This document discusses various climate mitigation and adaptation strategies and measures. It describes scientific measures like climate change research. Technological measures include increasing efficiency and deploying green technologies. Legal measures involve international frameworks like the UNFCCC and national plans. Economic and policy measures encompass carbon pricing, incentives, and ecosystem-based management. Individual and societal measures focus on public awareness campaigns.

1. FRM-513
Climate change: Aquatic ecosystems
and fisheries
Climate mitigation strategies: for long
term sustainability
Presented by
Meenatchi S
FRM-MB0-02

2. Climate
it is the long-term
average of weather,
typically averaged
over a period of 30
years.
Weather
It is the short-term
changes we see in
temperature ,clouds ,
precipitation, humidity
and wind in a region.
Climate change
it refers to any long term
change in the earths
climate or in the climate of
a region or city.

3. Approaches
and
strategies
Reducing the
amount of
CO2 and
other GHGs
prepare society
for the impacts
associated with
climate change
via adaptation
How effective mitigation and adaptation activities are depend on the temporal and spatial scale of
impacts and action goals, and the context of the activity. Not every activity will be applicable in every
place and time, so success requires consideration of how activities are tailored to the local context and
how they are implemented.
Mitigation measures
Adaptation measures

4. Fundamental measures to address climate change: mitigation and
adaptation
and enhance the
https://adaptation-platform.nies.go.jp/

5. Mitigation
and
adaptation
cycle

6. Management measures
• Scientific measures
• Technological measures
• Legal measures
• Economical measures
• Individual/Societal
measures

7. Scientific measures
• Skilled community of scientists with a strong scientific base
• Scientific research
• Possible solutions for climate change mitigation and adaptation
• Incorporating Indigenous Technical Knowledge in the research
• Involving local people and their inputs for more localised solutions

8. Carbon sequestration
• The Kyoto Protocol under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change allows
countries to receive credits for their carbon-
sequestration activities in the area of land use, land-use
change, and forestry as part of their obligations under
the protocol
• Such activities could include afforestation (conversion of
no forested land to forest), reforestation (conversion of
previously forested land to forest), improved forestry or
agricultural practices, and revegetation
• According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC), improved agricultural practices and
forest-related mitigation activities can make a
significant contribution to the removal of carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere at relatively low cost
• These activities could include improved crop and
grazing land management—for instance, more efficient
fertilizer use to prevent the leaching of unused nitrates,
tillage practices that minimize soil erosion, the
restoration of organic soils, and the restoration of
degraded lands
• In addition, the preservation of existing forests,
especially the rainforests of the Amazon and elsewhere,
Carbon sequestration:
the long-term storage of
carbon in plants, soils,
geologic formations, and
the ocean
• carbon in vegetation, soil, and detritus is roughly 2,200
terrestrial ecosystems -2.6 gigatonsT
• oceans - 920 gigatons
• atmosphere - 760 gigatons
• Of the carbon emitted to the atmosphere by human
activities, only 45 percent remains in the atmosphere;
about 30 percent is taken up by the oceans, and the
remainder is incorporated into terrestrial ecosystems

9. Ocean afforestation
 Seaweed grows quickly and takes no space on
land
 Afforesting 9% of the ocean could sequester 53
billion tons of carbon dioxide annually
 One side-effect is a short-term rise in CO2,
which limits its attractiveness
Ocean afforestation is a proposal
for farming seaweed for carbon
removal

10. Technological measures
• Increasing efficiency of existing systems
• Low cost, sustainable technologies suitable
locally
• Appropriate development, deployment and
diffusion of technologies
• Iron fertilization
• Synthetic limestone
• Reflective sand
Each kilogram of
iron can fix 83 t of
CO2 and generate
100 t of
phytoplankton

11. Green technology
Green technology is an umbrella
term that encapsulates any
technology that is created to be
environmentally friendly from its
production line all the way to its
usage
To meet and cater
the needs of society
in such a way without
damaging or
depleting natural
resources on earth is
the main objective of
green technology
To meet present
needs without
making any
compromises
It is essential to
develop
alternative
technologies to
prevent any
further damage
to health of
human beings
and other living
beings
1. Solar energy
2. Wind energy
3. Ocean energy
4. Geothermal energy
5. Biofuels
6. Electric cars

12. Green technology in
aquaculture
• Recently, in aquaculture sector a wide adaptation
of technologies and management such as intensive
culture practices such as raceways, cages, racks are
being practiced
• However an alarming situation has been generated
due to the rapid expansion with the associated
issues and concerns such as effluent discharge,
degradation of genetics resources, havoc diseases
and environment impact
• Green technologies can be applicable in all the
practices of aquaculture and fisheries activities that
include innovative aquaculture production systems
using environmental friendly feeds and diseases
preventive measures, low impact and fuel efficient
fishing methods, reduced energy use an greener
refrigeration technologies, and waste management

