This document discusses photovoltaic (PV) systems which convert solar radiation into electricity. A PV system consists of solar panels, electrical components like an inverter, charge controller, and batteries. The solar panels use silicon wafers to generate electricity from sunlight. PV systems can be stand-alone, grid-connected, or hybrid systems. They provide reliable electricity with low maintenance and no pollution. However, the initial costs are high and solar power is not available at night or when clouds block the sun.

1. Photovoltaic Systems
Guided By: Prepared By:
Prof. J. I. Patel VISHAL G. BARAVALIYA

2. Photovoltaic (PV) system is an electrical
system consisting of array of one or more
PV modules, conductors, electrical
components, and one or more loads
which Convert solar radiation into
electricity.
 PV systems use wafers, typically made of
crystalline silicon.
 Other component are Inverter, charge
controller, batteries etc.

3.  The total components and subsystems that, in
combination, convert solar energy into electrical
energy suitable for connection to a utilization
load.
power
conditioning power
distribution load
energy
source
PV Array Load
Inverter Center
energy
conversion
electric
energy utility
storage
Battery

5. Crystalline Materials
 Single-crystal silicon
 Polycrystalline silicon
 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Thin Film Materials
 Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)
 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
 Copper Indium Diselenide (CuInSe2, or CIS)

6.  PV cells are made of dissimilar materials
(n and p type silicon) which are in contact
and form a barrier at the junction.
 When sunlight hits the cell, it creates a
electron and a hole pair at the junction.
 Connecting both sides to an external
circuit the current will flow.

7. n-
Silicon
---- -- -- --
+++++ +++
++++++ p-
+ + + + Silicon

8. Connect Cells To Make
Modules
 One silicon solar cell produces very low output so
to increase power output many cells connected
together which is called module.
 Module is the basic building block of
systems which can
connect modules together
which is called an array
to get any power
configuration Cells.

9.  Stand-alone system
it is independent of all sources & used in
remote applications.
 Grid connected system
it is connected with grid and store its
surplus power into grid by concept of net
metering.
 Hybrid system
it receives a portion of its power from more
than one sources like wind generator or any
fuel fired generator

10. Here is a stand-alone PV system in Oix, La Garrotxa in rural
Spain. This system consists of a 900-watt PV array with
inverter and batteries. More than 60 rural homes in this
mountainous area have been electrified with PV.
10

11. This picture include PV-wind-diesel hybrid system in
Mexico that provides village-wide power for 43 homes, three
schools, two stores, a church and an auditorium.

13.  Reliable
 No Fuels
 Low
Maintenance
 Long-term
Savings
 No Pollution
 No Noise

14. • Solar electric generation is economically superior where
grid connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or
impossible.
• When grid-connected, solar electric generation
replaces some or all of the highest-cost electricity used
during times of peak demand (in most climatic regions).
This can reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need
for local battery power to provide for use in times of
darkness.
• Once the initial capital cost of building a solar power
plant has been spent, operating costs are extremely low
compared to existing power technologies.

15. $ $
 High Initial Cost
 Specialized Maintenance $
$ $
Batteries &
Power Conditioning Equipment $
 Large Space
 Solar electricity is not available at night and is less
available in cloudy weather conditions from
conventional silicon based technologies.