Gladiolus cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, planting, manuring, training and pruning, and disease and insect control
Ornamental Plants - Gladiolus cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, planting, manuring, training and pruning, and disease and insect control
Chrysanthemums are a popular commercial flower crop that originated in Asia and Europe. They are classified based on plant growth as standards, sprays, or pot mums. Standards have a single large flower, while sprays have many small flowers and are used for garlands. Chrysanthemums prefer sandy loam soil and require pinching, disbudding, and other care techniques to promote branching and optimal flowering. They are harvested based on flower development and can be packed for domestic or export markets.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Gerbera is commonly grown in several states in India. There are many varieties that differ in color. Propagation is through division of suckers or tissue culture. Optimal growing conditions include temperatures of 22-25°C during the day and 12-16°C at night under 50% shade. Soil preparation includes fumigation, with beds spaced 60cm apart. Drip irrigation of 4.5-6 liters/m2 daily is required. Pests like aphids and diseases like crown rot must be managed. Flowers are harvested once the outer disc florets open, with a yield of 130-200 flowers/m2 annually. Post-harvest care includes hydration and bleach treatment, with boxes
This document provides information on the protected cultivation of chrysanthemums. It discusses growing chrysanthemums in a polyhouse with insect proof netting and UV protection. It covers the common names, origin, family and chromosome number of chrysanthemums. It also discusses the history of chrysanthemum cultivation and the 13 different types of chrysanthemum blooms. The document outlines the requirements for soil, planting materials, planting methods, water and temperature management, and harvesting of chrysanthemums under protected cultivation.
Advanced production technology of peachPawan Nagar
This document provides information on peach production technology. It discusses the scientific classification of peaches, their origin in China or Persia, and important growing regions like China, Japan, Iran, Turkey and more recently the US, Canada and Australia. It then describes peach plant morphology, varieties including nectarines and freestone and clingstone peaches, propagation through grafting, and cultivation methods like planting, training, pruning and more. Key peach cultivars recommended for different regions of India are also outlined.
Dendrobium orchids are native to Southeast Asia. Varieties suitable for cultivation in Chennai include Sonia-17, Sonia-28, Emma White, and Sakura Pink. Propagation is through division of clumps, keikis, back bulbs, and tissue culture. Optimal growing conditions include 75% shade, 70-80% humidity, and daytime temperatures of 21-29°C. Fertilizer and growth regulators are applied regularly. Flowers are harvested when 75% open and spikes yield 8-10 flowers per plant per year. Pests include snails and slugs while diseases include bacterial and fungal rots.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
This document provides information on the production technology of Aonla (Emblica officinalis), including varieties, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, cultivation practices, fertilizer management, irrigation, flowering, fruit set issues, and harvesting. It discusses several varieties of Aonla from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, as well as varieties released by Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology.
Chrysanthemums are a popular commercial flower crop that originated in Asia and Europe. They are classified based on plant growth as standards, sprays, or pot mums. Standards have a single large flower, while sprays have many small flowers and are used for garlands. Chrysanthemums prefer sandy loam soil and require pinching, disbudding, and other care techniques to promote branching and optimal flowering. They are harvested based on flower development and can be packed for domestic or export markets.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Gerbera is commonly grown in several states in India. There are many varieties that differ in color. Propagation is through division of suckers or tissue culture. Optimal growing conditions include temperatures of 22-25°C during the day and 12-16°C at night under 50% shade. Soil preparation includes fumigation, with beds spaced 60cm apart. Drip irrigation of 4.5-6 liters/m2 daily is required. Pests like aphids and diseases like crown rot must be managed. Flowers are harvested once the outer disc florets open, with a yield of 130-200 flowers/m2 annually. Post-harvest care includes hydration and bleach treatment, with boxes
This document provides information on the protected cultivation of chrysanthemums. It discusses growing chrysanthemums in a polyhouse with insect proof netting and UV protection. It covers the common names, origin, family and chromosome number of chrysanthemums. It also discusses the history of chrysanthemum cultivation and the 13 different types of chrysanthemum blooms. The document outlines the requirements for soil, planting materials, planting methods, water and temperature management, and harvesting of chrysanthemums under protected cultivation.
