Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
This research work examined the impact of Agriculture output on Economic Growth in Nigeria, with the objective of determining the relationship between the Agricultural sector and the Economic Growth rates in Nigeria. Thus, the research was aimed at examining the contributions of agriculture (value added) to the growth of the national economy, investigating government expenditure on agriculture in Nigeria, and determining the contributions of crop production from agriculture on the Nigerian economy. Data were collected from the World Bank Data base and CBN statistical bulletin. Co-Integration and Vector Error correction model techniques were employed as well as the Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between Agriculture and Economic Growth. As a result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the research found that Agriculture has positive and long run impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst many other things that the Government of Nigeria should put in more efforts to diversify the Nigerian economy as the Nigerian agricultural sector currently suffers a lot of marginalization which has not enabled it to contribute more significantly as it should.
Agricultural Development during Structural TransformationTri Widodo W. UTOMO
(Case Study of Hachiman-cho, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
Prepared to fulfill assignments in the Domestic Field Work Course, GSID Nagoya Universisity, 2002
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Role of agriculture in economic development of the ssaMulenge Peter
Sub-Saharan countries include the 48 independent countries that lie south of the Sahara desert, excluding South Africa, because its agriculture system reflects that of developed countries.
This research work examined the impact of Agriculture output on Economic Growth in Nigeria, with the objective of determining the relationship between the Agricultural sector and the Economic Growth rates in Nigeria. Thus, the research was aimed at examining the contributions of agriculture (value added) to the growth of the national economy, investigating government expenditure on agriculture in Nigeria, and determining the contributions of crop production from agriculture on the Nigerian economy. Data were collected from the World Bank Data base and CBN statistical bulletin. Co-Integration and Vector Error correction model techniques were employed as well as the Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between Agriculture and Economic Growth. As a result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the research found that Agriculture has positive and long run impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst many other things that the Government of Nigeria should put in more efforts to diversify the Nigerian economy as the Nigerian agricultural sector currently suffers a lot of marginalization which has not enabled it to contribute more significantly as it should.
Agricultural Development during Structural TransformationTri Widodo W. UTOMO
(Case Study of Hachiman-cho, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
Prepared to fulfill assignments in the Domestic Field Work Course, GSID Nagoya Universisity, 2002
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
Rethinking agricultural development,the caribbeanDebbie-Ann Hall
This paper traces the evolution of agricultural development thinking and reviews agricultural development strategies in the Caribbean from colonial period to the present.
The Role of agriculture in economic development - in TanzaniaElisha Magolanga
Agriculture continues to provide livelihood for about 80% of the labour force despite the trends towards income diversification and urbanization (Bryceson 1999; GoT 2011). The majority of farmers are smallholders who rely on traditional methods in cultivation and livestock-keeping. The average farm size is less than two hectares per household. Since the mid-1980s, the growth in domestic food production has lagged behind the population growth which has been over 2.5% annually. Especially the per capita production of fresh vegetables, roots and tubers has declined while wheat imports have grown manifold (Haapanen, 2011).
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Agriculture in Bihar: the latent sector of development inventionjournals
Bihar is the third most populous state in India with majority of its population depending on agriculture. Thus, agriculture yet forms the backbone of development. An average Indian still spends almost half of his/her total expenditure on food and roughly half of India’s work force is still engaged in agriculture for its livelihood. Being both a source of livelihood and food security for a vast majority of low income, poor and vulnerable sections of society, its performance assumes greater significance in view of the proposed National Food Security Bill and the ongoing Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme. The experience from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South African) countries indicates that a one percentage growth in agriculture is at least two to three times more effective in reducing poverty than the same growth emanating from non-agriculture sectors. Thus with proper thrust on technologies, institutional direction, farm level support services, all delivery mechanisms, improved farm infrastructure including rural connectivity , Bihar could be developed as a granary of India. It can also be developed as the major hub of fruits, vegetables, and fisheries for both national and global markets. The entire economic growth processes in Bihar depends on the dynamics of agriculture. There are successful experiments in different parts of the country, which if adopted, can provide an answer to various problems which Bihar is facing in its race to higher productivity levels. Bihar can then surely catch up with the present productivity levels of rice and wheat in Punjab and other cherished goals in maize, pulses, oilseeds, horticulture and livestock production in the next few year Plans. The paper tries to prove that if agriculture is developed systematically then agriculture can be one of the major profit earning sectors for Bihar.
