Introduction Blood group systems ABO Blood Group System Blood Plasma Blood cells and cell like bodies Blood transfusions in ABO blood group system

1. BLOOD

2. Table of Contents:
 Introduction
 Blood group systems
 ABO Blood Group System
 Blood Plasma
 Blood cells and cell like bodies
 Blood transfusions in ABO blood group system

3. Introduction
 Blood is a specialized body fluid that is
composed of a liquid called blood plasma
and blood cells
 The weight of blood in our body is about
1/12th of our body
 The average adult body has about 5 liters of
blood
 In a healthy person plasma constitutes about
55% by volume of blood, and cells or cell
like bodies are about 45% by volume of the
blood

4. BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS
 Blood group systems are a classification of blood based on the
presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells
 An antigen is a molecule that can stimulate an immune response

5. ABO Blood Group System
 It was discovered by the Austrian scientist
Karl Landsteiner, who found four different
blood groups (blood types) in 1900
 He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine
for his work
 In this system, there are four different blood
groups which are distinct from each other on
the basis of specific antigens (antigen A and
B) present on the surface of RBCs

6. ABO Blood Group System
 A person having antigen A has blood group A, a person having
antigen B has blood group B, a person having both antigens has
blood group AB, and a person 5 having none of the A and B
antigens has blood group O
 After birth, two types of antibodies i.e anti-A & anti-B antibodies
appear in the blood serum of individuals
 These antibodies are present according to the absence of
corresponding antigen

7. ABO Blood Group System
 In persons with blood group A, antigen A is present and antigen B
is absent
 So their blood will contain anti-B antibodies
 In persons with blood group B, antigen B is present and antigen A
is absent
 So their blood will contain anti-A antibody
 A total of 29 human blood group systems are now recognized by
the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT)

8. ABO Blood Group System
 In persons with blood group AB, antigens A & B are present i.e.
neither is absent
 So their blood serum will contain no antibody
 In persons with blood group O, neither antigen A nor antigen B is
present i.e. both are absent
 So their blood serum will contain both antibodies i.e. anti-A & anti-
B

10. BLOOD PLASMA
 Plasma is primarily water in which proteins,
salts, metabolites and wastes are dissolved
 Water constitutes about 90-92% of plasma
and 8- 10% are dissolved substances
 Salts make up 0.9 % of plasma, by weight.
Sodium chloride and salts of bicarbonates
are present in considerable amounts
 Ca, Mg, Cu, K and Zn are found in trace
amounts
 Changes in the concentration of any salt can
change the pH of blood (normal is 7.4)

11. BLOOD PLASMA
 Proteins make 7-9 % by weight of plasma
 The important proteins present in plasma are antibodies,
fibrinogen (blood clotting protein), albumin (maintains the
water balance of blood) etc
 Plasma also contains the digested food (absorbed from
digestive system), nitrogenous wastes and hormones
 Respiratory gases i.e. CO2 and O2 are present in the plasma

12. BLOOD CELLS AND
CELL-LIKE BODIES
These include:
 Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
 White blood cells (leukocytes)
 Platelets (thrombocytes).

13. Red Blood Cells
(Erythrocytes)
 These are the most numerous
of blood cells
 A cubic millimeter of blood
contains 5 to 5.5million of
RBCs in males, and 4 to 4.5
million in females
 About 95% of the cytoplasm
of RBCs is filled with
hemoglobin, which transports
O2 and small amounts of CO2
 The remaining 5% consists of
enzymes, salts and other
proteins

14. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
 Average life span of RBC is about four months (120 days) after
which it breaks down in liver and spleen by phagocytosis
 In a normal person about 2-10 million red blood cells are formed
and destroyed every second

15. White Blood Cells
(Leukocytes)
 These are colorless, because they do not
contain pigments
 They are not confined to blood vessels
and also migrate out into tissue fluid
 One cubic millimeter of blood contains
7000 to 8000 WBCs
 Their life span ranges from months to
even years, depending on body’s needs
 WBCs function as the main agents in
body’s defence system

16. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
 They are not cells, but are fragments of
large cells of bone marrow, called
megakaryocytes
 They do not have any nucleus and any
pigment
 One cubic millimeter of blood contains
250,000 platelets
 The average life span of a blood platelet
is about 7 to 8 days
 Platelets help in blood clotting
 The clot serves as a temporary seal at the
damaged area

17. Blood transfusion
 Blood transfusion is the process of transferring
blood or blood-based products from one person
into the circulatory system of another
 Blood transfusions can be lifesaving in some
situations, such as massive blood loss due to
injury, or can be used to replace blood lost
during surgery

18. Blood transfusion
 People suffering from anemia, hemophilia, thalassemia or sickle-
cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions
 A number of infectious diseases (such as AIDS, hepatitis B and
hepatitis C etc.) can pass from the affected blood donor to recipient
 Before blood transfusion, the blood of donor is checked for the
presence of germs etc