Hsp 3 m social science research methods
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The document discusses several social science research methods including sample surveys, case studies, experiments, interviews, and observation. Sample surveys ask questions of a representative group to understand broader populations, while case studies examine individuals or small communities. Experiments test how changing one factor impacts another, commonly used in natural sciences. Interviews collect detailed explanations from a few people, and observation learns about people in their normal settings through unstructured, structured, or participant methods.
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Types of-qualitative-research
Qualitative research is in-depth research designed to understand customers' behaviors, feelings, and thoughts. There are six main types of qualitative research: in-depth interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, action research, content analysis, and case studies. In-depth interviews involve personal interviews with individual respondents to capture rich, descriptive data. Focus groups collect data through group discussions led by a researcher. Ethnographic research immerses researchers in participants' natural environments. Action research aims to solve problems through collaboration. Content analysis interprets words and images to draw conclusions. Case studies provide in-depth analysis of real-world situations or events.
Ethnography Research.pptx
Welcome to my educational page, where you can find a wealth of information about teaching and learning. As an experienced educationist, I'm passionate about sharing my knowledge and expertise with others to help them achieve their full potential. Whether you're a teacher, student, or simply interested in education, you'll find valuable insights and resources here. From practical classroom tips to the latest research on education, my blog covers a wide range of topics to help you stay informed and inspired. Join me on this journey of learning and discovery, and let's make education accessible and engaging for everyone!
Ethnographic research methodology (ss)
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
Note 3. Qualitative Research Vs Quantitative Research
Note 3. Qualitative Research Vs Quantitative ResearchSHAYA'A OTHMAN MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- The researcher analyzed survey data from 200 Muslim government officers regarding their concern for halal products. Officers were grouped by level of management: top, middle, supervisor.
- A chi-square test found no significant relationship between level of management and concern for halal products. The calculated chi-square value of 0.79 was less than the critical value of 9.49, so the null hypothesis that there is no difference was accepted.
- In summary, the level of management (top, middle, supervisor) did not have an effect on officers' reported concern for halal products based on this analysis of the survey data.Ethics In Research
The document discusses ethics in research and publication, outlining researchers' ethical responsibilities, approaches to ethical decision making, guidelines like the Belmont Report and APA Ethics Code, and considerations like informed consent, minimizing risks to participants, ensuring confidentiality, and the review processes of Institutional Review Boards and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees. It also examines issues like scientific misconduct, ethical challenges in animal research, and case studies like Milgram's obedience experiment.
Indigenous research
Indigenous research aims to be conducted by and for indigenous people in a self-determined manner. It uses indigenous concepts and methods rather than Western approaches. An example is Kaupapa Maori research which is guided by principles like cultural aspiration, extended family structure, and collective philosophy. A case study analyzed the Ifugao "alim" oral tradition and found it promoted a gender ideology centered around male experiences, roles, and spirituality while being silent on female perspectives. Indigenous research is a way for communities to own research and define their own development paths.
Research ethics
This document discusses the moral foundations of research ethics and various issues that can arise, such as research misconduct, collaboration problems, peer review conflicts, and conflicts of interest. It explains that research ethics is about imperfect people making mistakes unintentionally as well as intentionally unethical actions. Research ethics violations can occur through fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, issues with authorship, data ownership, rigor of experiments, and conflicts of interest with funders. Thinking about research ethics provides tools for handling tricky ethical situations that may have unclear right answers.
Ethnography
Ethnography involves observing and describing a culture through participant observation and written accounts. This document outlines the key aspects of ethnography, including that it describes cultures, involves observing participants, and provides detailed descriptions of social settings. It also discusses reflective versus critical ethnography and the steps to conduct an ethnographic research study, which include accessing a field setting, becoming invisible as a researcher, observing and taking field notes, and analyzing the collected data.
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Types of-qualitative-research
Qualitative research is in-depth research designed to understand customers' behaviors, feelings, and thoughts. There are six main types of qualitative research: in-depth interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, action research, content analysis, and case studies. In-depth interviews involve personal interviews with individual respondents to capture rich, descriptive data. Focus groups collect data through group discussions led by a researcher. Ethnographic research immerses researchers in participants' natural environments. Action research aims to solve problems through collaboration. Content analysis interprets words and images to draw conclusions. Case studies provide in-depth analysis of real-world situations or events.
Ethnography Research.pptx
Welcome to my educational page, where you can find a wealth of information about teaching and learning. As an experienced educationist, I'm passionate about sharing my knowledge and expertise with others to help them achieve their full potential. Whether you're a teacher, student, or simply interested in education, you'll find valuable insights and resources here. From practical classroom tips to the latest research on education, my blog covers a wide range of topics to help you stay informed and inspired. Join me on this journey of learning and discovery, and let's make education accessible and engaging for everyone!