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
Subject:
An Overview Of Agricultural Sector In Bangladesh
Bangladesh GDP from Agricultural (2006-17)
SWOT Analysis Of Agricultural Sector In Bangladesh
Recommendation
Conclusion
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
This article talks about the Union Budget 2009-2010 and gives details whether it fits together with the vision 2020. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research.
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
Rethinking agricultural development,the caribbeanDebbie-Ann Hall
This paper traces the evolution of agricultural development thinking and reviews agricultural development strategies in the Caribbean from colonial period to the present.
The Role of agriculture in economic development - in TanzaniaElisha Magolanga
Agriculture continues to provide livelihood for about 80% of the labour force despite the trends towards income diversification and urbanization (Bryceson 1999; GoT 2011). The majority of farmers are smallholders who rely on traditional methods in cultivation and livestock-keeping. The average farm size is less than two hectares per household. Since the mid-1980s, the growth in domestic food production has lagged behind the population growth which has been over 2.5% annually. Especially the per capita production of fresh vegetables, roots and tubers has declined while wheat imports have grown manifold (Haapanen, 2011).
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Agriculture in Bihar: the latent sector of development inventionjournals
Bihar is the third most populous state in India with majority of its population depending on agriculture. Thus, agriculture yet forms the backbone of development. An average Indian still spends almost half of his/her total expenditure on food and roughly half of India’s work force is still engaged in agriculture for its livelihood. Being both a source of livelihood and food security for a vast majority of low income, poor and vulnerable sections of society, its performance assumes greater significance in view of the proposed National Food Security Bill and the ongoing Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) scheme. The experience from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South African) countries indicates that a one percentage growth in agriculture is at least two to three times more effective in reducing poverty than the same growth emanating from non-agriculture sectors. Thus with proper thrust on technologies, institutional direction, farm level support services, all delivery mechanisms, improved farm infrastructure including rural connectivity , Bihar could be developed as a granary of India. It can also be developed as the major hub of fruits, vegetables, and fisheries for both national and global markets. The entire economic growth processes in Bihar depends on the dynamics of agriculture. There are successful experiments in different parts of the country, which if adopted, can provide an answer to various problems which Bihar is facing in its race to higher productivity levels. Bihar can then surely catch up with the present productivity levels of rice and wheat in Punjab and other cherished goals in maize, pulses, oilseeds, horticulture and livestock production in the next few year Plans. The paper tries to prove that if agriculture is developed systematically then agriculture can be one of the major profit earning sectors for Bihar.
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
Subject:
An Overview Of Agricultural Sector In Bangladesh
Bangladesh GDP from Agricultural (2006-17)
SWOT Analysis Of Agricultural Sector In Bangladesh
Recommendation
Conclusion
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
This article talks about the Union Budget 2009-2010 and gives details whether it fits together with the vision 2020. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research.
Implementation of agricultural automation system using web & gsm technolo...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This project probes into the implementation of agricultural automation system using WEB and GSM technologies. This Embedded project is to design and develop a low cost system which is based on embedded platform for agricultural automation. Optimum usage of water is main objective of this system. This project uses soil moisture sensor and temperature sensor to detect the water quantity present in agriculture and water level sensor is used for detecting water level in tank. In this system we monitor status of the sensors through WEB and GSM technologies. Here temperature, soil moisture and water level can be monitored on web page through micro controller and information will be send by SMS. This page contains all the information about the status of the sensors. This information will be viewed at remote location by using GPRS technology. Key words: WEB and GSM technologies, Embedded platform, Soil moisture sensor, Temperature sensor.
Kray Protection - Autonomous agricultural drones for crop dustingArtem Sorokin
Crop protection with ground application takes up to 20% of crop value due to trampling and requires a big equipment capex. Aerial application with currently available aviation services can cut these costs roughly in half.
Nevertheless, these services have severe disadvantages - they are outsourced (only 22% of US&C farms, the biggest ones, have own aerial application capabilities), too expensive ($25 to $50 per hectare), limited (a lot of fields cannot be processed due to size and form, or obstacles), prone to capacity shortages (many farmers need the same service in the same time, so shortages are practically inevitable).
Besides the crop protection needs to be applied in a particular moment of the crop or pest life cycle (often window is limited to 1 day) – so being able to make it exactly when it is needed is very important and not possible with current states of things in any way of application.
