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Respiratory examination




        pathways for clinical learning
History
•   Six principal symptoms
•   Dyspnoea
•   Wheeze
•   Cough
•   Sputum
•   Haemoptysis
•   Chest pain

                 pathways for clinical learning
History
•   Acute or chronic
•   Preceding systemic disturbance
•   Past medical history
•   Drug history
•   Social history – smoking, pets
•   Family history
•   Occupational history – allergens/asbestos



                    pathways for clinical learning
Physical examination

•   Look around
•   Hands, pulse, BP
•   Face & Neck
•   Chest examination
    –   Inspect
    –   Palpate
    –   Percuss
    –   Auscultate
• Other bits
                     pathways for clinical learning
Look around
• Initial impression
  – Audible cough
  – Wheeze
  – Stridor
  – Hoarseness
  – Dyspnoea
• O2, Nebs, Inhalers
• TPR & Sputum sample

                 pathways for clinical learning
Hands, pulse, BP
•   Perfusion
•   Peripheral cyanosis
•   Tremor
•   Flap – type II respiratory failure
•   Tar staining
•   Finger clubbing
•   Pulse
•   BP

                      pathways for clinical learning
Face
• Central cyanosis
• Pursed lips




               pathways for clinical learning
Neck
•   Neck veins
•   Lymphadenopathy
•   Neck muscles
•   Trachea
•   Crepitus
•   Indrawing




                 pathways for clinical learning
The Chest
•   Inspection
•   Palpation
•   Percussion
•   Auscultation




                    pathways for clinical learning
Inspection
•   Shape
•   Scars
•   Lesions
•   Respiratory rate
•   Respiration depth
•   Abnormal movement
    – inspiration
    – expiration
    – asymmetry




                                pectus carinatum      excavatum
                     pathways for clinical learning
Palpation
• Chest expansion
• Tactile vocal fremitus




                   pathways for clinical learning
Percussion
• Compare both sides
• Map out abnormal area




                pathways for clinical learning
Percussion technique
• Palm over chest wall
• Middle finger strikes 2nd phalanx
• Movement from wrist




                  pathways for clinical learning
Percussion
• Resonant - normal
• Dull – no air
  – consolidation
  – collapse
  – pleural thickening
• Stony dull – pleural effusion
• Hyperresonant - pneumothorax


                  pathways for clinical learning
Auscultation
• Air entry
• Vocal sounds
  – vesicular
  – bronchial
• Added sounds
  – wheeze
  – crackles/creps
  – rub



                     pathways for clinical learning
Breath Sounds
• Vesicular
  – normal breath sounds with a “rustling quality”
• Diminished - localised or diffuse
  – reduced airflow
    something between the chest wall and the lung
• Bronchial – consolidation
  – altered quality with distinct inspiratory and expiratory
    phases



                     pathways for clinical learning
Added sounds
• Wheeze
  – musical notes –
    expiratory: mucosal oedema or spasm
    inspiratory: secretions or obstruction
• Crackles
  – non-musical –
    inspiratory
• Pleural sounds
  – rubs and clicks


                      pathways for clinical learning
Vocal sounds
• Vocal resonance
• Increased
  – voice sounds are louder and more distinct
    e.g. consolidation
• Reduced
  – transmission impeded
    e.g. effusion, collapse



                  pathways for clinical learning
Information...
• Type and amplitude of breath sounds
• Type of added sounds and location
• Quality of vocal sounds




              pathways for clinical learning
Auscultation technique
•   Diaphragm of stethoscope
•   Mouth open
•   Breathing deeply
•   Systematic approach – left and right
    – Anteriorly to 6th rib
    – Posteriorly to 8th rib
• Vocal resonance: say “one one one” or
  “ninety nine”
                     pathways for clinical learning
Other bits
• Peak flow
• Oedema
• Pulsatile liver




                    pathways for clinical learning
Interpretation of findings
• Breath sounds
  – locally reduced or absent:
    pleural effusion, thickened pleura, collapsed area
  – diffusely reduced: emphysema, asthma
• Wheeze: asthma, COPD
• Crackles: Infection, LVF
  – localised in area of consolidation
• Pleural rub: pleurisy, PTE


                     pathways for clinical learning
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion
• Trachea deviated AWAY
• reduced tactile vocal
  fremitus
• reduced chest expansion
• stony dull
• reduced air entry
• no added sounds
• reduced vocal resonance



                    pathways for clinical learning
Consolidation


Consolidation
• increased tactile vocal
  fremitus
• reduced expansion
• dull percussion
• bronchial breathing
• coarse creps
• increased vocal
  resonance
• whispering pectoriloquy
                     pathways for clinical learning
Collapse
Collapse
• deviated trachea
  TOWARDS
• reduced tactile vocal
  fremitus
• dull percussion
• reduced air entry
• +/- creps




