Research design
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The document describes three types of studies: descriptive studies which characterize variables without changing the environment, exploratory studies which are conducted when little is known about a problem, and correlational studies which investigate statistical relationships between variables without determining cause and effect. Descriptive studies use observation, case studies, and surveys. Correlational studies can study many variables at once but cannot determine causation.
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![1] DESCRIPTIVE STUDY.
2] CORRELATIONAL STUDY.
3] EXPLORATORY STUDY.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/researchdesign-150812174017-lva1-app6892/85/Research-design-1-320.jpg)
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Typology of Research
This document defines and provides examples of different types of research:
- Pure/basic research seeks knowledge without practical goals, while applied research solves practical problems.
- Exploratory research develops understanding of undefined problems, explanatory research examines relationships between variables, and experimental research tests hypotheses through controlled experiments.
- Relational research examines relationships between variables, evaluation research assesses projects, and descriptive research portrays characteristics of groups or situations.
- Policy research provides policymakers options and recommendations to address fundamental social problems.
ex post fact research - ppt
This document discusses ex post facto research. Ex post facto research is a type of non-experimental research where the independent variable has already occurred and the researcher studies the effects. Some key points:
1) Ex post facto research uses groups that differ on the independent or dependent variable and compares them.
2) The independent variable cannot be manipulated. The research focuses on analyzing the effects or causes of events.
3) There are strengths like relevance when variables cannot be manipulated, and weaknesses like inability to randomly assign groups or manipulate variables.
4) The steps of ex post facto research include determining the problem, literature review, formulating hypotheses, research design, validity, and interpreting conclusions.
COR-RELATIONAL DESIGN
This document discusses correlational research design, which examines relationships between variables without manipulation. It has independent and dependent variables, and the researcher determines how changes in one variable correlate with changes in the other through statistical analysis. Correlational design can be either prospective, observing relationships from cause to effect over time, or retrospective, examining current phenomena in relation to past events. Examples given are a prospective study of tsunami stress and a retrospective study of adolescent drug abuse risk factors.
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Qualitative Research by Dr.Neha Deo
In the Educational research, two approaches are used. Quantitative & qualitative. Qualitative Research is much different than the quantitative. The details of the qualitative research are discussed in this presentation.
Nature of inquiry_and_research mlg
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines research as a systematic process for creating knowledge through posing questions, collecting data to answer those questions, and presenting answers. Quantitative research aims to describe relationships and characteristics or manipulate conditions to study effects. Common quantitative research designs include experimental, descriptive, and correlational methods. Variables are qualities or characteristics that can take on different values and are studied in research. Key types of variables include independent and dependent variables.
Non experimental design
Non-experimental design involves observing and measuring phenomena as they occur without manipulation. It aims to describe variables, propose hypotheses, and provide an overall picture of a phenomenon. Common non-experimental designs include descriptive, correlational, retrospective, prospective, survey, case study, and historical research designs, which involve methods like interviews, questionnaires, observation, and measurement to understand relationships and describe attributes without establishing causality.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
This document describes descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs without manipulation. It provides a picture of what is occurring in a setting and may help generate hypotheses. There are different types of descriptive designs including univarent, exploratory, and comparative. Univarent design describes a single variable, exploratory design explores an understudied phenomenon and related factors, and comparative design compares two or more groups on selected variables. Descriptive design involves identifying variables of interest and describing them without manipulation to interpret findings.
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Typology of Research
This document defines and provides examples of different types of research:
- Pure/basic research seeks knowledge without practical goals, while applied research solves practical problems.
- Exploratory research develops understanding of undefined problems, explanatory research examines relationships between variables, and experimental research tests hypotheses through controlled experiments.
- Relational research examines relationships between variables, evaluation research assesses projects, and descriptive research portrays characteristics of groups or situations.
- Policy research provides policymakers options and recommendations to address fundamental social problems.
ex post fact research - ppt
This document discusses ex post facto research. Ex post facto research is a type of non-experimental research where the independent variable has already occurred and the researcher studies the effects. Some key points:
1) Ex post facto research uses groups that differ on the independent or dependent variable and compares them.
2) The independent variable cannot be manipulated. The research focuses on analyzing the effects or causes of events.
3) There are strengths like relevance when variables cannot be manipulated, and weaknesses like inability to randomly assign groups or manipulate variables.
4) The steps of ex post facto research include determining the problem, literature review, formulating hypotheses, research design, validity, and interpreting conclusions.
