Graduation Project - PV Solar With MPPT System

Suez Canal University
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department
Under Supervision of:
Dr/ Basem Elhady

GRADUATION PROJECT 2018
PV Solar MPPT
System

Contents
 Introduction.
 History
 Solar Radiation.
 Photovoltaics Systems.
 Applications of PV.
 Advantages & Disadvantages
of PV.
 How PV Work?
 Types of PV Cells.
 Types of PV Systems.
 Electrical Model of PV Cell.
 Tracking System.
 Solar Charge Controller.
 Overall System.
 Connecting Loads.
 Future Applications.
3

Introduction
 The sun delivers its energy to us in two main forms: heat and light.
 There are two main types of solar power systems, namely, solar
thermal systems that trap heat to warm up water, and solar PV
systems that convert sunlight directly into electricity.
 Converting solar energy into electrical energy by PV installations
is the most recognized way to use solar energy.
 Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight directly into electricity.
 One of the most useful of the renewable energy technologies.
5

History
 In 1839 a most important landmark in the progression of solar
energy occurs with the significant of the photovoltaic effect by a
French scientist Edmond Becquerel.
 The American scientist Rosel Ohel invented the first solar cell in
1941.
 In the following years, a number of scientists have contributed
the development of this effect and technologies through their
researches.
 Today the industry of photovoltaic modules and related equipment i
s growing at a rate of 40% per year, therefore, it is
one of the fastest growing industry in the last decade.
6

Types of Renewable Energy:
 Solar Energy .
 Wind Energy .
 Biomass Energy .
 Hydro Energy .
 Geothermal Power .
 Energy Movement of Waves And Tides.
7

PHOTOVOLTAICS AND
APPLICATIONS

Photovoltaics Systems
 Solar cells, also called
photovoltaic (PV), convert
sunlight directly into electricity.
 PV gets its name from the
process of converting light
(photons) to electricity
(voltage), which is called the PV
effect.
10

Applications of PV
 Stand-Alone Systems:
 Stand-alone systems directly use the
generated produced electricity.
 When the requirement arises during night
time or poor sunlight, a battery storage
system is used.
 In some situations, stand-alone systems
use conventional generators as backup
systems.
11

 Electricity For Remote Areas:
 Some areas are quite far from the
distribution network to establish
connection with the grid.
 Areas under construction also need
power supply before they are
connected.
 PV systems are an attractive option
for these cases.
12

 Disaster Relief:
 Natural calamities often bring about an
electricity crisis. As the disasters such
as hurricanes, floods, tornadoes, and
earthquakes destroy electricity
generation and distribution systems.
 In situations like these, where power will
be out for an extended period, portable
PV systems can provide temporary
solutions for light, communication, food
and water systems.
 Emergency health clinics opt for PV
based electricity over conventional
systems to problems of fuel transport
and pollution.
13

 Lighting:
 With the invention of LED (light
emitting diode) technology as low
power lighting sources, PV systems
find an ideal application in remote or
mobile lighting systems.
 PV systems combined with battery
storage facilities are mostly used to
provide lighting for billboards,
highway in formation signs, public-
use facilities, parking lots, vacation
cabins, lighting for trains.
14

 Signal Systems:
 Navigational systems, such as light
houses, highway and aircraft
warning signals can be far from the
electric grid.
 PV systems can be a reliable power
source for these important
applications.
 Even portable traffic lights can be
powered by PV systems.
15

 Water Pumping:
 PV is a perfect candidate for
agricultural and livestock
purposes due the need for water
during the periods with bright
sunshine.
 These pumping systems can
supply water directly to fields ,
or can store water for the time
of need.
 These systems can even be
used to provide water to remote
areas and villages.
16

 Consumer Products:
 PV technology is being used for
variety of commercially available
consumer based products.
 Small DC appliances such as toys,
watches, calculators, radios,
televisions, flashlights, fans. can
operate with PV.
17

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF PV
AND OPERATION

Advantages and disadvantages of PV
 Advantages
 Its Free.
 Solar energy is infinite and permanent.
 Environmentally Friendly.
 PV panels are totally silent, producing no noise.
 Easy to install.
 Low maintenance.
19

Advantages and disadvantages of PV
 Disadvantages
 Cost.
 Weather Dependent.
 Solar Energy Storage is Expensive.
 Uses a Lot of Space.
20

