This document summarizes different types of research including basic research, applied research, quantitative research, qualitative research, historical research, conceptual research, empirical research, operational research, evaluation research, and action research. It provides descriptions of each type of research and compares some of their key differences. For example, it notes that basic research aims to advance knowledge for its own sake while applied research aims for practical application. The document also discusses different research designs such as descriptive research, analytical research including cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies, and experimental research.
This document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks in research. It defines key concepts like theories, variables, and relationships between concepts. Theories can be grand, middle-range, descriptive, explanatory or predictive. Theoretical frameworks are derived from existing theories and provide the rationale for relationships between variables. Conceptual frameworks assemble concepts based on their relevance to a theme without being formally tested. Conceptual maps further explain relationships between concepts supported by literature. Frameworks guide research, practice and the generation of hypotheses.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods in information sciences and technologies. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, noting that while traditionally seen as incompatible, they are actually complementary. Qualitative methods are increasingly used in fields like information systems and human-computer interaction due to the complex social and human factors involved. The document outlines some key aspects of quantitative and qualitative research approaches.
This document discusses key aspects of defining a research problem, including identifying a researchable problem, sources of research problems, writing a problem statement, and developing research questions. It emphasizes that a well-defined research problem lays the foundation for a successful research project. The first step is to identify a compelling topic and formulate a problem statement that introduces the research area and leads to specific questions. A good research problem should be significant, clearly delineated, and have accessible information to draw conclusions. Narrowing the scope and defining key terms helps ensure the problem is manageable.
This document discusses mixed methods research designs. It defines mixed methods as procedures for collecting, analyzing, and combining both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or series of studies. The document outlines the history of mixed methods, types of designs including convergent parallel, explanatory sequential, and exploratory sequential. It also covers key characteristics, ethical issues, steps for conducting mixed methods research, and evaluation of mixed methods studies.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to understand phenomena through interviews, observations and documents. It is useful when little is known about a condition or environment. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include studying things in their natural settings, using the researcher as the instrument of data collection, collecting multiple sources of data, and analyzing data inductively to identify themes. Mixed-methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches by collecting and analyzing both types of data sequentially or concurrently.
This document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks in research. It defines key concepts like theories, variables, and relationships between concepts. Theories can be grand, middle-range, descriptive, explanatory or predictive. Theoretical frameworks are derived from existing theories and provide the rationale for relationships between variables. Conceptual frameworks assemble concepts based on their relevance to a theme without being formally tested. Conceptual maps further explain relationships between concepts supported by literature. Frameworks guide research, practice and the generation of hypotheses.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods in information sciences and technologies. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, noting that while traditionally seen as incompatible, they are actually complementary. Qualitative methods are increasingly used in fields like information systems and human-computer interaction due to the complex social and human factors involved. The document outlines some key aspects of quantitative and qualitative research approaches.
This document discusses key aspects of defining a research problem, including identifying a researchable problem, sources of research problems, writing a problem statement, and developing research questions. It emphasizes that a well-defined research problem lays the foundation for a successful research project. The first step is to identify a compelling topic and formulate a problem statement that introduces the research area and leads to specific questions. A good research problem should be significant, clearly delineated, and have accessible information to draw conclusions. Narrowing the scope and defining key terms helps ensure the problem is manageable.
This document discusses mixed methods research designs. It defines mixed methods as procedures for collecting, analyzing, and combining both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or series of studies. The document outlines the history of mixed methods, types of designs including convergent parallel, explanatory sequential, and exploratory sequential. It also covers key characteristics, ethical issues, steps for conducting mixed methods research, and evaluation of mixed methods studies.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to understand phenomena through interviews, observations and documents. It is useful when little is known about a condition or environment. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include studying things in their natural settings, using the researcher as the instrument of data collection, collecting multiple sources of data, and analyzing data inductively to identify themes. Mixed-methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches by collecting and analyzing both types of data sequentially or concurrently.
