Router internals
•
1 like•940 views
The document discusses the internals of a router. It describes the main functions of a router which include basic forwarding, packet classification, routing processing, and management. It outlines the key components of a router including network interfaces, forwarding engine, queue manager, and traffic manager. It also explains the packet flow through different components of a router along the fast and slow paths.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Router fundamentals
Router components allow the router to boot up and load its operating system. The router boot sequence requires all router components to start up. The Internetwork Operating System (IOS) acts as an interface between network devices and users, and is stored in the router's flash memory. Router administrative functions like assigning a hostname, banners, and passwords allow for easy troubleshooting and maintenance of routers.
8. internal components of router
The document discusses the internal components of a router, including RAM, NVRAM, Flash, and ROM. RAM stores temporary configuration files and routing tables, while NVRAM stores backup configuration files. Flash holds the Cisco IOS operating system, and ROM contains the POST and bootstrap programs. Interfaces provide network connections for packets. When booted, the router loads the IOS from Flash into RAM, along with configuration files from NVRAM and routing tables. Status commands like "show version" and "show running-config" display information about the router's components, configuration, and protocols.
Ccna day2
Here are the key steps in the IP routing process:
1. Host A checks its ARP table to see if it has the MAC address for Host B's IP address. Since Host B is on a different network, it does not have this information.
2. Host A sends the packet to its default gateway, Router A. The default gateway is the IP address of the router on the same network as Host A.
3. Router A checks its routing table to see how to reach the destination network for Host B. It sees that the next hop for that network is out its E1 interface.
4. Router A forwards the packet out its E1 interface towards Router B.
5. Router B receives
Exp2
The document discusses a lab experiment on network devices and Packet Tracer. It aims to familiarize students with switches, routers, and the network simulator Packet Tracer. The document provides details on router and switch components and functions, and guides students through building a simple topology in Packet Tracer.
Ccna 2
he content of the exams is proprietary.[4] Cisco and its learning partners offer a variety of different training methods,[5] including books published by Cisco Press, and online and classroom courses available under the title "Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices."
Ccna day2
Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions on Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that control traffic flow. Understanding Cisco IOS is essential for network administrators to properly configure and manage Cisco devices on their networks.
Ccna day2
The Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls the routing and switching functions of Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that contain parameters controlling traffic flow. The IOS software is stored in flash memory and loads the startup configuration from NVRAM on bootup. Setting a hostname, banner, and passwords are among the first configuration tasks for a new router.
Ccna day2
Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions on Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that control traffic flow. Understanding Cisco IOS is essential for network administrators to properly configure and manage Cisco devices on their networks.
Recommended
Router fundamentals
Router components allow the router to boot up and load its operating system. The router boot sequence requires all router components to start up. The Internetwork Operating System (IOS) acts as an interface between network devices and users, and is stored in the router's flash memory. Router administrative functions like assigning a hostname, banners, and passwords allow for easy troubleshooting and maintenance of routers.
8. internal components of router
The document discusses the internal components of a router, including RAM, NVRAM, Flash, and ROM. RAM stores temporary configuration files and routing tables, while NVRAM stores backup configuration files. Flash holds the Cisco IOS operating system, and ROM contains the POST and bootstrap programs. Interfaces provide network connections for packets. When booted, the router loads the IOS from Flash into RAM, along with configuration files from NVRAM and routing tables. Status commands like "show version" and "show running-config" display information about the router's components, configuration, and protocols.
Ccna day2
Here are the key steps in the IP routing process:
1. Host A checks its ARP table to see if it has the MAC address for Host B's IP address. Since Host B is on a different network, it does not have this information.
2. Host A sends the packet to its default gateway, Router A. The default gateway is the IP address of the router on the same network as Host A.
3. Router A checks its routing table to see how to reach the destination network for Host B. It sees that the next hop for that network is out its E1 interface.
4. Router A forwards the packet out its E1 interface towards Router B.
5. Router B receives
Exp2
The document discusses a lab experiment on network devices and Packet Tracer. It aims to familiarize students with switches, routers, and the network simulator Packet Tracer. The document provides details on router and switch components and functions, and guides students through building a simple topology in Packet Tracer.
Ccna 2
he content of the exams is proprietary.[4] Cisco and its learning partners offer a variety of different training methods,[5] including books published by Cisco Press, and online and classroom courses available under the title "Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices."