Operation of PV Cell
 A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type silicon (blue) and p-type silicon
(red). It generates electricity by using sunlight to make electrons
hop across the junction between the different flavors of silicon:
 When sunlight shines on the cell, photons (light particles) bombard
the upper surface.
 The photons (yellow blobs) carry their energy down through the
cell.
 The photons give up their energy to electrons (green blobs) in the
lower, p-type layer.
 The electrons use this energy to jump across the barrier into the
upper, n-type layer and escape out into the circuit.
 Flowing around the circuit, the electrons make the lamp light up.
21

 Basically a PV cell is a big silicon PN junction (diode),
when a photon falls on the junction it causes current to
flow, the PN junction is turned to a PV cell.
22

TYPES OF PV CELLS AND
PV SYSTEMS

Comparison Between Types of PV Cells 25

Types of PV Systems
 Off-Grid System(Stand Alone)
► Independence from the utility grid.
► Not subject to the terms/policies of the
utility company.
► Must store electricity.
► Batteries.
► High maintenance.
► Complex.
► Expensive.
► Low efficiency.
26

Types of PV Systems
 Grid-Tied (On Grid)
► Connect to electrical grid.
► Uses the grid as battery.
► Can sell excess electricity.
► Simple.
► In-expensive.
► high efficiency.
► No backup.
► If grid is down the system is down.
27

Types of PV Systems
 Grid-Tied with Battery(hybrid)
► Connect to electrical grid.
► Use battery as a backup.
► Designated loads have power when the
grid goes down.
► more complex.
► more maintenance.
► expensive.
► Low efficiency.
28

Electrical Model of PV Cell
 Ideal One Diode Model.
 One Diode Model.
 Two Diode Model.
 Three Diode Model
30

 Ideal One Diode Model :
 This one is the most simplified form of an
ideal PV cell through which the output
voltage and current relations comes out
to be:
𝑰 = 𝑰𝒑𝒉 − 𝑰𝒅
𝑰𝒅 = 𝑰𝒐 𝒆
𝑽
𝑵𝒔 𝑽𝑻 − 𝟏
𝑽𝑻 =
𝑵𝑲𝑻
𝒒
 But this model doesn`t give accurate I-V
and P-V curve characteristics.

 One - Diode Model:
 This one is an equivalent circuit of a practical PV
cell. 𝑰 = 𝑰𝒑𝒉 − 𝑰𝒐 𝒆
𝑽+𝑰𝑹𝒔
𝒏𝒔 𝑽𝑻 − 𝟏 −
𝑽+𝑰𝑹𝒔
𝑹𝒑
 Termed as a five parameter model (Io,N,Rs,Rp,Iph).
It takes into account different properties of solar
cell as :
 Rs is introduced as to consider the voltage drops and
internal losses in due to flow of current.
 Rp takes into account the leakage current to the ground
when diode is in reverse Biased.
32

 Two Diode Model:
 This is the modified form of single diode
model.
𝑰 = 𝑰𝒑𝒉 − 𝑰𝒐𝟏 𝒆
𝑽+𝑰𝑹𝒔
𝒏𝒔𝟏 𝑽𝑻 − 𝟏 − 𝑰𝒐𝟐 𝒆
𝑽+𝑰𝑹𝒔
𝒏𝒔𝟐 𝑽𝑻 − 𝟏 −
𝑽 + 𝑰𝑹𝒔
𝑹𝒑
 Hence no. of equations increases thereby
making calculations more complex.

Feature One Diode Model Two Diode Model
Power Low High
Voltage Low High
Ripple Greater Less
Equation Results Fast Results Slow Results
Mathematical Errors Less Complex More Complex
Wave Rectification Once Dual

 Three Diode Model:
Can I Use The Three Diode Model To Simulate The Physical Behavior Of
Any PV Module , Or There Are Any Restrictions On Using This Model ?
 Three diode model is valid to simulate the physical behavior of any PV
module.
 There is not restriction to use this three-diode model. But using the
two-diode model is better because the number of parameters to
estimate are less when compared to the three-diode model. Also,
some assumptions needs to be made in order to obtain all the
parameters required by the this three-diode model, specially if you are
using only the open-voltage, short circuit and maximum power point.

