Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down food molecules in the presence of oxygen to extract energy. It involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through protein complexes, pumping protons across a membrane and producing most of the ATP through chemiosmosis. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor to produce the most energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation.
This is brief discussion on the Respiration and Types of respiration.
total process of glycolysis, citric acid cycle. This will help you to understand the respiration complete process of respiration
This is brief discussion on the Respiration and Types of respiration.
total process of glycolysis, citric acid cycle. This will help you to understand the respiration complete process of respiration
Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment. They are in reality the same reactions but occurring in reverse. While in photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water yield glucose andoxygen, through the respiration process glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water.
They work well since living organisms supply plants with carbon dioxide which undergoes photosynthesis and produces glucose and these plants and bacteriagive out oxygen which all living organisms need for respiration.
Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds in presence of sunlight. Respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that take in cells of living organisms that convert nutrients like sugar into ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) and waste products.
Processes in photosynthesis are divided on basis of requirement of sunlight while respiration processes are divided on basis of requirement of oxygen. Hence in photosynthesis you have the light dependent reactions and the dark reactions while inrespiration there is aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
In photosynthesis light dependent reactions, ultra violet light strikes chlorophyll pigments which excites electrons leading to separation of oxygen molecules from carbon dioxide. In the dark reactions, carbon molecules now independent of oxygen are converted into carbohydrates and stored in plant cells as energy and food source. In aerobic cellular respiration oxygen is utilized to convert organic compounds into energy and in anaerobic respiration converts organic compounds into energy without using oxygen.
Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment. They are in reality the same reactions but occurring in reverse. While in photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water yield glucose andoxygen, through the respiration process glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water.
They work well since living organisms supply plants with carbon dioxide which undergoes photosynthesis and produces glucose and these plants and bacteriagive out oxygen which all living organisms need for respiration.
Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds in presence of sunlight. Respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that take in cells of living organisms that convert nutrients like sugar into ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) and waste products.
Processes in photosynthesis are divided on basis of requirement of sunlight while respiration processes are divided on basis of requirement of oxygen. Hence in photosynthesis you have the light dependent reactions and the dark reactions while inrespiration there is aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
In photosynthesis light dependent reactions, ultra violet light strikes chlorophyll pigments which excites electrons leading to separation of oxygen molecules from carbon dioxide. In the dark reactions, carbon molecules now independent of oxygen are converted into carbohydrates and stored in plant cells as energy and food source. In aerobic cellular respiration oxygen is utilized to convert organic compounds into energy and in anaerobic respiration converts organic compounds into energy without using oxygen.
The Earth is pretty old. Our current, best estimate is that it is 4.54 billion years old, plus or minus 50 million years.
Since then, however, a lot has happened. To help clarify the Earth’s timeline, geologists have divided the Earth’s history into various eras and periods. Each division of time represents a change in something, which happened on the planet.
Learn more about the Earth’s history and geologic time scales, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.
This episode is sponsored by the Tourist Office of Spain
In Spain, you can find accommodations like you can find everywhere else: hotels of all luxury levels and even hostels. However, you also find something in Spain that you can’t find everywhere: Paradores.
A Parador is a luxury accommodation usually in a refurbished historic building, like a monastery or a castle, or in a modern building with a panoramic view.
There is an official network of over 90 Paradores scattered all over the country in every region.
In my many trips to Spain, I’ve stayed at several Paradores, and it is always a unique experience that adds an extra cultural element to every trip. I’ve stayed at ones in Guadalupe, Cáceres, and Costa Brava.
You can research visiting one of the many Paradores in Spain before your next visit by going to Spain.info.
Once again, that is Spain.info.
The Earth is so old, that to make sense of its history, geologists have come up with divisions. These divisions are very broad and cover millions to billions of years, depending on what the division is. Each division also has subdivisions that can themselves be further subdivided.
The three primary temporal divisions of Earth’s history are eons, eras, and periods.
An eon is a very broad division of history, and there have really only been three eons. The Archean, which goes from the formation of the Earth to about 2.5 billion years ago. The Proterozoic, which goes from 2.5 billion years ago to about 540 million years ago, and the Phanerozoic, which goes from 540 million years ago to today.
There is also sometimes a fourth eon called the Hadean which would be from the formation of the Earth to 4 billion years ago, but it is really hard to study that period by itself, so it is often just lumped with the Archean.
I actually studied geology and geophysics for several years, and the use of eons seldom came up. Occasionally you would hear about the Archean, but the other eons are so broad as to not generally be useful.
The Archean is the period where continents started to form and the very simplest life began.
The Proterozoic is the eon where oxygen appeared, up to the beginning of complex multi-cellular life.
In the Archean and Proterozoic, there is little to nothing in the way of fossils, because there was nothing that could become fossilized yet. There are some fossilized stromatolite beds, which are mats of bacteria, but that is about it.