The very important is that application of crop protection impacts up to 70% of yield, so outsourcing it to aerial services leads to limited control.
Therefore, the reliable, inexpensive, in-house, productive enough aerial solution for crop protection application could solve severe pain experienced by farmers with middle-sized acreage.
An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible, visual or other form of alarm signal about a problem or condition. Alarm devices are often outfitted with a siren.
Alarms in an operation and maintenance (O&M) monitoring system, which informs the bad working state of (a particular part of) the system under monitoring. First-out alarm safety alarms, which go off if a dangerous condition occurs.
IT Project - course 270 Zayed University.
know it is an information technology course however I don’t have the interest to talk about technology for example introducing a software however my interest more roles to history and facts. That is why I chose my topic “ the history of communication”. My topic is consisted on 6 main points. The first point in my presentation is defining the term communication in which people can relate to or find it simpler to absorb. Secondly I have listed communication types followed by communication tools. Concluding the presentation into 3 points and displaying my bibliography of my previous research’s sources. The “Questions” template is the last slide and that’s is to allow the students to ask me any question they want to know more.
I used for my presentation the classic Microsoft PowerPoint software. I didn’t want to complicate things or introduce the topic it artistically. I believe a topic can reach people by its simplicity and highlights. I think my topic is useful to ZU student in which it presents new information they can add to their background around communication history.
This ppt contains a detailed analysis about the Motion sensing and Detecting methods.
It Further draws the attention of Different types of Motion Sensing.
It also adds light to the upcoming technologies using the motion sensing methods..
BETTER DOWNLOAD THE PPT FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND CLEAR VISUAL APPERANCE FOR THE PRESENTATION..
Uday salunkhe challenges and opportunties for agri sector in indiaudaysalunkhe
This article talks about the Challenges and opportunities for agriculture sector in India. It has been co- authored by Dr. Uday Salunkhe, Director of the prestigious Welingkar Institute of Management and Research
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
This study sets to assess the effect of government intervention on economic development adopting Songhai Development Initiative Farm in Rivers State of Nigeria as a case study. It adopted the survey design with the instruments of personal observations, interviews and questionnaires to collect the required data. The data has internal consistency of 0.87, test-retest reliability of 0.85 (p < 0.001), split-half reliability of 0.82 (p < 0.001). The mean of 3 points was chosen as a cut off point for accepting or rejecting each of the items in the Likert’s scale. The Chi-square was also used to test the hypothesis. All items have mean (X ̅) that are higher than the cut-off mark and this is supported by low standard deviation for all the items which depicts a low variation of the observations from the mean. With the calculated Chi-square greater than the table value (i.e 30.34957 > 21.026) in absolute term, the study concludes that there is a significant relationship between Songhai Development Initiative Farm and the economic development. It, therefore, recommended that such and similar government direct involvements in the agricultural and other sectors should be encouraged for optimum benefits in output, job creation, income, social welfare and technological advancement.
ToR for the policy dialogue relative to the IYFFFatimata Kone
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE POLICY DIALOGUE RELATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF FAMILY FARMING (IYFF) IN BAMAKO
THEME : BUILDING RESILIENCE TO FEED WEST AFRICA: PROPOSALS FROM FAMILY FARMERS
Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under the Growth E...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study investigated the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers under the growth enhancement scheme in Egbeda and Surulere Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multistage sampling technique was used in the random selection of 250 respondents using copies of a structured questionnaire. The result of average input used of respondents was farm size (1.59ha), labor used (23 man-days), seed (30 kg), years of education (6.23 years), fertilizer (259.69 kg), and seasonal extension contact (7) while the average input per farm was 4,162.89 kg. Efficiency of farmers was influenced by the significant input variables such as farm size (3.3749), fertilizer (0.2094), and experience were significant at 1% while years of education (0.6038) and agrochemicals (0.0846) were significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. The distribution of efficiency score showed that farms within the range of 0.81–0.90 were highest with 62.4%. It was, therefore, recommended that policy that will stimulate more extension services and labor availability to improve on output.