Ccna day2
Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions on Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that control traffic flow. Understanding Cisco IOS is essential for network administrators to properly configure and manage Cisco devices on their networks.
Ccna day2
The Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls the routing and switching functions of Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that contain parameters controlling traffic flow. The IOS software is stored in flash memory and loads the startup configuration from NVRAM on bootup. Setting a hostname, banner, and passwords are among the first configuration tasks for a new router.
Ccna day2
Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions on Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that control traffic flow. Understanding Cisco IOS is essential for network administrators to properly configure and manage Cisco devices on their networks.
Day 13 2 switch config
http://www.cyberintelligents.in
info@cyberintelligents.in
https://www.facebook.com/cyberintelligents
https://in.linkedin.com/in/cyberintelligents/en
https://cyberintelligents.wordpress.com/
http://cyberintelligent.blogspot.in
+91 9876162698 +919988288019
http://trainingcyberintelligents.blogspot.com
https://cyberintelligentsnews.wordpress.com/
16 control unit
This document summarizes key aspects of control unit operation from William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It discusses micro-operations which are the basic steps that make up each instruction fetch/execute cycle. The constituent elements involved in program execution like registers are described. The sequences of steps in the fetch, indirect, and interrupt cycles are outlined. Examples of the execute cycle for different instructions like ADD and ISZ are provided. The functional requirements, basic elements, and types of micro-operations that a control unit must perform are identified. Models of the control unit and how it generates control signals to orchestrate data movement and activation of functions are described.
Basic about-router
A router is a networking device that operates at the network layer and connects different networks. It selects the best and shortest path for packet forwarding based on its routing table, and can filter traffic using access control lists. Routers have various ports including console, auxiliary, Ethernet LAN ports, and serial WAN ports used to connect to other routers and modems. The Cisco IOS software controls router functions and is loaded during bootup from flash memory or a TFTP server.
Lecture 39
This document discusses input/output organization and direct memory access. It describes how a DMA controller allows I/O devices to directly access main memory without involving the CPU, freeing it up for other tasks. The DMA controller uses cycle stealing to interweave memory accesses with the CPU. I/O processors called channels can also perform direct memory access and execute channel programs stored in memory to control I/O devices.
chap 18 multicore computers
This chapter discusses multicore computers and hardware performance issues with increasing processor complexity. It provides examples of multicore organizations from Intel, AMD, and ARM. The key points are:
1) Multicore architectures address diminishing returns from increasing clock speeds by utilizing parallelism across multiple processor cores on a chip.
2) Examples include the dual-core Intel Core Duo with shared L2 cache, and the quad-core Intel Core i7 with simultaneous multi-threading and shared L3 cache.
3) Effective use of multicore requires applications that can exploit parallelism; overhead from communication and synchronization limits performance gains from additional cores.
01 introduction
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 1 of the 7th edition of the book "Computer Organization and Architecture" by William Stallings. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to a programmer, like the instruction set, while organization is how those features are implemented in hardware. It notes that Intel x86 and IBM System/370 share the same architectures but have differing organizations. The document outlines that all computer functions involve data processing, storage, movement and control. It provides a high-level view of the structure of a computer including main memory, CPU, and I/O systems. Finally, it lists some Internet resources for additional information on computer architecture topics.
07 input output
This chapter discusses input/output (I/O) in computer systems. It covers the challenges posed by different peripheral devices having varying data amounts, speeds, and formats. I/O modules are used to interface between the CPU/memory and peripherals. The chapter describes various I/O module functions and the steps involved in I/O operations. It then discusses three main techniques for I/O - programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Specific I/O components like the 8259A interrupt controller and 8237A DMA controller are also covered. The chapter concludes by examining external device types and I/O communication standards like FireWire and InfiniBand
27 multicore
This document discusses multi-core processor architectures. It begins by explaining that multi-core processors contain multiple processor cores on a single chip or die. Each core can run threads independently and in parallel. The document then covers topics like how operating systems schedule threads across multiple cores, why multi-core architectures became prevalent, different memory models for multi-cores, and challenges like maintaining cache coherence across private caches when data is shared. It also compares multi-core designs to simultaneous multithreading approaches.
Reliability, Availability and Serviceability on Linux
Linux Kernel Multmedia Subsystem maintainer and Samsung OSG team member Mauro Chehab presents his thoughts on how to apply RAS to Linux platforms.