Advanced production technology of peachPawan Nagar
This document provides information on peach production technology. It discusses the scientific classification of peaches, their origin in China or Persia, and important growing regions like China, Japan, Iran, Turkey and more recently the US, Canada and Australia. It then describes peach plant morphology, varieties including nectarines and freestone and clingstone peaches, propagation through grafting, and cultivation methods like planting, training, pruning and more. Key peach cultivars recommended for different regions of India are also outlined.
Dendrobium orchids are native to Southeast Asia. Varieties suitable for cultivation in Chennai include Sonia-17, Sonia-28, Emma White, and Sakura Pink. Propagation is through division of clumps, keikis, back bulbs, and tissue culture. Optimal growing conditions include 75% shade, 70-80% humidity, and daytime temperatures of 21-29°C. Fertilizer and growth regulators are applied regularly. Flowers are harvested when 75% open and spikes yield 8-10 flowers per plant per year. Pests include snails and slugs while diseases include bacterial and fungal rots.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
This document provides information on the production technology of Aonla (Emblica officinalis), including varieties, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, cultivation practices, fertilizer management, irrigation, flowering, fruit set issues, and harvesting. It discusses several varieties of Aonla from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, as well as varieties released by Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology.
This document discusses greenhouse cultivation of gerbera flowers. It begins by introducing gerbera, its scientific name, family, and origin in South Africa and Asia. It then discusses important varieties and the benefits of greenhouse technology for gerbera cultivation, which allows for efficient use of resources and 10-12 times higher yields. The document provides details on site selection, general practices like soil preparation, planting techniques, and harvesting. It concludes that greenhouse cultivation is more profitable than open cultivation and has the potential to support gerbera export.
This document provides information on growing Jerusalem artichokes. It describes the plant as a perennial sunflower native to North America that produces knobbly tubers that can be eaten raw or cooked. It discusses how to plant, care for, harvest, and potential pests/diseases of Jerusalem artichokes. The tubers only need to be planted in the fall 4-6 inches below ground and will return each year with proper care such as watering, mulching, and replanting some tubers annually to promote larger tuber growth.
This document provides techniques for hybridization in several oilseed crops. It discusses the following:
1. For groundnut, techniques include artificial selfing through flower protection and emasculation by removing anthers from flower buds in the late afternoon or evening before they open.
2. For sesame, selfing can be done by tying flowers or smearing clay on buds to prevent opening. Emasculation involves removing corolla tubes.
3. For sunflower, emasculation is done by removing anther tubes in the morning. Selfing involves protecting entire heads before blooming.
4. Techniques for other crops like castor and mustard also involve emasculation, selfing through bag
Canopy management & pruning of fruits treesshafi seddeqi
This document provides information on training courses for canopy management and pruning of fruit trees. It discusses the objectives of canopy management, which includes controlling plant growth, increasing production and quality. Canopy management deals with developing and maintaining the structure of fruit trees in relation to size and shape for maximum yield. It also discusses different canopy shapes including pyramid, vase, conical, and horizontal. Methods for creating dwarf trees include using rootstocks, growth regulators, and pruning. The document outlines various pruning systems and the purposes of pruning, including balancing vegetative and productive growth and developing desired tree shapes.
This document provides information on Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), including its morphology, cultivation practices, varieties, and classification. It states that Gerbera is an important commercial flower crop grown worldwide for its long-lasting cut flowers. The document outlines recommendations for soil preparation, greenhouse construction, irrigation, fertilization, and other cultivation techniques for optimal growth and flowering of Gerbera plants. It also lists several Indian varieties developed by organizations like ICAR-IIHR and CSIR-IHBT.
Potato is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. the leaves can reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. It is grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. It grows best in cooler climates. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27°C (65–80°F) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18°C (55–65°F). Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0–2 weeks after the last frost. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
This presentation provides information on green gram (Vigna radiata):
- It is a legume crop originally from India that is drought resistant and suitable for dryland farming. It is often intercropped with crops like cotton.
- Green gram is high in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and various vitamins and minerals. It has 126 kJ of energy per 100g when sprouted.
- Popular varieties include VRM 2, CoGG 7, and Pusa Badshah. Green gram requires well-drained soil, a well-distributed rainfall or irrigation, and fertilizer application of 12.5-25 kg N, 25-50 kg P2O5, and 12.5
This document provides an overview of garlic, including its introduction, nutritional value, varieties, production, and plant protection. Some key points:
- Garlic is used as a spice and condiment throughout India and has antioxidant properties that promote heart and immune health.
