Roof top solar project

1
A ROJECT REPORT
ON
DESIGN OF A ROOF TOP BASED SOLAR POWER STATION
FOR SKYLINE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
&TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA
Submitted by
SUMIT KUMAR
SAROJ KUMAR
SUDHANSHU KUMAR
SUNNY KUMAR
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of
Dr. B.L. Kaul
SKYLINE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
GREATER NOIDA 2015-2016

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CERTIFICATE
This is certify that
Sumit Kumar (1215321074)
Saroj Kumar (1215321065)
Sudhanshu Kumar (1215321073)
Sunny Kumar (1215321075)
Of B.Tech. (Electrical & Electronics Department), Semester VIII,
have satisfactorily completed the project on “DESIGN OF A ROOF
TOP BASED SOLAR POWER STATION FOR SIET GREATER
NOIDA” as a part of curriculum during the academic term 2015-
2016.
Date of submission:
Guide: Dr. B.L. Kaul Head of Department: Mr. S.M Khan

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ABSTRACT
The report presents the proposal of a novel design of ROOF TOP BASED
SOLAR POWER STATION FOR SKYLINE INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY.
Suitable roof areas of different blocks of the institute are proposed to be
utilised for installation of SPV module & for generation of electric power
from sunlight as an alternative to electric power supply by NPCL
(NOIDA POWER CORPORATION LIMITED).
The hybrid utilisation of NPCL power & SPV power can also be
programmed.

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ACKNNOWLDGEMENTS
We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to our Guide Dr. B.L. Kaul,
Who thought us worthy and kindly let us to be a part of this project. We
thank him for his faith in us and for his encouragement, guidance and also
for his constant and avid interest in the project throughout its duration and
beyond. Sir, you are our guidance light.
We would also like to thank Mr. S.P. Singh for providing us electrical
load data of the institute for load study of the institute.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter no Contents Page no
1 Introduction. 6-14
2 Roof top based (SPV) system. 15-21
3 Electrical load data of the institute. 22-26
4 The peak load of the institute (Existing). 27-31
5 Available roof top area of the institute. 32-44
6 Design and installation of the roof top based SPV
system.
45-46
7 Annual energy consumption of the institute. 47-57
8 Cost Estimation of the SPV power station. 58
9 Maintenance schedule. 59-61
10 Conclusion. 62
11 List of references. 63

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1SPV SYSTEMS
Solar photovoltaic (SPV) is a field of solar energy generation where solar
radiation is converted into electricity or electrical energy using a device
called photovoltaic (PV) cell or solar cell. A solar cell is made up of a
semiconductor material like silicon or other semiconductors material like
GaAs. When sunlight (in the form of photon) falls on these
semiconductor materials, electricity is generated. The amount of this
generated electricity depends upon some factors like intensity of solar
radiation etc.
A photovoltaic system, or PV system, is a power system designed to
supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an
arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and
convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric
power current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other
electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar
tracking system to improve the system's overall performance and include
an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected
to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble
of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all
the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS).
Moreover, PV systems convert light directly into electricity and shouldn't

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be confused with other technologies, such as concentrated solar power or
solar thermal, used for heating and cooling.
PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated
systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large
utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most
PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone systems
only account for a small portion of the market. Operating silently and
without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have
developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology
used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the
invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2
years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a
30-year service lifetime.
(Figure-1.1) Construction of PV module.

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1.2 PV CELL
A slab (or wafer) of pure silicon is used to make a PV cell. The top of the
slab is very thinly diffused with an “n” dopant such as phosphorous. On
the base of the slab a small amount of a “p” dopant, typically boron, is
diffused. The boron side of the slab is 1,000 times thicker than the
phosphorous side. Dopants are similar in atomic structure to the
primary material. The phosphorous has one more electron in its outer
shell than silicon, and the boron has one less. These dopants help create
the electric field that motivates the energetic electrons out of the cell
created when light strikes the PV cell.
Figure-1.3 Working principal of PV cell.

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The phosphorous gives the wafer of silicon an excess of free electrons; it
has a negative character. This is called the n-type silicon (n = negative).
The n-type silicon is not charged—it has an equal number of protons and
electrons—but some of the electrons are not held tightly to the atoms.
They are free to move to different locations within the layer. The boron
gives the base of the silicon a positive character, because it has a
tendency to attract electrons. The base of the silicon is called p-type
silicon (p = positive).
The p-type silicon has an equal number of protons and electrons; it has a
positive character but not a positive charge. Where the n-type silicon and
p-type silicon meet, free electrons from the n-layer flow into the p-layer
for a split second, then form a barrier to prevent more electrons from
moving between the two sides.
Figure-1.4 Typical PV cell.

