Rischio vulcani b-short
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This document summarizes the global scale of volcanic hazards and impacts. It discusses several notable eruptions throughout history in terms of their explosivity (VEI), ash and gas emissions, climate impacts like cooling, and effects on societies including famine, disease outbreaks, and civilization changes. The largest known eruption was Toba in Indonesia approximately 75,000 years ago estimated at VEI 8, which caused global cooling of 3-5°C and may have reduced the human population to less than 20,000.
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Volcanoes 3 3
Volcanoes can have devastating effects on the surrounding land, air, and water. In 2002, the Nyiragongo volcano eruption in the Democratic Republic of Congo cut off parts of the city of Goma, destroying 40% of the town and leaving tens of thousands homeless. The densely populated area around Mount Vesuvius near Naples, Italy is also at high risk from a future eruption due to the number of people living nearby. Volcanic eruptions can cause pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash falls, mudflows, landslides, tsunamis, and steam explosions, all of which have the potential for loss of life and property destruction.
Tsunami
The document discusses tsunamis, including their causes, characteristics, and damage potential. Tsunamis are caused by underwater events that displace large volumes of water, such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and asteroid impacts. They have long wavelengths, travel at high speeds in deep water, and slow down and grow taller as they reach shallow coastal areas. Notable tsunamis include the 2004 Sumatra event that killed over 200,000 people and the devastating 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan triggered by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake.
Tsunamis
Tsunamis are large sea waves caused by undersea disturbances like earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions. They are formed when energy from the disturbance travels through the water and causes waves at the surface. The two deadliest tsunamis in recent history were the 2004 Sumatra earthquake tsunami that killed over 200,000 people and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Japan that killed over 18,000 people. While tsunamis cannot be prevented, early detection systems and educating coastal communities on evacuation help minimize loss of life.
Volcanic eruption
The document discusses volcanic eruptions. It begins with an introduction that defines volcanoes and explains that they erupt materials like lava, steam, ash and rock pieces. It then describes the process of volcanic eruption, explaining how magma is produced at plate boundaries and emerges as lava. It outlines the main types of volcanic eruptions and discusses three key reasons for eruptions related to magma density differences, gas pressure, and new magma injection. The document concludes with safety tips, advising staying away from active volcanoes and knowing evacuation plans, and outlines precautions during an eruption like wearing protective gear and sealing buildings.
Volcano mini poster
Volcanoes form in subduction zones where tectonic plates converge undersea. Magma is melted rock beneath the surface, while lava is magma that has reached the surface. The four main types of volcanoes are stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, shield volcanoes, and hot spot volcanoes. Stratovolcanoes are the most explosive type, cinder cones build up from ash and cinder, shield volcanoes erupt fluid lava quietly, and hot spots like Hawaii form as the lithosphere moves over stationary melted areas.
I.2 Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, are large storm systems characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges. They form over warm tropical waters and require certain atmospheric and oceanic conditions. When they make landfall, their damage depends on factors like wind speed, storm surge size, population distribution, and a region's development level and emergency preparedness. Hurricane Katrina (2005) caused extensive damage in the US due to its large storm surge and impact on the densely populated Gulf Coast, while Cyclone Nargis (2008) was especially deadly in Burma due to that country's lower development level and emergency response capacity.
Powerpoint 1
1) A volcano is a vent in the Earth's crust that allows magma and gases to escape from the magma chamber below.
2) Explosive volcanic eruptions pose severe hazards through ash falls, pyroclastic flows, and pyroclastic surges that can travel long distances and bury or burn everything in their paths.
3) Both explosive eruptions and effusive lava flows destroy property and infrastructure, threaten lives, and have long-lasting environmental and climatic impacts that require careful monitoring and mitigation planning.
Holy smokes its a volcano
Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hot spots. The type of eruption depends on the magma composition and amount of trapped gases. Shield volcanoes have basaltic lava and gentle slopes. Cinder cone volcanoes have steep sides built from explosive eruptions. Composite volcanoes have characteristics of both and can be very explosive, like Mount St. Helens. Scientists monitor volcanoes for warning signs like earthquakes. Volcanic eruptions release gases and ash that affect global climate and release materials that shape the land, water, and air.
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Volcanoes 3 3
Volcanoes can have devastating effects on the surrounding land, air, and water. In 2002, the Nyiragongo volcano eruption in the Democratic Republic of Congo cut off parts of the city of Goma, destroying 40% of the town and leaving tens of thousands homeless. The densely populated area around Mount Vesuvius near Naples, Italy is also at high risk from a future eruption due to the number of people living nearby. Volcanic eruptions can cause pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash falls, mudflows, landslides, tsunamis, and steam explosions, all of which have the potential for loss of life and property destruction.
Tsunami
The document discusses tsunamis, including their causes, characteristics, and damage potential. Tsunamis are caused by underwater events that displace large volumes of water, such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and asteroid impacts. They have long wavelengths, travel at high speeds in deep water, and slow down and grow taller as they reach shallow coastal areas. Notable tsunamis include the 2004 Sumatra event that killed over 200,000 people and the devastating 2011 Tohoku tsunami in Japan triggered by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake.
Tsunamis
Tsunamis are large sea waves caused by undersea disturbances like earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions. They are formed when energy from the disturbance travels through the water and causes waves at the surface. The two deadliest tsunamis in recent history were the 2004 Sumatra earthquake tsunami that killed over 200,000 people and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Japan that killed over 18,000 people. While tsunamis cannot be prevented, early detection systems and educating coastal communities on evacuation help minimize loss of life.
