Road to Lima is a summary of preparations for COP20, the 20th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 10th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, which will be held Dec. 1-12 in Lima, Peru.
The document summarizes how the Montreal Protocol affects companies that use HCFC refrigerants like R22 for HVAC systems. It outlines the phase-out timelines for developed and developing countries. For companies in developing countries, it describes alternatives like retrofitting existing systems or proper maintenance to avoid premature replacement. The company Clearafin offers training, retrofitting, and consultancy services to help companies comply with the Montreal Protocol in a cost-effective way.
This document discusses various climate mitigation and adaptation strategies and measures. It describes scientific measures like climate change research. Technological measures include increasing efficiency and deploying green technologies. Legal measures involve international frameworks like the UNFCCC and national plans. Economic and policy measures encompass carbon pricing, incentives, and ecosystem-based management. Individual and societal measures focus on public awareness campaigns.
The Montreal Protocol aimed to phase out ozone depleting substances to protect the ozone layer. It was agreed in 1987 and entered into force in 1989. It has undergone several revisions to strengthen commitments. Key ozone depleting substances like CFCs and HCFCs are being phased out according to set timelines. As a result of compliance, the ozone layer is projected to recover by 2050-2070, demonstrating the Protocol's effectiveness through international cooperation.
The document discusses Canada's obligations and challenges in meeting the targets of the Kyoto Protocol. It notes that Canada ratified the protocol in 2002 but has failed to meet its emissions reduction targets. Emissions have risen significantly since 1990 due largely to growth in the oil, gas and mining industries. While some provinces have their own climate policies, Canada's withdrawal from its Kyoto commitments has faced criticism from environmental and political groups.
Introduction to the Paris Agreement: opportunities and challengesIIED
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe summarising the Paris Agreement’s opportunities, issues and challenges
The presentation was made at an event on international climate law and policy organised by Bangladesh Center for Climate Justice, IIED and ICCCAD.
More details: http://www.iied.org/helping-vulnerable-countries-achieve-equitable-solutions-climate-law-policy-making-processes
Transport of Pollution in Atmosphere: Plume behaviour under different atmospheric
conditions, Mathematical models of dispersion of air pollutants, Plume behaviour in valley and terrains. Plume behaviour under different meteorological conditions, Concept of isoplates
The document discusses National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), which are mid- to long-term adaptation strategies established under the UNFCCC. It outlines the objectives and process for developing NAPs, comparing them to National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) which address immediate needs. The guidelines in Decision 5/CP.17 provide a framework for developing NAPs through laying the groundwork, preparatory elements, implementing strategies, and reporting/review. The document then raises questions about whether Nepal should start developing its NAP to address medium and long-term adaptation and mainstream it into national planning processes.
The document discusses the effects of ozone depletion. It describes how in 1985, researchers discovered a large hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. The ozone layer protects life from UV radiation. Ozone depletion is caused by both meteorological and chemical mechanisms, like CFCs releasing chlorine that destroys ozone. Increased UV radiation can damage DNA in organisms and increase skin cancer rates in humans. International agreements have sought to phase out ozone depleting chemicals to allow the ozone layer to recover over coming decades.
The document summarizes how the Montreal Protocol affects companies that use HCFC refrigerants like R22 for HVAC systems. It outlines the phase-out timelines for developed and developing countries. For companies in developing countries, it describes alternatives like retrofitting existing systems or proper maintenance to avoid premature replacement. The company Clearafin offers training, retrofitting, and consultancy services to help companies comply with the Montreal Protocol in a cost-effective way.
This document discusses various climate mitigation and adaptation strategies and measures. It describes scientific measures like climate change research. Technological measures include increasing efficiency and deploying green technologies. Legal measures involve international frameworks like the UNFCCC and national plans. Economic and policy measures encompass carbon pricing, incentives, and ecosystem-based management. Individual and societal measures focus on public awareness campaigns.
The Montreal Protocol aimed to phase out ozone depleting substances to protect the ozone layer. It was agreed in 1987 and entered into force in 1989. It has undergone several revisions to strengthen commitments. Key ozone depleting substances like CFCs and HCFCs are being phased out according to set timelines. As a result of compliance, the ozone layer is projected to recover by 2050-2070, demonstrating the Protocol's effectiveness through international cooperation.
The document discusses Canada's obligations and challenges in meeting the targets of the Kyoto Protocol. It notes that Canada ratified the protocol in 2002 but has failed to meet its emissions reduction targets. Emissions have risen significantly since 1990 due largely to growth in the oil, gas and mining industries. While some provinces have their own climate policies, Canada's withdrawal from its Kyoto commitments has faced criticism from environmental and political groups.
Introduction to the Paris Agreement: opportunities and challengesIIED
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe summarising the Paris Agreement’s opportunities, issues and challenges
The presentation was made at an event on international climate law and policy organised by Bangladesh Center for Climate Justice, IIED and ICCCAD.
More details: http://www.iied.org/helping-vulnerable-countries-achieve-equitable-solutions-climate-law-policy-making-processes
Transport of Pollution in Atmosphere: Plume behaviour under different atmospheric
conditions, Mathematical models of dispersion of air pollutants, Plume behaviour in valley and terrains. Plume behaviour under different meteorological conditions, Concept of isoplates
The document discusses National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), which are mid- to long-term adaptation strategies established under the UNFCCC. It outlines the objectives and process for developing NAPs, comparing them to National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) which address immediate needs. The guidelines in Decision 5/CP.17 provide a framework for developing NAPs through laying the groundwork, preparatory elements, implementing strategies, and reporting/review. The document then raises questions about whether Nepal should start developing its NAP to address medium and long-term adaptation and mainstream it into national planning processes.
The document discusses the effects of ozone depletion. It describes how in 1985, researchers discovered a large hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. The ozone layer protects life from UV radiation. Ozone depletion is caused by both meteorological and chemical mechanisms, like CFCs releasing chlorine that destroys ozone. Increased UV radiation can damage DNA in organisms and increase skin cancer rates in humans. International agreements have sought to phase out ozone depleting chemicals to allow the ozone layer to recover over coming decades.