IT209 Cpu Structure Report
The CPU must fetch, interpret, and process instructions and data. It uses registers for temporary storage and as the top level of memory hierarchy. Registers include general purpose registers for data and addressing, condition code registers for tracking results, and control/status registers for functions like instruction decoding. Modern CPUs use pipelining to overlap the fetch, decode, execute, and writeback stages of instruction processing. They employ techniques like branch prediction and instruction prefetching to optimize pipeline performance in the presence of branches.
Cisco ios overview
Cisco IOS is a multitasking operating system used on most Cisco routers and switches to configure routing, switching, and other network features. IOS can be accessed through the console port for initial configuration, remotely via Telnet or secure SSH. The device memory includes ROM for booting, RAM for the running configuration, Flash for software images, and NVRAM for the startup configuration. IOS has different modes including user EXEC for basic commands, privileged EXEC for viewing and changing configurations, and global configuration for modifying the device configuration.
Enhanced Embedded Linux Board Support Package Field Upgrade – A Cost Effectiv...
Latest technology, new features and kernel bug fixes shows a need to explore a cost-effective and quick
upgradation of Embedded Linux BSP of Embedded Controllers to replace the existing U-Boot, Linux kernel,
Dtb file, and JFFS2 File system. This field upgrade technique is designed to perform an in-the-field flash
upgrade while the Linux is running. On successful build, the current version and platform specific information
will be updated to the script file and further with this technique the file system automates the upgrade
procedure after validating for the version information from the OS-release and if the version is different it will
self-extract and gets installed into the respective partitions. This Embedded Linux BSP field upgrade invention
is more secured and will essentially enable the developers and researchers working in this field to utilize this
method which can prove to be cost-effective on the field and beneficial to the stake holder.
What is Bootloader???
Bootloader utilizes to program microcontrollers by providing a medium of communication between them. Hence small bootloader uses to make controller programmable very often as like Arduino series board. Microcontrollers like 8051, PIC without bootloader requires the external programmer to burn the program inside the memory of the microcontroller. In addition to it requires preciously control output states of various pin mode which should be in sequence according to the datasheet of the manufacturer. Here this PPT has portrayed as an example of idle configurations that requires to run the bootloader and what happens if the bootloader is installed inside the memory of the controller.
Installing driver
The document discusses device drivers, explaining that drivers act as a translation between devices and operating systems by converting commands, and that drivers are important for allowing hardware updates, troubleshooting issues, and improving performance. It also covers signing drivers to ensure quality and compatibility, updating drivers, and steps to properly install, manage, and troubleshoot drivers.
01 introduction
This chapter introduces computer architecture and organization. Architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like the instruction set. Organization is how features are implemented internally. The x86 and IBM System/370 families share the same architectures but have different organizations between versions. Computer functions involve data processing, storage, movement, and control. The chapter outlines the book's topics and provides internet resources for further information.
07 input output
This document summarizes input/output techniques discussed in Chapter 7 of William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It describes three main techniques for inputting a block of data: programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O involves the CPU directly controlling and waiting for I/O operations. Interrupt-driven I/O allows an I/O module to interrupt the CPU when an operation is complete. DMA allows an I/O module to directly transfer data between a device and memory without CPU involvement. The document also discusses I/O modules, addressing I/O devices, and industry standard interfaces like FireWire and InfiniBand
13 risc
This chapter discusses reduced instruction set computers (RISC). It provides background on major advances in computers that led to RISC designs, such as cache memory, microprocessors, and pipelining. The key features of RISC processors are described, including large general-purpose registers, a limited and simple instruction set, and an emphasis on optimizing the instruction pipeline. The chapter compares RISC to CISC processors and discusses the driving forces behind both approaches. It analyzes the execution characteristics of programs and implications for processor design, such as optimizing register usage and careful pipeline design.
05 internal memory
1. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static RAM (SRAM) are the main types of semiconductor memory. DRAM is simpler and cheaper but requires refreshing, while SRAM is faster but more expensive.
2. DRAM stores bits as electric charges in capacitors, requiring refreshing even when powered. SRAM uses flip-flops to store bits without refreshing.
3. Memory technologies continue to evolve, with synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) allowing faster data transfer rates by synchronizing with a clock or transferring data on both edges of the clock cycle.
02 computer evolution and performance
The document discusses the evolution of computer architecture from early computers like ENIAC to modern multi-core processors. It describes key developments like the stored-program concept, transistor-based computers, microprocessors, increased integration through Moore's Law, and performance improvements through caching, pipelining, and parallelism. The evolution of Intel and PowerPC processors is also summarized.
