Discourse Analysis

1. COHERENCE AND
SPEECH ACT
Created by : Istifadah Luthfata Sari

2. COHERENCE
Coherence in linguistics is what makes
a text semantically meaningful.
Coherent texts make sense to the reader

3. Example:
Coherence (makna)  coherent (adj)
I go to school at 7 o’ clock am. Then I
go back to my home at 13 o’clock pm.
I like pizza very much . My mom
always pick up and waiting me in my
school.
Cohesion (bentuk)  cohesive (adj)
I try to be better everyday. I just
wanna make my beloved people all
around proud of me. Study hard, I can
prove it.

4. SUMMARY
• The purely linguistic elements that make a text coherent are
subsumed under the term cohesion.
• If a paragraph is coherent, the reader moves easily from one
sentence to the next without feeling that there are gaps in the
thought, puzzling jumps, or points not made.” (1967, p. 109-
130)

5. Speech Act
A speech act in linguistics and the philosophy of language:
“ is an utterance that has performative function in language
and communication ”.
“Speech Acts are group of utterances with a single
interactional function.”
Example: a request, a command,
a greeting, a promise, an apology

6. Speech Act Theory : Austin
(i) Locutionary act: the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and
reference
(ii) Illocutionary act: the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a
sentence, by virtue of the conventional ‘force’ associated with it (or with its
explicit performative paraphrase)
(iii)Perlocutionary act: the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of
uttering the sentences, such effects on the audience by means of uttering the
sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance.

8. Speech Act Theory :Austin & Searle
Searle (1969) identified five illocutionary/perlocutionary points:
1. Assertives: statements may be judged true or false because they aim to describe a state of
affairs in the world.
2. Directives: statements attempt to make the other person's actions fit the propositional
content.
3. Commissives: statements which commit the speaker to a course of action as described by
the propositional content.
4. Expressives: statements that express the “sincerity condition of the speech act”.
5. Declaratives: statements that attempt to change the world by “representing it as having
been changed”.

10. Felicity Condition
These conditions were categorized by the linguist John Searle, who introduced the
term appropriateness conditions respectively felicity conditions:
Propositional content condition
requires the participants to understand language, not to act like actors or to lie permanently, e.g. a
promise or warning must be about the future.
Preparatory condition
requires that the speech act is embedded in a context that is conventionally recognized, thus, just
by uttering a promise, the event will not happen by itself.
Sincerity condition
requires that the speaker is sincere in uttering the declaration, e.g. a promise is only effective when
the speaker really intends to carry it out.
Essential condition
requires that involved parties all intend the result, e.g. a promise changes state of speaker from
obligation to non-obligation.

13. Indirect Speech
* Indirect speech should not be confused with indirect speech acts.
also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a
means of expressing the content of statements, questions
or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is
done in direct speech.
For example:
He said "I'm coming" is direct speech, whereas
He said (that) he was coming is indirect speech.
• I have painted the ceiling blue.
• He said that he had painted the ceiling blue.

16. Speech Act and Society
A speech act in linguistics
and the philosophy of
language is an utterance
that has per formative
function in language and
communication
Society is a grouping of
individuals which are
united by a network of
social relations, traditions
and may have distinctive
culture and institutions.

17. Speech Act and Society
According to Kent Bach, "almost any speech act is really the
performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects
of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one
does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is
trying to affect one's audience.
" The contemporary use of the term goes back to J. L. Austin's
development of performative utterances and his theory of locutionary,
illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.
Speech acts are commonly taken to include such acts as promising,
ordering, greeting, warning, inviting and congratulating.

18. Cultural Dimension
Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory is a framework for
cross-cultural communication, developed by Geert Hofstede. It
describes the effects of a society's culture on the values of its
members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a
structure derived from factor analysis.
The theory has been widely used in several fields as a
paradigm for research,[citation needed] particularly in cross-
cultural psychology, international management, and cross-
cultural communication.