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This point of contact and barrier is called the p-n junction. When both
sides of the silicon slab are doped, there is a negative charge in the p-type
section of the junction and a positive charge in the n-type section of the
junction due to movement of the electrons and “holes” at the junction of
the two types of materials. This imbalance in electrical charge at the p-n
junction produces an electric field between the p-type and n-type silicon.
the PV cell is placed in the sun, photons of light strike the electrons in the
p-n junction and energize them, knocking them free of their atoms. These
electrons are attracted to the positive charge in the n-type silicon and
repelled by the negative charge in the p-type silicon. Most photon-
electron collisions actually occur in the silicon base.
A conducting wire connects the p-type silicon to an electrical load, such
as a light or battery, and then back to the n-type silicon, forming a
complete circuit. As the free electrons are pushed into the n-type silicon
they repel each other because they are of like charge.
The wire provides a path for the electrons to move away from each other.
This flow of electrons is an electric current that travels through the circuit
from the n-type to the p-type silicon.
In addition to the semi-conducting materials, solar cells consist of a top
metallic grid or other electrical contact to collect electrons from the semi-
conductor and transfer them to the external load, and a back contact layer
to complete the electrical circuit.

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1.2ROOF TOP SPV SYSTEM
Several cities and towns in the country are experiencing a substantial
growth in their peak electricity demand. Municipal Corporations and the
electricity utilities are finding it difficult to cope with this rapid rise in
demand and as a result most of the cities/towns are facing severe
electricity shortages.
Various industries and commercial establishments e.g. Malls, Hotels,
Hospitals, Nursing homes etc housing complexes developed by the
builders and developers in cities and towns use diesel generators for
back-up power even during the day time. These generators capacities
vary from a few kilowatts to a couple of MWs. Generally, in a single
establishment more than one generators are installed; one to cater the
minimum load required for lighting and computer/ other emergency
operations during load shedding and the others for running
ACs and other operations such as lifts/ other power applications.
With an objective to reduce dependency on diesel gensets, a scheme to
replace them with SPV is being proposed. Further, in order to utilize the
existing roof space of buildings, the scheme proposes to promote roof-top

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SPV systems on buildings to replace DG gensets installed for minimum
load requirement for operation during load shedding. These loads are
generally varying between 25 kW to 100 kW or so. A roof top SPV
system could be with or without grid interaction. In grid interaction
system, the DC power generated from SPV panels is converted to AC
power using power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid either of 11
KV three phase line or of 220 V single phase line depending on the
system installed at institution/commercial establishment or residential
complex. They generate power during the daytime which is utilized fully
by powering the captive loads and feeding excess power to the grid as

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long as grid is available. In cases, where solar power is not sufficient due
to cloud cover etc. the captive loads are served by drawing power
from the grid. The grid- interactive roof-top SPV systems thus work on
net metering basis wherein the beneficiary pays to the utility on net meter
reading basis only. Ideally, grid interactive systems do not require
battery back up as the grid acts as the back-up for feeding excess solar
power and vice-versa. However, to enhance the performance
reliability of the overall systems, a minimum battery-back of one hr of
load capacity is strongly recommended. In grid interactive systems, it has
, however to be ensured that in case the grid fails, the solar power has to
be fully utilized or stopped immediately feeding to the grid (if any in
excess) so as to safe-guard any grid person/technician from getting shock
(electrocuted) while working on the grid for maintenance etc. This
feature is termed as ‘Islanding Protection’ Non-grid interactive systems
ideally require a full load capacity battery power back up system.
However, with the introduction of advanced load management and
power conditioning systems, and safety mechanisms, it is possible to
segregate the day-time loads to be served directly by solar power without
necessarily going through the battery back-up. As in the previous case of
grid-interactive systems, minimum one hour of battery back-up is,
however, strongly recommended for these systems also to enhance the
performance reliability of the systems. The non-grid interactive system
with minimum battery back are viable only at places where normal power
is not available during daytime. In case the SPV power is to be used after
sunshine hours, it would require full load capacity battery backup which
will increase the cost of system which may not be economically viable
even with support from Government.