Strategies to Enhance Youths’ Involvement in Agricultural Production Enterpri...AI Publications
This paper determined strategies to enhance youths’ involvement in agricultural production enterprises for employment and sustainable development in Benue State. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. Survey research design was adopted. The study was carried out in Benue State. The population for the study was 1,691,657 made up of 1,691,515 youths and 142 agricultural extension agents. Multistage sampling technique was employed and 40 respondents made up of 258 youths and 142 extension agents were used for the study. All extension agents were used due to its manageable size. Data was collected using a 30 items questionnaire known as Youths’ Involvement in Agricultural Production Enterprise Questionnaire (YIAPEQ). Face validation of the instrument was done by three experts. Cronbach Alpha was used to determine the reliability and a coefficient of 0.82 was obtained. 400 copies of the instrument were distributed to the respondents and 384 copies were retrieved. Mean, standard deviational and t-test statistical tools were employed. The result showed that all the 13 items were factors inhibiting youths’ participation in agricultural production enterprises while all 17 items were accepted as strategies to enhance youths’ participation in agricultural production enterprises. It was recommended that youths should be mentored and encouraged through provision of loans among others. Also, agricultural production should be linked to social media to communicate innovations in agriculture to youths.
Unlockin investment and finance wbg final project edxStellaOkeke1
final project for World Bank Group open course on edx.
This project aim to make every one interested aware of the huge benefit and potential of using agriculture as a means of impact investment. and unlocking opportunities in a developing economy.
The agricultural Production and Economic Growth: Their effects in reducing po...AI Publications
The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the link between agricultural production and economic growth in Cote d’Ivoire based on poverty alleviation. The results demonstrate that government investment in agricultural sector play a significant and important role in the economic development both in short and long term, hence promoting living standard in Cote d’Ivoire. The paper also reveals that socio-economic and natural factors influence national agriculture production level in long run. As recommendation the study suggests that government and the private sector must combine their investment efforts on agricultural product transformation in order to boost national gross production by the sector mechanization. This reform could help to avoid agricultural sector dependency to natural phenomena like rain and drought.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off Farm Activities as ...ijtsrd
The overall purpose of the study was to assess the perception of farming households on off farm activities as a livelihood coping strategy in Wudil local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. At stage one, purposive sampling technique was used to select two 2 wards cikingari and sabongari for the study. At stage two, seven 7 farmers’ cooperatives were picked based on convenience and accessibility. At the final stage, simple random sampling was employed to select ten 10 respondents from each of the farmers’ cooperatives, this give a total of seventy 70 sample size for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used, these were derived from administration of structured questionnaire and review of relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, ranking and standard deviation were used to analyze the four specific objectives. Findings of the research shows that majority 38.57 of the respondents go into fishing activities during off farm season, followed by those who diversify into clay pot making and carpentry work constituting 11.43 , and 10 respectively. As regards the respondents’ perception of off farm income activities those that strongly agreed to the statement “there was reduced level of idleness crime rate as a result of involvement in off farm activities” constitute the highest mean value of X=4.64 , followed by agreement to‘there was improvement in procurement of inputs as a result of involvement in off farm activities’ constitute X=4.37 .It was also revealed that there was a tangible increase in the annual income of respondents after involvement in off farm activities. The major constraints identified were inadequate startup capital, high cost of equipment and transportation and inadequate storage facilities. It is therefore recommended that there should be provision of credit facilities to enable rural dwellers boost their income, subsidized prices of equipment and also provision of stable electricity supply and storage facilities to help preserve perishable products. Elachi M. S | Imam. A | Ngwu S | Ogundele, O. T "Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off-Farm Activities as a Livelihood Coping Strategy in Wudil Lga of Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/35696/assessment-of-the-perception-of-farming-households-on-offfarm-activities-as-a-livelihood-coping-strategy-in-wudil-lga-of-kano-state-nigeria/elachi-m-s
Performance Implication of Agricultural Transformation Agenda Support Program...ijtsrd
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This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
Exploratory Model of the Impact of Agriculture on Nigerian Economyijtsrd
This paper explored four models in determining the impact of four agricultural sub-sectors of on the Nigerian GDP. The data is on the contribution of four different sub-sectors of agriculture on Nigerian Economy and was obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The findings revealed that ridge regression and PCR are good regression estimation methods for predicting GDP. From the models there is strong indication that fish production in Nigeria is too insufficient to sustain her ever increasing population and improve her economy. Also, the ever increasing demand for fish by Nigerians due to high cost of meat in the market is clearly shown in the models and this stands to say that a lot need to be done to improve fish production in Nigeria to ensure sustainable growth and development. Okeke, Evelyn Nkiruka | Okeke, Joseph Uchenna"Exploratory Model of the Impact of Agriculture on Nigerian Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd162.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/162/exploratory-model-of-the-impact-of-agriculture-on-nigerian-economy/okeke-evelyn-nkiruka
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Impact of government school to-land agricultural project on rural development in rivers state, nigeria
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.12, 2013
39
Impact of Government School-To-Land Agricultural Project on
Rural Development in Rivers State, Nigeria
Robinson Monday Olulu (Ph.D)
Department of Economics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt
Ijeoma E. Kalu, PhD
Economics Department,University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
jiekal@yahoo.com
Abstract
The paper assessed the impact of government school- to – Land agricultural project on rural development in
Rivers State, with specific emphasis on rural employment, livestock and food crop production and rural income
generation. The simple random and purposeful sampling techniques are used in selecting 300 participants of the
programme (farmers), programme coordinators, and members of host communities as respondents for the study.
