I.2 Tropical cyclones
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Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons, are large storm systems characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges. They form over warm tropical waters and require certain atmospheric and oceanic conditions. When they make landfall, their damage depends on factors like wind speed, storm surge size, population distribution, and a region's development level and emergency preparedness. Hurricane Katrina (2005) caused extensive damage in the US due to its large storm surge and impact on the densely populated Gulf Coast, while Cyclone Nargis (2008) was especially deadly in Burma due to that country's lower development level and emergency response capacity.
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I.3 Droughts
Droughts can have severe consequences, as seen in 2003 when 20 million people lacked food during a drought in Ethiopia. There are three main types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological. Droughts are caused by factors like high pressure systems that reduce rainfall, oceanic/atmospheric weather cycles like ENSO, and human activities such as poor farming practices.
I.1 Earthquakes
Earthquakes result from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that causes seismic waves and potential secondary hazards like tsunamis. They can cause significant damage depending on factors like their depth, the type of buildings and infrastructure, and secondary hazards. Major earthquake and tsunami events in recent history include the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami that killed over 250,000 people in Indonesia.
IV. Disasters
This document discusses different types of natural hazard events and compares the human impact of each event based on number of victims. It provides examples of earthquakes in Haiti (2010) and San Francisco (1989), tsunamis in Japan (2011) and California (2011), tropical cyclones in Burma (2008) and the Caribbean-USA (2010), and droughts in Texas (2010) and Ethiopia (2003). It also discusses industrial accidents at Three-Mile Island (1979) and Bhopal, India (1984). The document suggests considering additional factors for measuring hazard event intensity and outlines phases of the disaster process from a natural event like the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan.
Tsunamis
Tsunamis are large sea waves caused by undersea disturbances like earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions. They are formed when energy from the disturbance travels through the water and causes waves at the surface. The two deadliest tsunamis in recent history were the 2004 Sumatra earthquake tsunami that killed over 200,000 people and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Japan that killed over 18,000 people. While tsunamis cannot be prevented, early detection systems and educating coastal communities on evacuation help minimize loss of life.
Tsunamis
1) A tsunami is a series of waves created when large amounts of water are displaced, usually by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
2) The 2004 Sumatran tsunami was caused by a magnitude 9.3 earthquake and killed over 225,000 people across 11 countries, making it the deadliest natural disaster on record.
3) Early warning systems were not in place in the Indian Ocean in 2004, but a 10-year old girl who had studied tsunamis recognized the signs and helped evacuate a beach, saving lives.
Tsunami
A tsunami is a series of waves generated by an underwater displacement of water, usually caused by earthquakes. Tsunamis are not single waves but rather a "wave train" consisting of multiple waves. They can be very destructive when reaching land, causing flooding and crushing coastal structures with fast-moving water. Proper warning systems and evacuation of low-lying areas can help reduce loss of life from these devastating natural disasters.
Tsunami explanation text
The document is an explanation of tsunamis. It begins with a general statement defining a tsunami as a series of waves generated by the rapid displacement of water on a massive scale. It then provides a sequenced explanation that tsunamis are generated when the seafloor abruptly deforms and displaces the overlying water, such as during submarine earthquakes when tectonic plates shift. The closing statement notes that tsunamis cause great damage primarily from the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front as the sea level rises quickly and floods coastal areas with great force.
Tsunami Nsr
A tsunami is a large wave caused by underwater disturbances like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. The massive waves can travel across the ocean at over 500 mph. Though small in deep water, tsunamis can grow dramatically to heights over 30 meters as they reach shallow coastal waters. This is because the entire water column is in motion, not just surface waves. When a tsunami approaches land, the water may recede dramatically from the shore before the wave hits. Powerful currents then inundate the land with devastating force.
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I.3 Droughts
Droughts can have severe consequences, as seen in 2003 when 20 million people lacked food during a drought in Ethiopia. There are three main types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological. Droughts are caused by factors like high pressure systems that reduce rainfall, oceanic/atmospheric weather cycles like ENSO, and human activities such as poor farming practices.
I.1 Earthquakes
Earthquakes result from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that causes seismic waves and potential secondary hazards like tsunamis. They can cause significant damage depending on factors like their depth, the type of buildings and infrastructure, and secondary hazards. Major earthquake and tsunami events in recent history include the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami that killed over 250,000 people in Indonesia.