- Major garlic producing countries include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. The state of Maharashtra is a major producer in India.
- Garlic has high nutritional value and is a source of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamins and minerals.
- Popular garlic varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5.
Protected cultivation involves growing plants inside structures that protect them from environmental factors. It allows for higher quality and more productive cultivation year-round. Greenhouse rose cultivation provides benefits like improved quality, higher yields, and ability to harvest off-season. Key factors that affect rose cultivation include soil type, climate, temperature, light, carbon dioxide, humidity, irrigation, fertilization, weed control, and pest and disease management. Proper techniques such as pruning, disbudding, training, and harvesting are required to optimize rose production.
The document discusses various types of flowers that are commonly used in floral arrangements, including mums, daisies, sunflowers, goldenrod, asters, and gerberas. It provides details on their availability, colors, characteristics, longevity, and pricing to allow florists to effectively incorporate them into their designs. The flowers vary in size from small filler flowers to large mass flowers and have properties like air-drying well or having long-lasting vase life that make them suitable for different floral applications.
Cut Chrysanthemum- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Berseem clover is an annual legume native to the Mediterranean region. It has yellowish-white flowers and fixes nitrogen, making it a productive and fast-growing cover crop or forage. Berseem clover grows best with 10-15 irrigations on medium loam soils between pH 6.5-7.5. It can be grazed, cut for hay before flowering, or made into high quality silage mixed with grains.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
This document provides information on the production technology of parsley. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, soil and climate needs, cultivation practices like planting, fertilizer requirements, pests and diseases, harvesting, processing, and breeding of parsley. The key points are that parsley is a biennial herb grown for its leaves and seeds. It prefers rich, moist soil and cool weather. Common varieties include curled leaf types and root types. Leaves are usually harvested around 65 days after transplanting while seeds are harvested around 185 days. Parsley is used both fresh and dried as a spice and garnish.
The detail cultivation of chrysanthemum is explained in this ppt useful for the agriculture as well as horticulture students.
especially the course of HORT-354 Production technology for ornamental crops, MAP and landscaping.
The points useful for the chrysanthemum cultivation study is discuss in this ppt
This document provides information on the cluster bean plant. It begins by identifying the scientific name as Cyamopsis tetragonolobus and notes it is a drought tolerant, warm season annual legume grown for its tender fruits. The document then describes the plant's physical characteristics including its upright structure, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. It discusses the plant's uses as a vegetable, for production of guar gum from seeds, and as forage/green manure. The document also provides details on cultivation methods, common varieties, and pests/diseases affecting the crop.
This document provides information about roses, including their botanical classification, major importers and exporters, uses, cultivation practices, and more. It discusses that roses belong to the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae. Germany is the largest importer of roses, while the top exporter is the Netherlands. The document describes different types of roses and their classifications. It also outlines soil, climate, propagation, planting, pruning, and other cultivation practices required for successful rose production.
Tulips are ornamental bulbous flowers that are well-suited for cultivation in the temperate regions of India, such as Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. Tulip cultivation requires providing the bulbs with a chilling period, planting them in well-drained soil at the appropriate spacing and depth, and maintaining optimum temperature, light, and moisture conditions for growth. Common pests that affect tulips include thrips and aphids, while diseases such as bulb rot and fusarium infection must also be controlled. Tulips are harvested when the flowers are 25-50% colored.
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
Gladiolus, or sword lilies, are flowering plants native to tropical and subtropical regions. There are several types of gladiolus hybrids classified based on characteristics like flower size. Gladiolus are commonly propagated through corms and cormels and prefer well-draining, nutrient-rich soil with a pH between 5.5-6.5. They grow best in temperate climates with daytime temperatures between 15-20°C. Common pests include thrips, aphids, and mites. Diseases like Fusarium rot and grey mold can be controlled through fungicide treatment. Gladiolus are harvested when the lower florets open and yields vary based
Gladiolus is a popular flowering plant grown for its inflorescences and cutflowers. There are several types of gladiolus classified based on flower and plant characteristics. Grandiflorus types have large flowers arranged closely on long spikes, while primulinus types have smaller spaced flowers on shorter spikes. Gladiolus is propagated through corms and cormels and prefers well-draining, nutrient-rich soil with a pH between 5.5-6.5. Planting is done in fall and corms are spaced 15-20cm apart. Pests like thrips and diseases like fusarium rot must be controlled. Flower spikes are harvested when lower florets open and
This document discusses greenhouse cultivation of gerbera flowers. It begins by introducing gerbera, its scientific name, family, and origin in South Africa and Asia. It then discusses important varieties and the benefits of greenhouse technology for gerbera cultivation, which allows for efficient use of resources and 10-12 times higher yields. The document provides details on site selection, general practices like soil preparation, planting techniques, and harvesting. It concludes that greenhouse cultivation is more profitable than open cultivation and has the potential to support gerbera export.