The simple per centage and chi-square statistical methods are adopted in data analyses and hypothesis testing.
The results reveal that the school- to- land project has contributed to rural development. It was also discovered
that the school –to – land project contributed to increases in the livestock and food production in the state. The
paper however recommended the adoption of modern farming techniques and constant review of agricultural
policies/programmes to avoid duplication of agricultural projects in the state.
Key words: Rural employment, rural income generation, rural development.
1. Introduction
Agriculture consists of human activity on primary production of livestock and cash crops, forestry, fishing and
marketing of products. Agriculture has been embraced as the pivot for development. In the developing countries,
it can promote the economy by releasing labour for the industries, increasing availability of food and expansion
of domestic market for industrial goods. It raises the level of savings and capital formation while also earning
foreign exchange from exports. Before the discovery of oil at Oloibiri in 1956, agriculture was the dominant
contributor to the nation’s GDP, accounting for about 92 per cent of the GDP. Nigeria neglected her strong
agricultural base in favour of crude oil due to the oil windfall in 1974 (Awoseyila, 1997 p.29). Since then,
agricultural production has been low as a result of its neglect, shift of emphasis to petroleum and use of
traditional methods of farming among other factors. Although agricultural production has been low in recent
years, it has remained an important sector in the economy in terms of export earning, employment and food
security.
The same argument applies to the rural sector. One of the major social problems of the rural sector is poverty. It
can be further argued that agriculture is the only sector of the economy that is directly linked to all major
macroeconomic objectives of modern economies. Agriculture is one of the veritable tools for achieving full
employment, economic growth, price stability, favourable balance of payment and equitable income distribution.
As a provider of essential raw materials for most industries, it plays a critical role in the development of the
manufacturing sector. This understanding constituted the basis for various efforts made by both Federal and
State governments as well as the private sector in the planning and designing of agricultural policies
/programmes and to ensure sustainable growth in the sector and enhance the capacity of the sector to play this
designated role, (Evbuonwan et al, 2003) as quoted in Cookey and Ohale, (2005 p.43). Agriculture as a veritable
tool for combating poverty and achieving economic growth in Rivers State and Nigeria in general, has continued
to impact positively by ameliorating the sufferings of rural and urban dwellers through food sustainability, self-
employment generation, etc.
The agricultural sector is made up of formal and informal sectors. The formal sector comprises government
ministries of agriculture (Government Parastatals) whose sole responsibility is to initiate agricultural
programmes and projects to fight hunger in the country while the informal sector are the donor agencies that
have the passion to assist underdeveloped and developing nations in the area of financial assistance to undertake
agricultural projects, with the aim of developing the agricultural sector to boost food production, (Olukoya, 2007
p. 84). Agriculture is a springboard from which a nation’s development can take off. No doubt agricultural
projects are usually sited in rural areas where there is availability of land and cheap labour (Oluwasanmi, (1996 p.