 Three Diode Model:

Solar Charge Controller
 Any system with energy storage
needs a way to regulate the flow of
energy into the batteries.
 Regulation prevents the batteries
from over-charging and potentially
receiving damage.
 Solar charge controllers regulate the
energy flowing from the PV array
and transfer it directly to the
batteries as a DC-coupled system,
which is the most efficient and
effective manner.
38

Types of Solar Charger Controller
There are two different types of solar charge
controllers:
 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).
 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT).
39

 PWM (Pulse Width Modulated):
 This is the traditional type charge controller,
PWM technology sends out short controlling
pulses to the batteries and is not particularly
agile.
 It lacks the ability to optimize an entire array
based on differences between panels.
 PWM is adequate in places with constant,
steady and strong solar radiation and in
systems that are cost-sensitive.
40

 Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
 The MPPT solar charge controller is the sparkling star of today’s
solar systems.
 These controllers truly identify the best working voltage and
amperage of the solar panel exhibit and match that with the
electric cell bank.
 The outcome is extra 10-30% more power out of your sun oriented
cluster versus a PWM controller. It is usually worth the speculation
for any solar electric systems over 200 watts.
41

Features of Solar Charge Controller
 Protects the battery (12V) from over charging.
 Reduces system maintenance and increases battery life-time.
 Cut-off the charging when battery is full.
 Monitors the reverse current flow.
42

Simulation 44
In this part we will address the simulation
of different parts of our project.

Overall System
Modeling of PV Array
46
Practical arrays are composed of several connected PV
cells and the observation of the characteristics at the
terminals of the PV array requires the inclusion of
additional
parameters to the basic equations :

 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑑 − 𝐼𝑝 𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑒
𝑞 𝑉+𝐼𝑅𝑠
𝑛𝐾𝑇 − 1 𝐼𝑝 =
𝑉+𝐼𝑅
𝑅𝑝
 𝑰 = 𝑰𝒑𝒉 − 𝑰𝒐 𝒆
𝒒 𝑽+𝑰𝑹𝒔
𝒏𝒔 𝑲𝑻 − 𝟏 −
𝑽+𝑰𝑹𝒔
𝑹𝒑
 𝐼𝑝ℎ = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑜
 𝑰 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄 − 𝑰𝒐 𝒆
𝒏𝒔 𝑲𝑻 − 𝟏 −
𝑽+𝑰𝑹𝒔
𝑹𝒑
 𝑰 = 𝑰𝒑𝒉 − 𝑰𝒐 𝒆
𝒏𝒔 𝑲𝑻 − 𝟏
 𝐼𝑝ℎ = (𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑟 + 𝐾𝑖 𝑇 − 298 ) ∗
𝜆
1000
 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑟𝑠
𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
3
∗ 𝑒
𝓆∗𝐸𝑔
𝛽∗𝐾
1
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
−
1
𝑇
 𝐼𝑟𝑠 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑟
(𝑒
(
𝓆∗𝑉𝑜𝑐
𝑁𝑠𝐾𝐴𝑇
)
)
47

Overall System
48
Where:
𝐼ph: The photovoltaic (PV) current.
𝐼𝑜: Saturation current.
𝑉𝑡: Thermal voltage of the array.
𝑁𝑠: Number of cells connected in series.
𝑅𝑠: The equivalent series resistance of the array.
𝑅𝑝: The equivalent parallel resistance.
A: The diode ideality constant.
𝐾: The Boltzmann constant (1.3806503×10−23J/K).
𝑇: (In Kelvin) is the temperature of the p–n junction.
𝑞: The electron charge (1.60217646×10−19C) .
λ:Radiation (isolation).
Vpv=Voc Ipv=Iph Vt=NKT/ 𝓆

Overall System
49
The PV parameters used in our model are as shown :
100 WPmax
18 VVmp
5.56 AImp
6.11 AIsc
21.6 VVoc

MATLAB Simulink Model
Simulink Model of PV
50
(Subsystem block )

51
(V_PV & I_PV block )

52
(I_photon block )

53
( I_rs block )

54
( I_s block )

55
(Ns*a*kt block )

56
(I_PV block )

Figure : I-V characteristics Figure : P-V characteristics
57

Factors Affecting The Solar Output Power:
The power from the PV module is an element of:
1- Solar irradiance (power per unit area on the Earth’s surface
delivered by the Sun as electromagnetic radiation).
2- Module temperature.
3- Amount of incomplete shadow and climate conditions.
59