COR-RELATIONAL DESIGN
This document discusses correlational research design, which examines relationships between variables without manipulation. It has independent and dependent variables, and the researcher determines how changes in one variable correlate with changes in the other through statistical analysis. Correlational design can be either prospective, observing relationships from cause to effect over time, or retrospective, examining current phenomena in relation to past events. Examples given are a prospective study of tsunami stress and a retrospective study of adolescent drug abuse risk factors.
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Non experimental design
Non-experimental design involves observing and measuring phenomena as they occur without manipulation. It aims to describe variables, propose hypotheses, and provide an overall picture of a phenomenon. Common non-experimental designs include descriptive, correlational, retrospective, prospective, survey, case study, and historical research designs, which involve methods like interviews, questionnaires, observation, and measurement to understand relationships and describe attributes without establishing causality.
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This document describes descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs without manipulation. It provides a picture of what is occurring in a setting and may help generate hypotheses. There are different types of descriptive designs including univarent, exploratory, and comparative. Univarent design describes a single variable, exploratory design explores an understudied phenomenon and related factors, and comparative design compares two or more groups on selected variables. Descriptive design involves identifying variables of interest and describing them without manipulation to interpret findings.
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This document discusses experimental methods in psychology. It describes experiments as a quantitative method used to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables under controlled conditions. An example experiment aims to determine if noise (the independent variable) affects one's ability to recall information (the dependent variable). The variables must be clearly operationalized by describing how they will be measured. The researcher would form a null hypothesis that noise has no effect and an experimental hypothesis that noise decreases recall. Various types of experiments and biases are also discussed.
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Here are the answers to your questions:
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4. We use correlational research to determine the relationship among two or more variables without influencing them. It allows us to investigate possible relationships between variables.
5. The basic steps in correlational research are: problem selection,
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This document describes descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs without manipulation. It provides a picture of what is occurring in a setting and may help generate hypotheses. There are different types of descriptive designs including univarent, exploratory, and comparative. Univarent design describes a single variable, exploratory design explores an understudied phenomenon and related factors, and comparative design compares two or more groups on selected variables. Descriptive design involves identifying variables of interest and describing them without manipulation to interpret findings.
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The document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as research that values people's perspectives and understanding of the world. Characteristics include a focus on human interpretation, context-specific insights, and analysis of words and meanings rather than numbers. Common qualitative approaches include case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, content analysis, and grounded theory. The purpose is to understand individuals' experiences rather than measure causal relationships or outcomes.
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This document discusses research and the qualities of a good researcher. It defines research as the scientific investigation of phenomena through collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. Research is valuable as it improves quality of life, reduces burdens, and satisfies needs. A good researcher is research-oriented, efficient, scientific, effective, active, resourceful, creative, honest, and economical. Key characteristics of research include being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, methodical, critical, and replicable. The document provides advice for students to become good researchers.
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Research has several key characteristics: it is empirical, relying on direct observation or experience; logical, following valid procedures and principles; and cyclical, starting with a problem and ending by identifying a new problem. Research also utilizes proven analytical procedures to gather and analyze data using methods like historical analysis, description, experimentation, or case studies. Valid research designs and procedures allow results to be replicated, leading to conclusions, and research requires critical and precise judgment throughout the process.
CO-RELATIONAL DESIGN
This document discusses correlational research design, which examines relationships between variables without manipulation. It has independent and dependent variables, and the researcher determines how changes in one variable correlate with changes in the other through statistical analysis. Correlational design can be either prospective, observing relationships from cause to effect over time, or retrospective, examining current phenomena in relation to past events. Examples given are a prospective study of tsunami stress and a retrospective study of adolescent drug abuse risk factors.
Component of a Research Design
The slides will help you in knowing the components of research design in brief what is research design, components of research design, differnt types of research design
Introduction To The Research Method
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methods. It defines research as a systematic, objective inquiry undertaken to find answers to specific problems. The purposes of research are then outlined, including reviewing existing knowledge, investigating problems or situations, providing solutions, and generating new knowledge. Quantitative and qualitative approaches as well as deductive and inductive research are briefly described. Several research methodologies such as surveys, experiments, longitudinal studies, and case studies are then defined. The document concludes by outlining steps in the research process such as developing a research proposal, literature review, objectives, variables, conceptual framework, hypotheses, methods, and limitations.