564). Oluwasanmi noted that agriculture has contributed immensely in boosting the GDP. Its impact on rural
development is achieved through higher incomes for farmers, self-employment, increased livestock and food
crop production, etc. In Nigeria, lack of continuity of agricultural projects is considered as an intrinsic
characteristic of government agricultural programmes (Omereji, 2005 p. 202). In recent time, prospects of
agricultural projects in Rivers State in particular, in terms of performance and profitability have remained
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.12, 2013
40
inconsistent especially in the area of employment, rural income generation and livestock and food crop
production. This however, has been attributed to communal clashes over lands, land acquisition problems, lack
of technological know-how, insecurity issues arising from communal clashes and the Niger Delta militancy. In
view of the constraints, and associated politicization, duplication, policy inconsistency and non-sustainability of
projects, it becomes imperative for us to take a position and update the performance of Rivers State School-to-
Land (SLP) agricultural project as well as bring to focus the realities by evaluating the impact of the project on
rural development, with specific emphasis on rural employment, livestock/ food crop production and income.
The paper is divided into four sections; the first section is the introduction while the second is the theoretical
frame work/literature review. The third section discusses the methodology; the last section is the summary and
conclusion.
2. Theoretical Framework/ Literature
This study is predicated on the theory of Dual Sector Model propounded by Lewis (1954). It is a theory of
development in which surplus labour from traditional agricultural sector is transferred to the modern industrial
sector whose growth over time absorbs the surplus labour, promotes industrialization and stimulates sustained
development.
In the model, the traditional agricultural sector is typically characterized by low wages, and abundance of labour,
and low productivity through a labour intensive production process. In contrast, the modern manufacturing
sector is defined by higher wage rates than the agricultural sector, higher marginal productivity, and a demand
for more workers initially. Also, the manufacturing sector is assumed to use a production process that is capital
intensive, so investment and capital formation in the manufacturing sector are possible over time as capitalists'
profits are reinvested in the capital stock. Improvement in the marginal productivity of labour in the agricultural
sector is assumed to be a low priority as the hypothetical developing nation's investment is going towards the
physical capital stock in the manufacturing sector.
Since the agricultural sector has a limited amount of land to cultivate, the marginal product of an additional
farmer is assumed to be zero as the law of diminishing marginal returns has run its course due to the fixed input,
land. As a result, the agricultural sector has a quantity of farm workers that are not contributing to agricultural
output since their marginal productivities are zero. This group of farmers that are not producing any output is
termed surplus labour since this cohort could be moved to another sector with no effect on agricultural output.
Therefore, due to the wage differential between the agricultural and manufacturing sectors, workers will tend to
transit from the agricultural to the manufacturing sector over time to reap the reward of higher wages. If quantity
of workers moving from the agricultural to the manufacturing sector equals the quantity of surplus labour in the
agricultural sector, regardless of who actually transfers, general welfare and productivity will improve.
Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fibre and other desired products by cultivation of certain
plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). Agriculture is also known as farming. According to
Adegbola et al, (1974), it is the preparation of plant and animal products for man’s use. The practice of
agriculture has remained at the subsistence level before government involvement. One way of looking at
agriculture is to see it as a specific activity and profession among many. In this view, agriculture is part of
culture, but although this is not wrong, it is also not sufficient for understanding the existential, ethical and
aesthetic values involved in agriculture. The complementary and, more fruitful view is to regard agriculture as a
form of culture. The claim is, then, that agriculture, in various ways, gives rise to meaning and values, articulates
the world in certain ways and provides insights into existentially important questions. Agriculture is not only a
profession but also a way of life and includes a way of perceiving and thinking about things. The emphasis is, in
other words, on certain basic similarities between agriculture as practiced in different countries. In
phenomenological terminology, agriculture constitutes a life-world, Amend and Karanga, (2007 p. 68)
According to Danso et’ al (2002 p. 91) rural development relates not only to a sustained increase in the level of
production and productivity by all rural dwellers, including farmers, and a sustained improvement in their
wellbeing, manifested by increase in per capita income and standard of living, but also leads to a sustained
physical, social and economic improvement of rural communities. In order to achieve the broad goals of
agriculture on rural development, the Nigerian government need to focus on specific objectives. While the
attainment of specific agricultural goals encompasses the provision of adequate food, fibres and industrial raw
materials, employment and foreign exchange generation, the goals of rural development embrace in addition a
systematic improvement of the other institutional, physical and social infrastructures in such rural communities.
Rural agriculture to a large extent makes productive use of land not fit for construction. This reviews the
employability of labour for effective use of arable land.
It is a fact that longer-term strategy on agriculture must focus on the provision of basic infrastructure. They
observed that continued progress require rapid employment in the agricultural sector, this will create postive
impact on demand for goods and services in the rural sector. A strategy that is effective at reducing rural poverty
3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.12, 2013
41
in developing nations.