Computer Organization : CPU, Memory and I/O organization
This document provides information on CPU, memory, and I/O organization. It begins with an overview of the main components of a computer including the processor unit, memory unit, and input/output unit. It then describes the CPU in more detail including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and CPU block diagram. The document discusses the system bus and its various lines. It also covers CPU registers, instruction cycles, and status and control flags. The document provides an overview of instruction set architecture and compares RISC and CISC processor designs.
Ccna Imp Guide
The document provides an overview of the OSI model, TCP/IP protocols, Cisco IOS modes, router components, cabling, router management, LAN switching concepts, IP addressing, routing protocols, and IPv6 migration methods. It summarizes key topics for the CCNA exam in 10 sentences or less per section.
Chapter 06 - Routing
The document discusses routing and routing protocols. It defines routing as the process routers use to forward packets toward their destination network based on the destination IP address. It describes static routing, where network administrators manually configure routes, as well as dynamic routing protocols, where routers automatically share information to build and update routing tables. It outlines common routing protocols including RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP and their key characteristics such as the metrics and timers they use.
More Related Content
What's hot
Day 13 2 switch config
http://www.cyberintelligents.in
info@cyberintelligents.in
https://www.facebook.com/cyberintelligents
https://in.linkedin.com/in/cyberintelligents/en
https://cyberintelligents.wordpress.com/
http://cyberintelligent.blogspot.in
+91 9876162698 +919988288019
http://trainingcyberintelligents.blogspot.com
https://cyberintelligentsnews.wordpress.com/
16 control unit
This document summarizes key aspects of control unit operation from William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It discusses micro-operations which are the basic steps that make up each instruction fetch/execute cycle. The constituent elements involved in program execution like registers are described. The sequences of steps in the fetch, indirect, and interrupt cycles are outlined. Examples of the execute cycle for different instructions like ADD and ISZ are provided. The functional requirements, basic elements, and types of micro-operations that a control unit must perform are identified. Models of the control unit and how it generates control signals to orchestrate data movement and activation of functions are described.
Basic about-router
A router is a networking device that operates at the network layer and connects different networks. It selects the best and shortest path for packet forwarding based on its routing table, and can filter traffic using access control lists. Routers have various ports including console, auxiliary, Ethernet LAN ports, and serial WAN ports used to connect to other routers and modems. The Cisco IOS software controls router functions and is loaded during bootup from flash memory or a TFTP server.
Lecture 39
This document discusses input/output organization and direct memory access. It describes how a DMA controller allows I/O devices to directly access main memory without involving the CPU, freeing it up for other tasks. The DMA controller uses cycle stealing to interweave memory accesses with the CPU. I/O processors called channels can also perform direct memory access and execute channel programs stored in memory to control I/O devices.
chap 18 multicore computers
This chapter discusses multicore computers and hardware performance issues with increasing processor complexity. It provides examples of multicore organizations from Intel, AMD, and ARM. The key points are:
1) Multicore architectures address diminishing returns from increasing clock speeds by utilizing parallelism across multiple processor cores on a chip.
2) Examples include the dual-core Intel Core Duo with shared L2 cache, and the quad-core Intel Core i7 with simultaneous multi-threading and shared L3 cache.
3) Effective use of multicore requires applications that can exploit parallelism; overhead from communication and synchronization limits performance gains from additional cores.
01 introduction
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 1 of the 7th edition of the book "Computer Organization and Architecture" by William Stallings. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to a programmer, like the instruction set, while organization is how those features are implemented in hardware. It notes that Intel x86 and IBM System/370 share the same architectures but have differing organizations. The document outlines that all computer functions involve data processing, storage, movement and control. It provides a high-level view of the structure of a computer including main memory, CPU, and I/O systems. Finally, it lists some Internet resources for additional information on computer architecture topics.
07 input output
This chapter discusses input/output (I/O) in computer systems. It covers the challenges posed by different peripheral devices having varying data amounts, speeds, and formats. I/O modules are used to interface between the CPU/memory and peripherals. The chapter describes various I/O module functions and the steps involved in I/O operations. It then discusses three main techniques for I/O - programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Specific I/O components like the 8259A interrupt controller and 8237A DMA controller are also covered. The chapter concludes by examining external device types and I/O communication standards like FireWire and InfiniBand
27 multicore
This document discusses multi-core processor architectures. It begins by explaining that multi-core processors contain multiple processor cores on a single chip or die. Each core can run threads independently and in parallel. The document then covers topics like how operating systems schedule threads across multiple cores, why multi-core architectures became prevalent, different memory models for multi-cores, and challenges like maintaining cache coherence across private caches when data is shared. It also compares multi-core designs to simultaneous multithreading approaches.