This document provides information on growing Jerusalem artichokes. It describes the plant as a perennial sunflower native to North America that produces knobbly tubers that can be eaten raw or cooked. It discusses how to plant, care for, harvest, and potential pests/diseases of Jerusalem artichokes. The tubers only need to be planted in the fall 4-6 inches below ground and will return each year with proper care such as watering, mulching, and replanting some tubers annually to promote larger tuber growth.
This document provides techniques for hybridization in several oilseed crops. It discusses the following:
1. For groundnut, techniques include artificial selfing through flower protection and emasculation by removing anthers from flower buds in the late afternoon or evening before they open.
2. For sesame, selfing can be done by tying flowers or smearing clay on buds to prevent opening. Emasculation involves removing corolla tubes.
3. For sunflower, emasculation is done by removing anther tubes in the morning. Selfing involves protecting entire heads before blooming.
4. Techniques for other crops like castor and mustard also involve emasculation, selfing through bag
Canopy management & pruning of fruits treesshafi seddeqi
This document provides information on training courses for canopy management and pruning of fruit trees. It discusses the objectives of canopy management, which includes controlling plant growth, increasing production and quality. Canopy management deals with developing and maintaining the structure of fruit trees in relation to size and shape for maximum yield. It also discusses different canopy shapes including pyramid, vase, conical, and horizontal. Methods for creating dwarf trees include using rootstocks, growth regulators, and pruning. The document outlines various pruning systems and the purposes of pruning, including balancing vegetative and productive growth and developing desired tree shapes.
This document provides information on Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), including its morphology, cultivation practices, varieties, and classification. It states that Gerbera is an important commercial flower crop grown worldwide for its long-lasting cut flowers. The document outlines recommendations for soil preparation, greenhouse construction, irrigation, fertilization, and other cultivation techniques for optimal growth and flowering of Gerbera plants. It also lists several Indian varieties developed by organizations like ICAR-IIHR and CSIR-IHBT.
Potato is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. the leaves can reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide. The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green berries. It is grown as annual plants, surviving only one growing season. It grows best in cooler climates. Potatoes require a deep, fertile, loose, well-draining soil with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5 and will grow optimally at daytime temperatures between 18 and 27°C (65–80°F) and night time temperatures between 12 and 18°C (55–65°F). Potatoes are usually grown from seed potatoes. Each piece of planting material should have at least two eyes. Seed potatoes and pieces can be planted 0–2 weeks after the last frost. All tubers should be harvested when the vines have died. Harvest the tubers by gently digging them up with a fork. Do not wash the tubers prior to storing. Potatoes can also be processed into starch, alcohol or flour.
This presentation provides information on green gram (Vigna radiata):
- It is a legume crop originally from India that is drought resistant and suitable for dryland farming. It is often intercropped with crops like cotton.
- Green gram is high in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and various vitamins and minerals. It has 126 kJ of energy per 100g when sprouted.
- Popular varieties include VRM 2, CoGG 7, and Pusa Badshah. Green gram requires well-drained soil, a well-distributed rainfall or irrigation, and fertilizer application of 12.5-25 kg N, 25-50 kg P2O5, and 12.5
This document provides an overview of garlic, including its introduction, nutritional value, varieties, production, and plant protection. Some key points:
- Garlic is used as a spice and condiment throughout India and has antioxidant properties that promote heart and immune health.
- Major garlic producing countries include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. The state of Maharashtra is a major producer in India.
- Garlic has high nutritional value and is a source of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamins and minerals.
- Popular garlic varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5.
Protected cultivation involves growing plants inside structures that protect them from environmental factors. It allows for higher quality and more productive cultivation year-round. Greenhouse rose cultivation provides benefits like improved quality, higher yields, and ability to harvest off-season. Key factors that affect rose cultivation include soil type, climate, temperature, light, carbon dioxide, humidity, irrigation, fertilization, weed control, and pest and disease management. Proper techniques such as pruning, disbudding, training, and harvesting are required to optimize rose production.
