This document provides information on various types of resins used in herbal medicine. It discusses the classification, constituents, and pharmacological uses of resins. Key resins described include turpentine, obtained from pine trees, benzoin from Styrax trees, rosin produced by heating pine resin, podophyllum from the mayapple plant, cannabis/marijuana, asafoetida gum resin, and myrrh resin extracted from Commiphora trees. The document also covers balsams, which are resinous mixtures containing benzoic or cinnamic acid esters, listing storax, Peruvian balsam, tolu balsam, and benzoin as examples.

1. RESIN NABEELA JABEEN

2. INDEX
•Introduction of Resin
•Classification of Resin
•Active constituents of Resin
•Pharmacological uses of Resins

3. RESIN
Resin are amorphous products with a complex chemical nature
The term resin is applied to more or less solid or amorphous
products of complex chemical nature
On heating they are soften and finally melt
They are soluble in water and insoluble in petroleum ether ,
alcohol and chloroform

4. Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of resin acids, resin
alcohol (resinols), resin phenol (resinotannols), esters and
chemically inert compound known as “Resenes”
Oleoresins, in which resin are associated with volatile oil
Gum resins, in which resin are associated with gum
Oils & gums are oleo-gum resin

5. Resin may also combined in glycosidal manner with sugar, as in
the convolvulaceae
Those resins or oleo-resins which contain benzoic or cinnamic
acid either free or combined are commonly known as “ Balsam”
e.g. benzoin, balsam of tolu, balsam of peru & storax

6. PRINCIPAL CONSTITUENTS
Resin Acid
•It contain the large proportion of oxyacids, usually combining the
properties of carboxylic acids and phenols
•They both occur in the free state and as esters
•They are soluble in aqueous alkali solutions or colloidal suspension

7. CLASSIFICATION OF RESIN

8. Pharmaceutic Resin Extraction
Pharmaceutic resins are usually obtained
1.by the extracting the drug with alcohol and precipitating the resin
in water, as with resin of jalap and podophyllum
2. By separating the oil from oleoresin by distillation, as with resin
from turpentine and copaivic resin from the copaiba or
3. by collecting the natural product that has exuded as oleoresin from
the plant through natural or oleoresin from the plant through natural
or artificial punctures and from the natural oil has partially
evaporated into the atmosphere as mastic

9. JALAP
Jalap or Jalap root is the dried, tuberous root of “Exogonium purga”
Family Convolvulaceae
Jalap yields not less then 9% resin
The plant is a perennial, twining herb indigenous to the mountains of
mexico and cultivated in mexico
The plant possesses thin, horizontal, underground runners

10. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
Volatile oil
Starch
Gums
Sugar
Number of glycosides, such ipurganol, jalapin, mixture of acidic
glycosides
Beta-methyl esculetin and palmitate and stearic acids

11. USES
Cathartic
Hydragogue
Drastic purgative

12. Turpentine
•Turpentine, gum turpentine, or gum thus is the concrete oleoresin
obtained from Pinus palustris family Pinaceae
•Turpentine is collected from the long leaf oine that grow in north and south
califorina, Georgia and north florida
•The tree from the vast forest and present a characteristics apperaence
owning to the face of cut surface

13. Secretion from tree
•The oleoresin is secreted in ducts located in directly beneath the
cambium in the sapwood
•(Sapwood: the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the
heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue)
•During the spring of the year bark is chipped from the tree by using
“bark hack” a long- handled cutting blade

14. •Following removal of the rounded chip, a spray of 50% solution of
sulfuric acid is applied to the freshly cut surface
•As the sap flows, it is guided by metal gutters into containers
attached directly to the tree trunk
•The liquid that collected is removed periodically and taken to the
turpentine still

15. Benefit of acid treatment
•The acid treatment collapse the thin walled parenchyma cells
that line the resin duct
•This allow the duct channel to become larger, providing the
more flow of oleoresin
•Reducing the channel hardened secretions blocking the oulet