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
Qualitative data analysis: many approaches to understand user insightsAgnieszka Szóstek
The fifth lecture at HITLab, Canterbury University in New Zealand was all about how important it is to run a proper analysis of the qualitative data. We discussed the value in looking at data from individual (phenomenological) perspective versus combined (reductionist) perspective. But we agreed that regardless of the chosen approach it is crucial to look at the data from more than just one perspective to be sure the interpretation is not biased by researcher's on view of the world.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
This document provides an overview of quota sampling. It defines sampling and explains why samples are used instead of censuses. Quota sampling involves selecting a sample based on predefined quotas for certain subgroups of the population. For example, quotas may be set to interview 50 females ages 45-60. Quota sampling is a non-probability method that relies on the interviewer's selection of subjects within each quota, which can introduce bias if not chosen randomly. While quick and cheap, it is not as representative as probability methods that ensure all subgroups have a chance of selection.
This document provides an overview of qualitative data analysis. It discusses that qualitative data analysis involves coding texts, identifying patterns, and reducing qualitative data into quantitative codes. It also outlines several stages of qualitative analysis including familiarization with data, transcription, organization, coding, identifying themes, recoding, developing categories, exploring relationships between categories, and developing theories. Finally, it discusses challenges of qualitative analysis including placing raw data into logical categories and communicating interpretations to others.
The document discusses research methods and definitions. It defines research as a systematic process of inquiry to discover facts or theories. Research methodology involves defining the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, subjects, design, data collection, analysis and bibliography. Methods of data collection discussed include questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, use scales or checklists. Interviews allow more in-depth information but take more time.
The document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts including population, sampling, samples, and qualitative scales. Specifically, it defines population as any complete group with at least one characteristic in common. It explains that sampling is used to select a subset of a population for a study. The document also outlines different types of measurement scales in quantitative research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
Thematic analysis is a common form of qualitative analysis that involves identifying and examining patterns (themes) within data related to a research question. The analysis is performed through a six phase coding process: 1) familiarizing with the data, 2) generating initial codes, 3) searching for themes among codes, 4) reviewing themes, 5) defining and naming themes, and 6) producing a final report. Themes differ from codes in that they describe what the data means rather than just labeling it. The coding process is cyclical, with researchers refining codes and themes by going back and forth between the phases until reaching satisfactory final themes.
This document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It defines quantitative research as involving systematic empirical investigation that generates numerical data to study properties and phenomena. Key aspects discussed include:
- Quantitative research relies on measurement, statistical analysis, and large sample sizes to generalize results to populations.
- Common data collection methods are questionnaires and surveys that collect numerical data.
- Results should be presented using tables, graphs, charts and diagrams to visually illustrate trends in the numerical data.
- Proper presentation of quantitative results is important for clearly communicating findings to readers.
This document provides an overview of quantitative research design. It defines quantitative research as the systematic investigation of numerical data to explain phenomena through statistical analysis and testing of theories. The key aspects covered include: variables are the basic building blocks and can be categorical or quantitative; variables can be independent, dependent, mediating or moderating; experimental research involves manipulating the independent variable while non-experimental research observes relationships; correlational research examines relationships between variables; and ex post facto research investigates causes retrospectively when manipulation is not possible. Experimental, quasi-experimental, single-case and meta-analysis are also discussed as research methods.
The document discusses various sampling techniques used in qualitative research. It begins by defining key sampling concepts like sampling frame, sample design, and sample size. It then outlines prerequisites to consider for sampling like research objectives, target population, and budget. The main types of sampling covered are probabilistic, non-probabilistic, and mixed. Specific non-probabilistic strategies discussed include purposive sampling, convenience sampling, and quota sampling. The document concludes by noting biases that can occur in sampling and emphasizing that non-probabilistic techniques are commonly used in qualitative research.
This document discusses research design and defines key terms like reliability, validity, and threats to validity. It describes several types of research designs including experimental designs like pretest-posttest control group design and posttest only control group design. It also covers quasi-experimental designs like non-equivalent control group design and time series design. The purpose of choosing an appropriate research design is to minimize errors and reach valid conclusions by considering factors like random assignment, control groups, pretesting, and posttesting.
Writing Qualitative Research Reports PowerPointCharita Alston
This document provides guidance on writing qualitative research papers. It discusses that qualitative research is not complete until the report is written, with the researcher analyzing data through reflective steps of writing. The report increases understanding of social phenomena through quotes as evidence for themes. Special challenges include fewer competent referees and journals accepting qualitative papers, which tend to be longer. Sections include introduction, literature review, methods on data collection and analysis, findings using text rather than tables, discussion of limitations and implications, and conclusions. The methods section details the study context and participants, and analytic plan. The results prioritize the story to tell through representative quotations. The discussion links findings to previous research and next steps.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research methodology that aims to build theory from data. It was developed by Glaser and Strauss in 1967. There are different approaches to grounded theory, including the Glaserian and Straussian approaches. The key processes in grounded theory include initial coding of data, focused coding to synthesize codes into categories, theoretical sampling to refine categories, and memo writing to develop theoretical concepts. Studies using grounded theory are critiqued based on their focus, methodology, sampling approach, data analysis process, and how well the theoretical findings are grounded in and link back to the data.