The document discusses various types of flowers that are commonly used in floral arrangements, including mums, daisies, sunflowers, goldenrod, asters, and gerberas. It provides details on their availability, colors, characteristics, longevity, and pricing to allow florists to effectively incorporate them into their designs. The flowers vary in size from small filler flowers to large mass flowers and have properties like air-drying well or having long-lasting vase life that make them suitable for different floral applications.
Cut Chrysanthemum- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Berseem clover is an annual legume native to the Mediterranean region. It has yellowish-white flowers and fixes nitrogen, making it a productive and fast-growing cover crop or forage. Berseem clover grows best with 10-15 irrigations on medium loam soils between pH 6.5-7.5. It can be grazed, cut for hay before flowering, or made into high quality silage mixed with grains.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
This document provides information on the production technology of parsley. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, soil and climate needs, cultivation practices like planting, fertilizer requirements, pests and diseases, harvesting, processing, and breeding of parsley. The key points are that parsley is a biennial herb grown for its leaves and seeds. It prefers rich, moist soil and cool weather. Common varieties include curled leaf types and root types. Leaves are usually harvested around 65 days after transplanting while seeds are harvested around 185 days. Parsley is used both fresh and dried as a spice and garnish.
The detail cultivation of chrysanthemum is explained in this ppt useful for the agriculture as well as horticulture students.
especially the course of HORT-354 Production technology for ornamental crops, MAP and landscaping.
The points useful for the chrysanthemum cultivation study is discuss in this ppt
This document provides information on the cluster bean plant. It begins by identifying the scientific name as Cyamopsis tetragonolobus and notes it is a drought tolerant, warm season annual legume grown for its tender fruits. The document then describes the plant's physical characteristics including its upright structure, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. It discusses the plant's uses as a vegetable, for production of guar gum from seeds, and as forage/green manure. The document also provides details on cultivation methods, common varieties, and pests/diseases affecting the crop.
This document provides information about roses, including their botanical classification, major importers and exporters, uses, cultivation practices, and more. It discusses that roses belong to the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae. Germany is the largest importer of roses, while the top exporter is the Netherlands. The document describes different types of roses and their classifications. It also outlines soil, climate, propagation, planting, pruning, and other cultivation practices required for successful rose production.
Tulips are ornamental bulbous flowers that are well-suited for cultivation in the temperate regions of India, such as Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. Tulip cultivation requires providing the bulbs with a chilling period, planting them in well-drained soil at the appropriate spacing and depth, and maintaining optimum temperature, light, and moisture conditions for growth. Common pests that affect tulips include thrips and aphids, while diseases such as bulb rot and fusarium infection must also be controlled. Tulips are harvested when the flowers are 25-50% colored.
Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
Similar to Gladiolus cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, planting, manuring, training and pruning, and disease and insect control
Gladiolus, or sword lilies, are flowering plants native to tropical and subtropical regions. There are several types of gladiolus hybrids classified based on characteristics like flower size. Gladiolus are commonly propagated through corms and cormels and prefer well-draining, nutrient-rich soil with a pH between 5.5-6.5. They grow best in temperate climates with daytime temperatures between 15-20°C. Common pests include thrips, aphids, and mites. Diseases like Fusarium rot and grey mold can be controlled through fungicide treatment. Gladiolus are harvested when the lower florets open and yields vary based
Gladiolus is a popular flowering plant grown for its inflorescences and cutflowers. There are several types of gladiolus classified based on flower and plant characteristics. Grandiflorus types have large flowers arranged closely on long spikes, while primulinus types have smaller spaced flowers on shorter spikes. Gladiolus is propagated through corms and cormels and prefers well-draining, nutrient-rich soil with a pH between 5.5-6.5. Planting is done in fall and corms are spaced 15-20cm apart. Pests like thrips and diseases like fusarium rot must be controlled. Flower spikes are harvested when lower florets open and
Lilies are grown commercially in greenhouses for their cut flowers. Asiatic and Oriental lilies are most commonly grown. Greenhouses allow for control of temperature, light, humidity and other environmental factors. Proper heating, CO2, lighting and irrigation systems are required. Lilies are planted at specific depths and densities depending on bulb size. Fertilizers are applied through fertigation. Lilies are harvested when buds show color and stems are graded before bunching and storage. Diseases like bulb rot and foot rot are managed through soil sterilization and fungicide application.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Introduction of Dianthus barbatus(carnation)ArunPali1
Carnation and tuberose are important cut flowers cultivated globally.