Volcanic eruption
The document discusses volcanic eruptions. It begins with an introduction that defines volcanoes and explains that they erupt materials like lava, steam, ash and rock pieces. It then describes the process of volcanic eruption, explaining how magma is produced at plate boundaries and emerges as lava. It outlines the main types of volcanic eruptions and discusses three key reasons for eruptions related to magma density differences, gas pressure, and new magma injection. The document concludes with safety tips, advising staying away from active volcanoes and knowing evacuation plans, and outlines precautions during an eruption like wearing protective gear and sealing buildings.
Volcano mini poster
Volcanoes form in subduction zones where tectonic plates converge undersea. Magma is melted rock beneath the surface, while lava is magma that has reached the surface. The four main types of volcanoes are stratovolcanoes, cinder cones, shield volcanoes, and hot spot volcanoes. Stratovolcanoes are the most explosive type, cinder cones build up from ash and cinder, shield volcanoes erupt fluid lava quietly, and hot spots like Hawaii form as the lithosphere moves over stationary melted areas.
I.2 Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, are large storm systems characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges. They form over warm tropical waters and require certain atmospheric and oceanic conditions. When they make landfall, their damage depends on factors like wind speed, storm surge size, population distribution, and a region's development level and emergency preparedness. Hurricane Katrina (2005) caused extensive damage in the US due to its large storm surge and impact on the densely populated Gulf Coast, while Cyclone Nargis (2008) was especially deadly in Burma due to that country's lower development level and emergency response capacity.
Powerpoint 1
1) A volcano is a vent in the Earth's crust that allows magma and gases to escape from the magma chamber below.
2) Explosive volcanic eruptions pose severe hazards through ash falls, pyroclastic flows, and pyroclastic surges that can travel long distances and bury or burn everything in their paths.
3) Both explosive eruptions and effusive lava flows destroy property and infrastructure, threaten lives, and have long-lasting environmental and climatic impacts that require careful monitoring and mitigation planning.
Holy smokes its a volcano
Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hot spots. The type of eruption depends on the magma composition and amount of trapped gases. Shield volcanoes have basaltic lava and gentle slopes. Cinder cone volcanoes have steep sides built from explosive eruptions. Composite volcanoes have characteristics of both and can be very explosive, like Mount St. Helens. Scientists monitor volcanoes for warning signs like earthquakes. Volcanic eruptions release gases and ash that affect global climate and release materials that shape the land, water, and air.
Tsunami 1
A tsunami is a large seismic wave caused by earthquakes, movement along faults, and underwater landslides. These powerful waves can travel thousands of kilometers across oceans and hit coastlines, knocking down buildings and houses and causing injuries and deaths. Tsunamis are huge waves that have the power to damage infrastructure and endanger human lives when they make landfall.
Pinatubo
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines was the second largest of the 20th century. It began with small rumblings in April 1991 and escalated over the following months with increased seismic activity and ash plumes. The largest eruption occurred on June 15th, blasting over 12 cubic km of rock and ash up to 40 km into the sky. Nearly 800 people were killed and over 1 million were displaced. Ash falls and pyroclastic flows devastated the surrounding areas and had global climate impacts. Advance monitoring and evacuations helped minimize casualties from the devastating eruption.
Pacific ring of_fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is a volcanic zone surrounding the Pacific Ocean that is home to over 450 active volcanoes. Examples provided discuss severe earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that have caused damage in Chile, Japan, New Zealand, Indonesia, and other areas along the ring due to tectonic plate movement underneath the region. The conclusion states that many of the world's earthquakes are thought to originate from the Ring of Fire, which has a history of seismic and volcanic activity.
Volcano III - Hazards
This document describes several types of volcanic hazards including tephra flows, lava flows, ash falls, mudflows, volcanic gases, caldera formation, and volcanic soil formation. It also discusses methods for monitoring volcanic activity such as satellite monitoring, earthquake and ground deformation monitoring, gas level monitoring, and studying groundwater. Diagrams illustrate the internal structure of a volcano and where different volcanic features are located.
Tsunami transcr
Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes under the sea which displace large quantities of water and create waves that can travel at 500 miles per hour. While small in deep waters, the waves grow dramatically in height to over 10 stories as they reach shallow coastal areas due to friction with the ocean floor. Tsunamis strike as a wall of water that floods over land, pulling back out to sea and dragging debris, with multiple waves arriving over an hour after the initial impact. The deadliest tsunami on record was in 2004 when an earthquake in Indonesia triggered waves that killed over 200,000 people across the Indian Ocean. Scientists monitor earthquakes globally to detect potential tsunamis and warn coastal areas to evacuate to higher
Krakatoa
This document discusses the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa volcano located between Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. It describes the massive explosion and destruction of the island as well as the global atmospheric effects, including dramatic sunsets and climate changes for years after the eruption. The eruption had widespread social and scientific impacts, and researchers continue to study Krakatoa to better understand volcanism, plate tectonics, and climate change. A new volcanic cone, Anak Krakatau, has formed since the 1883 eruption.
Mount etna case study
Mount Etna is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Sicily in Italy. It sits on a convergent plate boundary between the African and Eurasian plates. In November 2002, Mount Etna erupted, producing earthquakes, explosions, ash clouds, and two lava flows that destroyed a tourist center and vineyards. The eruption had short term economic impacts like destroying tourism but created fertile soil long term. Monitoring and prediction help minimize damage from such eruptions.