Reliability, Availability and Serviceability on Linux
Linux Kernel Multmedia Subsystem maintainer and Samsung OSG team member Mauro Chehab presents his thoughts on how to apply RAS to Linux platforms.
IT209 Cpu Structure Report
The CPU must fetch, interpret, and process instructions and data. It uses registers for temporary storage and as the top level of memory hierarchy. Registers include general purpose registers for data and addressing, condition code registers for tracking results, and control/status registers for functions like instruction decoding. Modern CPUs use pipelining to overlap the fetch, decode, execute, and writeback stages of instruction processing. They employ techniques like branch prediction and instruction prefetching to optimize pipeline performance in the presence of branches.
Cisco ios overview
Cisco IOS is a multitasking operating system used on most Cisco routers and switches to configure routing, switching, and other network features. IOS can be accessed through the console port for initial configuration, remotely via Telnet or secure SSH. The device memory includes ROM for booting, RAM for the running configuration, Flash for software images, and NVRAM for the startup configuration. IOS has different modes including user EXEC for basic commands, privileged EXEC for viewing and changing configurations, and global configuration for modifying the device configuration.
Enhanced Embedded Linux Board Support Package Field Upgrade – A Cost Effectiv...
Latest technology, new features and kernel bug fixes shows a need to explore a cost-effective and quick
upgradation of Embedded Linux BSP of Embedded Controllers to replace the existing U-Boot, Linux kernel,
Dtb file, and JFFS2 File system. This field upgrade technique is designed to perform an in-the-field flash
upgrade while the Linux is running. On successful build, the current version and platform specific information
will be updated to the script file and further with this technique the file system automates the upgrade
procedure after validating for the version information from the OS-release and if the version is different it will
self-extract and gets installed into the respective partitions. This Embedded Linux BSP field upgrade invention
is more secured and will essentially enable the developers and researchers working in this field to utilize this
method which can prove to be cost-effective on the field and beneficial to the stake holder.
What is Bootloader???
Bootloader utilizes to program microcontrollers by providing a medium of communication between them. Hence small bootloader uses to make controller programmable very often as like Arduino series board. Microcontrollers like 8051, PIC without bootloader requires the external programmer to burn the program inside the memory of the microcontroller. In addition to it requires preciously control output states of various pin mode which should be in sequence according to the datasheet of the manufacturer. Here this PPT has portrayed as an example of idle configurations that requires to run the bootloader and what happens if the bootloader is installed inside the memory of the controller.
Installing driver
The document discusses device drivers, explaining that drivers act as a translation between devices and operating systems by converting commands, and that drivers are important for allowing hardware updates, troubleshooting issues, and improving performance. It also covers signing drivers to ensure quality and compatibility, updating drivers, and steps to properly install, manage, and troubleshoot drivers.
01 introduction
This chapter introduces computer architecture and organization. Architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like the instruction set. Organization is how features are implemented internally. The x86 and IBM System/370 families share the same architectures but have different organizations between versions. Computer functions involve data processing, storage, movement, and control. The chapter outlines the book's topics and provides internet resources for further information.
07 input output
This document summarizes input/output techniques discussed in Chapter 7 of William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It describes three main techniques for inputting a block of data: programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O involves the CPU directly controlling and waiting for I/O operations. Interrupt-driven I/O allows an I/O module to interrupt the CPU when an operation is complete. DMA allows an I/O module to directly transfer data between a device and memory without CPU involvement. The document also discusses I/O modules, addressing I/O devices, and industry standard interfaces like FireWire and InfiniBand
13 risc
This chapter discusses reduced instruction set computers (RISC). It provides background on major advances in computers that led to RISC designs, such as cache memory, microprocessors, and pipelining. The key features of RISC processors are described, including large general-purpose registers, a limited and simple instruction set, and an emphasis on optimizing the instruction pipeline. The chapter compares RISC to CISC processors and discusses the driving forces behind both approaches. It analyzes the execution characteristics of programs and implications for processor design, such as optimizing register usage and careful pipeline design.