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CHAPTER 2
ROOF TOP BASED (SPV) SYSTEM
2.1 ABOUT ROOF TOP SPV
A rooftop photovoltaic power station, or rooftop PV system, is
a photovoltaic system that has its electricity-generating solar
panels mounted on the rooftop of a residential or commercial building or
structure. The various components of such a system include photovoltaic
modules, mounting systems, cables, solar inverters and other electrical
accessories.
Rooftop mounted systems are small compared to ground-
mounted photovoltaic power stations with capacities in the
megawatt range. Rooftop PV systems on residential buildings typically
feature a capacity of about 5 to 20 kilowatts (kW), while those mounted
on commercial buildings often reach 100 kilowatts or more.
The urban environment provides a large amount of empty rooftop spaces
and can inherently avoid the potential land use and environmental
concerns. Estimating rooftop solar insolation is a multi-faceted process,
as insolation values in rooftops are impacted by the following:
 Time of the year
 Latitude
 Weather conditions
 Roof slope
 Roof aspect
 Shading from adjacent buildings and vegetation

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India’s solar market, especially solar photovoltaic, has seen significant
growth after the launch of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
in 2010, with an installed capacity of over 3 GW in just four years. The
Government of India is determined towards achieving 100 GW of grid
interactive solar power capacity by 2020, of which 40 GW would be
Deployed through decentralized and rooftop-scale solar projects.
Rooftop solar PV would play a prominent role in meeting energy
demands across segments. It has already achieved grid parity for
commercial and industrial consumers, and fast becoming attractive for
residential consumers as well. As a result, multiple state governments
have taken necessary steps to kick-start implementation of rooftop solar
PV projects.
2.2 TYPES OF ROOF TOP SPV SYSTEM
The rooftop SPV system can be installed in two configurations, namely
i. As A Standalone System
ii. As A Grid Interactive System
In urban areas the grid interactive systems are more feasible than the
standalone systems as almost all locations are connected by grid. These
grids act as storage for an intermittent source of generation. In this study
we are focusing on grid interactive rooftop SPV systems. In the grid
interactive systems, there are different grid interconnection configurations

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depending on the reliability of electricity supply to the loads and the
consumer needs.
2.3 STAND ALONE ROOF TOP SPV SYSTEM
Solar Photovoltaic Technology is employed for directly converting solar
energy to electrical energy by the using “solar silicon cell”.
Non-grid interactive systems ideally require a full load capacity battery
power back up system. However, with the introduction of advanced load
management and power conditioning systems, and safety mechanisms, it
is possible to segregate the day-time loads to be served directly by solar
power without necessarily going through the battery back-up. As in the
previous case of grid-interactive systems, minimum one hour of battery
back-up is, however, strongly recommended for these systems also to
enhance the performance reliability of the systems. The non-grid
interactive system with minimum battery back are viable only at places
where normal power is not available during daytime. In case the SPV
power is to be used after sunshine hours, it would require full load
capacity battery backup which will increase the cost of system which may
not be economically viable even with support from Government.
There have been several initiatives from the Government of India to
promote solar PV applications. From time to time the Ministry has
implemented various schemes for demonstration and promotion of solar
energy devices.

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2.4 GRID CONNECTED SPV SYSTEM
The grid- interactive rooftop SPV systems thus work on net metering
basis wherein the beneficiary pays to the utility on net meter reading basis
only. Ideally, grid interactive systems do not require battery backup as the
grid acts as the back-up for feeding excess solar power and vice versa.
However, to enhance the performance reliability of the overall systems, a
minimum battery-back of one hr of load capacity is strongly
recommended. In grid interactive systems, it has , however to be ensured
that in case the grid fails, the solar power has to be fully utilized or
stopped immediately feeding to the grid (if any in excess) so as to safe-
guard any grid person/technician from getting shock (electrocuted) while
working on the grid for maintenance etc. This feature is termed as
Islanding Protection.
Figure 2.1 Layout of grid connected SPV system.

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Figure 2.2 A typical roof top SPV system.

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ROOFTOP REWARDS
Encouraged by the decline in solar panel cost as well as the operational success
of established projects, major plans are afoot to promote roof top solar power
generation across the country. At the central level, the Solar Energy Corporation
of India is executing a pan-Indian grid-connected rooftop photovoltaic (PV)
programme. Meanwhile a dozen states have announced policies for rooftop solar
and net-metering. The government is recently unveiled roadmap for 100 GW of
solar power by 2022 involves the installation of 40 GW on rooftops. As the
India moves towards the implementation of this plan.
One of the most significant measure in this direction has been the subsidy
reduction for rooftop solar projects from 30 % to 15 %.
The industry has responded well to this call, as is an evident from the growing
number of companies wanting to capture opportunities in this segment. The
establishment of these system is also picking up among government agencies
and educational institution. Based on inputs from industry players who have
been working with industrial and commercial energy consumers, the absence of
net metering is emerging as a critical factor that is holding back the roof top
solar segment.