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
This document describes descriptive research design. Descriptive research aims to observe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs without manipulation. It provides a picture of what is occurring in a setting and may help generate hypotheses. There are different types of descriptive designs including univarent, exploratory, and comparative. Univarent design describes a single variable, exploratory design explores an understudied phenomenon and related factors, and comparative design compares two or more groups on selected variables. Descriptive design involves identifying variables of interest and describing them without manipulation to interpret findings.
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This document classifies research by purpose and method. For purpose, it discusses basic vs applied research, research and development, and evaluative research. For method, it discusses historical research which describes past conditions, descriptive research which describes present data and characteristics, and experimental research which manipulates variables to discern effects.
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The document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as research that values people's perspectives and understanding of the world. Characteristics include a focus on human interpretation, context-specific insights, and analysis of words and meanings rather than numbers. Common qualitative approaches include case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, content analysis, and grounded theory. The purpose is to understand individuals' experiences rather than measure causal relationships or outcomes.
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- Research can be classified as qualitative, involving subjective experiences, or quantitative, using statistical techniques to measure phenomena.
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The document provides an introduction to key concepts in research methods. It defines research as a systematic process of investigation to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The main purposes of research are to learn and gather evidence. There are three main types of research: exploratory research which is unstructured, descriptive research which is structured, and explanatory research which uses hypotheses. Good research has clear definitions, acknowledges limitations, is planned, uses sufficient data, allows for generalization, and is systematic and logical. The scope of research includes areas like the environment, technology, innovation, competitors, markets, products, pricing, promotion, sales, customers, and organizations. Research can be pure/basic research aimed at knowledge, applied research aimed at solving problems, or
Explanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptx
Research can be classified in different ways such as by purpose, process, and outcomes. There are several types of research including exploratory research, descriptive research, and explanatory research. Exploratory research is conducted when little is known about a topic and aims to gain insights rather than test hypotheses. Descriptive research describes characteristics of a topic as it exists currently. Explanatory research builds on exploratory and descriptive research to understand phenomena by discovering causal relationships between variables and answering "why" questions. The goals, strengths, and weaknesses of each type of research are outlined.
ppt presentation research presentation on classification
Research can be classified in different ways such as by purpose, process, and outcomes. There are several types of research including exploratory research, descriptive research, and explanatory research. Exploratory research is conducted when little is known about a topic and aims to gain insights rather than test hypotheses. Descriptive research describes characteristics of a topic as it exists currently. Explanatory research builds on exploratory and descriptive research to understand phenomena by discovering causal relationships between variables and answering "why" questions. The goals, strengths, and weaknesses of each type of research are outlined.
Research
It is a systematic, rigorous investigation of a
situation or problem in order to generate new
knowledge or validate existing knowledge
Observation and Research: Session 1 (Blended TEFL course)
This document discusses research methods in education, including key concepts like independent and dependent variables, quantitative and qualitative approaches, and experimental designs. It describes the components of classroom research as involving the teacher, learner, classroom processes and products. Different data collection instruments are outlined, as are issues like reliability, validity, and triangulation. Experimental and action research are compared, and steps for developing valid and reliable research instruments are provided.
1. Introduction to Research Methdology.pptx
1. Research is defined as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of phenomena. It involves careful investigation and moving from known to unknown.
2. The objectives of research are to solve problems, study trends, face challenges, advance knowledge, and serve society. Research aims to discover new facts or information.
3. There are different types of research based on the nature of information (qualitative vs. quantitative), utility/subject matter (theoretical vs. applied), approach (longitudinal vs. cross-sectional), and method (philosophical vs. historical vs. experimental).
Introduction to business research methodology
This document provides an overview of different types of research methodologies, including applied research, basic research, correlational research, descriptive research, ethnographic research, experimental research, exploratory research, grounded theory research, and historical research. It defines each type of research and provides examples. The document also discusses key characteristics of research such as being objective, precise, verifiable, and empirical. It outlines the scientific method and notes research involves collecting and analyzing data to solve problems.
Basic and Applied Research.pptx
Presentation covers the area of Basic and Applied Research, their characteristics, Importance , Disadvantages , Differences and Relationship.
business research methods 1 introduction
Research is a systematic investigation to discover new facts or verify existing facts. It involves searching for knowledge in a planned, organized manner. The main purposes of research are discovery of new information and verification of existing information. Research follows defined methodological steps and aims to provide generalizable conclusions through objective, systematic inquiry. There are different types of research based on purpose, approach, and nature of variables studied. The overall research process typically involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting findings.