05 internal memory
1. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static RAM (SRAM) are the main types of semiconductor memory. DRAM is simpler and cheaper but requires refreshing, while SRAM is faster but more expensive.
2. DRAM stores bits as electric charges in capacitors, requiring refreshing even when powered. SRAM uses flip-flops to store bits without refreshing.
3. Memory technologies continue to evolve, with synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) allowing faster data transfer rates by synchronizing with a clock or transferring data on both edges of the clock cycle.
02 computer evolution and performance
The document discusses the evolution of computer architecture from early computers like ENIAC to modern multi-core processors. It describes key developments like the stored-program concept, transistor-based computers, microprocessors, increased integration through Moore's Law, and performance improvements through caching, pipelining, and parallelism. The evolution of Intel and PowerPC processors is also summarized.
Computer Organization : CPU, Memory and I/O organization
This document provides information on CPU, memory, and I/O organization. It begins with an overview of the main components of a computer including the processor unit, memory unit, and input/output unit. It then describes the CPU in more detail including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and CPU block diagram. The document discusses the system bus and its various lines. It also covers CPU registers, instruction cycles, and status and control flags. The document provides an overview of instruction set architecture and compares RISC and CISC processor designs.
What's hot (20)
Reliability, Availability and Serviceability on Linux
Reliability, Availability and Serviceability on Linux
Enhanced Embedded Linux Board Support Package Field Upgrade – A Cost Effectiv...
Enhanced Embedded Linux Board Support Package Field Upgrade – A Cost Effectiv...
Computer Organization : CPU, Memory and I/O organization
Computer Organization : CPU, Memory and I/O organization
Similar to Router internals
Ccna Imp Guide
The document provides an overview of the OSI model, TCP/IP protocols, Cisco IOS modes, router components, cabling, router management, LAN switching concepts, IP addressing, routing protocols, and IPv6 migration methods. It summarizes key topics for the CCNA exam in 10 sentences or less per section.
Chapter 06 - Routing
The document discusses routing and routing protocols. It defines routing as the process routers use to forward packets toward their destination network based on the destination IP address. It describes static routing, where network administrators manually configure routes, as well as dynamic routing protocols, where routers automatically share information to build and update routing tables. It outlines common routing protocols including RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP and their key characteristics such as the metrics and timers they use.
NETWORK DEVICE SECURITY NETWORK HARDENING
The document discusses networking concepts like routers, switches, and protocols. It explains that routers operate at the network layer and use layer 3 addresses to transmit data between networks, while switches operate at layer 2 and use MAC addresses. It describes common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP and how they calculate paths between networks. The document also provides configuration steps that can be taken to secure routers and switches, such as applying vendor patches and disabling unnecessary routing updates.
Ip routing
Routing protocols allow routers to exchange information and dynamically calculate the optimal data pathways between any two points on a network. Interior routing protocols operate within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols route between autonomous systems. Common interior protocols include RIP, OSPF, IGRP, and EIGRP, while exterior protocols include EGP and BGP. Routing metrics like hop count, bandwidth, load, and reliability help routers determine the best routes. Dynamic routing enables automatic path selection and updating in response to topology changes. [/SUMMARY]
Enabling Active Flow Manipulation (AFM) in Silicon-based Network Forwarding E...
Programmable Internet:
Enhance internetworking functions.
Move computations into the network for value added services.
Manage the network more capably than possible with SNMP.
More quickly introduce Diffserv or Inserv to support new multimedia applications
Implement traffic control algorithms to support QoS.
Pemrograman Jaringan. Routing Concept.pdf
This document provides an overview of routing concepts, including an introduction to routers and their basic functions. It describes how routers connect different networks and forward packets by using routing tables. It also covers routing protocols, distinguishing between static and dynamic routing as well as distance vector and link state routing algorithms. Key components of routers like the CPU, RAM, and interfaces are also defined.
Juniper Networks Router Architecture
The document summarizes the architecture of Juniper Networks routers. It discusses the separation of the control plane and forwarding plane. The control plane builds the routing tables while the forwarding plane is responsible for packet forwarding using specialized ASICs. It also describes the TX Matrix platform with up to 4 T640 routing nodes, each with 16 packet forwarding engines. The nodes are interconnected using a CLOS fabric switch.