The Kyoto Protocol is a 1997 global agreement that set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It aimed to reduce emissions in industrialized countries to 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012, with varying targets for different countries. While most industrialized countries met their targets, emissions in other high emitters like the US rose. The targets are now seen as too low, and greater reductions are needed to combat climate change. Individual actions and moving to renewable energy can help reduce emissions, but replacing coal with nuclear power will also be necessary to meet future targets.
The History of Climate Change NegotiationsUNDP Eurasia
The document provides a short history of international climate change policy, starting from early scientific studies in the late 19th century through the establishment of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It summarizes the key objectives and principles of the UNFCCC, as well as commitments made by Annex I, Annex II, and other parties. It then discusses the Kyoto Protocol, including its commitments, limitations, and need for future action. It concludes by outlining the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA processes aimed at establishing new commitments beyond the first Kyoto commitment period and a long-term global climate agreement.
The document provides background information on preparations for COP18, the 18th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, which will be held in Doha, Qatar from November 26 to December 7, 2012. COP18 aims to finalize an extended second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, resolve remaining issues from the AWG-LCA, and advance negotiations on a new legal climate agreement applicable to all countries under the Durban Platform. Preparatory meetings in Bonn and Bangkok put the complex negotiations on track by establishing work programs but also exposed disagreements between developed and developing countries. Qatar faces challenges in hosting the conference as a major oil and gas producer but aims to demonstrate climate leadership.
Laws and Policies on Climate Change in BD: BCCSAPPreeti Sikder
After completion of this lesson, students will be able to -
a) understand the adaptation and mitigation measures taken by Bangladesh government;
b) describe the six pillars of BCCSAP
Presentation By Shri Mahesh Pandya, Director, Paryavaranmitra shown at The institution of Engineers, Gujarat State Center, Ahmedabad
Note: Views expressed by the author are his own. Placing this presentation here does not mean IEI GSC is in agreement with the same.
Evaluation of neqs regarding air, water and noise pollution of various countr...DuaRana2
This document discusses national environmental quality standards (NEQS) regarding air, water, and noise pollution in various countries including Pakistan. It provides details on Pakistan's NEQS for municipal and industrial effluents, air quality standards, and noise standards. It also discusses the standards in Europe and United States and compares them to Pakistan. Furthermore, it outlines the impacts of air and water pollution on environment, health, and importance of having enforceable NEQS.
The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in 2020. 194 countries have signed it, with 127 ratifying it, and it went into effect in November 2016. The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C by reducing emissions through nationally determined contributions that are reported every 5 years. However, the contributions are not legally binding and there is no enforcement if countries do not meet their targets.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming. Key points of the Kyoto Protocol include binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized nations, flexible mechanisms to lower compliance costs, and excluding developing countries from emissions limits. While most industrialized nations support it, the United States has withdrawn support. Malaysia has no emissions targets but supports efforts under the UNFCCC framework.
The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference under UNFCCC, more commonly referred to as COP26, was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference, held at the SEC Centre in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, from 31 October to 13 November 2021.
This lecture discusses mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change. It defines mitigation as efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance sinks, while adaptation refers to adjusting to the unavoidable impacts of climate change. The lecture provides examples of both mitigation efforts, such as improving energy efficiency and developing renewable energy, and adaptation strategies, such as building sea walls and shifting to more drought-resistant crops. It emphasizes that adaptation and mitigation are complementary approaches needed to address climate change.
The Paris Agreement is a global agreement signed in 2015 by 196 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming to below 2°C. It aims to strengthen countries' abilities to deal with climate impacts and make developing countries financially capable of controlling warming. Countries set voluntary emissions reduction targets every 5 years. While a step forward, the agreement's targets have been criticized as insufficient and its country commitments are non-binding. The US withdrew but later rejoined under Biden. Withdrawal requires following specific rules over a period of years.
The document outlines the members of a group project on the Paris Climate Agreement led by Dr. Abhishek Chaudhary. It then provides information on the Paris Agreement, including that it is the first comprehensive global framework within the UN to tackle climate change. It notes key impacts of climate change and global greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, it lists some criticisms of the agreement, such as countries not being held responsible for unmet goals and a lack of enforcement mechanisms.
International conventions for the protection of environmentMariam Rafiq Malik
The document summarizes several key international conventions and agreements related to environmental protection, including the Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol, Rio Conference, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It also discusses Pakistan's participation in these conventions, noting times they were ratified or accepted. The overall purpose is to protect the ozone layer and address climate change through coordinated global cooperation.
The document discusses the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances. It identifies chlorofluorocarbons, halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons as the main substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol. While monitoring implementation across 197 member nations is difficult, the Montreal Protocol is largely considered a success - the abundance of ozone-depleting gases is decreasing, showing the treaty's effectiveness at protecting the ozone layer. Continued compliance will be needed to see further reductions in substances still increasing in the atmosphere.
The document outlines the key provisions and requirements of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures in India. It discusses how EIA notifications apply to new projects or expansions in certain categories and require identifying and addressing environmental impacts. Projects require an EIA report that assesses the baseline environment, predicts impacts, and provides mitigation plans. The notification also requires public hearings, documents for environmental clearance, and expert committees to review EIA reports.
The document discusses climate change and its causes. It defines climate change as a significant change in the average weather over a long period of time, typically 30 years. It notes that key factors that can change the climate include changes in greenhouse gases, volcanic eruptions, and human activities like releasing greenhouse gases. The document summarizes evidence that global temperatures have risen about 0.6°C since 1900, glaciers have retreated, sea levels have risen, and greenhouse gas levels are higher than in the last several million years. It discusses potential effects of climate change like sea level rise and changes to ecosystems.
The document summarizes information about the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It provides details on the IPCC's role in assessing climate change risks and impacts. It outlines the IPCC's history including its establishment in 1988 and releases of assessment reports in 1990, 1995, 2001, 2007, and 2013/2014 that informed international agreements. The document describes the IPCC process involving working groups and authors and reviewers from around the world. It previews upcoming assessment reports and special reports in the sixth assessment cycle through 2022.
Report on Warsaw is a summary of the negotiations that transpired at COP19, the 19th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 9th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, which was held Nov. 11-22, 2013 in Warsaw, Poland.