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Table 2.1 State wise installed roof top solar capacity.
State Current installed capacity in Mw
Punjab 19
Haryana 14
Rajasthan 21
Gujarat 25
Madhya Pradesh 10
Maharashtra 40
Karnataka 25
Kerala 8
Tamil Nadu 36
Andhra Pradesh 21
Odisha 14
Chhattisgarh 11
West Bengal 13
Uttar Pradesh 24
Bihar 5
Delhi 8
Uttarakhand 8
Jharkhand 1
Others 38
Total (all india) 350
Approved in September 2015
Source: BRIDGE TO INDIA

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CHAPTER 3
THE LOAD DATA OF THE INSTITUTE
A measure of the electrical load of the institute has been recorded on the
hourly basis and the same is given as under in table 3.1.
The phase currents Ir, Iy, Ib, are the load current in phases R, Y & B and
their average value Iav is evaluated to determine the average power in
KWs.
Table 3.1 The load data of the institute.
Date: 16th
January 2016.
Time Ir Iy Ib Iav
09:00 AM 42.6 46.8 45.2 44.86
10:00 AM 51.2 48.6 49.8 49.86
11:00 AM 49.7 42.2 45.6 45.83
12:00 AM 54.3 49.8 42.6 48.9
01:00 PM 48.6 32.6 45.4 42.2
02:00 PM 45.4 47.6 45.3 46.1
03:00 PM 50.3 49.2 50.6 50.03
04:00 PM 35.8 29.2 39.6 34.86
05:00 PM 32.9 26.4 28.3 29.2
06:00 PM 45.4 40.6 58.0 48
07:00 PM 48.6 45.9 41.9 45.46
08:00 PM 46.9 44.6 40.9 44.13
09:00 PM 45.6 40.8 39.6 42
10:00 PM 46.3 40.2 38.5 41.66

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11:00 PM 45.3 44.2 36.4 4196
12:00 PM 46.7 40.9 35.4 41
01:00 AM 36.2 36.4 30.3 34.3
02:00 AM 36.8 37.2 29.4 34.46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
9:00AM
10:00AM
11:00AM
12:00AM
1:00PM
2:00PM
3:00PM
4:00PM
5:00PM
6:00PM
7:00PM
8:00PM
9:00PM
10:00PM
11:00PM
12:00PM
1:00AM
2:00AM
CurrentinAmp
Time
I r I y I b Iav

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Date: 2nd
February 2016.
TIME Ir Iy Ib Iav
9:00 AM 75 78.2 65.9 72.9
10:00 AM 77.4 69.4 65.2 70.6
11:00 AM 68.2 50.8 58.3 59.1
12:00 PM 65.1 62.8 62.4 63.3
1:00 PM 70.4 60.9 65.4 65.56
2:00 PM 63.8 52.8 56.2 56.4
3:00 PM 62.6 50.4 55.8 56.26
4:00 PM 69.9 61.3 71.6 67.6
5:00 PM 55.3 52.6 50.4 52.76
6:00 PM 64.7 60.2 50.2 58.36
7:00 PM 62.3 57.1 55.3 58.23
8:00 PM 63.6 55.7 56.4 58.56
9:00 PM 59.5 58.4 51.6 56.46
10:00 PM 61.2 61.3 52.3 58.26
11:00 PM 58.1 57.5 50.4 55.33
12:00 AM 55.4 55.2 49.5 53.36
1:00 AM 50 46.3 45.6 47.3
2:00 AM 41.6 41.5 35.2 38.45

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Figure: 3.2 2nd
February 2016 load curve.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
CurrentinAmp
Time
I r I y I b Iav

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Date: 7th
March, 2016.
TIME Ir Iy Ib Iav
9:00 AM 85 78.2 65.9 76.36
10:00 AM 90 69.4 65.2 74.86
11:00 AM 120 110 100 110
12:00 PM 100 90 105 98.33
1:00 PM 90 85 80 85.2
2:00 PM 70 65 75 70
3:00 PM 65 55 70 63.33
4:00 PM 70 60 75 68.3
5:00 PM 65 59 60 61.33
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM
CURRENTINAMP
TIME
Ir Iy Ib Iav