6060
Figure : Simulation Current/Voltage curves after increasing irradiation
Figure : Simulation Power/Voltage curves after increasing irradiation
Figure : Simulation Current/Voltage curves after increasing irradiation

61
Figure : Simulation Power/voltage curves
Figure : Simulation Current/Voltage curves

From The Previous Factors We Find That:
 a higher irradiance gives a more efficient I-V curve.
 but a higher temperature gives a less efficient I-V curve.
 Also we find that the solar panel's Maximum Power Point (MPP) is
never consistent but fluctuates constantly.
 Sometimes it changes quickly because of quick changes in the climate
such as the irradiance.
 So, we need a controller that monitors the system & decides if it
operates at MPP or not.
In other words, to track this point, then it forces the panels to operate at
it.
This circuit (controller) is called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT).
62

Overall System
 Efficiency of solar cell is less , it is only convert (30 % - 40 %)
of sun light energy to electric energy.
 By using MPPT technique , efficiency of solar cell increases by
(20 % - 30 %).
 The effect of MPPT becomes economically in power above 1
MW.
64

Overall System
MPPT
What Is MPPT :
Is the technique used to extract maximum power from
the solar system at current weather condition.
What Is MPP (Maximum Power Point):
It is an operating point at which maximum power can
be extracted from the system.
65

Overall System
MPPT
MPPT Techniques
66

Overall System
MPPT
Perturb And Observe Method (P&O) :
 The Concept Behind P&O Method Is To Modify The
Operating Voltage Or Current Of The PV Panel Until We
Obtain Maximum Power From It .
 The Tracker Operates By Periodically Incrementing Or
Decrementing The PV Module Voltage .
 In This Method We Use Only Voltage Sensor To Sense PV
Module Voltage .
 Fail Under Rapid Environment Change Conditions .
67

Overall System
MPPT
Incremental Conductance Method:
 Computes the maximum power point by comparison of the
incremental conductance (di/ dv) to the module conductance (I
/ V). When these two are the same (I / V = di / dv), the output
voltage is the MPP voltage.
 The controller maintains this voltage until the irradiation
changes and the process is repeated.
 Can determine the maximum power point without oscillating
around this value.
68

Overall System
MPPT
Incremental Conductance Method :
 It can perform maximum power point tracking under rapidly
varying irradiation conditions with higher accuracy than the
perturb and observe method.
 In this method we use two current and voltage sensors to
sense output current and voltage of PV module.
 Good response under rapid environment change conditions.
69

Overall System
MPPT
The Incremental Conductance Method
 This Algorithm Has Advantages Over P&O:
 That It Can Determine When The MPPT Has Reached The MPP, Where
P&O Oscillates Around The MPP.
 Also, Incremental Conductance Can Track Rapidly Increasing And
Decreasing Irradiance Conditions With Higher Accuracy Than P And O.
70

Overall System
Comparison Between P&O and Incremental Conductance
71
Specification Perturb & Observe Incremental Conductance
Efficiency Medium (about 95 %) High (about 98 %)
complexity difficult
Cost Relatively low High
Reliability
Not very accurate and
difficult to whether operate
at MPPT or not
Accurate and operate at MPPT
Rapid change
atmospheric
conditions
Unpredictable
performance with
oscillation around MPP
Good

Overall System
MPPT
 Based On Fact That Slope Of The P-V Array Power Curve
- Zero At The MPP
MPP - Negative On The Right Hand Side Of The
- Positive On The Left Hand Side Of The MPP
The Basic Equations Of This Method Are As Follows
 𝒅𝑷/𝒅𝑽=(𝒅(𝑰𝑽))/𝒅𝑽=𝐈+𝑽 𝒅𝑰/𝒅𝑽
 𝑰/𝑽+𝒅𝑰/𝒅𝑽=𝟎
 𝒅𝑰=𝑰(𝑲)−𝑰(𝑲−𝟏)
 𝒅𝑽=𝑽(𝑲)−𝑽(𝑲−𝟏)
73

