowledge
Fig 9. Gender-related changes in
formal and informal structures.
26. Emergence of trust
The perception that womenâs
initiative and involvement
should be encouraged
The perception that men
should accept womenâs ideas
The perception that men
and women are equal
Shift in perception of women as
weak and incapable to women
as capable of making farm-
related decisions and leading
The perception that
women should also be
involved in providing
advice to the government
as men do
Fig 10. Gender-related changes in
attitudes.
27. Interactions between leverage points are also important and
need to be engaged with carefully:
Fig 11. Interactions between leverage points.
28. Fig 12. Womenâs and menâs perceived change in sense of agency
in the last ten years assessed using the Ladder of Power.
29. Despite the changes, several features of the normative climate continue
to limit individualsâ abilities to participate in and benefit from smallholder
farming livelihoods.
Gender
Patrilineal inheritance practices
Nika enables women to
negotiate their disadvantaged
position but to a limited extent
Decision-making is now shared
but in most cases, in nominal
terms
Allocation of tasks make
women dependent on male
labor
Socioeconomic status
Uneven sharing of risk,
difficulties of sharecroppers
exacerbated by increase in
crop raids
Unequal abilities to decide on
crops to plant
In some cases, information not
shared on actual costs of
inputs
Insecurity of access to land
All these impact on
F O O D S E C U R I T Y.
30. Implications
Leveraging livelihoods as a sphere to expand
individualsâ agencies to improve their well-being.
Capitalizing on the interactions betwen formal
and informal structures/institutions
Fostering reflections on the role of social norms
31. Key points for policy and practice
1. Diverse food crops in combination with cash crops
resulted in better food security.
2. Working together (e. g. didaro, help networks,
sharecropping) helped people cope with livelihoods-
related problems with less erosion on their capital assets.
3. Expanding individualsâ agency is intrinsically important, but
also beneficial for supporting smallholder farming
livelihoods and food security.
32. QUESTIONS?
References
1. Livelihood strategies, capital assets, and food security in rural southwest Ethiopia (in review, Food
Security)
2. Capital asset substitution as a coping strategy: practices and implications for food security and resilience in
southwest Ethiopia (in review, Geoforum)
3. Leverage points for improving gender equality and human well-being in a smallholder farming context
(published, Sustainability Science)
4. The social embeddedness of smallholder farming livelihoods and food security: unpacking local norms
around gender and socioeconomic difference in southwest Ethiopia (in preparation)
33. Grateful to
All the local residents of the six kebeles who kindly welcomed us and
gave so generously of their time and knowledge
Oliyad Amente, Shiferaw Diriba, Dadi Feyisa, and Tolani Asirat for
making the work possible through their translations and building of
bridges
ERC for its Consolidator Grant to Joern Fischer
34. Contact
Faculty of Sustainability
Aisa O. Manlosa
Universitätsallee 1
21335 Lueneburg, Germany
Phone +49.4131.677-4028
aisamanlosa@gmail.com / manlosa@leuphana.de
Âť www.leuphana.de