In Rivers State, the agricultural sector is dominated by, not just the poor but the ‘poorest of the poor’. These are
high risk individuals or groups that are predominantly illiterates (Cookey, and Ohale, 2005 p. 47). In view of this,
several agricultural projects have continuously been initiated or adopted as a follow-up to Federal Government
effort to boost performance of the agricultural sector by the Rivers State government.
The School-to-Land Programme was established by Edict No. 4 of 1985 by the Rivers State Government and
formally launched the same year. It was one of the measures taken by the Rivers State Government to help check
the rising trend of unemployment amongst the youths. It is an Agricultural Training Institute charged among
others with the responsibility of intensive on-the-job-training of:
(i) young secondary school leavers of Rivers origin in modern agricultural practices.
(ii) encourage the young school leavers to take to agriculture as a viable profession.
(iii) train the young farmers in processing of grains
(iv) production of food crops and livestock for local consumption.
The goals are:
(i) to train a new breed of small-scale farmers and thus create opportunities for, and encourage self-
employment of young secondary school leavers in agriculture, particularly in the areas of crops,
fisheries and livestock production.
(ii) to operate and promote modern agricultural practices thus contribute to increased production of food
and fibre
(iii) to provide essential inputs and support services as a loan package to eligible young farmers after their
training.
The project which took about 3,429.5 hectares of land was located in different communities in the state namely;
Bunu-Tai, Iriebe, Kpaa, Egbeke/Nwuba and Bori. Other communities are Agbeta, Okordia, Sagbama, Ogbia and
Bukuma, (Tamuno, 2009). The project presently, has three (3) existing farms namely: Rumuodomaya 5 hectares,
Kpaa 350 hectares and Bori New Town (Wiiyaakara) 450 hectares (ADP, 2009).
However, in 2008, Rivers State Sustainable Development Agency (RSSDA) acquired Egbeke/Nwuba and Bunu
Tai School-to-Land farms with the head office relocated from Port Harcourt Aba road to ADP farm at
Rumuodomanya in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area. From its inception, the programme has made some
Impact in the leaving standard of the rural poor, thus the need investigate the impact of the programme on
employment generation, income and poverty level in Rivers state.
3. Methodology
The study was conducted in Rumuodamaya in Obio/Akpor local government area, Bori New Town and Kpaa in
Khana local government areas of Rivers state, Nigeria.The study used primary data only. A Cross-sectional data
collected on 100 participating farmers in each of the three host communities in Khana and Obio/Akpor Local
Government Areas of Rivers State. This brought the total to three hundred (300) selected respondents.
The simple random and purposeful sampling technique was used to collect data through the use of a three-type
Likerts scale fashion structured questionnaire. T The questionnaire contained questions that sought to address
issues on rural employment, livestock and food crop production, rural income generation and provision of
infrastructural facilities as selected development indicators.
4. Method of Data Analysis
Descriptive and inferential statistics were adopted in analysing the performance of government school-to-land
agricultural project on rural development in Rivers State. The simple percentage was adopted in analysing the
data while Chi-square was used in testing the hypotheses to determine the association between agricultural
projects and rural development. This helped in weighing the relative importance in the views of different
categories of people on the performance of the school-to-land project.
5. Data Presentation and Analysis
One hundred (100) questionnaires were administered to participating farmers and community leaders in each of
the three selected host communities to school-to-land projects. This brought the total questionnaire administered
to three hundred (300). One hundred and seventy (170) questionnaires were retrieved Kpaa (64), Bori New
Town (55) and Obio/Akpor (51).
4. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.12, 2013
42
TABLE 1: ANALYSIS OF RESPONSES TO QUESTION ON RURAL EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
BY SLP PROJECT
Very great extent Great extent No extent Total
Responses - 12 (8.05) 158 (161.94) 170
% Responses - 7 (4.74) 93 (0.90) 100
Weighted Average - 0.8 (7.0) 146.9 (140.69) 147.7
Total - 19.8 397.9 417.7
Testing hypothesis 1. (Ha1: A significant relationship exists between government agricultural projects and
increase in rural employment).
Using Chi-square (X2
) with the formula;
E
EO
X
2
2 )( −Σ
=
The test was conducted at 95% confidence interval and 0.05 significant levels.