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CHAPTER 4
PEAK LOAD OF THE INSTITUTE
PEAK LOAD
It is intended to design a Roof Top Solar Power system of our institute
whose capacity should at least match with the peak load of the institute.
Power demand fluctuations may occur on weekly, monthly, seasonal and
yearly load cycles. For an electric utility company, the actual point of
peak demand is a single half-hour or hourly period which represents the
highest point of customer consumption of electricity.
The daily peak demand usually occurs around 9:00 AM at this time there
is a combination of office demand and all student and faculties are come
in the institute. The peak demand of the institute is in summer due to all
fans and AC is operating.
Minimum load of the institute
Minimum load of the institute is taken on February 2016.
The phase power Ir, Iy & Ib are the load in phases R, Y & B and this
average value Iav is evaluated to determine the current in Amp.

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Table 4.1 24 hour load data of 2nd
February, 2016.
Provide information about the variation of phasor current Ir, Iy, Ib during 24
hour of the day.
TIME Ir Iy Ib Iav
9:00 AM 75 78.2 65.9 72.9
10:00 AM 77.4 69.4 65.2 70.6
11:00 AM 68.2 50.8 58.3 59.1
12:00 PM 65.1 62.8 62.4 63.3
1:00 PM 70.4 60.9 65.4 65.56
2:00 PM 63.8 52.8 56.2 56.4
3:00 PM 62.6 50.4 55.8 56.26
4:00 PM 69.9 61.3 71.6 67.6
5:00 PM 55.3 52.6 50.4 52.76
6:00 PM 64.7 60.2 50.2 58.36
7:00 PM 62.3 57.1 55.3 58.23
8:00 PM 63.6 55.7 56.4 58.56
9:00 PM 59.5 58.4 51.6 56.46
10:00 PM 61.2 61.3 52.3 58.26
11:00 PM 58.1 57.5 50.4 55.33
12:00 AM 55.4 55.2 49.5 53.36
1:00 AM 50 46.3 45.6 47.3
2:00 AM 41.6 41.5 35.2 38.45
3:00 AM 21.3 8.05 8.23 12.53
4:00 AM 20.1 10.1 10.1 13.43
5:00 AM 23.13 11.2 10 14.77
6:00 AM 25.1 15.1 15 18.4
7:00AM 25.1 18.2 14 19.1
8:00 AM 21.1 19.92 19.2 20.04

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Figure shows:-
A graphic plot same is figure 4.1 the observation has been made of 2nd
February 2016.
Table 4.1 also gives the average value of the
phase current, Iav “average power factor as recorded in substation power
factor meter is 0.99”.
Taking average line voltage recorded is 420 volt.
Therefore the average peak load calculation based on maximum current is
evaluated at under.
Figure4.1:- graphical representation of Ir, Iy, Ib and Iav.
Calculation
Maximum power demand = 1.73*Iav*VL *cos(phi) / 1000 KW.
Pmax = 1.73*72.9*420*0.99 / 1000
Pmax = 51.99 Kw
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
9:00AM
10:00AM
11:00AM
12:00PM
1:00PM
2:00PM
3:00PM
4:00PM
5:00PM
6:00PM
7:00PM
8:00PM
9:00PM
10:00PM
11:00PM
12:00AM
1:00AM
2:00AM
3:00AM
4:00AM
5:00AM
6:00AM
7:00AM
8:00AM
CurrentinAMP
Time
2nd february, 2016 load cycle
Ir Iy Ib Iav

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According to data curve:-
Total energy consumption on 2nd
February 2016 is 1603.32 KWh.
Total energy consumed in February month is 1603.32*24 KWh=38479.68
KWh.
P3phase = 37585 / 24
Pav = 1566.04
= 1566.04 / 28
~ 55.9 Kw
Hence average power taken per hour is 55.9 Kw
According to NPCL bill:-
The minimum load demand of our institute is taken on March 2016
according to our meter reading by NPCL bill.
 Total unit consumption in February 2016 is 37585 Kwh.
 Total average energy demand is 1252.83 KWh.
 Average power demand is 52.20 Kw/hour.
Load factor:-
Load factor (LF) is the ratio of average load to the peak load.
Load factor= Average Load / Peak Load.
Load factor = 66.93 / 91.05

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LF =0.73.
Maximum load of the institute
Maximum load of the institute has been observed to occur in September
2015 according to NPCL bill.
 Total energy consumed in September 2015 is 69989 Kwh.
 Total energy consumed per day in September 2015 is 2333 Kwh.
 Average load is 97.20 Kw/hour.
The load factor we assume (LF) = 0.5
Peak load in this month is = Average load / LF
Peak load = 97.20 / 0.5, => 194.4 Kw.
Table 4.2 Minimum and maximum load demand per hour of the institute
Month / Year Total energy
consumed (Kwh)
Load Kw
February, 2016 37585 91.05 min.
September, 2015 69989 194.4 max.