IV. Disasters
This document discusses different types of natural hazard events and compares the human impact of each event based on number of victims. It provides examples of earthquakes in Haiti (2010) and San Francisco (1989), tsunamis in Japan (2011) and California (2011), tropical cyclones in Burma (2008) and the Caribbean-USA (2010), and droughts in Texas (2010) and Ethiopia (2003). It also discusses industrial accidents at Three-Mile Island (1979) and Bhopal, India (1984). The document suggests considering additional factors for measuring hazard event intensity and outlines phases of the disaster process from a natural event like the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan.
Tsunamis
Tsunamis are large sea waves caused by undersea disturbances like earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions. They are formed when energy from the disturbance travels through the water and causes waves at the surface. The two deadliest tsunamis in recent history were the 2004 Sumatra earthquake tsunami that killed over 200,000 people and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Japan that killed over 18,000 people. While tsunamis cannot be prevented, early detection systems and educating coastal communities on evacuation help minimize loss of life.
Tsunamis
1) A tsunami is a series of waves created when large amounts of water are displaced, usually by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
2) The 2004 Sumatran tsunami was caused by a magnitude 9.3 earthquake and killed over 225,000 people across 11 countries, making it the deadliest natural disaster on record.
3) Early warning systems were not in place in the Indian Ocean in 2004, but a 10-year old girl who had studied tsunamis recognized the signs and helped evacuate a beach, saving lives.
Tsunami
A tsunami is a series of waves generated by an underwater displacement of water, usually caused by earthquakes. Tsunamis are not single waves but rather a "wave train" consisting of multiple waves. They can be very destructive when reaching land, causing flooding and crushing coastal structures with fast-moving water. Proper warning systems and evacuation of low-lying areas can help reduce loss of life from these devastating natural disasters.
Tsunami explanation text
The document is an explanation of tsunamis. It begins with a general statement defining a tsunami as a series of waves generated by the rapid displacement of water on a massive scale. It then provides a sequenced explanation that tsunamis are generated when the seafloor abruptly deforms and displaces the overlying water, such as during submarine earthquakes when tectonic plates shift. The closing statement notes that tsunamis cause great damage primarily from the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front as the sea level rises quickly and floods coastal areas with great force.
Tsunami Nsr
A tsunami is a large wave caused by underwater disturbances like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. The massive waves can travel across the ocean at over 500 mph. Though small in deep water, tsunamis can grow dramatically to heights over 30 meters as they reach shallow coastal waters. This is because the entire water column is in motion, not just surface waves. When a tsunami approaches land, the water may recede dramatically from the shore before the wave hits. Powerful currents then inundate the land with devastating force.
Tsunami
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on tsunamis submitted by Jisha Antony for their social science class. It introduces tsunamis, explaining that they are a series of waves caused by displacement of water, generally in oceans or large lakes, due to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides or other disturbances above or below water. It then covers the etymology, history, effects and warnings of tsunamis, noting Japan's long history with tsunamis and the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The presentation discusses drawbacks like deceptive troughs and receding waters, and concludes that while tsunami prediction has improved, much remains unknown about what triggers them.
Explanation Text about Tsunami
The document summarizes information about tsunamis. It defines a tsunami as a series of waves generated by the rapid displacement of water on a massive scale, which can be caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impacts. The effect of tsunamis can range from unnoticeable to devastating. It notes that while tsunamis pass unnoticed in deep ocean waters, they take on characteristics of violent tides as they approach land. The document provides both general information about tsunamis and answers specific questions about tsunami causes, effects, terminology, and behavior in deep versus shallow waters.
Tectonics: Tsunami risk management
Case studies and examples of how to manage Tsunami's using Stromboli as an example, and an overview of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
Earthquakes and tsunamis by Omar Calleja, 3.03
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The largest earthquakes in history have been around magnitude 9. Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fault propagation. Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that occur after a mainshock in the same region.
Tsunamis are large sea waves caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and other underwater disturbances. They can devastate coastal regions due to their immense volume of water and high energy. As tsunamis approach shore and waters shallow, their velocity decreases but they can still cause damage through their powerful waves and ability to drain land and carry debris
Tsunami presentation
Tsunamis are series of large waves created by the displacement of water in seas or oceans. They are most commonly caused by earthquakes under the sea floor or volcanic eruptions. Tsunamis have a small amplitude offshore but grow significantly larger as they reach shallower coastal waters. Areas near coastlines are devastated by the fast moving wall of water which can reach heights of 30 meters, destroying homes and structures. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused widespread damage in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands due to the lack of a warning system.