Network Design on cisco packet tracer 6.0
This document proposes a network design using access controls and VoIP. It includes configuration of routers, switches, VLANs, DHCP, RIP routing protocol, frame relay, telnet, ACLs and VoIP protocols like Call Manager Express. The network connects three locations - a head office and two branch offices - using routers, switches, frame relay, VLANs and access controls to filter unauthorized traffic and allow only genuine users. VoIP is implemented using protocols like DHCP, Call Manager Express, phone directory and dial peer configuration to enable voice calls between the locations over the IP network.
Group 1
The document discusses distance vector routing protocols and their characteristics. It explains that distance vector protocols advertise routes as vectors containing the distance and direction to a destination. Periodic full table updates are sent to neighbors on a regular basis. Common distance vector protocols include RIP, IGRP and EIGRP. EIGRP differs in that it sends partial updates only when there are topological changes rather than full periodic updates.
Ducat
Here are the key steps:
1. Configure RIP as a backup routing protocol on all routers (R0, R1, R2, R3) and redistribute it into EIGRP using the redistribute rip command.
2. Configure EIGRP as the main routing protocol on all routers and include all connected networks in EIGRP using the network command.
3. Verify connectivity by pinging between subnets and checking routing tables to ensure routes are learned through EIGRP and RIP is acting as a backup.
The key points are:
- Use RIP as a backup routing protocol on all routers to prevent loss of connectivity if EIGRP fails
- Configure EIGRP as the main
CCNA FUNDAMENTAL
CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. Routers are networking devices that direct data packets to their destination. Routers use routing protocols like RIP to share information and determine the best paths between networks. Access control lists (ACLs) allow routers to filter traffic and restrict access to networks for security purposes. Network Address Translation (NAT) allows multiple devices to share public IP addresses to communicate on the Internet.
Basic Introduction to Technology (networking).pdf
The document provides an overview of networking concepts and components. It begins with basic definitions of networks and networking. It then describes common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, and network cards. It covers networking cables, IPv4 addressing, routing protocols like RIP and EIGRP, redistribution between protocols, ACLs, NAT, VPN tunnels, and Frame Relay. It concludes with an example implementation of a VPN tunnel between two routers.
CCNA/Networking
For More Details visit Website : http://www.nettechindia.com/
Call us @ 9870803004/5
CCNA, CCNA Tutorial
Dynamic routing protocols (CCNA)
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
CCNA
The document provides an overview of the CCNA certification and covers topics like internetworking, IP addressing, routing protocols, Cisco IOS, and more. It begins with an introduction to computer networks and protocols. Then it discusses the OSI reference model, IP addressing fundamentals, routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP and OSPF, Cisco IOS configuration, and IP routing. The document serves as a study guide for CCNA exam topics at a high level.
2008118090324 hk
The document discusses distance vector routing protocols. It explains that with distance vector protocols, routers do not have knowledge of the full path to destinations, but instead know the direction and distance to reach networks. It describes how distance vector protocols work by having routers periodically broadcast their full routing tables to neighbors. Some key points made about RIP include that it sends periodic full routing table updates every 30 seconds, uses a 180 second invalid timer and 240 second flush timer to age out routes, and broadcasts updates to 255.255.255.255.
Network Layer & Transport Layer
Introduction to the Network Layer: Network layer services, packet switching, network layer performance, IPv4 addressing, forwarding of IP packets, Internet Protocol, ICMPv4, Mobile IP Unicast Routing: Introduction, routing algorithms, unicast routing protocols. Next generation IP: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 protocol, ICMPv6 protocol, transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Introduction to the Transport Layer: Introduction, Transport layer protocols (Simple protocol, Stop-and-wait protocol, Go-Back-n protocol, Selective repeat protocol, Bidirectional protocols), Transport layer services, User datagram protocol, Transmission control protocol
Routing Protocols
networking and their Routing protocols with commands along with diagram ,(rip, IGRP and OSPF and BGP ) and knowledge about Network devices like Router and Switch. network define and definitions of Lan, router and all the routing protocols and their features.
Internal Architecture of Junction Based Router
The router is an important component in NoC as it provides routes for the communication between different cores. A router
consists of registers, switches, arbitration and control logic that collectively implement the routing and flow control function required to
buffer and forward flits to their destination. This router will be implemented on FPGA using Spartan-3 kit. This paper describes the internal blocks of a junction based router and there operation.