Climate negotiations cop20lima_p4_ext_shortArthur Lee
The document summarizes negotiations from COP20 in Lima, Peru. Key issues that divided nations included differences over common but differentiated responsibilities and what constitutes a balanced agreement. After 30 hours of overtime negotiations, nations agreed on the Lima Call for Climate Action which included references to adaptation, loss and damage, and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The Call also pushed negotiations forward on elements of the 2015 treaty to be completed by COP21 in Paris.
The Kyoto Protocol is a 1997 global agreement that set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It aimed to reduce emissions in industrialized countries to 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012, with varying targets for different countries. While most industrialized countries met their targets, emissions in other high emitters like the US rose. The targets are now seen as too low, and greater reductions are needed to combat climate change. Individual actions and moving to renewable energy can help reduce emissions, but replacing coal with nuclear power will also be necessary to meet future targets.
The History of Climate Change NegotiationsUNDP Eurasia
The document provides a short history of international climate change policy, starting from early scientific studies in the late 19th century through the establishment of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It summarizes the key objectives and principles of the UNFCCC, as well as commitments made by Annex I, Annex II, and other parties. It then discusses the Kyoto Protocol, including its commitments, limitations, and need for future action. It concludes by outlining the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA processes aimed at establishing new commitments beyond the first Kyoto commitment period and a long-term global climate agreement.
The document provides background information on preparations for COP18, the 18th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, which will be held in Doha, Qatar from November 26 to December 7, 2012. COP18 aims to finalize an extended second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, resolve remaining issues from the AWG-LCA, and advance negotiations on a new legal climate agreement applicable to all countries under the Durban Platform. Preparatory meetings in Bonn and Bangkok put the complex negotiations on track by establishing work programs but also exposed disagreements between developed and developing countries. Qatar faces challenges in hosting the conference as a major oil and gas producer but aims to demonstrate climate leadership.
Laws and Policies on Climate Change in BD: BCCSAPPreeti Sikder
After completion of this lesson, students will be able to -
a) understand the adaptation and mitigation measures taken by Bangladesh government;
b) describe the six pillars of BCCSAP
Presentation By Shri Mahesh Pandya, Director, Paryavaranmitra shown at The institution of Engineers, Gujarat State Center, Ahmedabad
Note: Views expressed by the author are his own. Placing this presentation here does not mean IEI GSC is in agreement with the same.
Evaluation of neqs regarding air, water and noise pollution of various countr...DuaRana2
This document discusses national environmental quality standards (NEQS) regarding air, water, and noise pollution in various countries including Pakistan. It provides details on Pakistan's NEQS for municipal and industrial effluents, air quality standards, and noise standards. It also discusses the standards in Europe and United States and compares them to Pakistan. Furthermore, it outlines the impacts of air and water pollution on environment, health, and importance of having enforceable NEQS.
The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in 2020. 194 countries have signed it, with 127 ratifying it, and it went into effect in November 2016. The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C by reducing emissions through nationally determined contributions that are reported every 5 years. However, the contributions are not legally binding and there is no enforcement if countries do not meet their targets.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming. Key points of the Kyoto Protocol include binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized nations, flexible mechanisms to lower compliance costs, and excluding developing countries from emissions limits. While most industrialized nations support it, the United States has withdrawn support. Malaysia has no emissions targets but supports efforts under the UNFCCC framework.
The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference under UNFCCC, more commonly referred to as COP26, was the 26th United Nations Climate Change conference, held at the SEC Centre in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, from 31 October to 13 November 2021.
This lecture discusses mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change. It defines mitigation as efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance sinks, while adaptation refers to adjusting to the unavoidable impacts of climate change. The lecture provides examples of both mitigation efforts, such as improving energy efficiency and developing renewable energy, and adaptation strategies, such as building sea walls and shifting to more drought-resistant crops. It emphasizes that adaptation and mitigation are complementary approaches needed to address climate change.
The Paris Agreement is a global agreement signed in 2015 by 196 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming to below 2°C. It aims to strengthen countries' abilities to deal with climate impacts and make developing countries financially capable of controlling warming. Countries set voluntary emissions reduction targets every 5 years. While a step forward, the agreement's targets have been criticized as insufficient and its country commitments are non-binding. The US withdrew but later rejoined under Biden. Withdrawal requires following specific rules over a period of years.
The document outlines the members of a group project on the Paris Climate Agreement led by Dr. Abhishek Chaudhary. It then provides information on the Paris Agreement, including that it is the first comprehensive global framework within the UN to tackle climate change. It notes key impacts of climate change and global greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, it lists some criticisms of the agreement, such as countries not being held responsible for unmet goals and a lack of enforcement mechanisms.
International conventions for the protection of environmentMariam Rafiq Malik
The document summarizes several key international conventions and agreements related to environmental protection, including the Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol, Rio Conference, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It also discusses Pakistan's participation in these conventions, noting times they were ratified or accepted. The overall purpose is to protect the ozone layer and address climate change through coordinated global cooperation.
The document discusses the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances. It identifies chlorofluorocarbons, halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons as the main substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol. While monitoring implementation across 197 member nations is difficult, the Montreal Protocol is largely considered a success - the abundance of ozone-depleting gases is decreasing, showing the treaty's effectiveness at protecting the ozone layer. Continued compliance will be needed to see further reductions in substances still increasing in the atmosphere.
The document outlines the key provisions and requirements of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures in India. It discusses how EIA notifications apply to new projects or expansions in certain categories and require identifying and addressing environmental impacts. Projects require an EIA report that assesses the baseline environment, predicts impacts, and provides mitigation plans. The notification also requires public hearings, documents for environmental clearance, and expert committees to review EIA reports.
The document discusses climate change and its causes. It defines climate change as a significant change in the average weather over a long period of time, typically 30 years. It notes that key factors that can change the climate include changes in greenhouse gases, volcanic eruptions, and human activities like releasing greenhouse gases. The document summarizes evidence that global temperatures have risen about 0.6°C since 1900, glaciers have retreated, sea levels have risen, and greenhouse gas levels are higher than in the last several million years. It discusses potential effects of climate change like sea level rise and changes to ecosystems.