Where X2
= Chi-square
fo = Observed value
fe = Expected frequency determined by (row total, total and grand total).
Degree of freedom = (m – 1) (n – 1), Contingency table = (3 – 1) (3 - 1)
Table = 2 (2) = 4
The Chi-Square calculated = X2
cal = 17.891, X2
tab = 9.49
Since X2
calculated is greater than X2
tabulated we reject that School-to-Land project have contributed to rural
employment and accept that the project has not contributed to rural employment. The implication is that the
school-to-land project have not impacted employment, income or poverty of the rural dwellers.
TABLE 2: ANALYSIS OF RESPONSES TO QUESTION ON LIVESTOCK AND FOOD CROP
PRODUCTION BY SLP PROJECT
Very great extent Great extent No extent Total
Responses 161 (164.27) 7 (4.49) 2 (1.21) 170
% Responses 95 (96.63) 4 (2.64) 1 (0.71) 100
Weighted Average 152.95 (148.04) 0.2 (1.09) 0.02 (1.09) 153.2
Total 408.95 11.2 3.02 423.2
Ha2: Government agricultural projects have contributed to increase in livestock and food crop production.
E
EO
X
2
2 )( −Σ
=
The Chi-Square calculated = X 2
cal = 4.766, X2
tab = 9.49
The X2
calculated is less than X2
tabulated, we accept that Government Agricultural School-to-Land project has
contributed to increase in livestock and food crop production.
TABLE 3: ANALYSIS OF RESPONSES TO QUESTION ON INCREASED INCOME FOR RURAL
DWELLERS
Very great extent Great extent No extent Total
Responses 3 (2.014) 4 (2.420) 163 (165.38) 170
% Responses 2 (1.185) 2 (1.423) 96 (97.28) 100
Weighted Average 0.06 (1.860) 0.08 (2.235) 156.4 (152.73) 157
Total 5.06 6.08 415.4 427
Ha3: There is significant relationship between agricultural projects and increase in rural income.
Using Chi-Square statistical tool,
E
EO
X
2
2 )( −Σ
=
The Chi-Square calculated = X 2
cal = 6.2674, X2
tab = 9.49
The X2
calculated is less than X2
tabulated, we accept that government School-to-Land project has not
contributed to increase in rural income.
5. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.12, 2013
43
6. Conclusion and Recommendations
The study established that the absence of selected rural development indicators such as – rural employment,
livestock and food crop production, increase in rural income generation, has impacted negatively on the leaving
standard of the rural dwellers. The failure of agricultural projects may have been a critical respnsible for the
high rate of unemployment and poverty in Rivers State.
Considering the findings of this study, attainment of the potential of the agricultural sector depends on the
implementation of the following recommendations;
(i) Adoption of modern farming techniques – Modern Farming techniques and general agricultural
practices should include the use of improved seeds and the application of recommended chemicals to
curb the devastating effects of pest and diseases. Observations made during this study revealed that
most participating farmers were seen using traditional method of farming because they are not thought
how to apply new techniques in their new line of farming and the agricultural extension service agents
could not maintain regular visit to teach them on new techniques.
(ii) Constant review of agricultural Programmes and Policies to Avoid duplication of projects – there
is the need for constant review of agricultural programmes and policies to help discover where non-
functional projects are located. It is necessary not to duplicate such government efforts. Most
communities host more than two non-functioning government agricultural projects. It is proper to
revitalize non-functional agricultural projects than locating additional project(s) on virgin land in the
same community or replace non-functional projects with new ones. For instance, Rivers State
Sustainable Development Agency (RSSDA) projects in Egbeke/Nwuba and Bunu-Tai are located in the
non-functional sites of School-to-Land Project (SLP). Where such assessment is not done, communities
will constantly be denied arable lands for cultivation in the name of new projects.
(iii) Periodic retraining of farmers - Apart from making agriculture an importance course in our tertiary
institutions, retraining of farmers should be adopted to constantly put the farmers on alert against any
crop diseases that may arise. It will also help the government to know when most farmers engaged in
government agricultural projects are demised or have abandoned plots of land allotted to them to avoid
possible existence of idle hectares of land. For instance, in Bori New town (Wiiyaakara) and Kpaa
School-to-Land Project sites, several hectares have been abandoned by farmers for urban cities without
the knowledge of supervising agencies. Therefore, retraining will also serve as a roll call.
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