Krakatoa eruption
The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa volcano in Indonesia was one of the deadliest and most destructive volcanic events ever recorded. Over several days in late August 1883, the volcano exploded in a series of massive blasts that obliterated the island of Krakatoa. The explosions were heard thousands of miles away and generated towering tsunamis. At least 36,000 people died from the eruption and subsequent tsunamis. Significant additional effects were felt globally, including dramatic climate changes and spectacular sunsets observed for many months.
Data analysis
Mount Etna is a stratovolcano located in Sicily, Italy. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, erupting frequently since the 17th century. Eruptions deposit fertile ash on the mountain's slopes, allowing for wine grape cultivation. While large eruptions in the past caused many deaths, improved monitoring and evacuation procedures have prevented fatalities from recent eruptions. Etna's activity and composition impact the local environment and population in both positive and negative ways.
The ring of fire jyoti mazumder
This document discusses natural disasters and provides information about them. It defines a natural disaster as a major adverse event caused by natural hazards that can result in loss of life, injury, economic loss, and environmental damage. It also discusses the Ring of Fire, which is an area in the Pacific Ocean basin with many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to tectonic plate movement. Several organizations that help respond to natural disasters are also mentioned, including the National Disaster Management Authority of India and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
Volcanic Hazards Slides
The document discusses various volcanic hazards including primary hazards of ash fall and lava flow. It also discusses pyroclastic flows which can travel at 200 km/hr, volcanic gases such as CO2, H2O and SO2, secondary hazards of lahars from eruptions such as Nevado del Ruiz in 1985, and tertiary hazards of global climate change from large eruptions like Mt. Tambora in 1815 and Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes can be found on land and underwater, creating islands. The tallest volcano in the solar system is Olympus Mons on Mars, while Jupiter's moon Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Volcanoes can impact the climate and cause dangerous eruptions that endanger human life through lava, ash, gases, and other hazards. People should seek shelter indoors and move to higher ground if outdoors during an eruption.
Tsunamis by ramee teklemichael
A tsunami is a series of waves caused by the displacement of water, usually in an ocean, which is often triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other underwater explosions. Tsunamis have small wave heights offshore but grow taller as they reach shallow coastal waters, posing a threat to areas near the shore. Notable deadly tsunamis include the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 130,000 people and the 2011 Japan tsunami that caused over 9,500 deaths.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIESProfessor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of mantle hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland) or explosive eruptions in subduction zones (e.g., the Pacific Rim). LESSON: THE KNOWLEDGE AND TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL. The people who know: 1) what hazards to expect (e.g., vertical ash plume, lateral blast, lava flow, lahar), 2) where and when they will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare for them will survive. The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of vulnerabilities, and hence the risks associated with the vertical ash plume, pyroclastic flows, tephra, lava flows, and lahars will survive. The people who have timely, accurate, advance information that facilitates evacuation to get our of harm’s way of pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and lahars will survive. The International Community provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure earthquake disaster resilience. THE CHALLENGE: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction
Tsunami
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based strictly on Tsunami.
Here one can find the following details about Tsunami:
Definition of Tsunami
Major Causes of Tsunami
Pictures Related to Tsunami
Analytical and Statistical information
And other more useful details .
So Hope you like it
Thankyou
Mount pinatubo case study
Mount Pinatubo, located in the Philippines, erupted in 1991 after a period of increased seismic activity. The eruption ejected ash up to 34km into the atmosphere, covering over 125,000km2 in ash and destroying 800km2 of agricultural land. Over 800,000 livestock were killed and 1.2 million people lost their homes. Pyroclastic flows and lahars (volcanic mudflows) caused additional damage. International aid and relocation efforts helped respond to the eruption, but lahars continued to impact the area for years. The hazard is now managed through monitoring, hazard maps, and building designs to mitigate future lahar impacts.
I.3 Droughts
Droughts can have severe consequences, as seen in 2003 when 20 million people lacked food during a drought in Ethiopia. There are three main types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological. Droughts are caused by factors like high pressure systems that reduce rainfall, oceanic/atmospheric weather cycles like ENSO, and human activities such as poor farming practices.
Mount Etna case study
Mount Etna erupted in October 2013, releasing ash that fell 600km away in Libya. The eruption was caused by pressure building from magma moving along the convergent boundary between the African and Eurasian plates underneath Sicily. The eruption destroyed orange and vineyards and damaged buildings, roads, and tourist facilities, closing the airport due to ash and injuring 30 people when lava exploded into a water tank. The Italian government provided aid and tax relief to help locals recover from the economic and infrastructure impacts.
Tectonics: Volcanic hazards
A description of the main types of hazards produced by volcanoes, and some notes on case studies and management.
Mount Etna
Mount Etna is a stratovolcano located on the east coast of Sicily, Italy. At over 10,000 feet tall with a circumference of 93 miles, it is both the largest active volcano in Europe and has the longest record of activity in the world. Throughout history, Etna's eruptions have caused significant damage to nearby cities like Catania through lava flows, earthquakes, and ash falls. However, the volcanic soil from eruptions has also made the surrounding land extremely fertile for agriculture. Today, Etna continues to erupt periodically while also attracting many tourists interested in its unique geology.
Unit 4 Pre Release
The document discusses tectonic hazards and their impacts on communities. It explores the different types and levels of challenges posed by varying forms of tectonic activity such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. It examines how the impacts of tectonic hazards vary depending on location and economic development through case studies of contrasting locations. Approaches to reducing risks from tectonic hazards are also discussed.