Overall System
MPPT
 MPP can be tracked by comparing the instantaneous conductance (
𝑰/𝑽 ) to incremental conductance:
 𝑑𝐼/𝑑𝑉 = − 𝐼/𝑉 𝑎𝑡 𝑀𝑃𝑃
 𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝑉 > − 𝐼 𝑉 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑃𝑃
 𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝑉 < − 𝐼 𝑉 Right 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑃𝑃
The MPPT generates the PWM control signal of the dc – to – dc buk
converter until the condition:
 (∂I/∂V) + (I/V) = 0 Is Satisfied.
► In this method the peak power of the module lies at above 98% of its
incremental conductance.
74

Overall System
MPPT
75

Overall System
MPPT Software
C Code :
 We use micro controller pic 16f877a to control and implement
IC technique algorithm.
 8K flash program memory.
 10 bits ADC module ,8 input channels.
 2 PWM outputs.
76

v o i d m a i n ( ) {
f l o a t V _ n e w ;
f l o a t I _ n e w ;
f l o a t V _ o l d = 0 ;
f l o a t I _ o l d = 0 ;
f l o a t D V ;
f l o a t D I ;
f l o a t P _ n e w ;
f l o a t P _ o l d = 0 ;
f l o a t D = 1 5 5 ;
A D C O N 1 = 0 b 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ;
T R I S A = 0 x f f ;
T R I S C = 0 ;
P O R T C = 0 ;
P w m 1 _ I n i t ( 2 5 0 0 0 ) ; / / F = 2 5 K H Z
P w m 1 _ S t a r t ( ) ;
P w m 1 _ S e t _ D u t y ( D ) ;
w h i l e ( 1 ) {
V _ n e w = ( A d c _ R e a d ( 0 ) / 2 0 4 . 6 ) ; / / 1 v = 2 0 4 . 6
I _ n e w = ( A d c _ R e a d ( 1 ) / 2 0 4 . 6 ) ; / / 1 A = 2 0 4 . 6
D V = V _ n e w - V _ o l d ;
D I = I _ n e w - I _ o l d ;
P _ o l d = ( V _ o l d * I _ o l d ) ;
P _ n e w = ( V _ n e w * I _ n e w ) ;
i f ( D V = = 0 )
{
i f ( D I = = 0 )
{
D = D ;
}

e l s e
{
i f ( D I > 0 )
{
D = D + 1 ;
}
e l s e i f ( D I < 0 )
{
D = D - 1 ;
}
}
}
e l s e
{
i f ( ( ( D I / D V ) + ( I _ n e w / V _ n e w ) ) = = 0 )
{
D = D ;
}
e l s e
{
i f
( ( ( D I / D V ) + ( I _ n e w / V _ n e w ) ) > 0 )
{
D = D + 1 ;
}

e l s e i f
( ( ( D I / D V ) + ( I _ n e w / V _ n e w ) ) < 0 )
{
D = D - 1 ;
}
}
}
P w m 1 _ S e t _ D u t y ( D ) ;
V _ o l d = V _ n e w ;
I _ o l d = I _ n e w ;
i f ( P _ n e w > P _ o l d )
{
p o r t c . f 5 = 1 ;
}
}
}

f u n c t i o n D = P O ( V, I , T )
p e r s i s t e n t P n P o d P d d d n ;
i f i s e m p t y ( V )
V = 2 0 ;
e n d
i f i s e m p t y ( I )
I = 0 ;
e n d
i f i s e m p t y ( P o )
P o = 0 ;
e n d
i f i s e m p t y ( P n )
P n = 0 ;
E n d
i f i s e m p t y ( d P )
d P = 0 ;
e n d
i f i s e m p t y ( d )
d = 1 ;
e n d
i f i s e m p t y ( d d )
d d = 0 ;
e n d
i f i s e m p t y ( n )
n = 1 ;
E n d
i f ( T > n * 0 . 0 2 )
n = n + 1 ;
P o = P n ;
P n = V * I ;
d P = P n - P o ;
i f ( d d = = 0 ) % t o a v o i d d P / d d = i n f
i f d P > 1
d d = 0 . 0 1 ;
d = d + d d ;
MATLAB Code

