Coccidiostates in poultry

1. Coccidiostates in Poultry
Muhammad Arslan Musa
M.Sc.(Hons.) Poultry Science
arslan2062@gmail.com

2. Coccidiosis
• Protozoaldiseaseofpoultrywithhighmortality
• Mostlyaffectbirdsof3-6weeks ofage
• Broilersare more susceptiblethanlayers
• Intestinalcoccidiosismostlyoccursinolderbirds
• Causedby9Eimeriaspp
• Eimeriatenellaismostpathogeniccoccidia

3. CoccidiosisType Caused by
Intestinal E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. mivati, E. acervulina
Caecal E. tenella and to some extent E. necatrix
Rectal E. brunetti

4. Coccidiostates
• Usedtopreventreplicationandgrowthofcoccidialpopulation
• Prophylaxisisimportantthattreatment
• Normallyusedinfeedatpreventivedoses
• Useofsamedrugcanleadtodrugresistanceissues

5. Ideal Coccidiostates
• Suppressesthefulldevelopmentofthelifecycleofthecoccidia
• Allowsimmunitytodevelop
• Doesnotinterferewithproductionperformance

6. Categories of Coccidiostates
• Synthetic
• Ionophoresor polyetherantibiotics
• Mixed(combinationofdifferentanticoccidialsfrom sameor differentgroups)

7. Synthetic Coccidiostates
• Obtainedthroughchemicalsynthesis
• Havespecificmodeofaction
• Amproliumismajorchemical
• blocksthethiaminereceptorsandmake itunavailableforcoccidian

8. Ionophores
• ObtainedthroughActinomaduraspp.orStreptomycesspp.
• Interferes withionicbalancei.e.Sodium,Potassium,Calcium
• Alsoinhibitgram positivebacteriaas wellas mycoplasma
• SalinomycinreduceE.coliandstreptococcinumber
• Never useIonophoresandtiamulintogether

9. 3 categories of Ionophores are,
1. Monovalent (Monensin, salinomycin,narasin)
2. Monovalent glycosidic (meduramycin, semuduramycin)
3. Divalent (lasalocid)

11. Mode ofAction of Anticoccidials
• Interferes Co-factor Synthesis
• Interferes with Mitochondrial Functions
• Interferes Cell Membrane Functions
• Unknown MOA

12. Interferes Co-factor Synthesis
1. Folate antagonists
• Example: Ethopabate, Sulphonamides, pyrimethamine
2. Thiamineanalogues
Example: Amprolium

13. Interferes with Mitochondrial Functions
• Inhibitelectrontransport
- Quinolones,Meticlorpindol
• InhibitNADreductioninmitochondria
- Nicarbazine
• Inhibitoxidativephosphorylation
- Robenidine
• Affectrespiratorychain
- Toltrazuril
• Affectpyrimidinesynthesis
- Toltrazuril

14. Interferes with Cell MembraneFunctions
• Disrupttransmembrane anionbalance
- Ionophores

15. Unknown MOA
• Mayaffectthesynthesisofparasitewallandnucleosideanalogue
- Diclazuril
• Halofuginone

16. Coccidiostate Programs
• Singledrugprogram = 1drugin1flock
• Shuttleprogram = 2or moredrugsin1flock
• RotationProgram = syntheticdruginoneflock
followedbyionophoreinsubsequentflock

17. Amprolium
• Structurallysimilar to thiamine
• Coccidia is 50 timemore sensitiveto thiaminedeficiency thanchicken
• Safer drug
• Can used in layer
• It can breakdown choline into picric acid
• Not used in premix havinghighcholine
• Dosage is 0.0125% Or 0.006% in combination

18. Nicarbazine
• EntersinCoccidiaandparalyzeATP
• Ceaseofenergyandfunctionofsodium-potassiumpum
• resultedinhighNa+ionsandwater incells,whichleadstoruptureofcell
• Pooreffectonegg production,fertilityad hatchability
• Heatstresslossesoccurs inbroilersifnicarbazineisused
• Dosage:0.0125%

19. Monensin
• Disruptthetransmembrane ionconcentration
• Showsbroadspectrumactivityandnodrugresistance
• Goodchoiceforbroilersas improvesweightgainandFCR
• Dosage:0.01-0.0121%

20. Maduramicin
• Same MOA asotherIonophores
• Maycause severecardiovascular defects
• Dosage:5-6ppm

21. Sulphadimidine
• StructuralanalogueofPABA(para aminobenzoicacid)
• Inhibitbacterialfolatesynthetaseandhenceinhibitsynthesisoffolicacid
• More effectiveagainstintestinalcoccidiosis
• InterferewithvitaminKsynthesisinintestine
• More effectiveagainstintestinalcoccidiosis

22. Clopidol
• Inhibitenergyproductioninmitochondria
• 125ppm
• Can usedinbroilersforfirst3weeks

23. Quinolones
• Disruptelectrontransportchain
• DecoquinateinhibitDNA gyraseandhenceinhibitDNA synthesis
Dosage
• Buquinolate0.00825%
• Decoquinate0.003%

24. Dosage
Coccidiostate Dosage (%)
Amprolium 0.0125
Nicarbazine 0.0125
Monensin 0.01-0.0121
Maduramicin 5-6 ppm
Salinomycine 0.01-0.0121
Lasalocid 0.005-0.0075
Clopidol (Pyridionol) 125 ppm
Buquinolate (Quinolones) 0.00825
Robenidine 0.0066
Sulphaquinoxaline 0.025-0.033