Carnation grows best in temperatures between 10-20°C and requires well-draining sandy loam soil with regular fertilizer. Varieties include spray, standard, and sim types. Proper support, pinching, and disbudding are needed for optimal growth. Pests like aphids and diseases like fusarium wilt require preventative spraying.
Tuberose grows year-round in warm, humid climates. Bulbs are planted at 15-20cm spacing in loam soil with organic matter. Irrigation every 10-15 days is typical. Flowers are harvested for bouquets when buds show color. Post
This document contains about some of the under utilized and under exploited leguminaceous crops and this may be useful for atleast few of the students like me
THE FOLLOWING are embided i n this presentation
Winged bean
Lima bean
Jack bean
Cluster bean
Pigeon pea
Dolichos bean
African yam bean
Yam bean
This document provides information about marigold (Tagetes spp.), including its description, varieties, importance, climate and soil requirements, production technology, and post-harvest handling. It discusses how marigold is native to Mexico but cultivated in Bangladesh. It describes the African and French varieties and covers their growth, uses, nutritional benefits, ideal climate and soil conditions, production methods such as spacing, fertilizer needs, and pest and disease management. Harvesting and post-harvest handling like packing and storage as cut or dry flowers is also outlined.
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SILVICULTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF SHOREA ROBUSTA.pptxcoolrulz
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9
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Gladiolus cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, planting, manuring, training and pruning, and disease and insect control
3. Short description of Gladiolus
• Is cormous and tender herbaceous annual
(some perennial).
• Word gladiolus is derived from the latin
word ‘Gladilus’ meaning a sword, because
of sword like leaves of this plant.
• It is also known as ‘Sword lily’, ‘Queen
of the bulbous plant’ and ‘Corn flag’ .
• The modern gladiolus offers a diversity
of colors, shapes, and sizes available in
few other flowering plants.
4. Short description of Gladiolus
• Distinctive features of gladiolus are as
follows:
a) Valued for its long attributes of spikes,
where flowers are of various sizes, shapes,
textures and colors.
b) More than 30,000 varieties and 250-300
species, whereas about 200 varieties are
added every year and approximately same no.
of varieties are abandoned d/t degeneration
d/t Fusarium, Botrytis and other viral
disease.
c) Almost all colors of gladiolus are available.
5. Classification of Gladiolus
Gandiflorus
type
Primulinus
type
01
02
PHOTO 04/2021
Pixiola type
03
04 Butterfly type
• Large and exhibition type.
• Cut flower (mostly western)
• Miniature, for pot culture smaller flower, longer lasting cut
flower, bedding type.
• Medium size of flower, attractive blotches and throat marking.
6. Uses
• Is a very popular flower in international cut flower trade.
• Use in bedding, pots, herbaceous border and for cut flowers d/t its
large variety of colorful flowers.
• For cut flowers, primulinus types of gladiolus are better as more
spikes come out from a corm and they can be planted in isolated
borders.
• Grandiflorus and primulinus types look very attractive in mixed
flower borders, but primulinus types are preferred as these do not
need staking so are ideal for preparing flower beds.
7. Varieties of Gladiolus
PHOTO 04/2021
S.N. Varieties Color
1 Friendship Spinal red
2 American Beauty Orange
3 Interprete Bright red
4 White Prosperity White
5 Pacifica White with red blotch in
throat
6 Her Majesty Light blue violet
7 Echo Wonder Liver color with white spot
8 Yellow Frills Yellow
8. Edaphic and Climatic Requirement
A. Soil
• Soil with clay to sandy loam texture.
• Should have adequate water holding capacity
• Soil pH of 6-7.5 is desirable with rich in organic matter.
• Prefers sunny condition throughout its growing period, therefore land
should be south-east facing.
9. Edaphic and Climatic Requirement
B. Temperature
• Successful from elevation of 1000-2750 masl and it can be cultivated
for a single season per year in the high hill region.
• Min. temp. reqd. for growth is 6° C, optimum temp. is 20° C, whereas
temp. range is 10-35° C.
