The document provides an overview of the rock cycle, detailing how different types of rocks—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—are formed and transformed over time. It explains the processes involved in the transformation, including cooling of molten rock for igneous rocks, the sedimentation and cementation for sedimentary rocks, and the effects of heat and pressure for metamorphic rocks. Key concepts include the formation mechanisms, textures, and classifications of these rock types.

1. CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Rocks
the BIG idea
Rocks change into other rocks over time.
3.1 The rock cycle shows how rocks change.
3.1
3.2 Igneous rocks form from molten rock.
3.2
3.3 Sedimentary rocks form from earlier rocks.
3.3
3.4 Metamorphic rocks form as existing rocks change.
3.4
CHAPTER OUTLINE

2. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.1 The rock cycle shows how rocks change.
VOCABULARY
rock
rock rock cycle
A naturally formed solid that is usually made igneous rock
up of one or more types of minerals.
sedimentary rock
Classified by where they are found, color, metamorphic rock
texture and mineral composition
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

3. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.1 The rock cycle shows how rocks change.
VOCABULARY
Processes at Earth's surface and heat within Earth
rock
cause rocks to change into other types of rocks.
rock cycle
sediment
igneous rock
sedimentary rock
Sedimentary metamorphic rock
igneous
Metamorphic
magma SECTION
SECTION
OUTLINE
OUTLINE

4. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.1 The rock cycle shows how rocks change.
VOCABULARY
rock
igneous rock rock cycle
Rock that forms as molten rock cools and igneous rock
becomes solid.
sedimentary rock
metamorphic rock
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

5. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Igneous Rock Textures
* These rocks are usually defined by their textures. VOCABULARY
Texture Definition Example
Glassy Shiny, looks like glass Obsidian
Fine grained Microscopic crystals Basalt
Coarse grained Interlocking crystals Granite
Porphyritic Rocky road texture Rhyolite

6. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.2 Igneous rocks form from molten rock.
VOCABULARY
As molten rock cools, minerals crystallize and form
intrusive igneous
igneous rocks. rock
extrusive igneous
rock
Extrusive igneous
rocks cool quickly
at Earth's surface.
Intrusive igneous
rocks cool slowly
within Earth.
SECTION
SECTION
OUTLINE
OUTLINE

7. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.2 Igneous rocks form from molten rock.
VOCABULARY
intrusive igneous
rock
intrusive igneous rock
extrusive igneous
Igneous rock that forms as magma cools rock
below Earth’s surface.
Slow cooling produces larger crystals.
Ex. Granite
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

8. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.2 Igneous rocks form from molten rock.
VOCABULARY
intrusive igneous
rock
extrusive igneous rock
extrusive igneous
Igneous rock that forms as lava cools on rock
Earth’s surface.
Cools faster producing smaller crystals or
holes.
Ex. Basalt, pumice
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

9. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.1 The rock cycle shows how rocks change.
VOCABULARY
rock
sedimentary rock rock cycle
Rock formed as pieces of older rocks and igneous rock
other loose materials get pressed or cemented
sedimentary rock
together or as dissolved minerals re-form and
build up in layers. metamorphic rock
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

10. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.3 Sedimentary rocks form from earlier rocks.
VOCABULARY
Layers of sedimentary rocks form as
sediment
• sediments are pressed or cemented together
SECTION
SECTION
OUTLINE
OUTLINE

11. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.3 Sedimentary rocks form from earlier rocks.
VOCABULARY
Layers of sedimentary rocks form as
sediment
• sediments are pressed or cemented together
• dissolved minerals re-form as water evaporates
SECTION
SECTION
OUTLINE
OUTLINE

12. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Categories of Sedimentary Rocks
VOCABULARY
1. Clastic: made of fragments of previously
existing rocks
2. Organic: formed directly or indirectly from
plants or animals that were once living
3. Chemical: formed from large mineral deposits

13. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Clastic Rocks
VOCABULARY
Clastic rocks are made of fragments of previously existing
rocks
• Divided into categories according to shape and size of
fragments
Conglomerate: 1/3 of the rock contains pebbles
Sandstone: made of sand sized grains
Shale: made of particles smaller than sand

14. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Organic Rocks
VOCABULARY
Organic: formed directly or indirectly from plants or
animals that were once living
• Limestone: contains calcite and shells.
Sometimes fossils
• Chalk: fine grained limestone
• Coal: formed from remains of living things

15. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Chemical Rocks
VOCABULARY
Chemical: formed from large mineral
deposits
• Rocks that are mined from mineral deposits that
formed by evaporation
• Examples: rock salt, gypsum

16. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.1 The rock cycle shows how rocks change.
VOCABULARY
rock
metamorphic rock rock cycle
Rock formed as heat or pressure causes igneous rock
existing rock to change in structure, texture, or
sedimentary rock
mineral composition.
metamorphic rock
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

17. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.4 Metamorphic rocks form as existing rocks
change.
VOCABULARY
Metamorphic rocks form as the structure of the parent
metamorphism
rocks change and as their minerals recrystallize.
recrystallization
foliation
heat and pressure
shale schist
SECTION
SECTION
OUTLINE
OUTLINE

18. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.4 Metamorphic rocks form as existing rocks
change.
VOCABULARY
metamorphism
recrystallization recrystallization
The process by which bonds between atoms in foliation
minerals break and re-form in new ways during
metamorphism.
Ex. Granite becomes gneiss
Shale becomes slate
Sandstone becomes quartzite
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

19. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.4 Metamorphic rocks form as existing rocks
change.
VOCABULARY
foliation metamorphism
The arrangement of minerals within rocks into flat recrystallization
or wavy parallel bands (stripes); a characteristic
of most metamorphic rocks. foliation
Examples: schist, slate, gneiss
unfolliated: not banded (no stripes)
Example: marble
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

20. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.1 The rock cycle shows how rocks change.
VOCABULARY
I. The rock cycle shows how rocks change.
rock
A. Most rocks are made of minerals.
rock cycle
B. Our world is built of rocks.
igneous rock
C. Rocks change as they move through the rock
cycle. sedimentary rock
1. Rock Types metamorphic rock
2. Rocks in the Crust
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

21. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.2 Igneous rocks form from molten rock.
II. Igneous rocks form from molten rock. VOCABULARY
intrusive igneous
A. Magma and lava form different types of igneous rock
rocks.
extrusive igneous
1. Origin of Igneous Rocks rock
2. Textures of Igneous Rocks
3. Composition of Igneous Rocks
B. Igneous rocks make long-lasting landforms.
1. Intrusive Rock Formations
2. Extrusive Rock Formations
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

22. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.3 Sedimentary rocks form from earlier rocks.
VOCABULARY
III. Sedimentary rocks form from earlier rocks.
sediment
A. Some rocks form from rock particles.
1. Forming and Transporting Rock Particles
2. Forming Loose Sediment into Rocks
B. Some rocks form from plants or shells.
1. Coal
2. Limestone
C. Some rocks form when dissolved minerals
re-form from water.
D. Sedimentary rocks show the action of wind
and water.
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

23. CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
3.4 Metamorphic rocks form as existing rocks
change.
VOCABULARY
IV. Metamorphic rocks form as existing rocks change.
metamorphism
A. Heat and pressure change rocks.
recrystallization
B. Metamorphic changes occur over large and
small areas. foliation
1. Change over Large Areas
2. Change over Small Areas
C. Most metamorphic rocks develop bands of
minerals.
1. Foliated Rocks
2. Nonfoliated Rocks
KEY CONCEPT
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
SUMMARY