The document summarizes information about the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It provides details on the IPCC's role in assessing climate change risks and impacts. It outlines the IPCC's history including its establishment in 1988 and releases of assessment reports in 1990, 1995, 2001, 2007, and 2013/2014 that informed international agreements. The document describes the IPCC process involving working groups and authors and reviewers from around the world. It previews upcoming assessment reports and special reports in the sixth assessment cycle through 2022.
Report on Warsaw is a summary of the negotiations that transpired at COP19, the 19th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 9th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, which was held Nov. 11-22, 2013 in Warsaw, Poland.
Climate negotiations cop20lima_p4_ext_shortArthur Lee
The document summarizes negotiations from COP20 in Lima, Peru. Key issues that divided nations included differences over common but differentiated responsibilities and what constitutes a balanced agreement. After 30 hours of overtime negotiations, nations agreed on the Lima Call for Climate Action which included references to adaptation, loss and damage, and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The Call also pushed negotiations forward on elements of the 2015 treaty to be completed by COP21 in Paris.
The Road to Durban PowerPoint is a summary of the events and negotiations that have transpired since COP16 (Nov. 29-Dec. 10, 2010) and preparatory to COP17 (Nov. 28-Dec.9, 2011).
Transport Day 2014 took place on 7 December 2014, alongside the twentieth session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC COP 20), in Lima, Peru. Approximately 200 participants convened at the Sheraton Lima Hotel and Convention Center to focus on the theme “Transport Tackles Climate Change.” This was the second Transport Day event jointly organized by the SLoCaT Partnership and the Bridging the Gap initiative.
The document provides an overview and summary of negotiations leading up to COP16, the UN climate change conference to be held in Cancun, Mexico from November 29th to December 10th, 2010. It discusses the failure of COP15 to establish binding emissions reductions, key events since then, the official agenda for COP16, and opinions on expectations for the outcome in Cancun, which most see as a step towards a future agreement rather than a major breakthrough.
A presentation on the social-political background to the Paris climate talks, a 'mapping' of the climate regime, a summary of outcomes, and the full text highlighted and explained.
History of climate negotiation & National Action Plan for Climate Change, indiaAmit Prakash
The document provides a history of global climate change negotiations from the 1970s to present. It discusses the formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 and highlights key conferences and agreements, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and COP meetings. It also summarizes India's National Action Plan on Climate Change, which outlines 8 missions focusing on solar energy, energy efficiency, sustainable habitats, water, the Himalayas, green India, agriculture, and strategic knowledge. The missions address mitigation and adaptation strategies.
The document summarizes outcomes from the Bonn Intercessional climate negotiations held in June 2013. Key points include:
- The negotiations were divided into three tracks focusing on the Durban Platform, implementation, and scientific/technological advice.
- Discussions centered around the post-2020 climate agreement, raising near-term climate ambition, and implementing existing decisions.
- Specific topics discussed included rules and transparency for emission pledges, mobilizing climate finance, accounting methods, and adapting to climate impacts.
- The sessions provided an opportunity for parties to exchange ideas before the next major COP meeting in Poland later this year.
The document summarizes key decisions and discussions from the 2019 United Nations climate change conference (COP19) in Warsaw, Poland. Key decisions included continuing work to develop elements of the 2015 climate treaty, establishing a mechanism for addressing climate-related loss and damage, and advancing discussions on the "new market mechanisms" to incentivize emission reductions. However, negotiations stalled on issues relating to technology transfer between nations and the role of potential new market mechanisms. Overall progress was made but many important issues were deferred to future meetings.
responding to the challenge of climate change 101224RMIT University
The document summarizes key points about responding to the challenge of climate change from an international perspective. It discusses the scientific evidence of climate change, politics of climate change negotiations, and outlines a way forward of transitioning to low-carbon societies through individual and collective actions.
Api responding to the challenge of climate change 101224RMIT University
The document summarizes key points regarding responding to the challenge of climate change from an international perspective. It discusses the scientific evidence of climate change, politics of climate change negotiations, and outlines a way forward of taking decisive action to transition to low-carbon societies in order to avoid disastrous consequences of climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aims to manage and reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases.
The Protocol was adopted at a conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and became international law on February 16, 2005.
Aim: Commits the parties to reduce GHGs emission
The Protocol was linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that commits industrialized nations to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It introduced mechanisms for emissions trading and financing climate projects in developing countries. While it represented progress in addressing climate change, the Kyoto Protocol only bound developed countries to reduce emissions and did not achieve full participation. The Paris Agreement built on the Kyoto Protocol by engaging all countries in setting emissions reduction targets.
The document discusses recent advances in pollution control, focusing on air pollution control. It describes several international agreements and protocols related to air pollution, including the Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol, and policies such as carbon taxes and carbon credits. It also discusses initiatives in India related to air pollution monitoring and control, including the National Air Quality Index, action plans by states in the National Capital Region to reduce air pollution, and air quality monitoring programs run by the Central Pollution Control Board and in the state of Maharashtra.
The document summarizes key information from a presentation about the UNFCCC climate change conference in Poznan, Poland in December 2008. It discusses the objectives and bodies of the UNFCCC, outlines what was on the agenda in Poznan including progressing negotiations for a post-2012 climate change agreement, and notes that while some progress was made, there was still lack of political will and no major breakthroughs. Technology transfer and financing were major topics of debate between developed and developing countries.
The document summarizes key information from a presentation about the UN climate change conference (COP 14) held in Poznan, Poland in December 2008. It outlines the objectives and bodies of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It discusses the agenda and results of COP 14, including efforts to pave the way for a new climate agreement in Copenhagen. It focuses on the issues of technology transfer and financing for developing countries, which were major topics of discussion in Poznan.
The document discusses the history and key elements of international efforts to combat climate change through the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It provides details on:
- The establishment of the IPCC and its role in assessing climate science and influencing climate policy.
- The UNFCCC framework for international cooperation on climate change and its principles of common but differentiated responsibilities.
- The Kyoto Protocol which set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries and introduced flexible mechanisms like emissions trading, joint implementation, and the Clean Development Mechanism.
- The operation of the flexible mechanisms to help countries meet their targets in a cost-effective manner while promoting sustainable development.