Rm17 45
The document provides an overview of action research methodology. It defines action research as a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by individuals working with others in teams. Key aspects of action research discussed include that it is conducted by teachers and staff to study their own practices and environments, aims to improve processes and services, and involves collecting and analyzing data to answer questions. Methods of action research mentioned are flexible and iterative to problem solve in real-world applications.
Rm17 45 1-151
The document provides an overview of action research methodology. It defines action research as a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by individuals working with others in teams. Key aspects of action research discussed include that it is conducted by teachers and staff to study their own practices and environments, aims to improve processes and services, and involves collecting and analyzing data to answer questions. Methods of action research mentioned are flexible and iterative to problem solve in real-world applications.
RESEARCH PROBLEM & TYPES OF VARIABLES.pptx
This document discusses research problems and types of variables. It begins by outlining the stages of the scientific method and then describes three types of research questions: descriptive, relationship, and difference questions. Next, it covers criteria for selecting a research problem, such as interest, significance, and manageability. The document defines key terms like research problem, variables, and types of variables. It also discusses formulating a well-defined research problem and outlines components of a research problem statement, including delimitations, limitations, and assumptions.
1 complete research
The document discusses the key aspects and stages of the complete research process. It begins by defining what research is and is not, noting that research contributes new knowledge rather than just gathering or transporting existing facts. The main stages of the research process are then outlined, including problem discovery and definition, research design, sampling, data gathering, data analysis, and reporting conclusions. Various research types like descriptive, correlational, and explanatory research are also defined. The document emphasizes that research is a systematic and cyclical process aimed at increasing understanding of the topic being studied.
pawlosppt CH3.pptx
The document outlines the key steps in the research process, including problem identification, selection of a research design, data collection and analysis, and report preparation. It discusses exploratory and conclusive research designs such as descriptive research, causal research, experimental and quasi-experimental studies. The research process begins with defining the problem and formulating research objectives, then selecting an appropriate design and instruments to collect and analyze data to address the objectives.
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Explanatory, Descriptive and Exploratory Research.pptx
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ppt presentation research presentation on classification
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Observation and Research: Session 1 (Blended TEFL course)
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Research design
- 1. 1] DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. 2] CORRELATIONAL STUDY. 3] EXPLORATORY STUDY.
- 2. DESCRIPTIVE STUDY: • This approach is basically used to understand and describe the characteristics of variables . • A descriptive study is one, in which information is collected without changing the environment . • Descriptive studies, primarily concerned with finding out "what is", the problem which then might be applied to investigate the problem . • For example: In Organization Descriptive Study are undertaken to learn about and describe the characteristics of a group of employees i.e, age, gender, educational level, job status, working hours e.t.c .
- 3. METHODS USED IN DESCRIPTIVE STUDY: OBSERVATIONS. CASE STUDY. SURVEYS. ADVANTAGES: • Data is collected in natural environment. • Less expensive and time consuming. • Helps in making certain decisions. • Offer ideas for further research. DISADVANTAGES: • Requires more skills. • Does not identify cause behind the problem. • Results changes over the period of time.
- 4. EXPLORATORY STUDY: • An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation or problem or no information is available that how similar problems have been solved in the past. • Preliminary work is needed. • Interviews, questionnaires. • Note: doing study for first time in organization does not make it exploratory in nature but it is the amount of information and depth of knowledge required for solving the problem.
- 5. CORRELATIONAL STUDY: • Correlational study refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect. • EDUCATION AND INCOME ARE POSITIVELY CORRELATED. WE DO NOT KNOW WHICH CAUSES THE OTHER. • IT MIGHT BE THAT HAVING MORE EDUCATION CAUSE A PERSON TO EARN A HIGHER INCOME .OR • IT MIGHT BE THAT HAVING A HIGHER INCOME CAUSE A PERSON TO GET MORE EDUCATION. OR THERE MIGHT BE SOME THIRD VARIABLE.
- 6. ADVANTAGES • 1) Can collect much information from many subjects at one time. • 2) Can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations. • 3) Study variables that are not easily produced in the laboratory. DISADVANTAGES • A correlation tells us that the two variables are related, but we cannot say anything about whether one caused the other. This method does not allow us to come to any conclusions about cause and effect.