                      pathways for clinical learning
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax
• deviated trachea (tension)
  AWAY
• reduced tactile vocal
  fremitus
• hyper-resonance
• reduced air entry
• reduced vocal resonance




                      pathways for clinical learning
Questions
 markmeded.blogspot.co.uk
www.slideshare.net/hallmarkie




          pathways for clinical learning

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Respiratory Exam

  • 1. Respiratory examination pathways for clinical learning
  • 2. History • Six principal symptoms • Dyspnoea • Wheeze • Cough • Sputum • Haemoptysis • Chest pain pathways for clinical learning
  • 3. History • Acute or chronic • Preceding systemic disturbance • Past medical history • Drug history • Social history – smoking, pets • Family history • Occupational history – allergens/asbestos pathways for clinical learning
  • 4. Physical examination • Look around • Hands, pulse, BP • Face & Neck • Chest examination – Inspect – Palpate – Percuss – Auscultate • Other bits pathways for clinical learning
  • 5. Look around • Initial impression – Audible cough – Wheeze – Stridor – Hoarseness – Dyspnoea • O2, Nebs, Inhalers • TPR & Sputum sample pathways for clinical learning
  • 6. Hands, pulse, BP • Perfusion • Peripheral cyanosis • Tremor • Flap – type II respiratory failure • Tar staining • Finger clubbing • Pulse • BP pathways for clinical learning
  • 7. Face • Central cyanosis • Pursed lips pathways for clinical learning
  • 8. Neck • Neck veins • Lymphadenopathy • Neck muscles • Trachea • Crepitus • Indrawing pathways for clinical learning
  • 9. The Chest • Inspection • Palpation • Percussion • Auscultation pathways for clinical learning
  • 10. Inspection • Shape • Scars • Lesions • Respiratory rate • Respiration depth • Abnormal movement – inspiration – expiration – asymmetry pectus carinatum excavatum pathways for clinical learning
  • 11. Palpation • Chest expansion • Tactile vocal fremitus pathways for clinical learning
  • 12. Percussion • Compare both sides • Map out abnormal area pathways for clinical learning
  • 13. Percussion technique • Palm over chest wall • Middle finger strikes 2nd phalanx • Movement from wrist pathways for clinical learning
  • 14. Percussion • Resonant - normal • Dull – no air – consolidation – collapse – pleural thickening • Stony dull – pleural effusion • Hyperresonant - pneumothorax pathways for clinical learning
  • 15. Auscultation • Air entry • Vocal sounds – vesicular – bronchial • Added sounds – wheeze – crackles/creps – rub pathways for clinical learning
  • 16. Breath Sounds • Vesicular – normal breath sounds with a “rustling quality” • Diminished - localised or diffuse – reduced airflow something between the chest wall and the lung • Bronchial – consolidation – altered quality with distinct inspiratory and expiratory phases pathways for clinical learning
  • 17. Added sounds • Wheeze – musical notes – expiratory: mucosal oedema or spasm inspiratory: secretions or obstruction • Crackles – non-musical – inspiratory • Pleural sounds – rubs and clicks pathways for clinical learning
  • 18. Vocal sounds • Vocal resonance • Increased – voice sounds are louder and more distinct e.g. consolidation • Reduced – transmission impeded e.g. effusion, collapse pathways for clinical learning
  • 19. Information... • Type and amplitude of breath sounds • Type of added sounds and location • Quality of vocal sounds pathways for clinical learning
  • 20. Auscultation technique • Diaphragm of stethoscope • Mouth open • Breathing deeply • Systematic approach – left and right – Anteriorly to 6th rib – Posteriorly to 8th rib • Vocal resonance: say “one one one” or “ninety nine” pathways for clinical learning
  • 21. Other bits • Peak flow • Oedema • Pulsatile liver pathways for clinical learning
  • 22. Interpretation of findings • Breath sounds – locally reduced or absent: pleural effusion, thickened pleura, collapsed area – diffusely reduced: emphysema, asthma • Wheeze: asthma, COPD • Crackles: Infection, LVF – localised in area of consolidation • Pleural rub: pleurisy, PTE pathways for clinical learning
  • 23. Pleural effusion Pleural effusion • Trachea deviated AWAY • reduced tactile vocal fremitus • reduced chest expansion • stony dull • reduced air entry • no added sounds • reduced vocal resonance pathways for clinical learning
  • 24. Consolidation Consolidation • increased tactile vocal fremitus • reduced expansion • dull percussion • bronchial breathing • coarse creps • increased vocal resonance • whispering pectoriloquy pathways for clinical learning
  • 25. Collapse Collapse • deviated trachea TOWARDS • reduced tactile vocal fremitus • dull percussion • reduced air entry • +/- creps pathways for clinical learning
  • 26. Pneumothorax Pneumothorax • deviated trachea (tension) AWAY • reduced tactile vocal fremitus • hyper-resonance • reduced air entry • reduced vocal resonance pathways for clinical learning