Ethnographic research methodology (ss)
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
Note 3. Qualitative Research Vs Quantitative Research
Note 3. Qualitative Research Vs Quantitative ResearchSHAYA'A OTHMAN MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- The researcher analyzed survey data from 200 Muslim government officers regarding their concern for halal products. Officers were grouped by level of management: top, middle, supervisor.
- A chi-square test found no significant relationship between level of management and concern for halal products. The calculated chi-square value of 0.79 was less than the critical value of 9.49, so the null hypothesis that there is no difference was accepted.
- In summary, the level of management (top, middle, supervisor) did not have an effect on officers' reported concern for halal products based on this analysis of the survey data.Ethics In Research
The document discusses ethics in research and publication, outlining researchers' ethical responsibilities, approaches to ethical decision making, guidelines like the Belmont Report and APA Ethics Code, and considerations like informed consent, minimizing risks to participants, ensuring confidentiality, and the review processes of Institutional Review Boards and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees. It also examines issues like scientific misconduct, ethical challenges in animal research, and case studies like Milgram's obedience experiment.
Indigenous research
Indigenous research aims to be conducted by and for indigenous people in a self-determined manner. It uses indigenous concepts and methods rather than Western approaches. An example is Kaupapa Maori research which is guided by principles like cultural aspiration, extended family structure, and collective philosophy. A case study analyzed the Ifugao "alim" oral tradition and found it promoted a gender ideology centered around male experiences, roles, and spirituality while being silent on female perspectives. Indigenous research is a way for communities to own research and define their own development paths.
Research ethics
This document discusses the moral foundations of research ethics and various issues that can arise, such as research misconduct, collaboration problems, peer review conflicts, and conflicts of interest. It explains that research ethics is about imperfect people making mistakes unintentionally as well as intentionally unethical actions. Research ethics violations can occur through fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, issues with authorship, data ownership, rigor of experiments, and conflicts of interest with funders. Thinking about research ethics provides tools for handling tricky ethical situations that may have unclear right answers.
Ethnography
Ethnography involves observing and describing a culture through participant observation and written accounts. This document outlines the key aspects of ethnography, including that it describes cultures, involves observing participants, and provides detailed descriptions of social settings. It also discusses reflective versus critical ethnography and the steps to conduct an ethnographic research study, which include accessing a field setting, becoming invisible as a researcher, observing and taking field notes, and analyzing the collected data.
Ethics in research
This document discusses ethics in research. It covers key principles like voluntary participation, informed consent, avoiding harm, and maintaining privacy, anonymity and confidentiality. It discusses proper data gathering and storage procedures. It also addresses issues like plagiarism, fabrication, misleading authorship, and non-publication of data. The document provides guidelines from organizations like ESRC on ensuring research integrity and quality, informing participants, respecting confidentiality, avoiding coercion, and minimizing harm to participants. It discusses balancing risks and benefits in research.
Significance of research
Research refers to a careful investigation or inquiry to gain new knowledge, especially through search for facts. It involves systematically dividing a problem into elements, analyzing them in light of assumptions, and moving from the known to the unknown. Research is significant as it promotes scientific thinking, logical organization, and underpins government policies through providing facts in fields like business and economics. It leads to progress through encouraging doubt and further inquiry.
Research methodology
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation aimed at discovering new facts or testing existing facts. Research is directed at solving problems and developing general theories. It requires gathering data through observation and experiments. The scientific method emphasizes objectivity, generality, verifiability and predictability. There are different types of research such as fundamental, applied, adaptive and action research. The steps of conducting research include formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding on a research design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Interview Method for Qualitative Research
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
A2 Positivism & Quantitative Research
The document discusses positivism and objective quantitative research methods. Positivists argue that the experimental method used in hard sciences should also be used in sociology. They seek causal relationships and use quantitative data and methods like questionnaires to test hypotheses and uncover patterns in an objective, detached manner. The document then discusses Emile Durkheim's study of suicide rates, which he argued showed social causes for this personal act, establishing sociology as a scientific discipline. Interpretivists reject viewing sociology as a science, arguing we must interpret meanings and motives rather than external causes. They favor qualitative methods to understand actions from the actor's viewpoint.
Research process
The document outlines the steps in the scientific research process. It discusses 6 phases: conceptual, design and planning, empirical, analytic, and dissemination. The conceptual phase involves identifying the problem, purpose, and reviewing literature. The design and planning phase includes selecting the research design, population, and sample. The empirical phase consists of data collection methods, a pilot study, and collecting data. The analytic phase involves analyzing and interpreting findings. Finally, the dissemination phase communicates the results. The overall purpose of nursing research is to answer questions or solve problems related to the nursing profession.