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
This document provides an overview of nursing research, including definitions, types, and characteristics. It defines nursing research as systematic inquiry to develop knowledge about issues important to nursing. Research is classified by purpose, such as basic, applied, exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and evaluative research. It is also classified by method, such as qualitative and quantitative research. Good research is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Nursing research helps improve nursing practice, education, administration, and patient care by providing an evidence base. However, conducting nursing research faces challenges such as a lack of knowledge, qualified supervisors, funding, and standardized tools. The role of nurses in research includes being principal investigators, members of research teams, and using
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
Qualitative data analysis: many approaches to understand user insightsAgnieszka Szóstek
The fifth lecture at HITLab, Canterbury University in New Zealand was all about how important it is to run a proper analysis of the qualitative data. We discussed the value in looking at data from individual (phenomenological) perspective versus combined (reductionist) perspective. But we agreed that regardless of the chosen approach it is crucial to look at the data from more than just one perspective to be sure the interpretation is not biased by researcher's on view of the world.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
This document provides an overview of quota sampling. It defines sampling and explains why samples are used instead of censuses. Quota sampling involves selecting a sample based on predefined quotas for certain subgroups of the population. For example, quotas may be set to interview 50 females ages 45-60. Quota sampling is a non-probability method that relies on the interviewer's selection of subjects within each quota, which can introduce bias if not chosen randomly. While quick and cheap, it is not as representative as probability methods that ensure all subgroups have a chance of selection.
This document provides an overview of qualitative data analysis. It discusses that qualitative data analysis involves coding texts, identifying patterns, and reducing qualitative data into quantitative codes. It also outlines several stages of qualitative analysis including familiarization with data, transcription, organization, coding, identifying themes, recoding, developing categories, exploring relationships between categories, and developing theories. Finally, it discusses challenges of qualitative analysis including placing raw data into logical categories and communicating interpretations to others.
The document discusses research methods and definitions. It defines research as a systematic process of inquiry to discover facts or theories. Research methodology involves defining the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, subjects, design, data collection, analysis and bibliography. Methods of data collection discussed include questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, use scales or checklists. Interviews allow more in-depth information but take more time.
The document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts including population, sampling, samples, and qualitative scales. Specifically, it defines population as any complete group with at least one characteristic in common. It explains that sampling is used to select a subset of a population for a study. The document also outlines different types of measurement scales in quantitative research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
Thematic analysis is a common form of qualitative analysis that involves identifying and examining patterns (themes) within data related to a research question. The analysis is performed through a six phase coding process: 1) familiarizing with the data, 2) generating initial codes, 3) searching for themes among codes, 4) reviewing themes, 5) defining and naming themes, and 6) producing a final report. Themes differ from codes in that they describe what the data means rather than just labeling it. The coding process is cyclical, with researchers refining codes and themes by going back and forth between the phases until reaching satisfactory final themes.
This document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It defines quantitative research as involving systematic empirical investigation that generates numerical data to study properties and phenomena. Key aspects discussed include:
- Quantitative research relies on measurement, statistical analysis, and large sample sizes to generalize results to populations.
- Common data collection methods are questionnaires and surveys that collect numerical data.
- Results should be presented using tables, graphs, charts and diagrams to visually illustrate trends in the numerical data.
- Proper presentation of quantitative results is important for clearly communicating findings to readers.
This document provides an overview of quantitative research design. It defines quantitative research as the systematic investigation of numerical data to explain phenomena through statistical analysis and testing of theories. The key aspects covered include: variables are the basic building blocks and can be categorical or quantitative; variables can be independent, dependent, mediating or moderating; experimental research involves manipulating the independent variable while non-experimental research observes relationships; correlational research examines relationships between variables; and ex post facto research investigates causes retrospectively when manipulation is not possible. Experimental, quasi-experimental, single-case and meta-analysis are also discussed as research methods.