The document summarizes the outcomes of COP18, which was held in Doha, Qatar in November-December 2012. Key outcomes included finalizing the terms of the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment period through 2020 and establishing the Doha Climate Gateway. Progress was made on national adaptation plans and loss and damage, while little headway occurred on REDD+. Oversight of mitigation efforts and markets was transferred to UNFCCC bodies. The Durban Platform became the sole negotiating process for a post-2020 climate treaty.
The document summarizes the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012. It discusses the unambitious outcome document called "The Future We Want" which lacked specific goals, targets, and timelines. It also describes some of the key issues discussed at Rio+20 including institutional frameworks, sustainable development goals, climate change, and other topics, but notes that the conference did not achieve dramatic progress or consensus on many issues.
Road to Rio+20, UN Conference on Sustainable Development 2012ISCIENCES, L.L.C.
Road to Rio+20 is a summary of preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) called “Rio+20” to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil June 20-22, 2012.
Kyoto and Beyond: The Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate ChangeISCIENCES, L.L.C.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of multilateral agreements on climate change from the 1970s to present day, with a focus on the Kyoto Protocol. It describes several important early agreements and conventions in the 1970s-1980s that helped bring international attention to environmental issues. It then outlines the key developments in the 1990s that led to the drafting of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol period from 2005-2008 and challenges faced by countries in meeting emissions targets. It concludes by looking at climate change discussions and agreements after 2009, including negotiations on the future of the Protocol.
The document summarizes the outcomes of COP16, the 2010 United Nations climate change conference in Cancun, Mexico. Key outcomes included the "Cancun Agreements," which established the Green Climate Fund to mobilize $100 billion annually for developing countries, frameworks for reducing deforestation and increasing transparency, and formalization of emissions pledges. However, no agreement was reached on extending the Kyoto Protocol, postponing that decision until COP17. Overall COP16 was seen as progressing the UNFCCC process and rejuvenating global climate cooperation.
Report on Copenhagen COP15 is a summary of events that transpired in Dec. 2009 at the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP15) including drafting of the Copenhagen Accord and subsequent public discourse.
The document summarizes key outcomes and discussions from COP17 in Durban, South Africa. There was initial lack of optimism due to disagreements between developed and developing countries. However, an agreement was reached to establish a universal legal agreement on emissions reductions by 2020 that would apply to all countries. The Durban Platform established a roadmap for negotiations toward a new treaty, but opinions were mixed on whether the outcome was sufficient to address the scale of the climate change problem.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
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different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
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In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
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1. Kyoto and Beyond
ROAD
TO
LIMA
The 13th installment in an ongoing series on multilateral agreements
related to climate change
www.isciences.com November 19, 2014
2. Introduction
Kyoto and Beyond is a series of presentations on the evolving international
climate treaty process that began with the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1992.
Road to Lima is a summary of preparations for COP20, the 20th session of the
Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 10th session of the Conference of the
Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. COP20 will be held
Dec. 1 – 12, 2014 in Lima, Peru.
Other presentations in the Kyoto and Beyond series include*:
2008 Kyoto and Beyond
2012 Road to Rio+20
2009 Kyoto and Beyond, Update
2012 Report on Rio+20
2009 Report on Copenhagen COP15
2012 Road to Doha COP18
2010 Road to Cancun COP16
2013 Report on Doha COP18
2011 Report on Cancun COP16
2014 Report on Warsaw COP19
2011 Road to Durban COP17
2012 Report on Durban COP17
* Available at http://www.isciences.com/spotlight/kyoto_and_beyond.html
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 2
3. Contents
Historical Background
Conference Overview
Multilateral Process
Issues & Positions
Conclusion
This presentation includes hyperlinks to additional information indicated by underlined text.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 3
4. Background: Timeline
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 4
1992
UN Framework
Convention on
Climate Change
1992 | 1997 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012
2011
Durban Platform
adopted
at COP17
2007
IPCC 4th
Assessment Report
2010
Cancun
Agreements
drafted at
COP16
1990
IPCC 1st
Assessment
Report
1995
IPCC 2nd
Assessment
Report
1997
Kyoto Protocol
adopted 2001
IPCC 3rd
Assessment Report
Arctic Sea Ice Extent
Sept. 1999
Arctic Sea Ice Extent
Sept. 2011
2005
Kyoto Protocol
enters into force
2009
Copenhagen
Accord drafted
at COP15
2013
IPCC 5th
Assessment
Report
“A Year in the Life of Earth’s CO2”
(Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight
Center) A simulation of carbon dioxide in
Earth’s atmosphere provides an ultra-high-
resolution look at how the key
greenhouse gas moves around the globe
and fluctuates in volume throughout the
year.
Visualization Jan. 1-Dec. 31, 2006
5. Background: Climate Policy
In 1992 the UNFCCC established the goal of reducing global greenhouse gas
emissions (GHGs) to “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system.”
Since then the global policy framework has continued to evolve.
(Image Credit: UNFCCC)
1997 The Kyoto Protocol created an international legal framework within the UNFCCC
for emissions reduction targets during the period 2008-2012 for developed
countries.
2009 The Copenhagen Accord, conceived outside of the UNFCCC process, called for
voluntary emissions reduction targets achieved by 2020, and endorsed a cap on
global temperature increase of 2⁰C. The UNFCCC officially “took note” of the
Accord.
2010 The Cancun Agreements acknowledged within the UNFCCC framework the
objective of keeping the average global temperature rise below 2⁰C.
2011 The Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, adopted within the UNFCCC process,
mandated the creation of a new agreement (post-Kyoto Protocol) that would be
“applicable to all.”
For a more detailed history of the UNFCCC see http://www.isciences.com/spotlight/kyoto_and_beyond.html.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 5
6. Background: The ADP
In 2011 at COP17 Durban, South Africa, UNFCCC negotiators created the Ad Hoc
Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP).
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 6
The ADP was tasked with:
Developing a post-2020 treaty applicable to all that would be
completed and adopted by 2015 at COP21 Paris and enter into
force by 2020, the year in which the 2nd period of the Kyoto
Protocol expires.
Enhancing mitigation ambition to close the ambition gap – the
difference between emissions levels expected in 2020 if pledges
are met and levels needed by 2020 to meet the 2⁰C target. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its
seventeenth session, held in Durban from 28
November to 11 December 2011
(FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1 )
In order to adopt a new treaty in 2015, the ADP should have a detailed working
draft of the text ready for discussion at COP20 Lima on Dec. 1, 2014.
