Ground support is necessary when voids (empty spaces) are created underground. Some means of support is required
in order to maintain the stability of the openings that are excavated.
The competeny of the rock being mined will determine how large a void may be created and what ground support
methods will be necessary to maintain a safe working environment.
Ground support is necessary when voids (empty spaces) are created underground. Some means of support is required
in order to maintain the stability of the openings that are excavated.
The competeny of the rock being mined will determine how large a void may be created and what ground support
methods will be necessary to maintain a safe working environment.
INTRODUCTION TO DRAG LINE AND THEIR WORKING PROCESS PLUS THEIR TYPE AND USES IN CONSTRUCTION SITE
THIS PRESENTATION IS OVER THE CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED IN DAILY BASIS
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
pillar design in coal mines, different pillar design approaches, salmon versus sheorey formulae, panel stability, diffrent approaches, local mine stiffness
openings design in underground mines, different approaches, kirscha formulae for circular opening, plastic xzone effect on stability of opening, radial and tangential stresses distribution
ground control in coal mines, stress regime, pressure arch concept, ground reaction curve, mechanics of strata failure, caving mechanism in bord & pillar, longwalls, roof falls, cavability, ground control practices or techniques in coal mines or metal mines
Techniques for measuring insitu stressesZeeshan Afzal
There are some methods that tells about insitu stresses and these are very important methods in Geology as well as well coring and also digging of well as well as in mining these methods are very helpful. So, main idea about is to information about these methods.
Stress is a concept fundamental to Rock Mechanics principles and applications. There is a pre-existing state in the rock mass and we need to understand it, both directly, and as a stress state applies to analysis and design.
INTRODUCTION TO DRAG LINE AND THEIR WORKING PROCESS PLUS THEIR TYPE AND USES IN CONSTRUCTION SITE
THIS PRESENTATION IS OVER THE CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED IN DAILY BASIS
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
pillar design in coal mines, different pillar design approaches, salmon versus sheorey formulae, panel stability, diffrent approaches, local mine stiffness
openings design in underground mines, different approaches, kirscha formulae for circular opening, plastic xzone effect on stability of opening, radial and tangential stresses distribution
ground control in coal mines, stress regime, pressure arch concept, ground reaction curve, mechanics of strata failure, caving mechanism in bord & pillar, longwalls, roof falls, cavability, ground control practices or techniques in coal mines or metal mines
Techniques for measuring insitu stressesZeeshan Afzal
There are some methods that tells about insitu stresses and these are very important methods in Geology as well as well coring and also digging of well as well as in mining these methods are very helpful. So, main idea about is to information about these methods.
Stress is a concept fundamental to Rock Mechanics principles and applications. There is a pre-existing state in the rock mass and we need to understand it, both directly, and as a stress state applies to analysis and design.
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A Stress Ribbon Bridge is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports.
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
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This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. ROCKBOLTS
• In underground excavations rock masses are weakened and poses a great danger to
workers. To protect workers stability of these excavations is improved by rock
support. The most dominant roof support system is the use of rock bolts. A rock
bolt is a long anchor bolt, for stabilizing rock excavations, which may be used in
tunnels or rock cuts. It transfers load from the unstable exterior to the confined and
much stronger interior of the rock mass.
• Rock bolts work by joining the rock mass together sufficiently before it can move
enough to loosen and fail by separating pierce by pierce. They can also be used for
supporting mesh wire but this is just a part of their purpose
3. .
• Rock bolting is a more effective and efficient support system because it is an
active support system utilising the rock to support itself by applying internal
reinforcing stresses
• They are installed in a pattern that is entirely dependent on rock quality and
the type of excavation that has been undertaken.
• The installation can be fully mechanised. The length and spacing of these
rock bolts can vary from place to place all depending on reinforcement
required.
4. TYPES
• There are many types of rock bolts used in mining operations across the
world. Rock bolts can be:
Mechanically anchored,
Grouted anchor bolts and
Friction anchor bolts.
