Rocks
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Rocks are constantly changing and being transformed through various geological processes. Weathering breaks down rocks into sediments which are then eroded and transported by water, wind or ice. The sediments may settle and become compacted into sedimentary rocks through cementation. Heat and pressure metamorphose sedimentary and igneous rocks into different types of metamorphic rocks. Extreme heat melts rocks into magma and their subsequent cooling forms new igneous rocks, completing the continuous rock cycle.
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Rock cycle-color-notes
This document outlines the rock cycle by describing how igneous rocks form from magma that cools and crystallizes within the Earth, how these rocks can be weathered, eroded, and compacted over time to form sedimentary rocks, and how increased heat and pressure can transform sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks, completing the cycle.
Rock cycle-color-notes
The document describes the rock cycle, which involves the formation, alteration and transformation of rocks over geological time. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma underground or lava at the Earth's surface. Weathering and erosion break down igneous and sedimentary rocks into sediments. Compaction and cementation of sediments form sedimentary rocks. Subjecting any rock type to heat and pressure can create metamorphic rocks.
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There are two main ways loose sediment becomes a sedimentary rock:
1. Cementation - Loose sediment particles are cemented together by minerals deposited from water. The cement binds the particles into a solid rock.
2. Compaction and lithification - Under great pressure from overlying layers of sediment, loose particles are compressed into a solid mass. Their original structures may still be visible in the solidified rock. Over geologic time and increased pressure and cementation, the sediment lithifies and hardens into sedimentary rock.
Clastic
Detrital sedimentary rocks are formed through the accumulation and compaction of eroded rock fragments that have been transported by water, wind, or ice and deposited in sedimentary basins over time. As additional layers of sediment are deposited, the lower layers undergo compaction and cementation through burial and lithification, forming identifiable strata of solidified sedimentary rock.
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This document outlines the rock cycle by describing how igneous rocks form from magma that cools and crystallizes within the Earth, how these rocks can be weathered, eroded, and compacted over time to form sedimentary rocks, and how increased heat and pressure can transform sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks, completing the cycle.
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The document describes the rock cycle, which involves the formation, alteration and transformation of rocks over geological time. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma underground or lava at the Earth's surface. Weathering and erosion break down igneous and sedimentary rocks into sediments. Compaction and cementation of sediments form sedimentary rocks. Subjecting any rock type to heat and pressure can create metamorphic rocks.
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There are two main ways loose sediment becomes a sedimentary rock:
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Can you solve these questions please with clear explanation Describe.pdf
Can you solve these questions please with clear explanation Describe the main difference
between Kaolinite and Montmorillonite clay minerals Differentiate between Sedimentary,
Igneous and metamorphic Rocks. Identify the main Transportation agents for the following
types of soil. Wind Sea (salt water) Lake (fresh water) River\" Ice
Solution
Minerals-Montmorillonite
Minerals-Kaolinite
The main difference between Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks, is the way that they
are formed, and their various textures.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (or molten rocks) cool down, and become solid. High
temperatures inside the crust of the Earth cause rocks to melt, and this substance is known as
magma. Magma is the molten material that erupts during a volcano. This substance cools down
slowly, and causes mineralization to take place. Gradually, the size of the minerals increase until
they are large enough to be visible to the naked eye. Igneous rocks are mostly formed beneath
the Earth’s surface.
The texture of Igneous rocks can be referred to as Phaneritic, Aphaneritic, Glassy (or vitreous),
Pyroclastic or Pegmatitic. Examples of Igneous Rocks include granite, basalt and diorite.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are usually formed by sedimentation of the Earth’s material, and this
normally occurs inside water bodies. The Earth’s material is constantly exposed to erosion and
weathering, and the resulting accumulated loose particles eventually settle, and form
Sedimentary rocks. Therefore, one can say, that these types of rocks are formed slowly from the
sediments, dust and dirt of other rocks. Erosion takes place due to wind and water. After
thousands of years, the eroded pieces of sand and rock settle, and become compacted to form a
rock of their own.
Sedimentary rocks range from small clay-size rocks to huge boulder-size rocks. The textures of
Sedimentary rocks are mainly dependent on the parameters of the clast, or the fragments of the
original rock. These parameters can be of various types, such as surface texture, round, spherical
or in the form of grain. The most common type of Sedimentary rock is the Conglomerate, which
is caused by the accumulation of small pebbles and cobbles. Other types include shale, sandstone
and limestone, which is formed from clastic rocks and the deposition of fossils and minerals.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are the result of the transformation of other rocks. Rocks that are subjected to
intense heat and pressure change their original shape and form, and become Metamorphic rocks.
This change in shape is referred to as metamorphism. These rocks are commonly formed by the
partial melting of minerals, and re-crystallization. Gneiss is a commonly found Metamorphic
rock, and it is formed by high pressure, and the partial melting of the minerals contained in the
original rock.
Metamorphic rocks have textures like slaty, schistose, gneissose, granoblastic or hornfelsic.
Examples of these types .
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Rocks
- 1. Rock Cycle • Weathering breaks down the rocks • Erosion wears them into smaller pieces as they are transported towards the sea
- 2. Igneous rocks Common igneous rocks GRANITE PEGAMATITE SYENITE GABBRO Plutonic or intrusive igneous rocks VOLCANIC SCORIA PUMICE OBSIDIAN BASALT Volcanic or extrusive igneous rocks
- 3. Metamorphic rocks Common metamorphic rocks Clay Clay minerals Clay minerals, Sandstone Limestone minerals or slate slate, or schist with quartz Original rock and metamorphism intense increase in intense increase very intense intense increase in temperature in temperature increase in increase in temperature and pressure and pressure temperature temperature and pressure and pressure and pressure Metamorphic rock SLATE SCHIST GNEISS QUARTZITE MARBLE
- 4. The rock cycle SEDIMENTARY ROCK MAGMA compaction and cementation and erosion weathering melting cooling SEDIMENTS METAMORPHIC ROCK IGNEOUS ROCK