7. Overview: COP20 Lima 2014
COP20 will be held Dec. 1 – Dec. 12, 2014 in Lima, Peru.
The 2014 meeting is the 20th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and
the 10th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of
the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
The Conference will be hosted by Manuel Pulgar-Vidal, Minister of
the Environment of Peru, and President-Designate of COP 20 and
CMP 10* and Christiana Figueres, Executive Secretary of the
UNFCCC.
Christiana Figures
More than 15,000 people are expected, representing 194 nations
and more than 5,000 observer organizations.
* Following the procedural rules of the UNFCCC, the office of COP President and host country rotates among the 5 UN regional groups.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 7
Manuel Pulgar-Vidal
(Image Credit: UNFCCC)
8. Overview: COP20 Objectives
COP20’s primary objective is to elaborate elements for a draft negotiating text
of the 2015 agreement.
Overall Objectives for COP20:
Produce a draft text of the 2015 agreement.
Decide whether adaptation, as well as mitigation, will be included in the
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 8
agreement.
Clarify how transparency and assessment of the INDCs* will be accomplished.
Consolidate the financial mechanisms of the Convention that will support the
agreement.
Accelerate implementation of pre-2020 ambition through concrete actions.
“We expect that the COP 20 will produce a draft agreement to be signed in 2015, and we wish the Lima Document to be
clear and coherent, we do not want a compilation of loose and inarticulate ideas.”
- Peruvian President Ollanta Humala, Sept. 23, 2014
* INDCs-Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. http://www.mitigationpartnership.net/international-partnership-mitigation-and-mrv-2014-intended-nationally-determined-contributions
9. Overview: Peru’s Leadership
With glaciers melting and drought in the Amazon, Peru
is clearly vulnerable to climate change, yet its
environmental progress has been slow, and at times,
violent.
Lima, Peru
(Image Credit: Christian Cordova,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ccordova/8693828441/)
Lima has the worst air pollution in Latin America*, and the
country’s illegal mining and logging have resulted in the
deaths of environmental activists.
Peru’s Environment Ministry wasn’t created until 2008 and only under pressure from
the US as a condition of trade. Environment Minister Pulgar-Vidal has spent years in
environmental roles but recent economic reforms by Peruvian President Humala have
sacrificed environmental standards and undermined the Ministry’s authority.
Though it may be difficult to lead by example, Peru must garner timely climate
commitments from international negotiators.
* Peruvian Times. May 8, 2014. http://www.peruviantimes.com/08/world-health-organization-says-lima-has-worst-air-pollution-in-latam/22119/.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 9
10. Process: UN Preparations
The UNFCCC multilateral preparatory process for COP20 involves many
interconnected UN bodies and working groups.
(Image Credit: UNFCCC,
http://unfccc.int/bodies/items/
6241.php)
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 10
11. Process: Pre-COP March 2014 Bonn
At the first of three scheduled inter-COP meetings, negotiators at the
March 10-14, 2014 Climate Change Conference in Bonn began open-ended
discussions on the two workstreams of the ADP.
ADP Co-Chairs Kishan Kumarsingh (Trinidad
and Tobago) and Artur Runge-Metzger (EU)
(Image Credit: UNclimatechange/flickr)
Workstream 1: The 2015 agreement
Concerns were expressed about transparency and inclusiveness of
process, not wanting a repeat of Copenhagen where the Accord was
created outside of the COP. A workshop addressed domestic preparations
for INDCs.
Workstream 2: Increasing pre-2020 ambition
Two Technical Expert Meetings* (TEMs) were held during which guest panelists shared options on
renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Delegates agreed to start drafting text of the 2015 agreement at the upcoming
meeting in June.
* In Warsaw, the ADP requested technical expert meetings at 2014 sessions to share policies, practices and technologies with high mitigation potential.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 11
12. Process: Pre-COP June 2014 Bonn
At the Bonn Climate Change Conference June 4-15, 2014 conversations were
lively as representatives began articulating a wide spectrum of positions.
Workstream 1: The 2015 Agreement
Heated exchanges on INDCs captured much of the floor time. Delegates
discussed how INDCs should be defined, submitted, and reviewed.
Developed countries viewed INDCs as mitigation-based; developing
countries pushed for inclusion of adaptation, finance, capacity-building,
and technology.
Bonn Climate Change Conference, June 4, 2014
(Image Credit: UNclimatechange/flickr)
Workstream 2: Increasing pre-2020 ambition
TEMs focused on opportunities for action on urban environment and land use.
ADP Co-Chairs Kumarsingh and Runge-Metzger were asked to compose and
make available by July a draft text in advance of the next pre-COP meeting in
Bonn October 20-25.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 12
13. Process: Summit Sept 2014 NYC
UN Secretary Ban Ki-Moon invited leaders from government and business to a
Climate Summit, Sept. 23, 2014 in New York City. Not part of the official UN
negotiating process, its purpose was to mobilize action ahead of 2015.
Though Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi - leaders of key CO2 emitting nations China and
India - did not attend, US President Barack Obama and 100 Heads of State did, along with
commercial and civic leaders.
Outcome Highlights:
New York Declaration on Forests; halve deforestation by 2020, end it by 2030;
a total pledge of US$2.3 billion made to the Green Climate Fund (GCF);
the launch of the Global Alliance of Climate-Smart Agriculture;
the announcement by the insurance industry of intention to create a Climate
Risk Investment Framework by 2015 in Paris;
On the Sunday before the Summit, a global climate march rallied 310,000
people in NYC and 270,000 elsewhere around the world.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 13
launch of a new Compact of Mayors;
World Bank’s Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition to advance carbon pricing.
Ban Ki-moon (second from right) at climate march,
NYC Sept. 21, 2014.
(Image Credit: UN Photo)
14. Process: Pre-COP Oct 2014 Bonn
Negotiators at the Bonn Climate Change Conference October 20-25, 2014
slowly inched forward on refining a draft negotiating text.
Workstream 1: The 2015 Agreement
Progress was slow on defining how INDCs will operationalize
differentiation, scope and review, and whether to include adaptation
as well as mitigation. Brazil created a buzz with “concentric
differentiation,” a dynamic that would preserve differentiated
responsibilities while encouraging graduated targets.