e l s e
i f ( d P < - 1 )
d d = - 0 . 0 1 ;
d = d + d d ;
e l s e
d d = 0 ;
e n d
e n d
e l s e
i f ( ( d P < 1 ) & & ( d P > - 1 ) ) % l e a v e l i t t l e m a r g i n
d d = 0 ;
d = d + d d ;
e l s e
i f ( ( d P / d d ) > 0 ) % p o s i t i v e s l o p
d d = 0 . 0 1 ;
d = d + d d ;
e l s e % n e g a t i v e a n d z e r o s l o p
d d = - 0 . 0 1 ;
d = d + d d ;
e n d
e n d
e n d
e n d
D = d / ( d + 1 ) ; % c a l c u l a t e d u t y
% c o d e t o a v o i d d u t y l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 a n d m o r e t h a n
0 . 9
i f ( D < 0 . 1 )
D = 0 . 1 ;
d = D / ( 1 - D ) ;
e l s e
i f ( D > 0 . 9 )
D = 0 . 9 ;
d = D / ( 1 - D ) ;
e l s e
e n d
e n d
e n d

Overall System
MPPT Advantages
 MPPT can extract maximum available power from PV
module
 This can increase tracking efficiency
82

Overall System
Solar Tracking System
 Solar tracking system?
 Why Solar Tracking Systems?
84

Tracking System
In what direction should panels be oriented?
 When designing the PV system it is essential; to choose the
side of the roof on which to mount the panels we therefore
need to know which side is more sunlight throughout the day
in order to have the maximum possible energy production.
 The best orientation is directly to south (azimuth angle = 0˚).
85

Tracking System
 To maximize the collection of the
daily and seasonal solar energy
possible, PV modules should be
oriented geographically.
 In the northern hemisphere the
optimum orientation for a PV
module is true south (Azimuth 0°).
 However, PV modules can face up
to 45º east or west of true south
without significantly decreasing
their performance.
86

Tracking Technologies
 Active tracker
 Active trackers make use of motors
for direction of the tracker as
commanded by the controller
responding to the solar direction.
 The position of the sun is monitored
throughout the day.
 This is done using sensors that are
sensitive to light such as LDRs.
 Their voltage output is put into a
microcontroller that then drives
actuators to adjust the position of
the solar panel.
87

 Passive solar tracking
 Passive trackers use a low boiling point compressed gas
fluid driven to one side or the other to cause the tracker to
move in response to an imbalance.
 Because it is a non-precision orientation it is not suitable for
some types of concentrating photovoltaic collectors but
works just fine for common PV panel types.
88

 Chronological solar tracking
 A chronological tracker counteracts the rotation of the earth by
turning at the same speed as the earth relative to the sun
around an axis that is parallel to the earth’s.
 To achieve this, a simple rotation mechanism is devised which
enables the system to rotate throughout the day in a
predefined manner without considering whether the sun is
there or not.
 The system turns at a constant speed of one revolution per day
or 15 degrees per hour.
 Chronological trackers are very simple but potentially very
accurate.
89

Overall System
Types of Solar Tracking Systems
 Single Axis Tracking Systems:
Solar panels with single axis tracking systems. The panels can turn
around the center axis. LINAK can provide the actuators that tilt the
panels.
90

Overall System
Types of Solar Tracking Systems
 Dual Axis Tracking Systems:
Dual axis tracking is typically used to orient a mirror and redirect
sunlight along a fixed axis towards a stationary receiver. But the system
can also gain additional yield on your PV cells. LINAK can provide you
with quality actuators that move these panels on dual axis.
91

Overall System
Modeling of Buck converter
 Beginning with the switch open
(off-state), the current in the
circuit is zero.
 When the switch is first closed
(on-state), the current will begin
to increase, and the inductor will
produce voltage across its
terminals.
 This voltage drop reduces the net
voltage across the load.
93

Overall System
Buck Converter
D=
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑛
L=
1−𝐷 𝑅
2𝐹
C=
(1−𝐷)
16𝑙𝐹2
94

Overall System
Buck Converter
 Vin = 24V
 Vout = 14V
 D = 0.58
95

Overall System
Buck Converter
 Vin = 24V
 Vout = 14V
 D = 0.58
96

Overall System
Buck Converter To Battery Model
97

Overall System
Battery Charge
98

Overall System
Boost Converter
99
 When the switch is closed, current flows
through the inductor and the inductor
stores some energy by generating a
magnetic field.
 When the switch is opened, The
magnetic field previously created
maintain the current towards the load.