Ethnography and community development
Description of what is ethnography and how it can be used to study a particular group. How to use ethnography in the development of a specific group/community tourism interest
ethical and social research
This document discusses ethical principles in social research. It covers historical examples where ethics were not followed, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and research done by Nazi Germany. Key principles discussed include obtaining informed consent, protecting participants from harm, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality, and being honest in reporting results. The document also addresses ethical dilemmas that can arise during and after data collection regarding issues like who owns the data. Researchers must consider all stakeholders and try to maximize benefits and minimize risks of any study.
Qualitative data analysis - Martyn Hammersley
1. The document discusses qualitative data analysis strategies, including framing research questions, conducting literature reviews, pilot testing, and outlining future work.
2. It emphasizes that data analysis is an ongoing process that must change over time to better answer research questions. The intended products are descriptions and explanations.
3. Key aspects of qualitative analysis are discussed, including open-ended exploratory design, collection of unstructured data, flexible research process, and production of data through transcription. Theme analysis and discourse analysis are two common forms.
Qualitative research design
Qualitative research focuses on data that cannot be expressed numerically and aims to develop new concepts through description and interpretation. There are several types of qualitative research including ethnography, grounded theory, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. Data collection methods involve interviews, focus groups, observation, and reviewing documents. Qualitative analysis involves interpreting responses to uncover implied meanings and identify important themes through constant comparison of data. Constant comparison involves open coding, progressive focusing, and summarizing interpretations. Keeping organized records is also important for qualitative analysis.
Research Ethics
This document discusses research ethics and the ethical issues involved in conducting research. It outlines three approaches to ethics: universal moral code, individual conscience, and weighing costs and benefits. It identifies three stakeholders in research: participants, researchers, and funding bodies. The document then examines several ethical issues concerning research participants, such as obtaining informed consent, avoiding harm, maintaining confidentiality and anonymity of data. It also discusses ethical responsibilities of researchers, such as avoiding bias and misuse of data, and of funding bodies, such as not imposing restrictions or misusing data.
Research Process in Social Science Research
The document provides an overview of the social science research process. It discusses that research is an organized set of activities aimed at finding practical solutions to realistic problems supported by data. The research process involves ongoing planning, searching, discovery, reflection, and revision. Key aspects of the research process discussed include formulating hypotheses and research questions, collecting and analyzing data, evaluating hypotheses, and contributing new evidence to the literature. The role of theory in providing frameworks and concepts to understand research problems is also explained. Finally, the document outlines research design, data collection techniques, and methods for analyzing and evaluating data.
Presentation 1; research methods
The document defines research and describes its purposes and types. Research purposes include discovering answers, solving problems, and advancing knowledge. The main types discussed are descriptive research, which reports data and characteristics, and analytical research, which analyzes existing facts. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are also outlined. Quantitative involves numerical data while qualitative examines attitudes and opinions. The document also discusses different research approaches like experimental, surveys, and case studies that can be quantitative or qualitative.
Research methodology
This document provides an overview of research methodology and key concepts in conducting research. It discusses:
1) The meaning and definitions of research, including that it is a systematic process of discovering new knowledge through fact-finding.
2) The major steps in the research process, including formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
3) Different types of research based on purpose (descriptive, exploratory, explanatory), application (pure vs. applied), data characteristics (qualitative vs. quantitative), and comparison (longitudinal vs. cross-sectional).
4) Important considerations in research like developing the research problem, formulating
Participatory action research (par) and participatory rural appraisal (pra)
Participatory action research (par) and participatory rural appraisal (pra)City College of El Salvador
This document provides an overview of Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). PAR is defined as a collaborative process of research, education, and action aimed at social change that involves researchers and community members working together to examine and address problems. Key principles of PAR include empowerment and capacity building. PRA is a related approach used in international development to enable local communities to share and analyze their knowledge to plan and take action. The document outlines the history, methods, strengths, challenges, and ethical principles of participatory research approaches.Quantitative Methods of Research
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Research ethics
This document provides an overview of research ethics and principles. It discusses the history of research ethics including the Nuremberg Code established in 1948 requiring voluntary consent. The Belmont Report issued in 1978 summarizes ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The report established informed consent requiring information, comprehension, and voluntariness. The document also discusses ethical guidelines in Nigeria and tips for conducting ethical research.
