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The host's immune system uses RNA interference to defend against pathogens. Dicer cleaves double-stranded RNA into short interfering RNA fragments. The RNA-induced silencing complex uses the siRNA to find and cleave complementary mRNA, degrading the mRNA and inhibiting gene expression. This process allows the host to defend itself by degrading the genetic material of invading viruses and other pathogens.
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![Host Defense ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Dicer siRNA mRNA RISC dsRNA Dicer cleaves dsRNA into shorter segments RNA fragments degraded by Slicer RISC cleaves mRNA RISC complex finds mRNA complementary to siRNA RISC complex binds siRNA and separates the strands Fig. 8.16](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/figuresnotintextbookforexam3-1232686941661820-2/85/rrr-1-320.jpg)
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Themes in Microbiology
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The document summarizes key topics about prokaryotes and viruses:
1) Stromatolites provide evidence that prokaryotic life began early in Earth's history. Experiments have explored how organic molecules may have formed the building blocks of early life.
2) Archaea and bacteria are two domains of prokaryotes that differ in cell structure and genetics. Bacteria have diverse shapes and methods of nutrition, reproduction, and genetic variation.
3) Viruses rely on host cells for reproduction and have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. They replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles and cause diseases differently than bacteria. Vaccines boost immunity to prevent viral infections.
Bacterial genetics
This document discusses bacterial genetics. It begins by explaining that bacterial properties are controlled by genes in their chromosomal DNA, which is replicated to maintain traits across generations. While bacteria have no nucleus or nucleolus, their DNA forms the classic double helix structure described by Watson and Crick. Genetic information is stored in codons that code for amino acids. Bacteria can experience phenotypic variation from environment or genotypic variation through mutation or gene transfer via transformation, transduction, conjugation, or cell fusion. Mutation may occur spontaneously or be induced, and can involve changes like base substitutions or frameshifts. Gene transfer allows uptake of external DNA and transmission of genes between bacteria.
ENTO 231_L.No.10_Microbial Pesticides - Copy.ppt
1. The document discusses various types of microbial biopesticides including bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, and protozoa that can be used for insect pest control.
2. Key bacterial species mentioned are Bacillus thuringiensis which produces crystal toxins that target different insect orders. Important viral types are nucleopolyhedroviruses and granuloviruses which belong to the Baculoviridae family.
3. Common entomopathogenic fungal species described are Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Verticillium lecanii. The document also covers entomopathogenic nematodes like Steinernema and Heterorhabditis
Nhn sumaya enrichment_program
Entomopathogenic nematodes from the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are being explored as potential biological control agents. They have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that help the nematodes infect and kill insect hosts. The nematodes penetrate the insect, releasing bacteria that kill the insect within 24-48 hours. The nematodes then reproduce within the insect cadaver. Researchers in the Philippines have begun isolating local entomopathogenic nematode strains and exploring their potential for controlling agricultural pests.
Biology - Chp 19 - Bacteria And Viruses - PowerPoint
The document discusses bacteria and viruses. It describes bacteria as unicellular prokaryotes that exist in various shapes and metabolize energy through different processes. Viruses are composed of nucleic acids surrounded by proteins and can only reproduce by infecting host cells. Both bacteria and viruses can cause disease, though only a small number do. Bacterial diseases are treated with antibiotics while viral diseases focus on prevention through vaccines.
War against bacterial resistance
The enormous world of microorganism source antibiotics to mankind in the war against pathogenic microbes. These microbes in turn tilt the balance to their favor by acquiring resistance against antibiotics, through borrowed genes from a pool widely distributed in the microbial world itself. This collateral damage of misuse of antibiotics on one patient is not limited to that patient, but affects whole society, through expansion of environmental resistome. Both antibiotics and resistance are secondary metabolites involved in varied process, with existence history of million years. Therefore, any antibiotic that would be discovered in future, resistance against it would already be existing in microbial world, which will be acquired by the target bacteria sooner or later. The fight against infection cannot not be won with antibiotics, but truce may be attained through infection control and antibiotic stewardship.
Mici 1100 sept_08_lectures_1-5
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content covered in the MICI 1100 Health Sciences Microbiology course at QE II HSC, including introductions to microbiology, bacterial structure and classification, growth and metabolism, pathogenicity, and control of microbial growth. Key topics covered include bacterial morphology, staining techniques, taxonomy, requirements for growth, phases of growth, and methods of sterilization and disinfection.