Subduction zones
Subduction zones occur where two tectonic plates collide and one plate slides under the other, curving down into the Earth's mantle. This marks a violent boundary on Earth where oceanic crust subducts under continental crust, sometimes creating volcanoes above the subduction zone. Key terms include continental crust, oceanic crust, and subduction zones can form volcanoes as one plate slides under the other into the mantle.
Tsunami by Kanmani
Here I have prepared a power point presentation about Tsunami.
I have collected information and pictures from different sites.
Anyone who wants to use it, please feel free to download and use it.
In this I have also covered other types of Natural disasters like Hurricane, Volcano, Storm etc..
all about tsunami
this is one of my projects that I had made for my class X holiday homework, I hope this can help you gain some information about tsunamis and if you also want to make a project like this, I hope I have helped you. - mansvini
(5 12 09) How Earthquakes Work
Earthquakes are caused by movements of the Earth's tectonic plates. When plates suddenly shift along a fault line, seismic waves are released and radiate outward from the epicenter. There are different types of seismic waves that travel through the Earth's crust and core at varying speeds. Scientists use seismographs to detect and measure the amplitude of seismic waves, assigning magnitudes to earthquakes according to the Richter Scale.
Tsunami
The document discusses tsunamis, providing key facts and definitions. It explains that tsunamis are large waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides under the sea. The document outlines the devastating impacts of tsunamis, noting the 2004 Thailand tsunami that killed over 230,000 people and the 2011 Japan tsunami that killed over 300,000. It also discusses Hawaii's vulnerability to tsunamis and the largest tsunami ever recorded at 1,720 feet tall in Alaska in 1958.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: EARTHQUAKES
1. An earthquake occurs when built-up tension along fault lines in the Earth's crust is suddenly released, causing the ground to shake.
2. The effects of an earthquake depend on several factors, including its magnitude on the Richter scale, distance from the epicenter, and the level of development in the affected area.
3. The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan caused over 30,000 injuries, left over 300,000 homeless as buildings collapsed, and led to long-term economic and social impacts as the city was rebuilt.
Natural disasters
Natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions can cause widespread damage and loss of life. The most destructive hurricanes include Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Major earthquakes like the 1976 Tangshan earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake killed hundreds of thousands. Volcanic eruptions like Mount St. Helena in 1980 and Krakatoa in 1883 caused devastation. Floods along rivers like the Huang He in China and tsunamis triggered by earthquakes, such as the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, are also serious natural hazards.
explanation text : tsunami
The document discusses tsunamis. It begins by defining a tsunami as a series of waves generated by the rapid displacement of large volumes of water. It then explains that tsunamis can be caused by sudden movements of the sea floor or earth's crust at tectonic plate boundaries. Specific triggers like subduction zone earthquakes are described. The document concludes by noting that tsunamis cause extensive damage primarily through the huge wave of water that floods coastal areas.
01 chapter:Earthquake
The document summarizes key aspects of seismology and plate tectonics. It describes how seismology studies earthquakes and seismic wave propagation to understand Earth's internal structure. It then outlines Earth's major layers - crust, mantle, and core. It introduces the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics to explain the movement of tectonic plates across Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the mantle. It categorizes the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates spread apart, convergent boundaries where they collide subduct or collide, and provides examples of each.
Tsunami
Tsunami are powerful waves created by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides that displace large volumes of water. They can reach heights over 30 meters and speeds over 700 km/hr, destroying everything in their path. The devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed over 118,000 people across several countries, displaced millions, and caused widespread damage to infrastructure and the environment. Relief efforts provided temporary housing, food, water and medical aid to victims, but recovery is a long process and many remain in need of support years later.
Volcanic eruptions
Volcanic eruptions occur when magma and gases are released from a volcano, sometimes explosively. The most dangerous type is a glowing avalanche of freshly erupted magma flowing down the volcano's sides at up to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Other hazards include ash fall and lahars (mudflows). Volcanoes often cause population displacement and food shortages due to eruptions. The document then discusses different types of volcanic eruptions such as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean, and Plinian in more detail. It also covers distribution of volcanoes, causes of eruptions, hazardous effects, damages caused, and disaster management strategies like preparedness, response,
Tsunami transcr
Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes under the sea which displace large quantities of water and create waves that can travel at 500 miles per hour. While small in deep waters, the waves grow dramatically in height to over 10 stories as they reach shallow coastal areas due to friction with the ocean floor. Tsunamis strike as a wall of water that floods over land, pulling back out to sea and dragging debris, with multiple waves arriving over an hour after the initial impact. The deadliest tsunami on record was in 2004 when an earthquake in Indonesia triggered waves that killed over 200,000 people across the Indian Ocean. Scientists monitor earthquakes globally to detect potential tsunamis and warn coastal areas to evacuate to higher
Subduction zone - Elshaima
Subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries where one tectonic plate slides under another plate. There are two types of lithosphere - oceanic and continental - and subduction can happen between oceanic-oceanic plates, oceanic-continental plates, or continental-continental plates. When two plates converge, one plate will subduct below the other at a boundary called a subduction zone.