The document discusses various sampling techniques used in qualitative research. It begins by defining key sampling concepts like sampling frame, sample design, and sample size. It then outlines prerequisites to consider for sampling like research objectives, target population, and budget. The main types of sampling covered are probabilistic, non-probabilistic, and mixed. Specific non-probabilistic strategies discussed include purposive sampling, convenience sampling, and quota sampling. The document concludes by noting biases that can occur in sampling and emphasizing that non-probabilistic techniques are commonly used in qualitative research.
This document discusses research design and defines key terms like reliability, validity, and threats to validity. It describes several types of research designs including experimental designs like pretest-posttest control group design and posttest only control group design. It also covers quasi-experimental designs like non-equivalent control group design and time series design. The purpose of choosing an appropriate research design is to minimize errors and reach valid conclusions by considering factors like random assignment, control groups, pretesting, and posttesting.
Writing Qualitative Research Reports PowerPointCharita Alston
This document provides guidance on writing qualitative research papers. It discusses that qualitative research is not complete until the report is written, with the researcher analyzing data through reflective steps of writing. The report increases understanding of social phenomena through quotes as evidence for themes. Special challenges include fewer competent referees and journals accepting qualitative papers, which tend to be longer. Sections include introduction, literature review, methods on data collection and analysis, findings using text rather than tables, discussion of limitations and implications, and conclusions. The methods section details the study context and participants, and analytic plan. The results prioritize the story to tell through representative quotations. The discussion links findings to previous research and next steps.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research methodology that aims to build theory from data. It was developed by Glaser and Strauss in 1967. There are different approaches to grounded theory, including the Glaserian and Straussian approaches. The key processes in grounded theory include initial coding of data, focused coding to synthesize codes into categories, theoretical sampling to refine categories, and memo writing to develop theoretical concepts. Studies using grounded theory are critiqued based on their focus, methodology, sampling approach, data analysis process, and how well the theoretical findings are grounded in and link back to the data.
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
This document provides an overview of nursing research, including definitions, types, and characteristics. It defines nursing research as systematic inquiry to develop knowledge about issues important to nursing. Research is classified by purpose, such as basic, applied, exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and evaluative research. It is also classified by method, such as qualitative and quantitative research. Good research is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Nursing research helps improve nursing practice, education, administration, and patient care by providing an evidence base. However, conducting nursing research faces challenges such as a lack of knowledge, qualified supervisors, funding, and standardized tools. The role of nurses in research includes being principal investigators, members of research teams, and using
This document discusses several scientific research methods:
- Conceptual and empirical research methods, with conceptual focusing on developing theories and empirical using observation and experimentation.
- Micro-genetic research examines the process of learning over time through dense observations.
- Single-subject research examines the effect of an intervention on an individual over time rather than averaging group results.
- Mixed methods research integrates both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis to examine a phenomenon from multiple perspectives.
Unit -1 Introduction of Nursing Research.pptxnareshsoni31
This document provides an overview of nursing research. It defines research as the systematic investigation of phenomena to discover new knowledge. Nursing research aims to develop the scientific knowledge base for nursing practice. Some key points:
- Nursing research focuses on understanding human health and responses to illness. It takes a holistic perspective on the individual or community.
- There are various types of research including basic, applied, descriptive and experimental. Nursing research covers areas like education, practice, and administration.
- The scientific method involves identifying problems, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Ethics and obtaining consent are important.
- Challenges include lack of time, support and standardized tools. Nursing research aims to
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and lists its key characteristics, including being systematic, objective, and focused on solving problems. The document outlines different types of research such as descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, and quantitative vs qualitative. It also discusses research objectives, criteria for good research, and common motivations for conducting research such as the desire to solve problems or gain new knowledge. Different stages of the research process are briefly introduced as well.
The document discusses various topics related to nursing research including the definition, purposes, types, and process of research. It examines key concepts like basic and applied research, quantitative and qualitative approaches, and evidence-based practice. The document also explores trends, challenges, and priorities in nursing research.
This document provides an introduction to research concepts. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The scientific method involves tentative, empirically testable, and publicly shared approaches. Research can be basic, applied, or action-oriented. Qualitative research explores meanings through words and images, while quantitative research analyzes numerical data. Methods include experimental, case study, survey, and time-series designs. Research helps address problems in fields like public administration, through approaches such as needs assessment, process and outcome evaluations.