The dengue virus structure
A presentation on dengue virus structure, how the virus attacks and spreads in the body, role of heterocyclic drugs in inhibiting the virus and our experiments on the subject.
José Luis Martínez - Simposio Microbiología: Transmisión
Los días 7 y 8 de mayo organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces con la Fundación General CSIC el Simposio Internacional 'Microbiología: transmisión'. La "transmisión" en microbiología hace referencia al proceso por el que material genético es transferido de una célula a otra, de una población a otra. Es un proceso clave para entender el origen y la evolución de los seres vivos. El objetivo de esta reunión era conocer mejor la logística de la transmisión para ser capaces de modular o suprimir algunos procesos de transmisión dañinos.
roozbahani-140104225550-phpapp01.pdfffff
This document discusses the classification of bacterial toxins. It describes two main categories of toxins: those that act on the cell surface and those that act intracellularly.
Toxins that act on the cell surface are further broken down into subgroups that target specific host sites, the immune system, surface molecules, or form pores in cell membranes. Examples are provided for each subgroup.
Toxins that act intracellularly are known as A/B toxins and contain an enzymatic A domain and receptor-binding B domain. These toxins target processes inside the cell like protein synthesis, signal transduction, and cytoskeleton structure. Overall, the document provides a detailed overview of the different classes and mechanisms of bacterial
Photorhabdus Host of Hosts
Photorhabdus bacteria have a mutualistic relationship with nematodes, where they help the nematodes infect and kill insects. These bacteria produce bioluminescence, toxins, and other compounds that help overcome the insects' immune systems. While usually symbiotic with nematodes in insects, some Photorhabdus strains can also infect humans. The bacteria have evolved complex interactions with their hosts and produce many secondary metabolites worth studying for new drug development.
Plasmid isolation
This document discusses the history and properties of plasmids. Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules that are able to replicate independently of a cell's chromosomal DNA. They were first observed in bacteria in the early 1950s and play important roles in processes like antibiotic resistance and virulence. The document outlines the early studies that helped characterize plasmids and describes some of their key properties, such as their circular structure and ability to exist in different conformations. It also discusses how plasmids are used as cloning vectors to amplify genes and produce proteins for applications in research, medicine, and agriculture.
Programmed cell death in plant disease perspective
1. Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in plant development and defense against pathogens. PCD occurs through defined phases and is regulated by proteases and caspases.
2. Hypersensitive response (HR) is a type of PCD that plants use to restrict the growth and spread of pathogens. HR is characterized by rapid death of infected cells and the accumulation of antimicrobial compounds.
3. Expression of the baculovirus p35 gene, which inhibits caspases and blocks PCD, provided tomato plants with resistance to fungal pathogens by preventing disease-associated cell death. Blocking PCD benefited plants in this case by reducing susceptibility to disease.
Antibacterials 2
Aminoglycosides are a class of bactericidal antibiotics that work by inhibiting protein synthesis. They include gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, which are commonly used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli. However, aminoglycosides can cause serious kidney and ear toxicity. Bacteria can also develop resistance through efflux pumps, modifications to the antibiotic, or mutations in the ribosome binding site.
Lec 1.ppt
This document provides an overview of microbiology concepts including:
- Key historical figures like van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, and Fleming and their contributions to proving biogenesis and developing microbiology as a science.
- The three domain system of classifying microbes.
- Examples of how microbes affect humans both positively through uses like biotechnology and negatively by causing infectious diseases.
- Current challenges in microbiology like antimicrobial resistance and emerging infectious diseases.
Viruses1
This document provides an overview of viruses, including their history, properties, structure, classification, and life cycle. It discusses how viruses were first discovered in the late 19th century through early 20th century through studies of diseases like tobacco mosaic disease and yellow fever. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that vary in size from 20-300nm and consist of nucleic acids surrounded by proteins. They are classified based on factors like genome type and structure. The document also examines the structure of different virus components and looks at the replication cycles of both bacterial and animal viruses. It concludes with brief discussions of viroids and prions.
Bohomolets Microbiology Lecture#1
The document provides an overview of microbiology, including the structure and morphology of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. It discusses topics like bacterial cell structure, flagella and pili, endospores, capsules, inclusion bodies, and the contributions of Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who is considered the father of microbiology.
27 prokaryotes text
1. Prokaryotes are microscopic organisms that vastly outnumber all other life forms on Earth. They thrive in nearly every environment.