Plate Tectonics
This animation explains the Theory of Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics through five key points of evidence: the matching shapes of continents, fossil evidence, rock evidence, mountain formation evidence, and glacial scarring evidence. It describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that float on the upper mantle and move due to convection currents in the mantle driven by heat and gravity, causing the continents to drift apart and collide over time. This movement of plates also explains various natural phenomena such as earthquakes, mountain building, and volcanic activity.
Chernobyl disaster
The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 was the worst man-made disaster in history. Operator errors at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine caused one of the reactors to explode, releasing massive amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 30 people died in the initial months and thousands more developed long-term illnesses. The radioactive cloud spread over much of Europe, exposing millions of people. A permanent exclusion zone remains around the site of the accident.
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina formed over the Bahamas in late August 2005 and strengthened to a Category 5 storm as it approached the Gulf Coast of the United States. It made landfall on August 29th near New Orleans as a Category 3 storm, causing devastating wind damage, heavy rainfall, and a catastrophic storm surge. The failure of levee systems in New Orleans resulted in more than 80% of the city being flooded, with some areas under 6 meters of water. Over 1,800 people lost their lives and property damage was estimated at $81 billion, making Katrina the costliest hurricane in U.S. history.
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Tsunami
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on tsunamis submitted by Jisha Antony for their social science class. It introduces tsunamis, explaining that they are a series of waves caused by displacement of water, generally in oceans or large lakes, due to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides or other disturbances above or below water. It then covers the etymology, history, effects and warnings of tsunamis, noting Japan's long history with tsunamis and the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The presentation discusses drawbacks like deceptive troughs and receding waters, and concludes that while tsunami prediction has improved, much remains unknown about what triggers them.
Explanation Text about Tsunami
The document summarizes information about tsunamis. It defines a tsunami as a series of waves generated by the rapid displacement of water on a massive scale, which can be caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and meteorite impacts. The effect of tsunamis can range from unnoticeable to devastating. It notes that while tsunamis pass unnoticed in deep ocean waters, they take on characteristics of violent tides as they approach land. The document provides both general information about tsunamis and answers specific questions about tsunami causes, effects, terminology, and behavior in deep versus shallow waters.
Tectonics: Tsunami risk management
Case studies and examples of how to manage Tsunami's using Stromboli as an example, and an overview of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOS...
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS RESULTING FROM ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
Earthquakes and tsunamis by Omar Calleja, 3.03
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The largest earthquakes in history have been around magnitude 9. Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fault propagation. Aftershocks are smaller earthquakes that occur after a mainshock in the same region.
Tsunamis are large sea waves caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and other underwater disturbances. They can devastate coastal regions due to their immense volume of water and high energy. As tsunamis approach shore and waters shallow, their velocity decreases but they can still cause damage through their powerful waves and ability to drain land and carry debris
Tsunami presentation
Tsunamis are series of large waves created by the displacement of water in seas or oceans. They are most commonly caused by earthquakes under the sea floor or volcanic eruptions. Tsunamis have a small amplitude offshore but grow significantly larger as they reach shallower coastal waters. Areas near coastlines are devastated by the fast moving wall of water which can reach heights of 30 meters, destroying homes and structures. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused widespread damage in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands due to the lack of a warning system.
Subduction zones
Subduction zones occur where two tectonic plates collide and one plate slides under the other, curving down into the Earth's mantle. This marks a violent boundary on Earth where oceanic crust subducts under continental crust, sometimes creating volcanoes above the subduction zone. Key terms include continental crust, oceanic crust, and subduction zones can form volcanoes as one plate slides under the other into the mantle.
Tsunami by Kanmani
Here I have prepared a power point presentation about Tsunami.
I have collected information and pictures from different sites.
Anyone who wants to use it, please feel free to download and use it.
