Formation of coastal features
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This document discusses different coastal landforms that result from erosion and depositional processes. Coastal features like sea cliffs, wave cut platforms, headlands, bays, arches and stacks are formed by erosion. Depositional processes form beaches, spits and tombolos by the movement and accumulation of beach sediments.
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The document discusses the reasons for and key figures in early voyages of discovery eastwards. Muslims controlled trade routes like the Silk Road and taxed goods heavily, creating demand for alternative routes. Technological advances in navigation, ship designs, and weapons enabled explorers like Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartolomeu Dias, and Vasco da Gama to seek new trade routes by sea for reasons of profit, religion, and exploration. Dias was the first to sail around the southern tip of Africa, named Cape of Good Hope, while Da Gama established the first direct ocean route from Europe to India.
The power of the church and the pope
The document outlines the power and hierarchy of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. It describes how the Pope became the head of the Western church after the Roman Emperor moved the capital to Constantinople. The Pope had authority over archbishops, bishops, priests, monks and nuns. Disagreeing with the Pope could result in excommunication, which meant you could be killed without punishment. The document also discusses how Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope, demonstrating the Pope's authority over rulers.
The early crusades
The Crusades were religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem, which was considered a holy city by both faiths. When the Muslim Turks captured Jerusalem in 1099, Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade to retake the city. Peasant armies and knights answered the call but many peasants were killed by the Turks while the knights succeeded in capturing Jerusalem. However, Saladin later led the Muslims to victory in the Second Crusade, retaking much of the territory.
Mapping skills
This document discusses key concepts in mapping skills including latitude and longitude which form a grid system to identify locations on Earth. It also describes the International Date Line, and different types of photographs used in mapping like landscape photographs, aerial photographs, and satellite images which can show weather conditions and infrared energy using color coding. A key is needed to understand what different colors represent in a satellite image, such as white showing beaches and dark blue showing deep bodies of water.
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