13. Legal measures

18. UNFCCC AND LEDS
• Belgium’s strategy (submitted in French) outlines measures to achieve climate neutrality by 2050
across sectors, adaptation actions, and cross-cutting goals of ensuring a socially just transition, a
secure and sufficient supply of sustainable and affordable energy, and a circular economy through
innovation and research and development, and investment and finance.
• Denmark’s ‘Climate Programme 2020’ lays out the government’s approach to reaching climate
neutrality “by 2050 at the latest.” The strategy states the government “will work to ensure an ambitious
effort for climate adaptation and resilience, as well as for sustainable development” by promoting
more ambitious climate and environmental goals, including for the trade policy in the EU and the
World Trade Organization (WTO).
• The key steps “towards a sustainable and green society” outlined in the ‘2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy
of the Republic of Korea’ include expanding the use of clean power and hydrogen across all sectors,
improving energy efficiency, commercial deployment of carbon removal and other “future
technologies,” scaling up the circular economy to improve industrial sustainability, and enhancing
carbon sinks. The document presents visions and strategies by sector, including energy, industry,
transport, buildings, agriculture, and waste. Among mitigation measures that “will provide an
opportunity for sustainable development,” the strategy highlights Korea’s emissions trading scheme
(ETS) and efforts to transition to green energy.
• Latvia’s long-term strategy integrates climate change mitigation and adaptation goals in all sectors of
the economy, and aims to increase the country’s economic competitiveness and to ensure a safe living

19. UNFCCC AND LEDS
• The Netherlands’ ‘Long term strategy on climate mitigation’ suggest that climate
become a cornerstone of the EU’s foreign, trade, and development relations and that
signing the Paris Agreement on climate change “become an essential precondition for
new trade agreements with countries outside the EU.”
• Norway’s strategy contains a vision for a low-emission society and a global low-
emission development pathway, and highlights efforts to include youth – “adults in
2050” – in the formulation of this vision. It outlines Norway’s circumstances,
opportunities, and challenges across sectors, including development of a diversified
economy and green competitiveness, and climate-smart cities and communities.
• Spain’s long-term strategy (submitted in Spanish) envisions a modern, competitive,
and climate-neutral economy by 2050. Its “triple objective” is to comply with the Paris
Agreement, plan a comprehensive transition to climate-neutral economy and society,
and maximize the opportunities derived from the energy transition.
• Among Sweden’s efforts to fulfill its long-term strategy for reducing GHG emissions, its
LEDS highlights the target of reducing emissions from domestic transport (excluding
domestic aviation, covered by the EU ETS) by at least 70% by 2030 compared with
2010.

20. Economy & policy measures
• Funds for adaptation and mitigation of climate change and ozone depletion in the National
budget
• Climate change research fund to be created- the Green Climate Fund
• Private sector initiatives to be encouraged through venture capital funds
• ICZM
• Ecosystem-based approach to management
• Carbon budget
• Carbon credit & Emissions Trading Scheme
• Incentives
• Circular economy
• Green economy
• National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC), 2008
• Ecosystem valuation
• Green tax

21. Ecosystem-based approach to
management

22. ICZM

23. Eco-tax is imposed on
emissions like CO2, on
consumption of energy
or on dangerous
pollutants, emitted by
any industrial activity
Carbon tax is a tax
imposed on the carbon
emissions required to
produce goods and
services and intended to
make visible the hidden
social costs of carbon
emission

24. Importance of economic
valuation
• Raising awareness of the value of the
environment
• Revealing the distribution of costs and
benefits of a project among winners and
losers
• Designing appropriate regulations, fees or
incentives for use of ecosystem services
• Calculating potential returns on investment
for projects that impact the environment
• Calculating values for ecosystem services and
natural capital for input into green accounts
• Calculating environmental damages and

25. Individual/societal
measures
• Public Awareness- Green literacy, Green
advocacy
• UN Years and Decades-
• 2021- International Year of Creative Economy for
Sustainable Development
• 2014-24- UN’s Decade for Sustainable Energy for
All
• 2018-28- International Decade for Action Water
for Sustainable Development
• 2021-30- International Decade of Ocean Science
for Sustainable Development
• UN’s Decade on Ecosystem Restoration

26. Carbon
footprints of
fisheries and
aquaculture

29. Summary of mitigation procedures in fisheries
sector

30. Impact of covid-19 pandemic on global mitigation process
•
 SHORT TERM IMPLICATIONS:
• Adaptation and mitigation topics have
fallen down the political agenda at all
levels of gov.
• Resources reallocated towards efforts to
manage impacts of the virus
• Challenges for adaptation planning and
implementation processes due to logistic
restrictions
• Adoption of new operational modes due
to changing priorities and operational
realities
 LONG TERM IMPLICATIONS:
• Long term socioeconomic consequences
• Reduction in availability of adaptation
finance
• Sources of external finance expected to
decrease in developing countries including
foreign direct investment, remittances and
domestic direct investment
• Viability of many countries’ long-term
adaptation plans under doubt
• United Nations, the International Monetary
Fund and the OECD- COVID-19 recovery
packages- investing in NbS- economic
recovery, employment, gender and wealth
inequalities, health systems, climate
resilience and red. emissions

31. REFERENCES
• https://www.slideshare.net/polylsgiedx/lecture-11-mitigation-and-adaptation-
52280407
• https://countercurrents.org/2019/09/inevitable-climate-crisis-adaptation-can-deliver-
7-1-trillion-in-benefits-says-global-report/
• https://www.iberdrola.com/environment/climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation
• https://www.mrgscience.com/ess-topic-73-climate-change-ndash-mitigation-and-
adaptation.html
• http://www.wamis.org/agm/meetings/rsama08/S512-Vivekanandan-Fisheries-
Aquaculture.pdf
• https://warmheartworldwide.org/
• IPCC, 2019: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
[H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska,
K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)].
In press.
• FAO. 2016. Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: Summary of the
findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report,

32. “ THE HEALTH OF OUR PLANET
AS WELL AS OUR OWN HEALTH
AND FUTURE FOOD SECURITY
ALL HINGE ON
HOW WE TREAT THE BLUE
WORLD”
FAO DIRECTOR-GENERAL JOSÉ GRAZIANO DA SILVA