In this I have also covered other types of Natural disasters like Hurricane, Volcano, Storm etc..
all about tsunami
this is one of my projects that I had made for my class X holiday homework, I hope this can help you gain some information about tsunamis and if you also want to make a project like this, I hope I have helped you. - mansvini
(5 12 09) How Earthquakes Work
Earthquakes are caused by movements of the Earth's tectonic plates. When plates suddenly shift along a fault line, seismic waves are released and radiate outward from the epicenter. There are different types of seismic waves that travel through the Earth's crust and core at varying speeds. Scientists use seismographs to detect and measure the amplitude of seismic waves, assigning magnitudes to earthquakes according to the Richter Scale.
Tsunami
The document discusses tsunamis, providing key facts and definitions. It explains that tsunamis are large waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides under the sea. The document outlines the devastating impacts of tsunamis, noting the 2004 Thailand tsunami that killed over 230,000 people and the 2011 Japan tsunami that killed over 300,000. It also discusses Hawaii's vulnerability to tsunamis and the largest tsunami ever recorded at 1,720 feet tall in Alaska in 1958.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: EARTHQUAKES
1. An earthquake occurs when built-up tension along fault lines in the Earth's crust is suddenly released, causing the ground to shake.
2. The effects of an earthquake depend on several factors, including its magnitude on the Richter scale, distance from the epicenter, and the level of development in the affected area.
3. The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan caused over 30,000 injuries, left over 300,000 homeless as buildings collapsed, and led to long-term economic and social impacts as the city was rebuilt.
Natural disasters
Natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions can cause widespread damage and loss of life. The most destructive hurricanes include Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Major earthquakes like the 1976 Tangshan earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake killed hundreds of thousands. Volcanic eruptions like Mount St. Helena in 1980 and Krakatoa in 1883 caused devastation. Floods along rivers like the Huang He in China and tsunamis triggered by earthquakes, such as the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, are also serious natural hazards.
explanation text : tsunami
The document discusses tsunamis. It begins by defining a tsunami as a series of waves generated by the rapid displacement of large volumes of water. It then explains that tsunamis can be caused by sudden movements of the sea floor or earth's crust at tectonic plate boundaries. Specific triggers like subduction zone earthquakes are described. The document concludes by noting that tsunamis cause extensive damage primarily through the huge wave of water that floods coastal areas.
01 chapter:Earthquake
The document summarizes key aspects of seismology and plate tectonics. It describes how seismology studies earthquakes and seismic wave propagation to understand Earth's internal structure. It then outlines Earth's major layers - crust, mantle, and core. It introduces the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics to explain the movement of tectonic plates across Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the mantle. It categorizes the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where plates spread apart, convergent boundaries where they collide subduct or collide, and provides examples of each.
Tsunami
Tsunami are powerful waves created by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides that displace large volumes of water. They can reach heights over 30 meters and speeds over 700 km/hr, destroying everything in their path. The devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed over 118,000 people across several countries, displaced millions, and caused widespread damage to infrastructure and the environment. Relief efforts provided temporary housing, food, water and medical aid to victims, but recovery is a long process and many remain in need of support years later.
Volcanic eruptions
Volcanic eruptions occur when magma and gases are released from a volcano, sometimes explosively. The most dangerous type is a glowing avalanche of freshly erupted magma flowing down the volcano's sides at up to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Other hazards include ash fall and lahars (mudflows). Volcanoes often cause population displacement and food shortages due to eruptions. The document then discusses different types of volcanic eruptions such as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean, and Plinian in more detail. It also covers distribution of volcanoes, causes of eruptions, hazardous effects, damages caused, and disaster management strategies like preparedness, response,
Tsunami transcr
Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes under the sea which displace large quantities of water and create waves that can travel at 500 miles per hour. While small in deep waters, the waves grow dramatically in height to over 10 stories as they reach shallow coastal areas due to friction with the ocean floor. Tsunamis strike as a wall of water that floods over land, pulling back out to sea and dragging debris, with multiple waves arriving over an hour after the initial impact. The deadliest tsunami on record was in 2004 when an earthquake in Indonesia triggered waves that killed over 200,000 people across the Indian Ocean. Scientists monitor earthquakes globally to detect potential tsunamis and warn coastal areas to evacuate to higher
Subduction zone - Elshaima
Subduction zones occur at convergent plate boundaries where one tectonic plate slides under another plate. There are two types of lithosphere - oceanic and continental - and subduction can happen between oceanic-oceanic plates, oceanic-continental plates, or continental-continental plates. When two plates converge, one plate will subduct below the other at a boundary called a subduction zone.