Bonn Climate Change Conference, Oct. 20, 2014
(Image Credit: UNclimatechange/flickr
http://goo.gl/Uxx9c1)
Workstream 2: Increasing pre-2020 ambition
TEMs on carbon capture, use and storage, and on non-CO2 GHGs were held.
Though the meeting produced revised drafts* by the Co-Chairs, content remained light on
negotiable substance, reflecting ongoing lack of agreement.
The ADP agreed to hold two additional sessions in 2015, the first of which will be
held February 8-13 February in Geneva.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 14
* Draft INDCs; Draft Pre-2020 Action
15. Process: Conference Schedule
The 12-day gathering at COP20 in Lima includes meetings of the COP, CMP,
SBI, SBSTA, and ADP.
SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS
SESSION DATE AGENDA
COP 20 1 – 12 Dec 2014 FCCC/CP/2014/1
CMP 10 1 – 12 Dec 2014 FCCC/KP/CMP/2014/1
SBI 41 1 – 8 Dec 2014 FCCC/SBI/2014/9
SBSTA 41 1 – 6 Dec 2014 FCCC/SBSTA/2014/3
ADP 3 1 – 11 Dec 2014 ADP/2014/AGENDA
(Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons)
Overview schedule as of Oct. 15, 2014.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 15
COP – Conference of the Parties
CMP – Conference of the Parties service as the Meeting of
the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
SBI – Subsidiary Body for Implementation
SBSTA – Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological
Advice
ADP – Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for
Enhanced Action
16. Issues: 2020 Treaty
On Nov. 11, 2014 the ADP released a “Non-paper on elements for a draft
negotiating text” of the 2015 agreement.
The challenge in Lima will be to reduce the many options and sub-options currently
outlined in the “Non-paper” into a clear framework with core elements. Issues include:
Mitigation commitments. Options: (1) all Parties to be prepared, communicated and implemented without conditions;
(2) developing country Parties to be prepared, communicated and implemented specifying additional enhanced levels
of mitigation commitments/contributions subject to the provision of support by developed country Parties; (3)
developing country Parties to be prepared, communicated and implemented subject to the provision of finance,
technology transfer, and capacity-building.
Cooperation and support for implementation. Options: (1) developed country Parties to provide support to developing
country Parties for implementation, taking into account CBDR*; (2) all Parties in a position to do so to provide support
for implementation; (3) a collective goal for support to be achieved by all Parties .
Time frames and process related to commitments/contributions. Options: (1) every 5 yrs for all parties or for
developed parties only; (2) every 5 yrs indicating the commitment/contribution for the subsequent 5-yr period as well
as for the following 5-yr period; (3) every 10 yrs; (4) period to be determined by the governing body.
To be ready for adoption at COP21 Paris in December 2015, the draft negotiating
text should be translated, reproduced, and available by May 2015.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 16
* CBDR-Common But Differentiated Responsibilities
17. Issues: INDCs
The ADP is considering several options related to the kinds of information that
must be provided as countries submit their INDCs.
Embedded in those options is whether and how requirements for developed and
developing countries differ.
Mitigation: type, time-frame, sectors, quantification, transparency. Process decisions may include cycles
of action enabling increasing commitment, and the explicit goal of GHG phase-out.
Adaptation: inclusion, type, projected climate impacts, vulnerable sectors, timelines for support.
Sentiment is leaning towards inclusions of adaptation in the 2015 agreement.
Finance, technology and capacity-building: scale, type, time-frame, channels. The Green Climate Fund is
a critical vehicle, currently funded at $7.5 billion with a $10 billion goal. Negotiators must also create a
path towards mobilization of $100 billion a year in climate finance.
Assessment and transparency: means, methods. Assessment must be framed by the 2°C goal.
Countries will submit their INDCs in early 2015, with major emitters expected
to do so by the end of March.
* Options are outlined in a separate draft, also released on Nov. 11, 2014.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 17
18. Issues: Pre-2020 Ambition
Pre-2020 ambition must increase in order to close the gap between pledged
cuts and targets recommended to keep warming to 2C.
At the pre-COPs in Bonn, Technical Expert Meetings showcased ways to shift to low-carbon
economies; countries must now implement those opportunities as part of their
Carbon pricing could play a role. So far, 73 countries, 1,000 businesses, and 354 major
institutional investors have declared support for carbon pricing. The EU currently runs
the largest carbon market but China has announced plans for a system in 2016 and Chile
approved a carbon tax beginning in 2018.
As of Nov. 14, 2014 only 19 countries have ratified the Doha Amendment.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 18
near-term climate action plans.
Ratification of the 2012 Doha Amendment, which extended the Kyoto Protocol to
Dec. 31, 2020, is also an important piece of the ambition formula.
19. Issues: The Science
On Nov. 1, 2014 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
released the Fifth Assessment Synthesis Report to inform delegates of
scientific realities as they work towards the Paris climate deal.
To limit global average temperature increase to 2°C
(3.6°F) above pre-industrial levels emissions must
fall 40 to 70 percent from current levels by 2050
and to zero by 2100.
With fast action, this could be done at a
manageable cost, a 0.06 percentage point
reduction a year in consumption of goods and
services, below annual projected growth of 1.6 to
3.0 percent.
(Image Credit: IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report
Presentation, Nov. 2, 2014,
Without timely emissions cuts, warming by the end of the 21st century will
bring high risks of severe, widespread, and irreversible impacts globally.*
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 19
* AR5 Synthesis Report
20. Positions: A Landmark Deal
A potentially pivotal moment in global climate history occurred on Nov. 11,
2014 when the US and China struck a deal.
President Xi Jinping and President Obama, leaders of the No. 1 and No. 2 carbon
polluters, jointly announced targets for emissions reductions.
The US pledged to emit 26 to 28 percent less carbon in 2025
than in 2005, double the pace targeted for period 2005 to
2020.
China pledged to reach peak carbon emissions by 2030 and
that clean energy would account for 20 percent of total energy
production by 2030.
President Obama and President Xi Jinping, Nov. 11, 2014
(Image Credit: wh.gov)
The two also agreed to co-finance a carbon capture and storage project in China.