Volcanic Hazard
Pyroclastic flows are one of the most dangerous aspects of volcanism as they can travel rapidly and kill through suffocation and burning. Lava flows are generally less explosive but can destroy anything in their path. Large eruptions can also trigger secondary hazards like mudflows, landslides, and tsunamis that increase damage far from the volcano. Long term effects include crop damage, famine, disease, and global cooling from volcanic gases that reflect sunlight.
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Tsunami 1
A tsunami is a large seismic wave caused by earthquakes, movement along faults, and underwater landslides. These powerful waves can travel thousands of kilometers across oceans and hit coastlines, knocking down buildings and houses and causing injuries and deaths. Tsunamis are huge waves that have the power to damage infrastructure and endanger human lives when they make landfall.
Pinatubo
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines was the second largest of the 20th century. It began with small rumblings in April 1991 and escalated over the following months with increased seismic activity and ash plumes. The largest eruption occurred on June 15th, blasting over 12 cubic km of rock and ash up to 40 km into the sky. Nearly 800 people were killed and over 1 million were displaced. Ash falls and pyroclastic flows devastated the surrounding areas and had global climate impacts. Advance monitoring and evacuations helped minimize casualties from the devastating eruption.
Pacific ring of_fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire is a volcanic zone surrounding the Pacific Ocean that is home to over 450 active volcanoes. Examples provided discuss severe earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that have caused damage in Chile, Japan, New Zealand, Indonesia, and other areas along the ring due to tectonic plate movement underneath the region. The conclusion states that many of the world's earthquakes are thought to originate from the Ring of Fire, which has a history of seismic and volcanic activity.
Volcano III - Hazards
This document describes several types of volcanic hazards including tephra flows, lava flows, ash falls, mudflows, volcanic gases, caldera formation, and volcanic soil formation. It also discusses methods for monitoring volcanic activity such as satellite monitoring, earthquake and ground deformation monitoring, gas level monitoring, and studying groundwater. Diagrams illustrate the internal structure of a volcano and where different volcanic features are located.
Tsunami transcr
Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes under the sea which displace large quantities of water and create waves that can travel at 500 miles per hour. While small in deep waters, the waves grow dramatically in height to over 10 stories as they reach shallow coastal areas due to friction with the ocean floor. Tsunamis strike as a wall of water that floods over land, pulling back out to sea and dragging debris, with multiple waves arriving over an hour after the initial impact. The deadliest tsunami on record was in 2004 when an earthquake in Indonesia triggered waves that killed over 200,000 people across the Indian Ocean. Scientists monitor earthquakes globally to detect potential tsunamis and warn coastal areas to evacuate to higher
Krakatoa
This document discusses the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa volcano located between Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. It describes the massive explosion and destruction of the island as well as the global atmospheric effects, including dramatic sunsets and climate changes for years after the eruption. The eruption had widespread social and scientific impacts, and researchers continue to study Krakatoa to better understand volcanism, plate tectonics, and climate change. A new volcanic cone, Anak Krakatau, has formed since the 1883 eruption.
Mount etna case study
Mount Etna is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Sicily in Italy. It sits on a convergent plate boundary between the African and Eurasian plates. In November 2002, Mount Etna erupted, producing earthquakes, explosions, ash clouds, and two lava flows that destroyed a tourist center and vineyards. The eruption had short term economic impacts like destroying tourism but created fertile soil long term. Monitoring and prediction help minimize damage from such eruptions.
Krakatoa eruption
The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa volcano in Indonesia was one of the deadliest and most destructive volcanic events ever recorded. Over several days in late August 1883, the volcano exploded in a series of massive blasts that obliterated the island of Krakatoa. The explosions were heard thousands of miles away and generated towering tsunamis. At least 36,000 people died from the eruption and subsequent tsunamis. Significant additional effects were felt globally, including dramatic climate changes and spectacular sunsets observed for many months.
Data analysis
Mount Etna is a stratovolcano located in Sicily, Italy. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, erupting frequently since the 17th century. Eruptions deposit fertile ash on the mountain's slopes, allowing for wine grape cultivation. While large eruptions in the past caused many deaths, improved monitoring and evacuation procedures have prevented fatalities from recent eruptions. Etna's activity and composition impact the local environment and population in both positive and negative ways.
The ring of fire jyoti mazumder
This document discusses natural disasters and provides information about them. It defines a natural disaster as a major adverse event caused by natural hazards that can result in loss of life, injury, economic loss, and environmental damage. It also discusses the Ring of Fire, which is an area in the Pacific Ocean basin with many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to tectonic plate movement. Several organizations that help respond to natural disasters are also mentioned, including the National Disaster Management Authority of India and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
Volcanic Hazards Slides
The document discusses various volcanic hazards including primary hazards of ash fall and lava flow. It also discusses pyroclastic flows which can travel at 200 km/hr, volcanic gases such as CO2, H2O and SO2, secondary hazards of lahars from eruptions such as Nevado del Ruiz in 1985, and tertiary hazards of global climate change from large eruptions like Mt. Tambora in 1815 and Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes can be found on land and underwater, creating islands. The tallest volcano in the solar system is Olympus Mons on Mars, while Jupiter's moon Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Volcanoes can impact the climate and cause dangerous eruptions that endanger human life through lava, ash, gases, and other hazards. People should seek shelter indoors and move to higher ground if outdoors during an eruption.