Research methodology as per the syllabus of CDLU SirsaParveen Vashisth
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the objectives of research which include gaining new insights, determining frequencies, and testing hypotheses. The document also covers the different types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual research. Additionally, it discusses key aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, the scope of research at different levels, and techniques for defining the research problem.
This document discusses various aspects of research methodology including the meaning and objectives of research, types of research, variables in research, research process, and importance of methodology. It defines research as a systematic search for knowledge and notes that the main objectives are to discover new facts or verify existing facts. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. It also explains key aspects of the research process such as selecting a research area, developing research questions/hypotheses, conducting a literature review, preparing a research design, deciding on sampling, and data collection methods. Finally, it discusses the significance of understanding research methodology.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and research approaches. The document is presented by Dr. G. Praveen Kumar and consists of unit 1 of the research methodology content, covering fundamental concepts and laying the groundwork for further units.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts like the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, research motivations, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and significance of research. It also describes the difference between research methods and methodology. The document outlines the typical research process which includes formulating the problem, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, sampling, data collection, analysis, testing, and reporting.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, types of research approaches, and the research process. The research process involves formulating the research problem, conducting a literature review, developing hypotheses, preparing a research design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. It also distinguishes between research methods, which are techniques for collecting data, and research methodology, which considers the logic and procedures of the research approach.
The document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, research motivations, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and significance of research. It also covers the difference between research methods and methodology. The research process involves formulating the research problem, literature survey, developing hypotheses, research design, sampling, data collection, analysis, testing hypotheses, and reporting results.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and research approaches. The types of research covered include conceptual vs empirical, one-time vs longitudinal vs historical vs diagnostic vs experimental vs exploratory. The document is presented by Dr. G. Praveen Kumar and serves as an overview to research methodology concepts.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, types of research approaches, and the research process. The research process involves formulating the research problem, conducting a literature review, developing hypotheses, preparing a research design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. It also distinguishes between research methods, which are techniques for collecting data, and research methodology, which considers the logic and procedures of the research approach.
The document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, research motivations, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and significance of research. It also covers the difference between research methods and methodology. The research process involves formulating the research problem, literature survey, developing hypotheses, research design, sampling, data collection, analysis, testing hypotheses, and reporting results.
The document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, research motivations, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and significance of research. It also covers the difference between research methods and methodology. The research process involves formulating the research problem, conducting a literature review, developing hypotheses, preparing a research design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results.
This document discusses different types of research methodologies. It describes the key differences between descriptive and analytical research, applied and fundamental research, qualitative and quantitative research, and conceptual and empirical research. Descriptive research involves surveys and fact-finding to describe current phenomena, while analytical research determines the validity of hypotheses through analysis. Applied research aims to solve practical problems, whereas fundamental research satisfies intellectual curiosity. Qualitative research is non-numerical while quantitative research relies on measurements and statistics. Conceptual research develops new ideas through reasoning, and empirical research is based on verifiable data from observation or experimentation.
Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
Similar to nursing research Chapter 5 for pbn 3rd year pu PU nepal (20)
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
nursing research Chapter 5 for pbn 3rd year pu PU nepal
1. TYPES OF RESERCH
1. Basic research
2. Applied research
3. Quantitative
4. Qualitative
5. Historical research
6. Conceptual research
7. Empirical research
8. Operational research
9. Evaluation research
10. Action research
1
2. Basic research
• It is a theoretical or pure research in which data are
scientifically collected to advance knowledge or theory on
subject of interest without specific immediate practical use or
application. The goal of basic research is enrich knowledge for
its own shake or for intellectual curiosity.
It tries to find out truth. The findings of basic research may be
useful in scientific invention, developing technologies etc.
Aims to advance knowledge for intellectual pleasure.
Tries to find truth or facts
Seek generalization of study
Tries to say why things happen
2
3. Applied research
• It is problem or action oriented research in which data are collected to use in
clinical or administrative field to find solution to the problem, evaluate practices
or strategies. It is carried out find solution to a practical or observed problem that
requires an action or policy decision. It answers questions related to the
applicability of basic theories in practical situation or applies truth/ facts into
practical situation.
Aims for practical application of theories or knowledge.
Tries truth or facts to apply in practical situation
Study directs to individual cases and cannot generalize.
Tries to say how things can be changed.