16. Chemical constituents
Volatile oil
Resin
Foreign organic matter

17. Uses
•Topically it has been used for abrasions and wounds,
as a treatment for lice
• when mixed with animal fat it has been used as a chest rub, or
inhaler for nasal and throat ailments.
•Many modern chest rubs, such as the Vicks variety
•Counteriritant

18. BENZOIN
• benzoin is the balsamic resin
obtained from Styrax benzoin
family styraceae
•Styrax is the acient greek name
of storax applied to a sweet-
scented gum and to the tree
producing it

19. Benzoin is from the Arabic ben,
meaning fragant, or the Hebrew
ben, meaning the juice of the
branch, and zoa, an exudation
meaning the juice of the branch

20. •After about 2 month, the exuding balsamic resin become sticky and
firm enough to collect
• Chemical constituents:
• cinnamic acid
•Benzoic acid
•Triterpene aicds
•Siaresinol

21. USES
Antiseptic
Stimulant
Expectorant
Diuretic
Benzoin tincture, topical protectant

22. ROSIN
Rosin, also called colophony is a solid form of resin obtained
from pines and some other plants
Mostly conifers, produced by heating fresh liquid resin to vaporize
the volatile liquid terpene components.
It is semi-transparent and varies in color from yellow to black.

23. At room temperature rosin is brittle, but it melts at stove-top
temperature.
It chiefly consists of various resin acids, especially abietic acid.
The term "colophony" comes from colophonia resina, Latin for "resin
from Colophon," an ancient Ionic city.

24. •The commerical grades of resin vary in colour from light amber to
almost black
•The latter is used principally for destructive distillation
•Only light colored rosin are used as medicinally
•Rosin usually sharp, shiny, angular fragments that are translucent
amber colored and often covered with yellowish dust

25. •Rosin is hard, brittle and easily pulverized
•Its fracture is shallow-conchoidal
•Its odor and taste are faintly terebinthinate
•Rosin are soluble in alcohol ether, benzol, carbon disulfide, acetic
acid fixed and volatile and in solution ;of potassium or sodium
hydroxide

26. •The alcoholic solution of rosin becomes milky white when added to
water
•When fragments of rosin are heated in water
•When fragments of rosin are heated in water, they melt, flow together
and form a sticky mass

27. Chemical constituents
•Rosin contain 80-90% of the anhydride of abietic acid (which on
treatment with alcohol, are changed into crystalline abietic acid),
•Sylvic acid
•Sapnic acid
•Pimaric acid
•Resenes

28. USES
•Stiffening agent in cerates, plasters and ointment
•Veterinary medicine as diuretics
•Rosin is used in the manufacture in the varnishes, varnish, paint
dryers, printing ink, soap, sealing wax, floor covering

29. PODOPHYLLUM
•Podophyllum consist of the dried rhizome and roots of podophyllum
peltatum, family Berberidaceae
•It is also known as mayapple or mandrake
•The generic name is Greek and means footlike leaf; peltatum means
shieldlike
•The plant is a perennial herb that has a long, jointed and branching
rhizome

30. Chemical constituents
•3.5-6% resin, lignans
•Podophyllotoxin
•Alpha peltatin
•Beta peltatin

31. Uses
• antimitotic
•Purgative activity due to lactone ring
•Picropodophyllum inactive isomer
•Podophyllum active isomer

32. CANNABIS
•Cannabis sativa, also known as hemp, is a species of
the Cannabinaceae family of plants.
•Cannabis is also known as Ganja, grass, Hashish, Hemp, Indian hemp,
marijuana, Pot, reefer, weed.
•Cannabis contains the chemical compound THC (delta-9
tetrahydrocannabinol), which is believed to be responsible for most of the
characteristic psychoactive effects of cannabis.

33. •The dried leaves and flowers of the cannabis plant are known as
marijuana, which can be smoked (through a pipe or bong or hand-
rolled into a joint) or taken orally with food (baked in cookies).
•The resinous secretions of the plant are known as hashish, which can
be smoked or eaten.
•The fiber of the cannabis plant is cultivated as industrial hemp with
uses in textile manufacturing.