Overall System
Boost Converter
100
𝐷 = 1–
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑂
L =
𝑅 𝐷(1−𝐷)2
2𝐹
C =
𝐷 𝑉𝑂
𝑅 𝑓 ∆𝑉𝑂

Overall System
Boost Converter
101
 Vin = 14V
 Vout = 220V
 D = 0.936

Overall System
Boost Converter
102
 Vin = 14V
 Vout = 220V
 D = 0.936

Inverter
 A power inverter is an electronic device or circuitry that changes
direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).
 The input voltage depends on the design and purpose
of the inverter.
220V DC using boost converter, when power is from
photovoltaic solar panels.
 Converts DC to AC using H-Bridge Circuit.
 Smaller popular consumer and commercial devices designed to
power typically range from 150 to 3000 watts.
 In order to use this generated energy within a residential setting,
the energy needs to be converted from DC power to AC power as
all home appliances require an AC power supply.
105

How Inverter Works?
H-Bridge Circuit
 an inverter consists of what is known as a
H-Bridge arrangement.
 The implementation of a single phase H-
Bridge circuit using (MOSFET or IGBT)
shown.
 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistors (MOSFET).
 MOSFETs as switches, they should be
biased that they alternate between cut-off
and saturation states.
 In cut-off region, there is no current flow
through the device while in saturation
region there will be a constant amount of
current flowing through the device
106

How Inverter Works?
H-Bridge Circuit
 The MOSFET act as a switch (when a
signal is applied to the gate, they turn
on and then turn off when the signal is
removed).
 By closing Q1 and Q4, a positive d.c.
supply is applied to the load.
 By closing Q2 and Q3, a negative d.c.
supply is applied to the load.
 Control circuits are used to generate
the necessary gate signals to produce
the required PWM waveform.
 The capacitor provides smoothing to
even out any variation in the d.c.
supply.
107

How Inverter Works?
Pulse Width Modulation
 Most inverters use a technique called Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) to turn the d.c. voltage on and off.
 The width of each pulse is varied, so that the overall electrical
effect is similar to that of a sine wave.
108

How Inverter Works?
Pulse Width Modulation
 Sine Wave Output
109

Inverter Types
 We primarily classify inverters on the basis of their output
characteristics.
 So there are three different types of outputs we get from
inverters:
 The Square Wave inverter.
 The Modified Sine wave.
 A Pure sine wave inverter.
110

Inverter Types
 The Square Wave inverter:
 This is one of the simplest waveforms an inverter
design can produce and is best suited to low-
sensitivity applications such as lighting and
heating.
 It converts a straight DC signal to a phase shifting
AC signal. But the output is not pure AC but it is a
square wave.
 At the same time they are cheaper as well.
 The simplest construction of a square wave inverter
can be achieved by using an on-off switch, before a
typical voltage amplifying circuitry like that of a
transformer.
111

Inverter Types
 The Modified Sine wave inverter :
► The modified sine wave output of such an inverter is the
sum of two square waves one of which is phase shifted
90 degrees relative to the other.
 A Modified sine wave shows some pauses before the
phase shifting of the wave, unlike a square it does not
shift its phase abruptly from positive to negative, or
unlike a sine wave, does not make a smooth transition
from positive to negative, but takes brief pauses and
then shifts its phase.
112

Inverter Types
 A Pure Sine wave inverter :
 A power inverter device which produces a multiple
step sinusoidal AC waveform.
 Another way to obtain a sine output is to obtain a
square wave output from a square wave inverter and
then modify this output to achieve a pure sine wave.
113

Inverter Types
 A Pure Sine wave inverter :
 A pure sine wave inverter has several advantages over its
previous two forms:
 More efficiency, hence consumes less power.
 The output of a pure sine wave inverter is very reliable but it
is an expensive solution.
 Suitable for all sensitive devices.
 Can be connected directly to grid.
114

Overall System
Inverter Output Voltage
115

Connecting Loads 116
Connecting DC Motor With PV

RPM Output of DC Motor

Current Output of DC Motor

Future Applications 119
 AC Pumping.
 Using Power to Charge The Battery.
 Connect PV On Grid.

Graduation Project - PV Solar With MPPT System

Graduation Project - PV Solar With MPPT System

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Graduation Project - PV Solar With MPPT System

Similar to Graduation Project - PV Solar With MPPT System (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Graduation Project - PV Solar With MPPT System