Plate Tectonics
This animation explains the Theory of Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics through five key points of evidence: the matching shapes of continents, fossil evidence, rock evidence, mountain formation evidence, and glacial scarring evidence. It describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that float on the upper mantle and move due to convection currents in the mantle driven by heat and gravity, causing the continents to drift apart and collide over time. This movement of plates also explains various natural phenomena such as earthquakes, mountain building, and volcanic activity.
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2 Introduction To Tropical Cyclones
Tropical Low Pressure Systems are intense low pressure systems with closed circulation also known as hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones. They form over warm ocean waters and have diameters between 200-650km. They contain an eye that is calm at the center surrounded by an eyewall with the strongest winds and thunderstorms. For a disturbance to develop into a full storm, it needs warm ocean waters, atmospheric disturbances, and conditions that allow the transfer of heat away from the storm.
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Tropical Low Pressure Systems are intense low pressure systems with closed circulation also known as hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones. They form over warm ocean waters and have diameters between 200-650km. They contain an eye that is calm at the center surrounded by an eyewall with the strongest winds and thunderstorms. For a disturbance to develop into a full storm, it needs warm ocean waters, atmospheric disturbances, and conditions that allow the transfer of heat away from the storm.
Cyclone
Cyclones are intense low pressure areas characterized by very strong circulating winds. They develop over warm tropical oceans and are classified as extra-tropical or tropical depending on location. Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall, strong winds over 100 km/h, and storm surges which can flood coastal areas. India's east coast is most vulnerable as the Bay of Bengal sees several cyclones each year. Early warning systems and evacuation plans are needed to minimize loss of life and property when cyclones make landfall. Proper construction and site selection above flood levels can strengthen buildings to withstand cyclone winds and rains.
Hurricanes2013New.ppt
Hurricanes are powerful tropical cyclones that form over warm ocean waters and have sustained winds of at least 74 mph. They can cause heavy rain, flooding, tornadoes, and devastating storm surges near coasts. Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history include the 1900 Galveston hurricane, which killed over 8,000 people, and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, which caused $125 billion in damage and over 1,800 deaths. Hurricanes derive their energy from the warm ocean waters of the tropics and can grow stronger through positive feedback loops involving moisture and heat. While track forecasts have improved, intensity predictions remain challenging due to the complex dynamics within hurricanes.
Hurricane
Hurricanes and cyclones are low pressure weather systems surrounded by closed isobars with increasing pressure outward and circulating air towards the center. There are two main types: tropical cyclones that form between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and extra-tropical cyclones that form at higher latitudes. Tropical cyclones are classified based on intensity from weak to strong, with hurricanes being the strongest type in this region. Hurricanes have very low central pressures below 950 mb and can have wind speeds over 180 kph. They also have an eye of low wind at the center that is typically rain-free.
Hurricanes
1) Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and require specific conditions including high heat, humidity, and low wind shear.
2) Hurricanes develop through several stages from formative to mature as the eye forms and winds intensify.
3) Hurricanes can cause both short term damage through winds and flooding as well as long term destruction through landscape alterations.
Natural disasters
Natural disasters are major adverse events caused by natural processes like earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes. They often result in loss of life, property damage, and economic losses depending on a population's resilience. Common natural disasters include tsunamis caused by earthquakes under the sea, tornadoes which are violent rotating columns of air, volcanic eruptions which produce lava and ash, earthquakes caused by faults in the earth's crust, and floods from overflowing water. Forest fires, landslides, avalanches, and cyclones are also types of natural disasters, while epidemics can spread disease among human populations on a large scale.
Global Hazards Patterns
The document discusses various natural hazards that can occur globally and in the UK, including earthquakes, flooding, drought, tropical cyclones, volcanoes, and landslides. It provides details on the causes and impacts of these hazards, maps showing risk areas, and examples of major disasters in recent decades. It also compares the natural hazard risks facing the Philippines and California coast regions.
14. cyclone nargis
Cyclone Nargis caused severe damage in Myanmar in 2008. It formed over warm waters in the Bay of Bengal and traveled west, making landfall in Myanmar. The storm caused catastrophic damage due to strong winds and heavy rainfall. Over 138,000 people were killed or left missing. The damage was exacerbated by the lack of early warning systems and destruction of coastal mangrove forests that normally help protect against storm surges.
Atmospheric Disturbances, Storms and Natural Hazards.pptx
This document discusses various atmospheric disturbances and natural hazards, including storms. It describes middle latitude cyclones, also known as extra-tropical or mid-latitude cyclones, which develop at polar fronts and travel along them, causing variations in weather. Hurricanes are also discussed, which are large rotating systems that form over warm ocean waters and can be extremely destructive due to high winds, flooding, storm surges and tornadoes. Thunderstorms, which produce lightning and thunder, and tornadoes, the most powerful of weather phenomena, are additionally summarized.