Tsunamis by ramee teklemichael
A tsunami is a series of waves caused by the displacement of water, usually in an ocean, which is often triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other underwater explosions. Tsunamis have small wave heights offshore but grow taller as they reach shallow coastal waters, posing a threat to areas near the shore. Notable deadly tsunamis include the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 130,000 people and the 2011 Japan tsunami that caused over 9,500 deaths.
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIESProfessor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of mantle hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland) or explosive eruptions in subduction zones (e.g., the Pacific Rim). LESSON: THE KNOWLEDGE AND TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL. The people who know: 1) what hazards to expect (e.g., vertical ash plume, lateral blast, lava flow, lahar), 2) where and when they will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare for them will survive. The people who have timely, realistic, advance information that facilitates reduction of vulnerabilities, and hence the risks associated with the vertical ash plume, pyroclastic flows, tephra, lava flows, and lahars will survive. The people who have timely, accurate, advance information that facilitates evacuation to get our of harm’s way of pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and lahars will survive. The International Community provides millions to billions of dollars in relief to help “pick up the pieces, ” but this strategy is not enough by itself to ensure earthquake disaster resilience. THE CHALLENGE: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction
Tsunami
This is a PowerPoint Presentation based strictly on Tsunami.
Here one can find the following details about Tsunami:
Definition of Tsunami
Major Causes of Tsunami
Pictures Related to Tsunami
Analytical and Statistical information
And other more useful details .
So Hope you like it
Thankyou
Mount pinatubo case study
Mount Pinatubo, located in the Philippines, erupted in 1991 after a period of increased seismic activity. The eruption ejected ash up to 34km into the atmosphere, covering over 125,000km2 in ash and destroying 800km2 of agricultural land. Over 800,000 livestock were killed and 1.2 million people lost their homes. Pyroclastic flows and lahars (volcanic mudflows) caused additional damage. International aid and relocation efforts helped respond to the eruption, but lahars continued to impact the area for years. The hazard is now managed through monitoring, hazard maps, and building designs to mitigate future lahar impacts.
I.3 Droughts
Droughts can have severe consequences, as seen in 2003 when 20 million people lacked food during a drought in Ethiopia. There are three main types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological. Droughts are caused by factors like high pressure systems that reduce rainfall, oceanic/atmospheric weather cycles like ENSO, and human activities such as poor farming practices.
Mount Etna case study
Mount Etna erupted in October 2013, releasing ash that fell 600km away in Libya. The eruption was caused by pressure building from magma moving along the convergent boundary between the African and Eurasian plates underneath Sicily. The eruption destroyed orange and vineyards and damaged buildings, roads, and tourist facilities, closing the airport due to ash and injuring 30 people when lava exploded into a water tank. The Italian government provided aid and tax relief to help locals recover from the economic and infrastructure impacts.
Tectonics: Volcanic hazards
A description of the main types of hazards produced by volcanoes, and some notes on case studies and management.
Mount Etna
Mount Etna is a stratovolcano located on the east coast of Sicily, Italy. At over 10,000 feet tall with a circumference of 93 miles, it is both the largest active volcano in Europe and has the longest record of activity in the world. Throughout history, Etna's eruptions have caused significant damage to nearby cities like Catania through lava flows, earthquakes, and ash falls. However, the volcanic soil from eruptions has also made the surrounding land extremely fertile for agriculture. Today, Etna continues to erupt periodically while also attracting many tourists interested in its unique geology.
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VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
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Unit 4 Pre Release
The document discusses tectonic hazards and their impacts on communities. It explores the different types and levels of challenges posed by varying forms of tectonic activity such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. It examines how the impacts of tectonic hazards vary depending on location and economic development through case studies of contrasting locations. Approaches to reducing risks from tectonic hazards are also discussed.
Volcanic Hazard
Pyroclastic flows are one of the most dangerous aspects of volcanism as they can travel rapidly and kill through suffocation and burning. Lava flows are generally less explosive but can destroy anything in their path. Large eruptions can also trigger secondary hazards like mudflows, landslides, and tsunamis that increase damage far from the volcano. Long term effects include crop damage, famine, disease, and global cooling from volcanic gases that reflect sunlight.
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The 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland grounded flights across Europe for several weeks, stranding millions of travelers. While volcanic ash poses a serious hazard to aircraft engines, the response to this eruption revealed issues with Europe's preparedness and coordination for such an event. Specifically, the safe ash concentration levels that triggered flight bans were established without scientific basis. Additionally, individual country responses were not well integrated across Europe. Future eruptions, especially of larger volcanoes, could cause significantly longer disruptions, highlighting the need for improved volcanic risk assessment and cross-border emergency planning in Europe.
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Disasters can be natural or man-made. Natural disasters include meteorological events like floods, droughts and tornadoes, topographical events like avalanches and landslides, and environmental catastrophes like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Developing countries are most vulnerable as over 95% of disaster deaths occur there. Disaster management aims to coordinate an organization's response through strategic planning rather than direct control. It focuses on reducing risks and vulnerabilities to minimize the harmful impacts of disasters.
Natural disasters and its managment
A natural disaster is the effect of earths natural hazards, for example flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake, heatwave, or landslide. They can lead to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their resilience. If these disasters continue it would be a great danger for the earth
coping with hazards
How humans from different economic backgropunds cope with different types of tectonic hazards. A2 Geography
Natural Hazards: Earthquake and Volcanic Hazards + Mitigation and Adaptation
Created by: Karl Ruelan; Philippines (c) David G.
Educational Purposes Only
For Science - 11 Presentation; 8/30/16
About Natural Hazards
Specifically: Earthquake and Volcanic Hazards
It also includes: Mitigation and Adaptation to this hazards.