2. Prokaryotic cells come in different shapes and have various cell surface structures like cell walls, capsules, fimbriae, and flagella that help with structural integrity, attachment, and movement.
3. Prokaryotes exhibit a great diversity of metabolic capabilities, including different ways of obtaining nutrients and interacting with oxygen. Many prokaryotes also form cooperative relationships.
Bacteria Viruses09martin
Viruses and bacteria are two types of infectious particles. Viruses cannot reproduce outside of a host cell and are made of nucleic acids surrounded by proteins, while bacteria are unicellular organisms that can reproduce through binary fission and come in various shapes including cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. Both viruses and bacteria can cause diseases in humans, though most bacteria are beneficial as decomposers in the environment or in food production.
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Biology - Chp 19 - Bacteria And Viruses - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 19 - Bacteria And Viruses - PowerPoint
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Programmed cell death in plant disease perspective
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays - June 2024
Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays, June 2024 with Maria Copot 20
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
Dmitrii Kamaev, PhD
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up Slides
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
A Deep Dive into ScyllaDB's Architecture
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham Hill
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
Apps Break Data
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Mutation Testing for Task-Oriented Chatbots
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena Syrota
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor Ivaniuk
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during Migration
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
Demystifying Knowledge Management through Storytelling
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
Katja Glaß
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Marius Conjeaud
Principal Consultant - Neo4j
Recently uploaded (20)
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
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LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
rrr
- 3. Fig. 20-7a in the 11 th edition
- 4. Chemical antimicrobial agents used to control microorganisms that are harmful to humans: ; kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms on living tissue Antiseptics & Germicides reduce the microbial load but may not eliminate all microorganisms Sanitizers kill microorganisms, but endospores are typically resistant Disinfectants destroy all forms of microbial life Sterilants
- 8. An example of an echinocandin
- 9. An example of a polyoxin
- 10. Bacterial cell with chromosomal mutation altering target of antibiotic Bacterial cell not resistant to antibiotic Transfer of free DNA Previously susceptible cell is now resistant to antibiotic Transformation Lysis of cell resistant to antibiotic
- 11. Bacterial cell with R plasmid resistant to antibiotic Bacterial cell not resistant to antibiotic Copy and Transfer of R plasmid Previously susceptible cell is now resistant to antibiotic Chromosomal DNA Conjugation
- 12. Key: Gram-negative Gram-positive Gram-positive/ acid-fast Fungus Candida albicans * Acinetobacter sp. Enterococcus faecium* Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycobacterium tuberculosis* Haemophilus ducreyi Salmonella typhi Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pseudomonas aeruginosa* Salmonella sp . Shigella dysenteriae Shigella sp. Other gram-negative rods Staphylococcus aureus* 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Antimicrobial drug resistance human pathogens continue to emerge. Fig. 27.29
- 13. Fig. 14.7 Comparable to Fig. 11.8 in the 11 th edition Billion years ago Extinction of the dinosaurs Phanaerozoic Eon Evolutionary event Oxygen level Metabolic and other highlights Proterozoic Archaean Hadean Cambrian Precambrian 20% 10% Early animals Multicellular eukaryotes First eukaryotes Great oxidation event Cyanobacteria Purple and green bacteria 1% 0.1% Ozone shield (2H 2 O Oxygenic photosynthesis O 2 + 4H) Anoxic (H 2 S Anoxygenic photosynthesis S 0 + 2H) (CO 2 + 4H 2 Methanogenesis CH 4 + 2H 2 O) First cellular life Formation of crust and ocean Formation of Earth 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
- 14. Fig. 11-9 in the 11 th edition (aerobic) (oxygenic)
- 15. The Hydrogen Hypothesis – how the first eukaryotic was formed? Symbiont cell - Bacteria producing H 2 ; lipid gene transfer; precursor of mitochondrion Host cell - Archaea dependent on H 2 for electron source to make energy Symbiont cell – photosynthetic cyanobacterial-like ancestor
- 17. outgroup Fig. 14.14 Fig. 14.15 Fan-shaped Dichotomous
- 18. Internal nodes denote common ancestor Branches show order of descent and node ancestry. Branch length reprepresents number of nucleotide changes Nodes at the tips denote species/strains Fig. 14.14d
- 19. Fig. 11.20 in 11 th edition
- 20. Fig. 11.21 in 11 th edition
Editor's Notes
- siRNA in plants can travel through plasmodesmata throughout the plant. siRNA in C. elegans can be passed on through several generations. siRNA in mammals is localized.