Bell proposes including translation theory within applied linguistics, specifically within human communication. He considers a translator to be a communicator who processes both information and texts, requiring procedural and factual knowledge. According to Bell, a translator should possess communicative competence, including grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic abilities. A translator also needs linguistic competence in both the source and target languages as well as communicative competence in both cultures. Bell outlines steps for translation involving analysis of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, followed by synthesis of pragmatics, semantics, and syntax.

2. MAIN WORKS
Among his works, the most important are
the following:
 Translation and translating: Theory and
practice
 Sociolinguistics: goals, approaches and
problems
 An introduction to applied linguistics:
approaches and methods in language.

3. What is a translator?
 Bell considers that a translator is a
communicator who needs to process
information and to process texts. For
doing so, he/she needs procedural
knowledge and factual
knowledge.(Specific data)

4. THEORY OF
TRANSLATION
Bell proposes the inclusion of theory of
translation in applied linguistics,
specifically inside of human
communication.

5. Abilities of a Translator
According to bell the process of translation is
related with the communication between
people, and each translator should have the
following abilities:
 Communicative competence
1.1 grammatical competence (structure of
sentences)
1.2 sociolinguistics competence (context)
1.3 discourse competence (fluency, ability to
speak)
1.4 strategy competence (the use of verbal and
non verbal resources for communication).

6. Abilities of a Translator
 Bell claims that a translator should have
linguistics competence both in source
language and target language.
 A translator should have communicative
competence in both cultures.

7. Steps to do a translation
Analysis
 Syntactic (lexical meaning, grammatical
structure)
 Semantics (relation between subject and
content)
 Pragmatics(tone, mode, domain)
Synthesis
 Pragmatics (semantic representation :
intention, thematic structure and original style.
 Semantics (illocutionary force, create
structures)
 Syntactic (structures and lexical meaning)

8. MODEL OF BELL’S
COGNITIVE PROCESS

9. MODEL FOR PROCESSING
TEXTS

10. Steps for processing texts
 1. Planning (the purpose of writing)
 2. Ideation (main ideas)
 3. Development (relationships between
ideas)
 4. Expression ( writing process)
 5. Syntactic Analysis (adequate
structure, use of lexicon)

11. THANKS
OMAR ALEJANDRO REY SANCHEZ