Definition of inductive and deductive research approaches & type of research
This document discusses inductive and deductive research approaches. It defines inductive research as starting with observations and patterns in data to develop theories and hypotheses. Deductive research is defined as starting with a theory or hypothesis and testing it through observations and data collection. The key differences between the two approaches are outlined, with inductive moving from specific to general and deductive moving from general to specific. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are provided. The document concludes that both inductive and deductive research have uses depending on the research question and goals.
Method of data collection
Method of data collection, Types of data, Brief description about observation method, interview method, questionnaire and schedule method.
Research design
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
Methods of research
This document discusses the key methods used in sociological research, including the scientific method, various research designs, and data collection techniques. It outlines the typical steps in conducting research such as formulating hypotheses, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data. Specific methods covered include experiments, surveys, participant observation, secondary data analysis. An example is given of the famous Stanford Prison Experiment which investigated how social roles and situations can influence human behavior.
Descriptive research design
Descriptive research aims to describe behaviors as they occur without attempting to answer why. There are three main methods: observational research directly observes behaviors; case studies provide in-depth analysis of a specific person, event, or situation; and surveys collect standardized information from a sample through questionnaires, interviews, or brief discussions to describe a population. Each method has strengths, such as providing rich qualitative data, but also limitations like inability to generalize or potential for researcher bias. The choice of descriptive method depends on the research question.
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Ethics in research
This document discusses ethics in research. It covers key principles like voluntary participation, informed consent, avoiding harm, and maintaining privacy, anonymity and confidentiality. It discusses proper data gathering and storage procedures. It also addresses issues like plagiarism, fabrication, misleading authorship, and non-publication of data. The document provides guidelines from organizations like ESRC on ensuring research integrity and quality, informing participants, respecting confidentiality, avoiding coercion, and minimizing harm to participants. It discusses balancing risks and benefits in research.
Significance of research
Research refers to a careful investigation or inquiry to gain new knowledge, especially through search for facts. It involves systematically dividing a problem into elements, analyzing them in light of assumptions, and moving from the known to the unknown. Research is significant as it promotes scientific thinking, logical organization, and underpins government policies through providing facts in fields like business and economics. It leads to progress through encouraging doubt and further inquiry.
Research methodology
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation aimed at discovering new facts or testing existing facts. Research is directed at solving problems and developing general theories. It requires gathering data through observation and experiments. The scientific method emphasizes objectivity, generality, verifiability and predictability. There are different types of research such as fundamental, applied, adaptive and action research. The steps of conducting research include formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding on a research design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Interview Method for Qualitative Research
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
A2 Positivism & Quantitative Research
The document discusses positivism and objective quantitative research methods. Positivists argue that the experimental method used in hard sciences should also be used in sociology. They seek causal relationships and use quantitative data and methods like questionnaires to test hypotheses and uncover patterns in an objective, detached manner. The document then discusses Emile Durkheim's study of suicide rates, which he argued showed social causes for this personal act, establishing sociology as a scientific discipline. Interpretivists reject viewing sociology as a science, arguing we must interpret meanings and motives rather than external causes. They favor qualitative methods to understand actions from the actor's viewpoint.
Research process
The document outlines the steps in the scientific research process. It discusses 6 phases: conceptual, design and planning, empirical, analytic, and dissemination. The conceptual phase involves identifying the problem, purpose, and reviewing literature. The design and planning phase includes selecting the research design, population, and sample. The empirical phase consists of data collection methods, a pilot study, and collecting data. The analytic phase involves analyzing and interpreting findings. Finally, the dissemination phase communicates the results. The overall purpose of nursing research is to answer questions or solve problems related to the nursing profession.
Ethnography and community development
Description of what is ethnography and how it can be used to study a particular group. How to use ethnography in the development of a specific group/community tourism interest
ethical and social research
This document discusses ethical principles in social research. It covers historical examples where ethics were not followed, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and research done by Nazi Germany. Key principles discussed include obtaining informed consent, protecting participants from harm, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality, and being honest in reporting results. The document also addresses ethical dilemmas that can arise during and after data collection regarding issues like who owns the data. Researchers must consider all stakeholders and try to maximize benefits and minimize risks of any study.
Qualitative data analysis - Martyn Hammersley
1. The document discusses qualitative data analysis strategies, including framing research questions, conducting literature reviews, pilot testing, and outlining future work.
2. It emphasizes that data analysis is an ongoing process that must change over time to better answer research questions. The intended products are descriptions and explanations.
3. Key aspects of qualitative analysis are discussed, including open-ended exploratory design, collection of unstructured data, flexible research process, and production of data through transcription. Theme analysis and discourse analysis are two common forms.