3
4. Different between basic and applied
research
1 Basic research's aims to advance knowledge for
intellectual pleasure but applied research’s for
practical application of theories or knowledge
2 Basic research tries to find truth or facts but
applied Tries truth or facts to apply in practical
situation
3 Basic research Seek generalization of study but
applied research show individual cases and
cannot generalize.
4 basic tries to say why things happen but applied
Tries to say how things can be changed.
4
5. Quantitative research
• This types of research based on the
measurement of quantity.
• Quantitative research is a formal, objective
systematic process to describe, test relationship
and examine cause and effect interaction
among variables.
• Quantitative research is pre-determined
question and its series.
• Basically, quantitative research method used in
surveys which, attempt to measure opinion.
5
6. Qualitative research
• Qualitative research describe to culture and
behavior of humans and their groups.
• It also expresses commitment to view events,
actions, values etc.
• These types of research need to spend more
time in a community, thereby developing
report and identifying potential sources.
6
7. Different between quantitative and qualitative research
1. Quantitative research always clears and familiar
about subject matter but in qualitative research
subject matter is unfamiliar.
2. In quantitative research variable and concepts
are known, but in qualitative always unclear.
3. Quantitative research used for descriptive
analytical propose but qualitative research used
for depth study.
4. In quantitative research define numerical value
but qualitative research defines behavior aspects
of certain group.
5. Quantitative is pre-determined question and
sample based research but qualitative research
never determine any sample.
7
8. Historical research
• Historical research deals with what has happened
in past and how these events affects in present.
• Historical research is guideline for the present
and future for new knowledge and invention.
• Historical research used in new research,
literature review and repots.
• Clinical researcher have great quantities of data
such as history of the patients records that can be
used to establish cause effect relationship
between health delivery and the state of patient’s
health.
8
9. Advantage of historical research
• Easy to know past event
• Time save for new research (as a literature
review)
• Predict future with past experience
Disadvantage of historical research
• From historical events chances of get wrong
information.
• Using bias information in new research, result
will not be fact.
• Historical data are never complete.
9
10. Action research
• Action research is initiated to solve an
immediate problem.
• It produces guidelines for best practice.
• Action research is an interactive inquiry
process that balances problem solving actions.
• There are two types of action
research: participatory action research and
practical action research.
10
12. Action research
Is action research different from applied
research?
• It is different because ACTION research is a
decision oriented research, it response to
immediate needs to improve existing practice
• While, APPLIED/PRACTICAL research is that
seeking new information or new application of
scientific knowledge to the solution of a
problem
12
13. Conceptual research
• Conceptual research focuses on the
concept or theory that explains or
describes the phenomenon being
studied.
• What causes disease?
• Conceptual research required using the
brain, not the hands.
• Con…
13
14. Conceptual research
• How can we describe the motions of the
planets?
• The conceptual researcher sits at his desk
with pen in hand and tries to solve these
problems by thinking about them.
• He does no experiments but may make
use, since this is the mass of data that he
is trying to make sense.
14
15. Empirical Research
• Empirical research is based on observed
and measured.
• Empirical research derives knowledge
from actual experience rather than from
theory or belief.
• Statement about the methodology being
used
• Con…..
15
16. Empirical Research
• Research questions to be answered.
• Process used to study this group or
phenomena.
• controls or instruments used such as
tests or surveys.
16
17. Empirical vs. conceptual
• Empirical and conceptual are two
different approaches of research.
• While empirical is dependent upon
observation and experimentation, and
produces verifiable results, it is mostly
used in scientific studies.
• On the other hand, conceptual analysis is
a popular method of research in social
sciences, and philosophy and psychology.17
18. evaluation research
• Evaluation research is the systematic
assessment of the worth or merit of
some object.
• Evaluation research is the procedure to
evaluate a programme. (eg., treatment-
drug Therapy, practice-Nursing, policy-
Health policy)
• Evaluation research focuses out the
impact of social, economical, or health
programmers. 18
19. The propose of evaluation research
• To discover whether and how well the
objectives are being fulfilled.
• To determine the research for specific
success or failures.
• To direct the course of experiment with
techniques for increasing effectiveness.
19
20. Operation research
• Operations research, or operational research in
British usage, is a discipline that deals with the
application of advanced analytical methods to
help make better decisions.
• The terms management science and decision
science are sometimes used as synonyms.
• Con… 20
21. Operation research
• Operations research arrives at optimal or near-
optimal solutions to complex decision-making
problems.