Geology Based natural Disasters in sri Lanka
This document summarizes geology based natural disasters that occur in Sri Lanka. It discusses the main types of natural disasters seen in the country, which include landslides, subsidence, and tsunamis. Landslides are the most common geology based disaster, making up around 30% of the country's land area. The document outlines the different types of landslides that typically happen, including falls, slides, and topples. It also discusses the causes of landslides and methods for mitigating landslide risks. Subsidence and tsunamis are also briefly covered.
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A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS - HAZARDS RESULTING FROM ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES. It contain case studies: Hurricane Katrina 2005, Cloud Seeding in New Zealand 1950-1970.
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Earthquake 1
The document provides information about natural disasters, specifically earthquakes and tropical cyclones. It defines earthquakes and tropical cyclones, describes their causes and effects, and lists measures to minimize damage. For example, it explains that earthquakes are caused by plate tectonic movement and can cause infrastructure damage, while tropical cyclones derive energy from warm ocean waters and can bring strong winds and flooding to coastal areas.
Hydro-Metrological Disasters (Disaster Management)
This document provides an overview of various types of hydro-meteorological disasters including floods, cyclones, avalanches, lightning, heat waves, cold waves, droughts, and thunderstorms. It describes the causes and effects of each type of disaster, highlighting that hydro-meteorological disasters result from the interaction of atmospheric and hydrological systems and can threaten lives and property. Precautions are outlined for many of the disasters to help people protect themselves during events.
tropical_cyclones.ppt
This document provides information on tropical cyclones, including their development, stages, characteristics, forecasting, and mitigation strategies. It defines a tropical cyclone and describes the environmental conditions needed for development. The stages of development from tropical wave to hurricane are explained. Characteristics like cloud formations, pressure patterns, and wind distributions are outlined. Forecasting methods and challenges are touched on, including improving forecast accuracy over time. Finally, strategies for mariners to monitor storms and evade tropical cyclones at sea or in port are presented.
Typhoon Final Presentation.pptx
This document discusses typhoons, including their formation, causes, effects, and mitigation measures. It defines a typhoon as a large storm system with violent winds circulating around a low pressure center. Typhoons form over warm ocean waters, with energy derived from evaporating water that rises and condenses into clouds. Stronger typhoons develop an eye with calm winds at the center. Typhoons are classified into 5 categories based on wind speed, from a tropical depression to a super typhoon with winds over 249 km/h. The document outlines the key stages in a typhoon's formation and lists objectives for students to understand typhoons and their impacts.
Natural disaster
There are differences between natural disasters and man-made social problems. Natural disasters are caused by natural forces like earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, etc. while man-made problems are caused by human activities like accidents, wars, terrorism. Natural disasters tend to disproportionately impact poorer countries and communities that have less ability to prepare for and respond to disasters due to lack of resources and infrastructure. While disasters may initially seem purely natural, human activities can exacerbate their impacts through issues like environmental degradation, lack of disaster planning, and unequal social vulnerabilities. It is important to consider both the natural and human factors that contribute to disasters.
Natural disaster
This document discusses the differences between natural problems and social problems. It provides examples of natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, volcanic eruptions, and avalanches. It explains that while the causes of these disasters may be natural phenomena, the impact and damage is often exacerbated by human factors like poverty, lack of infrastructure, and environmental degradation. For social problems, it notes that a social problem is defined as an undesirable condition that threatens people's quality of life and values. Social problems result from issues related to a society's perceptions and norms. The document contrasts natural disasters with social issues.
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This document discusses several topics related to international trade and development, including:
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2. Factors such as tariffs, foreign aid, debt relief, and structural adjustment programs that impact global trade and economic disparities between countries.
3. Differences between conventional, fair, and ethical trade and the benefits and challenges they pose for participating countries.
The International Baccalaureate
The document summarizes the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program, a rigorous two-year pre-university course of study. The IB program aims to develop independent critical thinkers through a balanced curriculum across arts, languages, mathematics, sciences, and social sciences. Students complete an extended essay, theory of knowledge course, and creativity-action-service requirements. Graduates of the IB program have been successful in gaining admission to top universities worldwide. The IB aims to promote international understanding through its multicultural and globally recognized curriculum.