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0
50
100
150
200
250
February, 2016 September, 2015
LoadinKw
Month / Year
Minimum and maximum Load
Load Kw

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CHAPTER 5
ROOF TOP AREA AVAILABLE IN THE INSTITUTE
The objective of the project is to evaluate a suitable roof top based solar
power station for our institute.
And design the same roof top area of the different block of the institute
consider, one by one for the achievement of the result.
ROOF TOP AREA OF BLOCK A & B SIET GREATER
NOIDA
The roof top area of block A & B are used to be installing PV panel for
generating electricity as per efficiency of the panel. The roof top area of
this block have some obstacles and already utilised area such as for stair
roof, water tank and water pipes. The roof area and shading part is shown
in figure below.
Table 5.1 Available roof top area of block A & B of the S.I.E.T
Total roof area 1420.45 m2
Covered area 68.41 m2
Shaded area 109.9 m2
Net area = TRA-(C+S) 1242.14 m2
*TRA =Total roof area, *C+S = covered +shaded

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Figure:-5.1 roof top of block A & B

35
Figure 5.2 Available roof area (Block B).
Figure 5.3 Available roof area (Block A)

36
ROOF TOP AREA OF BLOCK C
SIET GREATER NOIDA
Table 5.2 Available roof top area of block C, S.I.E.T Greater Noida.
Total roof area 1551 m2
Shaded area 102.4 m2
Figure 5.4 Water pipe and water tank on block C.

37
Figure 5.5 Available roof top area of block C, S.I.E.T Greater Noida.

38
ROOF TOP AREA OF BLOCK C
SIET GREATER NOIDA
Table 5.3 Available roof top area of PGDM block S.I.E.t Greater Noida.
Total roof area 1096.25 M^2
Covered area 120.53 M^2
Shaded area 153.9 M^2
Net area = TRA-(C+S) 822.47 M^2

39
Figure 5.6 Available rof top area of block C S.I.E.T Greater Noida.

40
ROOF TOP AREA OF BLOCK D
SIET GREATER NOIDA
Figure 5.4 Available roof top area of block D, S.I.E.T Greater Noida.
Total roof area 1060.28 M^2
Covered area 160.62 M^2
Shaded area 167.70 M^2
Net area = TRA-(C+S) 731.96 M^2

41
Figure 5.7 Available roof top area of block D, S.I.E.T Greater Noida.

42
ROOF TOP AREA OF MBA BLOCK
SIET GREATER NOIDA
Table 5.5 Available roof top area of MBA block S.I.E.T Greater Noida.
Total roof area 1177.6 m2
Shaded area 49.6 m2

43
Figure 5.8 Available roof top area of MBA block SIET.

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Table 5.7 Total roof area available for installation of SPV power station.
Block
Name
Total Roof
Area
Available
area
Useful Area
AMF=Area Multiplying Factor
AMF=0.6 AMF=0.65 AMF=0.7
Block A 1420.42 1242.14 745.28 807.39 869.49
Block B/C 1551.01 1218.8 731.28 792.22 853.16
Block D 1060.28 731.96 439.17 475.77 512.37
PGDM 1096.25 973.0 583.80 632.45 681.10
MBA 1177.60 827.47 493.48 534.60 575.72
TOTAL 4993.37 2993.01 3242.43 3491.84
 All area are in m2
 AA= Available Area= TOTAL AREA – ALREADY UTILISED AREA

45
CHAPTER 6
DESIGNING AND INSTALLATION OF THE SPV
SYSTEM
Total available roof top area for designing and installation of the SPV system is
given below
Table 6.1 Total roof top area available in the institute.
Block Name Total Roof Area Available
area
Useful Area
AMF=Area Multiplying Factor
AMF=0.6 AMF=0.65 AMF=0.7
Block A 1420.42 1242.14 745.28 807.39 869.49
Block B/C 1551.01 1218.8 731.28 792.22 853.16
Block D 1060.28 731.96 439.17 475.77 512.37
PGDM 1096.25 973.0 583.80 632.45 681.10
MBA 1177.60 827.47 493.48 534.60 575.72
TOTAL 4993.37 2993.01 3242.43 3491.84

