RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
Exploratory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
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Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It often occurs before we know enough to make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory relationship. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
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Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Exploratory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
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Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It often occurs before we know enough to make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory relationship. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
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Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
The research paper has developed over the past three centuries into a tool to communicate the results of scientific inquiry.
The ability to accurately describe ideas, protocols/procedures, and outcomes are the pillars of scientific writing.
APPROACHES USED IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Qualit.docxjewisonantone
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APPROACHES USED
IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGNS
Qualitative Research Designs
https://my.visme.co/render/1454625359/www.erau.edu
Slide 1 Transcript
This module will focus on qualitative research designs, which fall mostly into the nonexperimental category. Qualitative research is found in nearly all the academic disciplines. Often, this is
how a line of inquiry begins. When little is known about a subject, and variables are unknown or a related theory base is undeveloped, a qualitative study helps to identify what needs to be
studied that is important.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Designs Share
Two Things in Common
Five Designs
Commonly Used
May be arranged by
descriptive methodologies
Expect to Find Multiple
Layers or Facets
Studies complexity without
simplifying
Usually does not try to
manipulate any variables
Studied in natural settings
May use historical records
May involve meta-analysis
Slide 3 Transcript
Qualitative approaches share two things in common. The main interest is on phenomena that are happening now or previously, usually in real-world, or natural, settings. Another aspect is that
they attempt to capture and study the complexity of those phenomena. From the outset, qualitative researchers expect to find multilayered, multi-faceted observations and do not try to simplify,
or control for, them. So, it is essential that you know what qualitative research entails and what it sets out to accomplish. Typically, there are five recognized qualitative designs that are in use,
although the number varies depending on how writers arrange the approaches. For instance, they may separate approaches into descriptive designs, use existing or historical information, or work
with a meta-analysis which combines results from several studies.
Types of Qualitative Designs
Case Study
Content Analysis
Systematic examination of
material for patterns
Ethnography
Group with common cultureParticular person,
program, event
Phenomenology
Perceptions about
particular situation
Grounded Theory
Develop theory
Slide 5 Transcript
The names for the most used types of qualitative designs are the case study, which is also known as idiographic research, and studies a particular person, program, or event in depth
for a specified time period. An ethnography, which is where the researcher looks, not at an individual, but at a group that shares a common culture over time. A phenomenology
study seeks to understand perception among people about a particular situation. Grounded theory study begins with data collected in the field, not from literature, to develop a
theory. The final design in use is content analysis, probably one of the most used types of qualitative design, which identifies a body of material from several sources and performs a
systematic examination to determine patterns. Now, a closer consideration of the five design approaches helps to understand when a researcher may be served b.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Associationâs Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. īThe most common research designs used by
natural and social science are:
1. Experimental designs
2. Cross sectional or social survey design
3. Longitudinal design
4. Case study design, and
5. Comparative design
3. ī Common in natural science and positivist paradigms
ī Sometime are used in assessing impacts of new reforms or
policies
ī Trustworthy and give more confidence in findings
ī True experiments tend to be very strong in terms of internal
validity
ī With all these strong points of this design why social science is
not making big use of this design?
ī The reason is simple: in order to conduct a true experiment, it is
necessary to manipulate independent variable in order to
determine whether it have an influence on the dependent
variable.
4. ī This kind of research deals with one or more groups, each of
which represent different types or levels of variables
ī This help how different groups are responsible for variations in
the levels of dependent variable
ī In such design, the researcher intervene in the natural set up
ī However, in social science it is very hard to manipulate most of
the independent variables
ī For example if you are interested in some variation among the
social groups or gender etc you simply cannot designate male as
female or special ethnic group
5. ī Similarly there is huge different between laboratory and field
experiment
ī The experiment take place in laboratory in special setting whereas
field experiment happened in real life setting such as class room or
village which is common in social sciences and which cannot be
easily manipulated
ī In lab experiment researcher has far greater influence over the
experimental arrangement and hence likely to enhance internal
validity
ī The lab experiment is more straightforward to replicate
ī The issue with lab experiment is that most often the external
validity is difficult to establish
ī The setting of the laboratory are likely to be unrelated to the real
world experience and contexts
6. ī Research design where data is collected on more than one case
and in single point of time in order to collect a body of
quantitative or qualitative data in connection with two or more
variables which are then examine to detect patterns of
association
ī More than one case- because researcher is interested in
variation in respect to people, time, organization etc
ī Variation can be established if more than one case is being
examined
ī Researcher select more cases for different reasons based on their
interest in variables
7. ī At a single point in time- in cross section research design data
on the variables of interest are collected simultaneously
ī The answer to questions are taken at the same time
ī This is different than classical experimental design where group
is pre-tested, exposed to experimental treatment and post-tested.