IV. The sustainable city
The document describes Rogers' models of sustainable and unsustainable city systems. It then provides examples of sustainable city management strategies in various cities. Some key points:
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I. Urban populations
This document discusses trends in urbanization and patterns of urban settlements. It covers topics like megacities, urbanization in different regions, and inward and outward population movements in cities. Key points include:
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This document discusses various measures of globalization and international economic interactions over time, including:
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2) Major regional economic organizations and data on world trade in 2006, including intra-regional and out-of-region trade amounts.
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IV. Gender and change
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III. Migrations
The document summarizes several key theories and observations about patterns of human migration:
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4. Models of
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I. Population change
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2) An extreme event combined with a vulnerable population may result in a limited disaster.
3) The combination of an extreme event and a highly vulnerable population leads to a major disaster.
It defines disaster as a major hazardous event exacerbated by poor human preparedness and response.
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This document defines and describes several key characteristics used to analyze natural hazards and disasters, including magnitude, frequency, duration, areal extent, spatial concentration, and speed of onset. It also mentions return period and provides a diagram showing the relationships between magnitude and frequency and between magnitude and return period for different natural hazards like tropical cyclones, droughts, and earthquakes.
I.4 Technological hazards
Technological hazards such as industrial leaks and accidents can cause severe consequences like pollution and health issues as shown in events like the Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl disaster, and Gulf oil spill. These events demonstrate that industrial leaks are often caused by negligence and lack of safety precautions, and can negatively impact the environment and human lives through pollution, radiation exposure, and health problems. Assessing responsibilities and learning from past mistakes is important to prevent such severe outcomes from industrial accidents going forward.
Open house
Academic Programs offered at the French American International School / International High School in San Francisco. For more information go to www.
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Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
I.2 Tropical cyclones
- 1. HAZARD #2: TROPICAL CYCLONES (HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, CYCLONES) Category 5 tropical cyclone “Isabel” (2003), North of the Caribbean islands, seen from space, with peak winds of 265 km/h (only ~ 50 victims) Tropical cyclone: storm system characterized by a large low-pressure center (depression) and numerous thunderstorms that produce very strong winds (100-300 km/h) and heavy rain (500mm in 24hrs) and ocean surges (1-10 meters)
- 2. TROPICAL CYCLONE CHARACTERISTICS: ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION The atmospheric circulation is the result of the Coriolis force due to the rotation of the planet Note: ICTZ = Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone 1. Explain three factors required to lead to formation of cumulonimbus clouds 2. Name two regions of the globe which combine these three factors
- 3. TROPICAL CYCLONES CHARACTERISTICS: FORMATION OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE (DEPRESSION) 1. Explain why tropical cyclones form in the ITCZ 2. State the direction taken by upward spiraling winds in the Northern hemisphere, due to the Coriolis force 3. Describe the difference between cumulo- nimbus and cirrus clouds 4. Explain why tropical cyclones lose strength when passing over land Cirrus clouds Cumulo-nimbus clouds
- 4. TROPICAL CYCLONES CHARACTERISTICS: EYE VS RAINBANDS
- 5. TROPICAL CYCLONES CHARACTERISTICS: PRESSURE + WIND-DRIVEN WATER SURGE • Pressure surge is usually about 10mm for every millibar of pressure drop (normal is 1015 mb • Strong tropical depression can drop to ~900 mb (= 1 m pressure surge + wind-effect) Explain what causes huge surges during tropical cyclones Katrina surge (2005)
- 6. TROPICAL CYCLONES: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION 1. Circle regions which combine high hazard + high vulnerability 2. Suggest factors which explain the extensive damages caused by a tropical cyclone
- 7. TROPICAL CYCLONE: DAMAGE FACTORS • Strength of tropical cyclone: not a factor in itself however, if the storm doesn’t make landfall or doesn’t hit a densely populated area (eg: almost not casualties during category 5 hurricane Frances, 2004) • Distribution of population: populations living in windward low-lying coastal areas are very vulnerable (e.g.: Cancun, Miami, New Orleans, some Caribbean Islands • Development level: planning laws, emergency planning, evacuation measures, relief operations, housing types, etc. MEDCs tend to have better preparedness and response to tropical cyclones than some very poor LEDCs Case-studies in textbook (p.206-207): • Hurricane Katrina (US Gulf Coast, 2005): 1,800 casualties + 800,000 homeless, winds up to 225 km/h, surge up to 9m • Cyclone Nargis (Burma, 2008): 134,000 casualties + millions homeless 1. Research why Katrina caused extensive damages 2. Explain why Nargis was more destructive than Katrina