The rest of this episode will focus on the Phanerozoic Eon. That is whe
Define what is respiration
Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
Explain the 4 main stages of aerobic respiration
Explain the process of fermentation
2. Cellular Respiration
When we eat, we get energy (glucose and
other sugars)
Food energy is broken down into usable
energy
Energy used to bond phosphate
groups to ADP to make ATP
3. Cellular Respiration
What is cell respiration???
Respiration: the process of breaking down
food molecules into usable energy
THE GOAL:
Create ATP for cells to use
Free up electrons—have high energy
6. Cellular Respiration
Types of cell respiration
Aerobic Processes:
REQUIRE oxygen to take place
A lot of energy available (efficient)
Anaerobic Processes:
DO NOT require oxygen to take place
Get energy quickly (inefficient)
7. Glycolysis
Involves breaking down 6-carbon sugars
Break sugars into pyruvic acid molecules
3-Carbon molecules
This process is ANAEROBIC
No oxygen necessary
Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells
10. Glycolysis
Glycolysis also creates hydrogen ions
and free electrons
The whole point of respiration = high energy
H + ions bond with NAD+ to form
NADH + H +
NADH carries electrons and H + ions
This process uses 2ATP molecules and
creates 4 ATP molecules
11.
12. Glycolysis
TOTAL ATP PRODUCTION:
Glycolysis Step 1 uses 2 ATP molecules
Glycolysis Step 2 converts 4 ADP molecules
into 4 ATP molecules
Net ATP production = 2 ATP for every
glucose molecule
14. Glycolysis
Oxygen is our friend…
When oxygen is present,
aerobic respiration occurs
Happens in the mitochondria
15. Glycolysis
Breaking down Pyruvic Acid…
Occurs in the mitochondria
Pyruvic Acid = 3-carbon compound
Broken down into…
2-Carbon compound—acetic acid
Carbon Dioxide
16. Glycolysis
Intermediate Step in Glycolysis
2-Carbon Compound—Acetic Acid
Combined with coenzyme A (CoA)
Forms compound called acetyl-CoA
This is only an intermediate step—have to
move pyruvic acid into Krebs Cycle
18. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Produces more ATP and releases more
electrons
Electrons picked up by NAD + and FAD
Organic carrier molecules
Occurs inside mitochondria
Mitochondrial Matrix
19. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon
molecule to form a 6-carbon molecule
Citric Acid
Citric Acid broken down into a 5-carbon
compound
NAD + removes electrons (NADH + H +)
CO2 released
20.
21. Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
5-carbon compound broken down into a
4-carbon compound
ATP created
NAD + removes electrons (NADH + H +)
CO2 released
4-carbon compound (oxaloacetic acid) is
created
Used to bond with acetyl- CoA to restart cycle
25. Electron Transport Chain
What is the ETC???
A series of molecules along which electrons
are transferred, releasing energy
Occurs in the mitochondria—
wall of mitochondria
Aerobic process
Oxygen is involved
Acts as the electron acceptor
26. Electron Transport Chain
As the electrons are passed between
carrier proteins, energy is released
ATP is created
Electrons are given up by the carrier
molecules
NADH and FADH2 ------- NAD + and FAD
28. Electron Transport Chain
As the electrons (H + ions) travel down
the chain, they bond with oxygen
2 H + + 1 O = water (H2O)
Electron acceptor
Carbon is given off as carbon dioxide
31. Electron Transport Chain
A problem exists if there is no oxygen
Anaerobic process
When oxygen is used up, electrons cannot
be removed
Traffic jam in the mitochondria
KEY POINT —Electron Transport Chain
cannot run without oxygen
32. Anaerobic Respiration
If no oxygen present after glycolysis,
pyruvic acid can still be broken down
Fermentation
2 ATP made during fermentation
Uses electrons carried by NADH + H +
so that NAD+ can regenerate for
glycolysis
34. Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
NADH produce during glycolysis transfers H
atoms to pyruvate reducing it to lactate.
Muscle fatigue
When your muscle cells require more energy
than can be produced
Lack of oxygen
Lactic acid build up = muscle fatigue
When oxygen is present, lactic acid breaks down
37. Anaerobic Respiration
Alcohol Fermentation
Occurs in bacteria, plants and most animals
Can you think of a bacteria that is used for
fermentation???
Pyruvic Acid is converted into ethanol and
carbon dioxide
38. Dacrboxylate pyruvate , releasing CO2 and
forming 2-C compound called
acetaldehyde.
NADH produced during glycolysis transfers
hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, reducing
it to ethyl alcohol.
Basis for the production of beer, wine, and
other alcoholic beverages.
39. Electron Transport chain
Occurs in the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion.
Energized electrons are carried by NADH
and FADH2 to the top of the chain.
The electrons are passed from protein to
protein within the membrane, slowly
releasing their energy in steps. Some of
that energy is used directly to form ATP.