• The base temp. is 2.4° C, i.e. below it there will be no growth
activities in gladiolus.
10. Edaphic and Climatic Requirement
C. Light
• 14 hours of day length is desirable.
11. Planting
A. Time of Planting
• For Mid-hills (1200-2000 masl) is Falgun - Ashoj (Feb. - Sep.)
• For Terai region is Ashoj – Falgun (Sep. – Feb.)
13. Planting
A. Plant materials
a. Seed Propagation
• Are mainly used for breeding purposes and they are avoided in
commercial cultivation.
• They take 3-4 years for flowering.
14. Planting
B. Plant materials
b. Corms/ Cormlets
• Asexual method and flowers are produced
from corms more than 2.5cm of diameter.
• Can also be propagated by cormlets of 1-
2.5cm diameter that usually take 18-20
weeks to develop into corms of appropriate
size.
15. Planting
B. Plant materials
b. Corms/ Cormlets
Grades of gladiolus corms
S.N. Category Size (diameter, in cm)
1 Large Jumbo (Big) Greater than 5.1
No. 1 Greater than 3.8 to 5.1
2 Medium No. 2 Greater than 3.2 to 3.8
No. 3 Greater than 2.5 to 3.2
3 Small No. 4 Greater than 1.9 to 2.5
No. 5 Greater than 1.3 to 1.9
No. 6 Greater than 1 to 1.3
16. Planting
B. Plant materials
b. Corms/ Cormlets
• Large and medium grades are used as flowering stock whereas
small grades are used as planting stock.
• Bigger corms take shorter period to bloom.
• Corms have 6-15 buds depending on size but apical bud is
dominant which sprouts to produce the main stem.
17. Planting
C. Planting Dimensions
• 15 x 20cm (row x plant) or 20 x 20cm or 25 x 30cm depending on size
of corms and plant population.
• Plant density of 25 – 30 plants or 40 – 50 corms per sq. m. depending
on variety and other factor.
• Depth of planting is 5-15 cm depending on soil condition and weather
condition.
18. Planting
D. Breaking Dormancy
• 3 months of resting period of the gladiolus corm and cormels d/t growth
inhibitor (morphactin, ABA).
• Corm treated with ethylene or ethylene producing chemicals like ethephon
(etherl) at less than 100ppm is useful to break the dormancy.
• Soaking the corm in water or hot water (55° C) before sowing has earlier
sprouting. Hot water has two main effects, they are; heat influences ethylene
production and the hot water leaches out inhibitors.
• Thiourea and KMNO4 @1000-2000 ppm favors sprouting.
• GA3, NAA (10-50 ppm) favors sprouting but the effect will reverse on higher
concentration dose.
19. Land preparation,Manuring and
Fertilizer Application
• Soil preparation prior to 1 month before of planting.
• Land is prepared by ploughing the field 2-3 times followed by
harrowing and leveling the field.
• Or pits can be formed and mixed with well-rotten FYM @10kg/ sq.m.
at the time of field preparation.
• 50:100:100 kg NPK per or 20g of NPK per sq. m. is used. Urea can
be applied to 2 or 3 split.
20. Intercultural Operations of Gladiolus
B. Weed Control
A. Irrigation
• Done to maintain the moisture condition in the field otherwise
corm sprouting will be delayed.
• Done weekly to 15 days interval depending on soil moisture and
climatic conditions.
• Should be done at regular intervals.
• Weeding is completed within 3 weeks after sowing while the 2nd
weeding is done before application of fertilizer as top dressing.
21. Intercultural Operations
C. Earthing Up
• Done when the soil is heavy and deep planting is not possible.
• Done when the plants are 20-30 cm in height.
D. Staking
• Done to provide the better anchorage to the growing plants especially tall
plants.
• Done after the emergence of spikes but before the opening of florets.
• Plants are loosely fastened at 3 places with the help of jute cord/ rope.
E. Mulching
• Done to prevent moisture loss and suppress the growth of weeds.
• Dry grass can be used for mulching.
• But when attack by termites (white ants) then, it is avoided.
22. Harvesting of Gladiolus
• Generally, gladiolus starts to initiate spikes when the total no. of
leaves is 8.
• Best time to harvest is in the morning since the cells are in fully
turgid which helps for easy cutting of the stem during this period.
• Harvesting done along with 2 leaves using sharp knife or secateurs and
should be immediately placed in cool water.