Powerpoint
What is Earthquake?
The minimal to rapid shaking of the ground due to the movement of rocks along fractures known as faults.
Earthquake Hazards
Surface Rupture & Physical Damage
Liquefaction
Fires
Tsunami
Landslide
Volcanic Hazards
Pyroclastic Flows and Materials
People unable to run
Bury people and agriculture
Mudflow or LAHAR
Poisonous gases
Tsunami
Volcanic Eruption
Two Types; based on magma comp.
Explosive Eruption
Non-Explosive Eruption
HAZARD MAPS
One of the government’s response to mitigate and adapt to the hazards.
Developed to indicate the places where most of the natural disasters usually occur and will most likely occur.
by the shaking itself or by the ground beneath them settling to a different level than it was before the earthquake (subsidence) or (uplift).
Subsidence is the motion of a surface (usually, the Earth's surface) as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level.
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.
Philippines experience a lot of Earthquakes because it is located in the Circum-Pacific Belt, situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire
Pacific Ring of Fire is term used for VOLCANOES only.
Hazard perception and response kates
Perception of hazards is influenced by the information we receive and how we filter and distort it, leading to perceptions that may not match reality. As a result, individual, community and national responses to hazard risks are significantly shaped by perception. A model of human perception and response shows that natural hazards pass through a perceptual environment before eliciting a behavioral response, with increasing distance and impersonality affecting this process. Perceptions of acceptance, dominance, or adaptation then determine responses of doing nothing and accepting losses, pursuing technological solutions, or adapting lifestyles and behaviors respectively.
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Natural disaster
1) A natural disaster is defined as a natural hazard that causes significant financial and human losses through its impact on the environment. Examples include floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and epidemics.
2) Natural disasters occur when natural hazards intersect with vulnerabilities in human systems. Major causes are seismic activity, soil erosion, and the greenhouse effect.
3) Natural disasters can be categorized as either hydrometeorological, involving atmospheric/hydrological phenomena like floods and storms, or geological, involving earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides.
Natural disaster
1) A natural disaster is defined as a natural hazard that causes significant financial and human losses through its impact on the environment. Examples include floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and epidemics.
2) Natural disasters occur when natural hazards intersect with vulnerabilities in human systems. Major causes are seismic activity, soil erosion, and the greenhouse effect.
3) Natural disasters can be categorized as either hydrometeorological, involving atmospheric/hydrological phenomena like floods and storms, or geological, involving earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides.
Natural disasters
This document summarizes different types of natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, floods, wildfires, tornadoes, avalanches, and typhoons. It also discusses man-made disasters such as wars, riots, accidents, nuclear bombings, and terrorist incidents. Specific examples of different natural disasters are provided such as avalanches that occurred in locations like the Italian Alps, Austria, and Afghanistan. Cyclones, droughts, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions are also described in more detail with examples given for each type of disaster. The document concludes with discussing preparedness measures that can be taken to help mitigate disasters which include evaluation, assured
VolcanoesII.ppt
This document discusses the prediction and impacts of volcanic eruptions. It describes methods for long-term and short-term prediction of eruptions based on monitoring factors like gas emissions, surface tilting, and earthquake activity. The impacts discussed include hazards from lava flows, ash falls, pyroclastic flows, lahars, nuée ardentes, landslides, volcanic gases, tsunamis, and potential effects on global climate. Examples of historically deadly eruptions like Mount Pelée and Krakatoa are provided. The document also introduces the concept of supervolcanic eruptions ejecting over 1,000 cubic km of material.
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The document summarizes the history of natural hazards and disasters that have impacted the Philippines, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, floods, and landslides. Some of the most devastating events mentioned are the 1990 Luzon earthquake that killed over 1,600 people, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption that killed over 800, the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan that was the deadliest typhoon in Philippine history with over 6,000 deaths, and the recent landslides triggered by Tropical Storm Megi in 2022 that killed over 120 people. The document outlines how factors like geology, proximity to hazards, population density, and infrastructure can influence an area's vulnerability to natural disasters.
volcano
The document discusses volcanoes, including:
- Volcanoes form when magma is forced from below the Earth's surface. There are currently around 50-60 volcanic eruptions per year.
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W5 P1 Volcanic Eruption Hazards NEW.pptx
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Exceptional Icy Cold Waves that Swept Across Different Parts of the World dur...
The unprecedented cold, snowy waves that swept across different parts of the globe during the winter of 2021 2022 cannot be attributed to the climatic changes that the world is currently witnessing..Rather, its cause is due to the thousands of tons of sulfur gases that were emitted from the ground volcano CumbreVieja on the Spanish island of La Palma, which lies to the west of the Maghreb and which lasted for a period of three full months, starting from September 19, 2021 until December 13, 2021., as well as the sulfur gases that were emitted from the submarine volcano Hunga Tonga HungaHaapai Volcano, which is located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean on January 15, 2022. The force of the explosion of the last volcano is believed to be the largest volcanic eruption recorded anywhere on the planet in 30 years, as the volcanic eruption was strong enough to inject volcanic material into the stratosphere, which can lead to a cooling effect on global temperatures. The sharp cold waves were not limited to this winter, but also during the winter and spring of 2020 2021 there were very cold waves due to the explosion of La Soufrière volcano on the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent, which began its eruption on December 27, 2020 and then exploded on April 9, and the explosion continued until noon April 11, 2021. This volcano released into the upper atmosphere the highest level of sulfur dioxide ever recorded after satellites began monitoring the Earths atmosphere in the mid 20th century. Thus, it can be said that this exceptionally icy coldwaves is due to the release of large quantities of sulfur dioxide gas from volcanoes and which led to blocking the suns rays from the earth due to the formation of aerosol in the stratosphere. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "Exceptional Icy Cold Waves that Swept Across Different Parts of the World during the Current and Previous Rainy Seasons" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49764.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/49764/exceptional-icy-cold-waves-that-swept-across-different-parts-of-the-world-during-the-current-and-previous-rainy-seasons/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
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The power of mother nature
This document discusses several natural disasters including earthquakes, avalanches, tsunamis, volcanoes, and tornadoes. It provides details on the causes and effects of each disaster. For earthquakes, it notes they are mostly caused by faults rupturing and details the relative energy levels of different magnitude quakes. For tsunamis, it explains they are caused by displacement of large water volumes, and discusses the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Japan tsunamis. It also summarizes information on avalanches occurring from increased snow loads, and describes volcanoes as ruptures allowing underground gases and lava to escape.