The different phases may be separated by months and even
years
ī Quantifiable data- to establish variation between cases, it is
necessary to have systematic and standardized methods for
gauging the variation
8. ī Pattern of association-this design provide opportunity to
examine relationship between variables because there is not time
difference and relevant data are collected simultaneously
ī The relationship, however, might not be casual all the time,
because feature of experimental design are not present but
researcher can say that variables are related
ī Therefore, this research design can be criticize for internal
validity compare to internal validity of experimental research
design
ī This research design produce association rather than finding
from which causal inference can be made
9. ī The external validity of this research design is strong
ī This research design often use variety of research instrument
such as questionnaire, interviews and observations etc therefore,
the ecological validity may be jeopardized because every
instrument disrupt the natural habitat
10. ī This is usually an extended form of cross-sectional research
design based on self-administered questionnaire, structured
interview etc
ī In term of validity, replication and reliability is little different
than the cross-sectional design
ī This research design, however, can allow some insight into the
time order of variables and hence more able to allow casual
inferences from it
ī In this design a sample is surveyed and is survey again on at
least one further occasion
11. ī The longitudinal research design could be panel study, cohort
study and case study
ī In panel, researcher observe exactly the same people, group,
organization across time period
ī This type of research is formidable and costly, as tracking
people over time is often difficult as some might die or cannot
be located
ī However, the result of such study is valuable
12. ī The cohort study under the longitudinal research is similar to
panel study, but rather than observing exactly the same people, a
category of people who share a similar life experience in a
specified time period is studied
ī Here the focus is on cohort and not specific individual, such as
people born in the same year, all students who graduate from
Oxford in the same semester could be your cohort
ī Unlike panel, researcher do not have to locate exactly same
people for cohort study
13. ī Detail and intensive analysis of a single case
ī A single community, school, family, person, event or
organization etc
ī In case study, a researcher examine features on many people or
units either at one time period or across time period
ī In both cases a researcher examine a common set of features on
many cases
ī The researcher examine in-depth, many features of a few cases
over a duration of time
ī The data of such research could be in detail and varied
ī Here the research select one or few cases to illustrate the issue
ī It connect the micro level action with macro level structure
14. ī The emphasis is on intensive examination of the setting
ī Common in qualitative research as one need detail data about the
individual or phenomenon but it could be used in quantitative
research
ī Sometime placed within the cross-sectional research and it could
also be in any other research design
ī For example someone study couples in a single location to
examine the âimpact of male employment on family and marital
statusâ
ī Critical cases (for example studying group believe on end of the
world which did not happened and now you want to study how
people respond to the thwarted expectations)
ī Unique cases (common in clinical study but with restricted
external validity)
ī General Cases (it could be any case within the broad group of
people)
15. ī Examining a case in relation to which one get engage in
theoretical analysis
ī The central issue of concern is the quality of the theoretical
reasoning in which the case study researcher engages
ī How well the do the data support the theoretical arguments that
are generated?
ī The crucial question is not whether the findings can be
generalized to a wider universe, but how well the researcher
generate theory out of the findings
ī This view put case study research in the inductive tradition of
the relationship between theory and research but the design is
not always like this as case study be located in both âtheory
generationâ and âtheory testingâ
16. ī The study using more or less identical methods of two
contrasting cases
ī It embodies the logic of comparison and implies that we can
understand social phenomenon better when they are compared
in relation to two or more contrasting cases or situation
ī For example studying same phenomenon in two different
countries, institutions, customs, life styles etc)
ī This design use the same research instruments
ī The logic of comparison can be applied to variety of situations
ī This research design help improve theory building, by
comparing two or more cases and where the research argue
whether the theory will hold or not