• Leaves provide substrates for floral metabolism during further post
harvest handling.
23. Post-harvest of Gladiolus
Grading of Spikes
Postharvest handling of Cut Flowers
• 4 treatments is done such as; conditioning or hardening, pulsing or
sugar loading, bud opening and holding(vase) solution.
• Harvest spike precooled at 5-7° C in deionized water for 8 hours to
minimize the losses through transpiration d/t wind.
S.N. Grade Spike length (in cm) No. of florets (minimum)
1 Fancy Greater than 107 16
2 Special Greater than 96-107 15
3 Standard Greater than 81-96 12
4 Utility Less than or equal to 81 10
25. Post-harvest of Gladiolus
Postharvest handling of Cut Flowers
• Pulsing by 20% Sucrose + AgNO3 (1000ppm) for 16-24 hours at 21° C. OR,
20% Sucrose + 50ppm AgNO3, OR, 20% Sucrose + 300ppm Al2(SO4)3.
• Now, after conditioning, the gladiolus can go through bundling, packing,
transportation and into the marketing channel.
Vase life
• Time period between after putting the cut spikes in the vase and up to
when the 1st floret falls.
• 2-12% sucrose + Ethylene Scrubber + Bactericide Compound is used in vase
solution.
• Fluoride (0.25ppm) in water causes blotching of petal and bud may fail
to open.
• Stem end should be dipped at least 0.5 cm in the vase solution.
27. Harvesting of Corms and Cormel
After 45 days of spike harvest the corm and cormels are ready for lifting.
Corms and cormels are geophytes , so special care should be taken while
lifting them from the ground.
Storage of Corms
• Best in wired bottom wooden trays, keeping them in single layer for 100
corms at 2-4.5° C.
• Can be stored in thatch roof house of well ventilated racks at higher
altitude.
• 10-20 days shade drying after treatment of Bavistin 0.2%, and then store
in cold store at 3-4° C for 3 months.
29. Diseases and their control
B. Fusarium corm rot
A. Botrytis blight
C. Curvularia blight
D. Bacterial leaf and neck rots
30. Diseases and their control
A. Botrytis blight
caused by Botrytis gladiolorum.
Damages both leaves and flowers.
Control measures:
Spray maneb (with zinc) and benomyl.
Causes rot in storage.
Symptoms include deformed, blind plants, and floret
disfigurement..
Control measures:
hot water treatment of cormels, fungicide dips of corms and
soil fumigation.
B. Fusarium corm rot
31. Diseases and their control
C. Curvularia blight
caused by Curvularia trifolii f.species gladioli.
Damages young leaves,flowers and cormels.
Control measures:
Spray maneb and chlorothlonil.
caused by Xanthamonas gummisudans.
Symptoms include yellow-brown tissue about the corm with a sharp,
moldy odor. Black sclerotia are usually visible between the leaf
base.
Control measures:
hot water treatment of cormels, fungicide dips of corms and soil
fumigation.
Infested soil should be avoided during cool season.
D. Bacterial leaf and neck rots
32. Insects and their control
C. Loopers (Larvae/ Worms)
A. Aphids
B. Thrips
D. Nematodes
33. Insects and their control
A. Aphids (Macrosiphum gossypii)
suck the sap fom foliage and flowers and transmit virus
pathogens.
Control measures:
Spray Dimethoate, Malathion and Endosulfan at recommended dose.
cause scars on florets.
Control measures:
Spray Diazinon, Monocrotophos, or Acephate in conjunction with proper
weed management practices.
B. Thrips (Taeniothrips simplex)
34. Insects and their control
C. Loopers(Larvae/ Worms)
Loopers are basically larvae/ worms that make loops while moving.
Some loopers are; Tichoplusia ni, also k/a Armyworms; Spodoptera
frugiperda, also k/a Cut worms; and Feltia subterranean.
Control measures:
larval stages can be controlled by spray of Bacillus thruingensis
(a bacterial pathogen of lepidoptera larvae).
spray Monocrotophos and Trichlorfon at recommended dose.
cause root knots.
Control measures:
Hot water treatment of corms and cormels and by soil fumigation.
Deep summer ploughing and soil solarization.
D. Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.)
35. PHOTO 04/2021
“ When a flower
doesn't bloom you
fix the environment
in which it grows,
not the flower.
- Alexander Den Heijer