Tsunami.pptx
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
2. Tsunamis can travel at over 970 kph (600 mph) in the open ocean, which is as fast as a jet plane flies.
3. The main causes of tsunamis are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and explosions, landslides, meteorite impacts, and glacial calvings. Underwater earthquakes are the most common cause of tsunamis.
4. Early tsunami warning systems involve seismic monitoring sensors on the seafloor that
Natural Disasters
This document provides an overview of natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and tornadoes. It discusses what causes these events, how destructive they can be including historical examples, and what warning systems and precautions exist in hazard-prone areas. Credible online sources were selected using criteria including accuracy, authority, objectivity, currency, and coverage of information.
A amp B 3 The term tephra defines all pieces of rock fra.pdf
#A & B
3) The term tephra defines all pieces of rock fragments ejected into the air by an erupting volcano.
Most tephra falls back onto the slopes of the volcano, enlarging it. But, billions of smaller and
lighter pieces less than 2mm in diameter (less than one-tenth of an inch), termed ash, are carried
by winds for thousands of miles. Falling ash, even in low concentrations, can disrupt human
activities hundreds of miles downwind, and drifting clouds of fine ash can endanger jet aircraft
thousands of miles away. When it has settled on and near the ground, volcanic ash threatens the
health of people and livestock, damages electronics and machinery, and interrupts power
generation, water and transportation systems, and telecommunications (USGS) The Eyjafjallajkull
volcano in Iceland erupted spectacularly in April 2010. The heat from the lava beneath the crater
of the glacier-covered summit quickly melted and vaporized the glacier ice above. Mud, ice, and
meltwater running off the volcano swelled local rivers and streams, flooding farmland and
damaging roads. Expanding gasses from the rapid vaporization of ice caused explosions that
resulted from the contact of water and magma. The hydro-phreatic explosions sent a plume of
steam and ash almost 7 miles (11km) into the atmosphere. The plume was driven southeast,
across the North Atlantic Ocean to northern Europe, by the prevailing winds. Fearing the damage
to commercial aircraft and potential loss of life that could result from flying through the ash cloud,
many European countries closed their national airspace and grounded flights for several days.
(after Britannica)Image left: 2010 ash plume from Eyjafjallajkull eruption. Image right: Composite
map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 14-25 April 2010. View looking down onto the North Pole.
Source: Wikipedia a) Heat from magma can change water suddenly to steam, which can expand
to more than a thousand times the original volume of water. The sudden expansion results in an
explosive force that can blast a volcano to pieces and create large amounts of volcanic ash. Name
the type of explosion produced when water in groundwater, seawater, or even melting glacial ice
or snow comes into contact with magma. b) Referring to the ash plume map above, estimate the
percentage of the planet's circumference the ash plume traveled in the first 2 weeks of April 2010.
(Hint: Count the wedge-shaped sections that show dark and light gray ash. Divide the number of
sections with ash by the total number of sections. For example, 6 sections with ash divided by 24
total sections =6 divided by 24=.25 or 25% of the globe. Do not use these numbers. Count the
sections on the image above and show your calculations..
Natural disasters NA1D
The document discusses various natural disasters including hurricanes, volcanoes, earthquakes, and nuclear accidents. It provides details on the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster, describing the explosion at the power plant and the widespread radioactive contamination that resulted. Over 350,000 people were evacuated from affected areas and it is estimated the disaster may eventually cause thousands of cancer deaths.
Tohoku Earthquake
A 9.0 magnitude underwater earthquake struck off the coast of northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011, generating a powerful tsunami. The tsunami waves ranged from 3-6 meters high and flooded over 561 square kilometers of land, devastating many coastal cities and killing over 16,000 people. The earthquake and tsunami also caused a nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, resulting in radiation leaks and the evacuation of over 200,000 residents from the area. The disaster caused over $300 billion in damages and displaced 400,000 people across Japan.
Josh Matthew's Project In Science
The document summarizes information about earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses what causes earthquakes, provides examples of major earthquakes including photos, and describes effects like ground shaking, surface faulting, liquefaction, landslides, fires, and tsunamis. It also defines what a volcano is, describes the different parts of a volcano, classifies the main types of volcanoes, and explains volcanic eruptions and their products. Safety tips are also mentioned. Maps of fault zones in the Philippines are presented.