Verification of Four Port Router For NOC
The focus of this Paper is the actual implementation of Network Router and verifies the functionality of the four port router for network on chip using the latest verification methodologies, Hardware Verification Languages and EDA tools and qualify the IP for Synthesis an implementation. This Router design contains three output ports and one input port, it is packet based Protocol. This Design consists Registers and FIFO. For larger networks, where a direct-mapped approach is not feasible due to FPGA resource limitations, a virtualized timemultiplexed approach was used. Compared to the provided software reference implementation, our direct-mapped approach achieves three orders of magnitude speedup, while our virtualized time multiplexed approach achieves one to two orders of magnitude speedup, depending on the network and router configuration.
Similar to Router internals (20)
Enabling Active Flow Manipulation (AFM) in Silicon-based Network Forwarding E...
Enabling Active Flow Manipulation (AFM) in Silicon-based Network Forwarding E...
Recently uploaded
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Recently uploaded (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
gray level transformation unit 3(image processing))
gray level transformation unit 3(image processing))
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Introduction to AI Safety (public presentation).pptx
Introduction to AI Safety (public presentation).pptx
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
john krisinger-the science and history of the alcoholic beverage.pptx
john krisinger-the science and history of the alcoholic beverage.pptx
Router internals
- 1. Router Internals Dr. Ramana I.I.T Rajasthan Dr. Ramana ( I.I.T Rajasthan ) Router Internals 1 / 8
- 2. Outline of the Lectures 1 Functions of a Router 2 Router Components 3 Packet Flow 4 Further Reading Dr. Ramana ( I.I.T Rajasthan ) Router Internals 2 / 8
- 3. Functions of a Router Router functions Basic forwarding functions IP Header validation Packet lifetime control Checksum recalculation Destination address lookup Fragmentation Handling IP options Complex forwarding functions Packet classification Packet translation Traffic prioritization Routing processing functions Handing routing updates Sending routing updates Router management (monitoring of various operations) Dr. Ramana ( I.I.T Rajasthan ) Router Internals 3 / 8
- 4. Functions of a Router (Cont.) Forwarding table Optimized for lookup a destination IP address against set of IP prefixes Could be implemented in hardware as lookup needs to be done for every packet Routing table Optimized for storing/updating network topology and calculating changes in network topology Implemented in software Dr. Ramana ( I.I.T Rajasthan ) Router Internals 4 / 8
- 5. Router Components Router Components Network interface - contains multiple ports which provide connectivity to various physical links (implements L2/L3 processing) Forwarding engine does lookup and determine outgoing interface packet classifying - to provide quality of services at the outgoing link Queue manager stores the packets in appropriate buffers at the outgoing port implements policies for dropping packets due to buffer overflows schedules packets depending on the packets priorities Traffic manager shapes outgoing traffic to meet service level agreements (SLAs) traffic policing to check the voilation of SLAs by the received traffic marking of traffic that has voilated the SLAs Backplane - shared/switched circuit through which packets are transfered between the incoming (ingress) and outgoing (egress) ports Dr. Ramana ( I.I.T Rajasthan ) Router Internals 5 / 8
- 6. Packet Flow Packet flow in a router Input Network Interface Forwarding Engine Buffer Buffer Backplane Queue Manager Traffic Manager Output Network Interface Router Control Processor Forwarding Table Routing Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Control plane Data plane Dr. Ramana ( I.I.T Rajasthan ) Router Internals 6 / 8
- 7. Packet Flow Packet processing: Fast path and slow path Fast path (Data Path) Packet processed and transfered from ingress to egress network interfaces via backplane To achieve high speeds, operations are implemented in customized hardware Time-critical operation All basic and complex forwarding functions (except fragmentation and handling IP options) Slow path (Control path) Packets partially processed at the ingress interface and forwarded to CPU for further processing CPU directly forwards the packets to egress interface once it completes the processing Non time-critical operation Routing processing functions Processing of data packets that lead to errors in the fast path and generation of ICMP packets Fragmentation and handling IP options and ARP packet processing Dr. Ramana ( I.I.T Rajasthan ) Router Internals 7 / 8
- 8. Further Reading Further Reading IP Router Architectures: An Overview - http://www.cs.virginia.edu/˜cs757/papers/awey99.pdf Study of Internet Router Architectures - http://home.iitj.ac.in/˜ramana/Study-of-Internet-Router- Architectures.pdf Dr. Ramana ( I.I.T Rajasthan ) Router Internals 8 / 8