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Egg formation process in chicken
The egg formation process in chickens takes approximately 23-26 hours. The yolk develops first in the ovary over 10 days. Once matured, hormones cause the yolk to be released into the oviduct where various secretions are added over time in different sections to form the albumen and shell. This process is regulated by female reproductive hormones and results in a semi-solid nutritional mass being laid roughly every 25 hours.
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Egg formation process in chicken
- 1. Egg Formation Processin Chicken Muhammad Arslan Musa M.Sc.(Hons.) Poultry Science arslan2062@gmail.com Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 2. Chicken Egg • Semi-solidnutritional mass enclosed inhard calcareous shell produced by female of bird • Chickenegg contain 8000-10000 poresin shell • Henrequires 2-2.5 gram Ca for normal egg shell formation Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 3. Egg Formation Ovary =yolk formation Oviduct = Albumin, shellmembrane and shell • Mature henhave 3600-4200 ova • Egg formation requires 23-26 hours Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 4. • Yolk maturedin 10 day • Ovulation take place 15-75 minutes after oviposition • The earlobe color of hen canbe an indicationof eggshell color with some exceptions Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 5. Hormones during EggFormation FSH= Activateovary and oviduct LH =Releaseova fromovary (Ovulation) Progesterone =releaseLHfrom pituitary ArginineVasotocin= Uterinecontraction(oviposition) Testosterone= comb growth,albuminformation Estrogen=plumagegrowth,matingand nestingbehavior, oviduct development,nutrient supply to ovary and oviduct Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 6. Reproductive Tract • Reproductivetract = ovary + oviduct • In Chicken, only left side remains functional • Right ovary and oviduct regressed during embryonic growth • Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) is responsible for regression • Right one is functional in Hawk while both sides functional in Brown Kiwi Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 7. Ovary • Smoothbefore layingand later looks granular • Looks like cluster of grapes before laying • Left ovary present near proximity to left kidney • During incubation,approximately 20,000 ova present in hen • Mature henhave 3600-4200 ova • Ovary size is 40-50 g in laying hen and 3-5 grams in broody hen Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 8. Oviduct (Fallopian tubes) Partof Oviduct Time (hours) 1 Infundibulam 15 minutess 2 Magnum 3 3 Isthmus 1.15 4 Uterus 20-21 5 Vagina Few minutesMuhammad Arslan Musa
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- 10. MedullaryBone Formation • Softand spongy bones inside long bones • Calcium store for layer • High estrogen level inblood initiateits formation • Only present in females of chicken • Highly important during night for egg formation in absence of feed Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 11. Role of Light •Photoreceptors are present in hypothalamus • Photoreceptors perceive light and hypothalamus release GnRH • GnRH act on pituitary to release FSH • Specificlight duration and intensity is required • 16-17 hours light with 0.75 fc intensity Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 12. Initiation of EggFormation • 11 days before first egg, anterior pituitary release FSH • FSH activate ovary and oviduct • Active ovary produced estrogen, progesterone and testosterone • Hormonal+ Nervoussystem is responsible for first ovulation • Second ovulation regulated by first oviposition Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 13. Estrogen • Enlargementand Reddingofcomb and wattles • Medullarybone formationinitiates • Stimulateyolkformation in liver • Wideningof pubic bones • PrenuptialFeatherMolt (Feather Drop) • Enable oviduct to secrete its secretionsMuhammad Arslan Musa
- 14. Release of Ovainto the Oviduct • Whenova get matured, progesterone hormone is released by ovary • Progesterone stimulates hypothalamus to release LH from anterior pituitary • LH cause rupture of follicle from stigma (suture line) and ovulation takes place Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 15. Infundibulum (Funnel) • Approx.9cm funnel-like structure • Capture ova from ovary • Sperms frommalesaretemporarilystoredherefor fertilization • Fertilizationtakes place if spermsarepresent • Ova remains15minute here • Only becomes active just afterovulation Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 16. Egg Fertilization • Cockmate 10-30 times a day with hen • Semen ejaculationis 1 ml for first mating and then reduced to 0.5 ml or less • 100 million to 5 billion sperms are ejaculated per mating • Sperms are stored in utero-vaginaljunction • Fertile eggs canbe produced for 4 weeksafter removal of males Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 17. • Movement ofsperm from this junction to infundibulum - 30 minutes in absence of ovulation - 5-10 minutes after an ovulation • 50 spermspenetrate outer layer of ovum (less than 30 leads to poor fertility) • Few sperms move to germinal disk • 1 sperm unite with female pronucleus to form zygote Muhammad Arslan Musa
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- 19. Magnum • Largest partof oviduct (33 cm long) • Major portion of albumin secreted here • Chalazaealso secreted here • All 4layers of albumin produced and completed except outer thin white • Developing remains here for 2-3 hours • Only one type of albumin secreted in magnum but addition of water and rotation of egg make layers Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 20. Isthmus •Smalllength of 10cm •Less developed than magnum •Ova remains here for 75 minutes •Inner and outer shell membranes secreted here •Outer membrane is about 3 times thicker thaninner •Eggs from young birdshave thicker shell membranes than from old birdsMuhammad Arslan Musa
- 21. Uterus (Shell gland) •10-12 cm long in laying birds • Egg remains herefor 18-20 hours • Fourth layer of albumin(outer thinlayer) is completed here by addition of water and salts Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 22. • Approximately 15ml fluid is added by plumping process • Egg shell, its pigment and cuticle is added here • 2-2.5 g calcium is used for shell formation from which 53% taken from feed and 47 % from bones Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 23. Vagina • Last partof oviductand12 cm long • Egg remain for few minutes here • No egg formation occurs here • Onlyexpel the eggs outside the body • Sperm store glands are present at junction of shell gland & vagina • It can store sperms for 10-14 days Muhammad Arslan Musa
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- 25. Oviposition •Egg layingprocess iscalled oviposition •ArginineVasotocin from anteriorpituitarycontrol shellglandcontraction during oviposition •Broader end comes firstin the environment Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 26. • Initially egghas smaller end outward • Just before oviposition hen rotates egg in horizontal position and broader end comes first from body • Rotation takes about 2 minutes Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 27. Air Cell Formation •Air cell(0.7 inches) formedbetweeninnerand outer shellmembraneat broader end • Egg inside hen has no air cell • Whenegg is laid its contentsare contracted due to temperature difference Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 28. • As theegg contents contracted, air cellis formed • Broader end comes first so normally it formed at broader end • As egg get older, moisture contents evaporated from eggs, air cell size increased Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 29. Egg after Laying •Freshlyegg has temperature of about104 0F • Egg takes 4-6 hours to attainroom temperature • Air cell formed after egg laying Muhammad Arslan Musa
- 30. Abbreviations FSH = Folliclestimulatinghormone LH=Luteinizing hormone GnRH= Gonadotrophic releasing hormone Muhammad Arslan Musa
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