Geoproject_Pinatubo 1991
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines was one of the largest eruptions of the 20th century. It began with small explosions in early April and escalated to major explosive eruptions between June 9-15, unleashing powerful pyroclastic flows and ejecting millions of tons of ash into the atmosphere. The eruption devastated large areas with ashfall and lahars, affecting over 1 million people and killing over 800. It also had significant global impacts, cooling global temperatures in the years after due to sulfur dioxide emissions.
T A A L V O L C A N O U P D A T E 21june2010
The document provides information about Taal Volcano in the Philippines including its physical features, eruptive history, current monitoring status, and hazards. Taal Volcano Island is located in a 25 km wide caldera and has had 33 recorded eruptions since 1572. The volcano currently has an Alert Level of 2 which indicates low to moderate seismic activity with possible magmatic intrusion that could lead to an eruption. Hazard warnings are based on the alert level with total evacuation of the island advised at Level 5.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries due to the buildup and sudden release of energy from shifting tectonic plates. When plates lock, potential energy builds until released as seismic waves that propagate outward from the earthquake focus. Most earthquakes occur along oceanic and continental plate edges or along faults like normal, reverse, and transform boundaries. P and S waves are the primary seismic waves, with P waves traveling faster and S waves causing the shaking felt during quakes. Earthquake magnitude measures the energy released using the Richter scale, while intensity qualitatively describes the shaking effects on a place using the Mercalli scale.
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Rischio vulcani b-short
- 1. The global scale spectrum of the volcanic hazard Maurizio Ripepe University of Florence, Italy
- 2. EYJAFJALLAJOKULL (Iceland) 2010 – VEI 3/4 ~250 milions m3 of lava (DRE) erupted in 38 days Volcanic gas: >80% of H2O, ~10% CO2, ~10% SO2, H2S, HCl, etc. Volcanic ash is the result of the magma fragmentation Ash is composed by ~58% of silica – highly abrasive Ejected at 105-106 kg/s
- 3. Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI) Newhall and Self, 2009 Plume Height (km) stratosphere troposphere
- 4. Volcanic Ash Dispersal and Aviation Safety Aeroports Closed from April 15 to 21 ~95000 flights CANCELLED ~5 millions of passengers grounded ~150 milioni € lost per day ! 3000 millions € of TOTAL Loss In 5 DAYS !!
- 5. Volcanic Ash Plume and Atmosphere Interaction Troposphere Image above South-America from Space Shuttle Hong Kong 1992 Pinatubo eruption The Scream:i Munch (1893)
- 6. Volcanic Ash Plume and Atmosphere Interaction Pinatubo volcano (Philippines) VEI 6 – June 1991 Increase of the Atmospheric Optical Depth Climate forcing was stronger than the opposite, warming effects of El Niño event or anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the period 1991-93.
- 7. Volcanic Ash Plume and Atmosphere Interaction Large quantity of small particles (<10 mm) increases the planetary albedo Mean Temperature on Earth can be reduced of ~0.6°C
- 8. TAMBORA eruption (Indonesia) 1815– VEI 7 the year without summer (1816) ~160 km3 of lava/ash ejected - ash column reached >43 km In the stratosphere. - the explosion was heard 2,600 km away Global climate anomalies in North American and European weather. Agricultural crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, The worst famine of the 19th century. ~70.000 people died from starvation and disease, and ~ 10,000 were killed directly by the eruption.
- 9. TAMBORA eruption (Indonesia) 1815– VEI 7 Strong Impact on Society in the following years the “bright sun was extinguish’d” and “morn came and went—and came, and brought no day.” Lord Byron’s “Darkness,” 10% of probability an other Tambora-like Eruption will occurr in the next 50 years (Rampino et al., 1988) For 2-3 days complete darkness in a radius of 600 km around Tambora Famine and deseases spread all around triggering typhus and cholera epidemic
- 10. LAKI eruption (Islanda) 1783-1784 – VEI 6 • 8 month of eruption • 14 km3 of lava ejected • 120 tonns of SO2 • 15 km ash plume • 25% of islanders died Massive emission of SO2 - 23000 fatilities in England
- 11. Santorini (Thera) – Minoan (1600 BC) Eruption – VEI 6/7 Santorini Creta Atene 30-150 m Tsunami waves devasted Crete 110 km far away Consequences: Downfall of Minoan civilization Climate effects reported in China Heavy rainstorms devastated Egypt 4 times larger than Krakatoa 30-35 km height ash plume
- 12. The Flegrean Field Volcano – VEI 7 13 km large caldera - Main eruption 39.000 years ago - 500 Km3 of DRE lava erupted - 60 m of ash 1 million of people living inside Flegrean Field Ash-fall VEI 7 (Pyle et al.,JVGR, 2006) Distance >2500 km Area ~3x106 km2 Fallout ~40 km3 Total Vol. ~200 km3
- 13. The Flegrean Field Volcano – VEI 7
- 14. Mt. Vesuvius (Italy) & Risk Perception ~2 millions of people living in the area – small perception of the risk
- 15. The Largest Eruption on Earth: TOBA VEI 8 Lago Toba Lago Toba (Indonesia) 100 km 2800 km3 of erupted lava – India and Pakistan covered by 15 cm of ash
- 16. TOBA Super Eruption – VEI ≥8 – 75000 years 3-5°C decrease of the mean temperature (Rampino and Self, 1996) - 2°C after 10 years, cooler mean temperature for 1000 years Human population reduced to <20000 (Huff et al., 2010) (The Genetic bottleneck )
- 17. Civilization exists by geologic consent, subject to change without notice (Will Durant, 1935) William Ashcroft.