34. 2 TYPES OF CANNABIS GENETIC

35. Chemical constituents
•THC (Delta-9-tetra hydrocanabinol)
•cannabinol

36. MEDICINAL USES
There are eight medical conditions for which patients can use
cannabis:
Cancer
Glaucoma
HIV/AIDS
Muscle sasms
Seizures
Severe pain
Severe nausea
Cachexia (weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic
illness.)or dramatic weight loss and muscle atrophy (wasting

37. ASAFOETIDA
•Asafoetida is the dried latex (gum oleoresin) exuded from
the rhizome or tap root of several species of Ferula, a perennial herb that
grows 1 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall.
• The species is native to the deserts of Iran and mountains
of Afghanistan and is mainly cultivated in nearby India.
•As its name suggests, asafoetida has a fetid smell, but in cooked dishes, it
delivers a smooth flavour reminiscent of leeks.

38. Chemical constituents
•Typical asafoetida contains about 40–64% resin, 25% endogeneous gum, 10–
17% volatile oil, and 1.5–10% ash.
•The resin portion is known to contain asaresinotannols 'A' and 'B', ferulic
acid, umbelliferone and four unidentified compounds.

39. USES
•Antiflatulance
•Antimicrobial
•Add in digestion
•Contraceptive / abortificent
•Antiepiletic

40. Ipomea
•Ipomoea is the largest genus in the flowering
plant family Convolvulaceae,
•with over 500 species.
•with common names including
• morning glory, water convolvulus
•Ipomea carnea is the botanical name

41. Chemical constituents
ergoline alkaloids
indolizidine alkaloids
nortropane alkaloids
phenolics compounds
coumarins
norisoprenoids,
diterpene, isocoumarin
benzenoids flavonoids and antocianosides ,glycolipids, lignan and triterpenes.

42. Uses
•Antifungal
•Antimicrobial
•Aphrodisac
•Aromatic
•Sedative
•Stimulant

43. Myrrh (Kankars )
•Myrrh is a natural gum or resin extracted from a number of small, thorny
tree species of the genus Commiphora.
•Myrrh resin has been used throughout history as a perfume, incense, and
medicine. Myrrh mixed with wine can also be ingested.
•Commiphora myrrha is native to parts of Saud
Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Somalia, Eritrea and eastern Ethiopia.

44. Chemical composition
•a-pinene,
•cadinene,
•limonene,
•cuminaldehyde,
•eugenol, m-cresol,
•heerabolene,
•acetic acid,
•formic acid and other sesquiterpenes

45. Uses
•Antiseptic in mouthwashes, gargles, and toothpastes.
•Myrrh is currently used in some linaments and healing salves that may be
applied to abrasions and other minor skin ailments.
• Analgesic for toothaches and can be used in linament for bruises, aches,
and sprains.
•Myrrh gum is used for indigestion, ulcers, colds, cough, asthma, lung
congestion, arthritis pain, and cancer.[

46. Balsam
•Balsam is the resinous exudate (or sap), which forms on certain kinds of
trees and shrubs.
•Balsam is a solution of plant-specific resins in plant
specific solvents (essential oils).
• Such resins can include resin acids, esters, or alcohols.

47. •The exudate is a mobile to highly viscous liquid and often contains
crystallized resin particles.
•Over time and as a result of other influences the exudate loses its liquidizing
components or gets chemically converted into a solid material

48. Balsams contain benzoic or cinnamic acid or their esters.
Plant resins are sometimes classified according to other plant
constituents in the mixture, for example as
• pure resins (guaiac, hashish),
• gum-resins (containing gums/polysaccharides),
• oleo-gum-resins (a mixture of gums, resins and essential oils),
• oleo-resins (a mixture of resins and essential oils, e. g. capsicum, ginger and aspidinol),
• balsams (resinous mixtures that contain cinnamic and/or benzoic acid or their esters),
• glycoresins (podophyllin, jalap, kava kava),
• fossil resins (amber, asphaltite, Utah resin).

49. Balsams
•Storax
•Peruvian balsam
•Tolu balsam
•Benzoin
•(detail will be study from Tylor )