46
Total available roof top area of the institute cannot be taken to install SPV
system due to following reason.
 Solar panel maintenance.
 Movement of personnel from one corner to another corner.
 Water pipe repairing.
So we take area multiply factor (A.M.F) 0.65 for the installation of SPV
system
ENERGY GENERATION FROM THE AVAILABLE ROOF TOP
AREA IS GIVEN BELOW
Table 6.2 Available area for energy generation at AMF=0.65.
Block Available area
(m2)
Available area for energy
generation (m2)
Block A & B 1242.14 807.39
Block C 1218.8 792.22
Block D 731.96 475.77
PGDM block 973.0 632.45
MBA block 827.47 534.60
TOTAL 4993.37 3242.43
POWER GENERATED 324.2 Kw
Since 10 m2 = 1 Kw.
Hence 3242 m2 = 324 Kw.
Thus total energy generation from the available roof top area is approx.
325 Kw

47
CHAPTER 7
Annual, Monthly Energy Consumption of Institute 2012-2016
This is the data which shows the annual monthly energy consumption of
the skyline institute of engineering and technology. This is given by NPCL
to the institute. It is the annually consume by the institute from the grid.
Table 7.1 Annual, Monthly Energy Consumption of Institute 2012-2016.
Figure7.1:- Annual, Monthly Energy Consumption of Institute 2012-2016
Month 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
January 31732 35287 27520 32132 39557
February 42700 37937 31867 28937 37585
March 38142 39527 17367 23712 32054
April 54930 59260 65860 42805
May 57446 63580 45890 62427
June 47667 42222 53172 58787
July 35895 22057 37227 37910
August 42690 40967 53005 58475
September 57460 45792 56420 69989
October 51855 42730 39329 56460
November 31962 29255 36557 36255
December 45485 41230 41335 38032
TOTAL 537964 458614 505549 545921

48
Table 7.2 Energy consumption of year 2015.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000Kwh
Months
Graph of energy consumption 2012-2016.
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

49
Month Unit Consume In (Kwh)
January 32132
February 28937
March 23712
April 42805
May 62427
June 58787
July 37910
August 58475
September 69989
October 56460
November 36255
December 38025
Figure7.2:- Energy consumption of year 2015

50
Average energy consumption per day is equal to total graph area divided by 365
days = 1496 KWh.
Average load = 1496/24 Kw.
=62.31 Kw
Peak load = LF / average (consider LF=0.5)
= 62.31 / 0.5 => 124.62 Kw
32132
28937
23712
42805
62427
58787
37910
58475
69989
56460
36255
38025
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
UnitinKwh
Month
Unit Consume In 2015 (Kwh)

51
January 27520
February 31867
March 17367
April 65860
May 45890
June 53172
July 37227
August 53005
September 56420
October 39329
November 36557
December 41335

52
days = 1385 KWh.
=57.71 Kw
Peak load = LF / average load (consider LF=0.5)
= 57.71 / 0.5 => 115.44 Kw
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
UnitinKwh
Month
Unit Consume In 2014

53
January 35287
February 37937
March 39527
April 59260
May 63580
June 42222
July 22057
August 40967
September 45792
October 42730
November 29255
December 41230
Figure7.4:- Energy consumption of year 2013.

54
days = 1256 KWh.
=52.35 Kw
= 52.35 / 0.5 => 104.7 Kw
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
UnitinKWh
Month

55
January 31732
February 42700
March 38142
April 54930
May 57446
June 47667
July 35895
August 42690
September 57460
October 51855
November 31962
December 45485

56
Figure7.5:- Energy consumption of year 2012.
days = 1473 KWh.
=61.41 Kw
= 61.41 / 0.5 => 122.82 Kw
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
AxisTitle
Axis Title
Unit Consume In (Kwh)

57
January 39557
February 37585
March 32054
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
UnitsinKwh
Month

58
CHAPTER 8
COST ESTIMATION OF THE POWER STATION
Table 8.1 gives the approximate installation cost of roof top based SPV
power station in relation with the power generation capacity.
The cost data available in stages of 50 KW is given in table 8.1 and a
plot of cost curve as shown in figure 8.1.
As per estimated peak power generation of the power plant cost of 200
Kw would be approximate 1.7 crore.
Capacity (Kw) System price in
Rs.
Installation
charges (Rs)
Total cost
50 39,10,000/- 2,50,000/- 41,60,000/-
100 78,20,000/- 5,00,000/- 83,20,000/-
200 1,56,40,000/- 10,00,000/- 1,66,40,000/-
300 2,34,60,000/- 15,00,000/- 2,49,60,000/-
350 2,73,70,000/- 17,00,000/- 2,91,20,000/-
400 3,12,80,000/- 20,00,000/- 3,32,80,000/-
Figure 8.1:- Graphical representation of Cost estimation for the
installation of SPV power station.
41,60,000.00
83,20,000.00
166,40,000.00
249,60,000.00
291,20,000.00
332,80,000.00
0.00
50,00,000.00
100,00,000.00
150,00,000.00
200,00,000.00
250,00,000.00
300,00,000.00
350,00,000.00
50 100 200 300 350 400
Rupees
Capacity in Kw
Estimited cost curve
Estimited cost (Crore)