• Operations research is often concerned with
determining the maximum (of profit,
performance, or yield) or minimum (of loss,
risk, or cost) of some real-world objective.
21
23. Descriptive research
Descriptive research, also
called statistical research, describes data and
characteristics about the population.
• Descriptive research answers the questions
who, what, where, when, "why" and how.
• The main goal of this type of research is to
describe the data and characteristics about what
is being studied.
• The description is used
for frequencies, averages and other statistical
calculations.
23
24. Benefit/advantage of descriptive research
• It is less expensive and time consuming than
quantitative experiments;
• Collects a large amount of data for detailed
studying; As it is used to describe and not
make any conclusions it is easier to start the
research with it; and
• It can identify further area of study
24
25. On the basis of Analytical research
Cross-sectional
comparative study
Case control study
Cohort studies
(longitudinal study)
25
26. Cross-sectional comparative studies
• Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies, in which
exposure (जोखिम) status is measured within a given
population.
• In cross-sectional studies, a disease (asthma) and
factors thought to cause or prevent the disease (e.g.,
fruits, vegetables, and pollution) are measured
simultaneously in a group of individuals.
• This type of research can be used to describe
characteristics that exist in a population.
26
27. Cross-sectional comparative studies
• Cross-sectional studies provide a "snapshot"
of the relationship between a disease and
possible causes or preventive factors in a
population at a single point in time.
• Study never determine cause-and-effect
relationships between different variables.
27
28. Case-control study
• In this type of study, investigation begins from
to compare between two groups; one with
problem (case) and one without problem
(control).
• It tries to find out possible cause or risk factor
of a problem or outcome.
• It looks backward from effect to cause.
• In case control study, we get risk factor is
collected in the same way for cases and
controls.
28
29.
30. Cohort studies काउहोट
• A group of people having something in common and
remains the same extended time period is called
cohort.
• It looks forward from cause to effect.
• In this study, risk factors in the two group to determine
whether greater portions of the population of those
with the risk factors are indeed (in real) affected.
• For example: in one community new sources of
drinking water is initiated by drinking water office and
there is also old sources of water. To identify whether,
the new sources of water is safe or not? Researcher
took both group who using new source of water (study
group) and old source of water (control group).
30
31. Diagram of cohort study
Exposed to
risk factors
aasProblem
present/problem
absent
Compare
Not exposed
to risk factors
Problem
present/problem
absent
Compare
31
32. Experimental research
• Experimental research is which the researcher
manipulates one or more variables, and
controls and measures any change in other
variables.
• Experimental research is what we call a true
experiment.
• When something is manipulated and
controlled and then the outcome happens
(example car start)
32
33. Experimental research
• Experimental research is commonly used in
sciences such as sociology and psychology,
physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc.
• Experiments are conducted to be able to
predict phenomenon.
33
34. Experimental research
Experimental studies – Example 1
• An investigator wants to evaluate whether a new technique to
teach math to school students is more effective than the standard
teaching method. Using an experimental design, the investigator
divides the class randomly (by chance) into two groups and calls
them “group A” and “group B.” The random assignment process
results in two groups that should share equal characteristics at the
beginning of the experiment. In group A, the teacher uses a new
teaching method to teach the math lesson. In group B, the teacher
uses a standard teaching method to teach the math lesson. The
investigator compares test scores at the end of the semester to
evaluate the success of the new teaching method compared to the
standard teaching method. At the end of the study, the results
indicated that the students in the new teaching method group
scored higher on their final exam than the students in the standard
teaching group.
34
35. Research design
• Research design is the "blue print" of the
study.
• The design of a study defines the study type
(descriptive, correlation, experimental,
review) and sub-type e.g., descriptive, Case
study, research
question, hypotheses, independent and
dependent variables, experimental design,
data collection methods) and analysis plan.
• Research design is the framework that has
been created to seek answers to research
questions. 35
36. Purpose of research design
• Answers the questions being investigated.
• The research design can be made is valid.
• It is a series of guide posts to keep one going
in the right direction.
• It reduces wastage of time and cost.
• It encourages co-ordination and effective
organization.
• It has also to be kept within the manageable
limits.
36
Editor's Notes
Basic research
Applied research
Quantitative
Qualitative
Historical research
Conceptual research
Empirical research
Operational research
Evaluation research
Action research