5. MECHANICALLY ANCHORED
• Mechanically anchored bolts consist of smooth bar with a thread and to
which a shell anchor is attached and used to anchor the system.
• A toque is applied to the bolt, the bolt drives the plug against outer shell
which then expands and is set the in the borehole walls.
• Once anchored the bolt is tensioned and holds the rock mass together but
overtime this tension reduces due to creepy or rock failure. For this reason it
is advised to use rock bolts in strong rock mass.
7. .
• Mechanical rock bolts are active short term support systems.
• They are recommended for:
Hard strong rock
Temporary reinforced system
Areas away from blast sites were bolt tension may be lost
Areas where tension can be checked regularly
8. RESIN POINT ANCHOR BOLTS
• They works same way as mechanical, the only difference is that the
expansion shell is replaced by fast setting resin. It therefore means that this is
an active support system
•
10. FULL GROUTED ANCHOR BOLTS
• There are two forms of grouted bolts, the resin-grouted and cement grouted
rockbolts. They are relatively easy to install. The bolt is inserted into the
borehole and a fast setting resin or cement is pumped into the area between
rod and borehole.
• The resin sets and cement together the weaker rock fragments to the interior
stronger walls.
12. .
• Fully grouted bolts are passive long terms support systems.
• They are recommended to be used for:-
Areas where mechanical are not recommended
Long term support for thinly bedded root strata
Rock without wide fractures or voids heavy loads weak rock mass
13. FRICTIONAL ROCK BOLTS
• These are generally passive bolts because they cannot be pre-tensioned they
wait for the load to come to them.
• The most common one is the split set rock bolt. They are installed by being
forced into an undersized hole.
• This give rise to radial forces which are dependent on method of installation
• and those forces provide enough strength to hold together the rock mass.
15. .
• Frictional anchor bolts are relatively subject to higher rates of corrosion since
much of their length will be exposed.
• For this reason they can not be used for long term support of underground
excavations.
• Their major disadvantage is cost, they are expensive, easily corroded and also
installation of longer bolts is difficult
• Advantage is on easy fitting, very useful in moving and bursting grounds.
16. • Frictional bolts are used
Helping to secure wire mesh to roof or walls
Short term light loads
Burnt coal ribsides thinly laminated layers
17. THE UCS TEST
• Introduction
• Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) is a simple laboratory testing method to
assess the mechanical properties of rocks and fine-grained soils. It provides a
measures of the undrained strength and the stress-strain characteristics of the
rocks.
• The primary purpose of the Unconfined Compression Test is to quickly
determine a measure of the unconfined compressive strength of rocks or fine-
grained soils that possess sufficient cohesion to permit testing in the
unconfined state.
19. PROCEDURE
1. In the unconfined compression test, the sample is placed in the loading
machine between the lower and upper plates.
2. Before starting the loading, the upper plate is adjusted to be in contact with
the sample and the deformation is set as zero.
3. The test then starts by applying a constant axial strain of about 0.5 to 2%
per minute.
4. The load and deformation values are recorded as needed for obtaining a
reasonably complete load-deformation curve.
20. PROCEDURE CONTINUED
5. The loading is continued until the load values decrease or remain constant
with increasing strain or until it reaches 20%.
6. At this state, the samples is considered to be at failure.
7. Maximum axial stress unconfined compressive strength.
•S = σc / 2
Where S is undrained shear strength and σc is the unconfined compressive
strength
21. SOURCES OF ERRORS
i. One of the largest sources is the use of an unrepresentative sample of rock.
The rock may be unrepresentative because it is not the same as, or perhaps
even similar to the bulk of the rock mass found underground.
ii. If the sample is too small there will be significant end effects. These are
caused by the top and bottom plate. They can increase the strength of a
rock sample by preventing the formation of the weakest failure plane.
iii. Systematic errors from the equipment used
iv. Random error from taking readings.