59
CHAPTER 9
System Maintenance
In last 15 year it has been found that the biggest factor attributing to the
inconsistent performance of the system is poor maintenance .the dos and
don’ts for the maintenance of spv module and associated system are:
Do’s
1. Ensure that the SPV panels are at the right direction receiving
maximum sunlight without obstruction throughout the day and
SPV and should not be
2. Moved or shift from the original position of installation
3. Never be kept under any form of shadow or shad and should be
located in a place where it receives unobstructed sunlight from sun
rise to sun set.
4. Ensure the (SPV) is kept very clean and free from any dust and
foreign material.
5. Ensure that the condition of the cables connected to the system and
battery are not physically abused and are always in good condition.
6. Clean the glass core of the module regularly at last once a week if
we clarify, This will also located .in general It should be cleaned
once in two days .A solar based system has 100% dependency on
sunlight Is and not cleaning the system will definitely affected its
performance.
7. Always insure that the DM water (battery water) is always full
inside the battery and its cells pour through expansion bottle .If the
water is not full this will affect the backup time and will not give
the desired illumination period
8. Ensure the battery is always kept clean and terminal should be
clean and smeared with Vaseline to avoid oxidation regularly.

60
9. Ensure only recommended luminaries is use for lighting which is
provided with the system.
10.Ensure the external cabling does not exceed 7mtrs/20feet. If
external cabling exceeds the recommended length. The system
output will be reduced an account of cable/ current losses in the
cable line.
11.When the ambient temperature falls below 35deg centigrade
(especially during winters) always keep the battery in good charged
condition, as this will enable the system to perform well at its
optimum best.
12.During the cloudy and overshadow sky and also during rainy
season the backup will vary hence this should be kept on mind that
being solar system the illumination of lamp period/duration may
vary.
13.The lamp should not flicker continuously and should be intimated
to the supplier to replace immediately at company charges.
Don’ts
1. Do not cover the collectors.
2. Do not erect any structure which can cast shadow on the
collectors.
3. Do not draw electricity more than required.
4. Do not connect more than one luminary per system per panel
supplied in series.
5. Do not keep the battery and the SPV panel near dirty place and
hot area.
6. Do not flaunt norms laid by the manufactures you will never
benefit its advantage.

61
7. Do not have dense foliage around the panels which can cast
shadow over it in the entire day, kindly prune the tree regularly.
8. Do not allow any person or agency/person other than the company
or company authorized service personal to inspect or service the
system as this may cease the warranty/guarantee of the system
immediately.
9 .For replacement of unserviceable parts contact authorized company
service centre.

62
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
 There is increasing trend to all the states in our country should growing
for increasing solar power generation capacity. State wise picture of the
roof top based solar power project in different states as shown in table in
view of the same it is pertinent for us to generate solar electric power in
institute.
 The cost of solar energy per KW hour as a trend to decrease year after
year while as the cost of electric energy generated by conventional
resources is increasing.
 In the couple of year the two tariffs will levelled. In future days cost of
solar energy much lesser than conventional energy.
Hence it is essential for us participate in this trend of change.
 The generation of power by solar is pollution free.
 All the installation stage heavy investment has to be make for installation
of the project.
 The installation will be gainer in the long run.
 Only a minor maintenance for cleaning of the solar panel is repair for the
time to time, otherwise the system required minimum maintenance.
Capacity consumption:-
The institute need a solar power capacity of peak power ‘200’ KW peak
power.

63
CHAPTER 11
REFERANCE’S
We have assimilated the data, concepts and information required during
the course of the project from various books, websites and research
papers apart from going to our mentor Dr. B.L. Kaul whenever the need
arose.
Our sources include:
www.solarpanelslus.com
www.powerflimsolar.com
www.xantrex.com
www.solarking.com
www.wikkipeadia.com
www.phocos.com

Roof top solar project

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