This handshake between the developed and developing world puts pressure on
foot-draggers in both camps to step forward with meaningful targets.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 20
21. Positions: Global Responses
The China-US announcement elicited various responses around the globe and
created a ripple in bloc alliances.
The timing of the announcement, just prior to the G20 Summit, was significant.
AUSTRALIA. Australia’s PM and G20 host Tony Abbott was caught off-guard. Australia had repealed its cap-and-trade policy and
Abbott fought unsuccessfully to keep climate change off the G20 agenda. The G20 agreed to support adoption of a protocol with legal
force in 2015, financing for the Green Climate Fund, and submission of INDCs by first quarter of 2015.
INDIA. India downplayed pressure the deal put on India to fall in line and announce meaningful INDCs, responding that India would
declare an emissions peak “at the right moment". India’s action or inaction will be key in 2015.
CANADA. The deal presented challenges for Canada as well, which had generally aligned itself with the US in insisting that China and
other emerging economies set targets. Canada withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011 and will fall short of its 2020 targets.
EUROPEAN UNION. The EU, the first major economy to set post-2020 emissions targets, had already announced targets at least 40
percent below 1990 levels by 2030, with renewable energy to provide at least 27 percent.
BRAZIL. Brazil maintains that developed countries must be held responsible for their historic contributions to climate change.
Though the landmark deal between the two global powerhouses is still a promise
that must be kept, governments can no longer point to China and the United
States to justify their own inaction.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 21
22. Conclusion: Hope for Paris?
The US and China have created much-needed momentum towards a “last
chance” summit in Paris, but India and the rest of the world must commit.
“If you don’t have an agreement in Paris,
we may well say goodbye to the world
we have today.”
- Fatih Birol, IEA chief economist
As important as the US-China deal is in setting the
stage, it will not be enough to keep global warming
within the 2°C target.
Actions by India and Russia will be critical, as will those of the developing world who
will look to China in formulating their targets.
Watch for ISciences’ post-Lima analysis of COP20 at
http://www.isciences.com/spotlight/kyoto_and_beyond.html.
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 22
23. Sources
The Age. Nov. 13, 2014. Climate change squarely on G20 agenda after historic china-US deal. http://www.theage.com.au/comment/climate-change-squarely-on-g20-
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 23
agenda-after-historic-chinaus-deal-20141113-11lrrc.html
Bloomberg. Nov. 17, 2014. Brazil Sees China, U.S. Climate Deal as ‘Signal,’ Secretary Says. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-17/brazil-sees-china-u-s-climate-deal-
as-signal-secretary-says.html
Brookings. Sept. 22, 2014. What to Expect from the UN Climate Summit. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/planetpolicy/posts/2014/09/22-un-climate-summit-preview
Brookings. Nov. 17, 2014. The $3 billion U.S. Pledge for the Green Climate Fund: Is it a lot? http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/planetpolicy/posts/2014/11/17-green-climate-
fund-roberts
Business Insider. Oct. 26, 2014. U.N. Climate Change Report Sees Risks Of Irreversible Damage. http://www.businessinsider.com/r-un-climate-change-draft-sees-risks-of-irreversible-
damage-2014-10
Climate Action Network. Oct. 23, 2014. Beyond binary. http://www.climatenetwork.org/blog/beyond-binary
Climate Progress. Sept. 16, 2014. Measuring Up: How To Assess The Upcoming U.N. Climate Summit. http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/09/16/3566893/how-to-assess-
un-climate-summit/https://www.cdproject.net/CDPResults/CDP-Global-500-Climate-Change-Report-2012.pdf
COP 20 Peru. Sept. 23, 2014. Peru expects the COP20 sets the foundations for a climate and development alliance [machine translated].
http://www.cop20.pe/en/8673/peru-espera-que-cop20-cimente-alianza-para-el-clima-y-desarrollo/
Eco. Oct. 24, 2014.Beyond Binary. http://eco.climatenetwork.org/adp2-6-eco5-3/
EE News. Nov. 17, 2014. U.S. China climate surprise -- a coal plant that stores CO2 and makes fresh water. http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060009009
Globe and Mail. Nov. 12, 2014. U.S.-China climate deal presents challenges for Harper. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/us-china-
climate-deal-presents-challenges-for-harper/article21553685/
GlobalPost. Sept. 21, 2014. With its green cred under fire, Peru prepares to host UN climate talks.
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/peru/140918/climate-change-united-nations-cop-conference
Green Climate Fund. Pledges made towards GCF at the United Nations Climate Summit 2014. http://news.gcfund.org/pledges/. Accessed Oct. 23, 2014
Hindu. Nov. 12, 2014. China-U.S. deal on emission cuts. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/climate-change-us-china-unveil-ambitious-goals-to-cut-pollution-
levels/article6589412.ece
Hindu. Nov. 13, 2014. India faces climate pincer. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-faces-climate-pincer/article6591897.ece
Huffington Post. Sept. 21, 2014. Hundreds Of Thousands Turn Out For People's Climate March In New York City. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/21/peoples-climate-
march_n_5857902.html
24. Sources
IIP Digital, US Embassy. Nov. 11, 2014. FACT SHEET: U.S.-China Joint Announcement on Climate Change and Clean Energy Cooperation, President Obama Announces.
http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2014/11/20141112310785.html#axzz3JQj7WtrX
Independent. Oct. 24, 2014. Climate change: Carbon trading edges closer as UN brokers deal. http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/climate-change-
carbon-trading-edges-closer-as-un-brokers-deal-9818519.html
International Cooperative and Mutual Insurance Federation. Sept. 24, 2014. Insurance industry to double its climate-smart investment by end of 2015.
http://www.icmif.org/news/insurance-industry-double-its-climate-smart-investment-end-2015
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International Institute for Sustainable Development. Aug. 29, 2014. Lima Climate Finance Week Paves Way for COP 20. http://climate-l.iisd.org/news/lima-climate-finance-
Road to Lima (ISCIENCES, LLC) 24
week-paves-way-for-cop-20/
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27. Citation
When referencing this presentation please use the following citation.
ISCIENCES, L.L.C. Road to Lima COP20. A slideshow; 13th installment in the series
Kyoto and Beyond – the Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate
Change. November 19, 2014. Ann Arbor, Michigan. www.isciences.com.
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