Qualitative research design
Qualitative research focuses on data that cannot be expressed numerically and aims to develop new concepts through description and interpretation. There are several types of qualitative research including ethnography, grounded theory, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. Data collection methods involve interviews, focus groups, observation, and reviewing documents. Qualitative analysis involves interpreting responses to uncover implied meanings and identify important themes through constant comparison of data. Constant comparison involves open coding, progressive focusing, and summarizing interpretations. Keeping organized records is also important for qualitative analysis.
Research Ethics
This document discusses research ethics and the ethical issues involved in conducting research. It outlines three approaches to ethics: universal moral code, individual conscience, and weighing costs and benefits. It identifies three stakeholders in research: participants, researchers, and funding bodies. The document then examines several ethical issues concerning research participants, such as obtaining informed consent, avoiding harm, maintaining confidentiality and anonymity of data. It also discusses ethical responsibilities of researchers, such as avoiding bias and misuse of data, and of funding bodies, such as not imposing restrictions or misusing data.
Research Process in Social Science Research
The document provides an overview of the social science research process. It discusses that research is an organized set of activities aimed at finding practical solutions to realistic problems supported by data. The research process involves ongoing planning, searching, discovery, reflection, and revision. Key aspects of the research process discussed include formulating hypotheses and research questions, collecting and analyzing data, evaluating hypotheses, and contributing new evidence to the literature. The role of theory in providing frameworks and concepts to understand research problems is also explained. Finally, the document outlines research design, data collection techniques, and methods for analyzing and evaluating data.
Presentation 1; research methods
The document defines research and describes its purposes and types. Research purposes include discovering answers, solving problems, and advancing knowledge. The main types discussed are descriptive research, which reports data and characteristics, and analytical research, which analyzes existing facts. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are also outlined. Quantitative involves numerical data while qualitative examines attitudes and opinions. The document also discusses different research approaches like experimental, surveys, and case studies that can be quantitative or qualitative.
Research methodology
This document provides an overview of research methodology and key concepts in conducting research. It discusses:
1) The meaning and definitions of research, including that it is a systematic process of discovering new knowledge through fact-finding.
2) The major steps in the research process, including formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
3) Different types of research based on purpose (descriptive, exploratory, explanatory), application (pure vs. applied), data characteristics (qualitative vs. quantitative), and comparison (longitudinal vs. cross-sectional).
4) Important considerations in research like developing the research problem, formulating
Participatory action research (par) and participatory rural appraisal (pra)
Participatory action research (par) and participatory rural appraisal (pra)City College of El Salvador
This document provides an overview of Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). PAR is defined as a collaborative process of research, education, and action aimed at social change that involves researchers and community members working together to examine and address problems. Key principles of PAR include empowerment and capacity building. PRA is a related approach used in international development to enable local communities to share and analyze their knowledge to plan and take action. The document outlines the history, methods, strengths, challenges, and ethical principles of participatory research approaches.Quantitative Methods of Research
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Research ethics
This document provides an overview of research ethics and principles. It discusses the history of research ethics including the Nuremberg Code established in 1948 requiring voluntary consent. The Belmont Report issued in 1978 summarizes ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. The report established informed consent requiring information, comprehension, and voluntariness. The document also discusses ethical guidelines in Nigeria and tips for conducting ethical research.
Definition of inductive and deductive research approaches & type of research
This document discusses inductive and deductive research approaches. It defines inductive research as starting with observations and patterns in data to develop theories and hypotheses. Deductive research is defined as starting with a theory or hypothesis and testing it through observations and data collection. The key differences between the two approaches are outlined, with inductive moving from specific to general and deductive moving from general to specific. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are provided. The document concludes that both inductive and deductive research have uses depending on the research question and goals.
Method of data collection
Method of data collection, Types of data, Brief description about observation method, interview method, questionnaire and schedule method.
Research design
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
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Participatory action research (par) and participatory rural appraisal (pra)
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Definition of inductive and deductive research approaches & type of research
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Methods of research
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Descriptive research aims to describe behaviors as they occur without attempting to answer why. There are three main methods: observational research directly observes behaviors; case studies provide in-depth analysis of a specific person, event, or situation; and surveys collect standardized information from a sample through questionnaires, interviews, or brief discussions to describe a population. Each method has strengths, such as providing rich qualitative data, but also limitations like inability to generalize or potential for researcher bias. The choice of descriptive method depends on the research question.
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This chapter discusses theory development and research methods in communication. There are two approaches to theory development - inductive and deductive. Research can be primary, conducted by the researcher, or secondary, reported by someone other than the original researcher. Common research methods include experiments, surveys, textual analysis, ethnography, and case studies. The chapter also contrasts the social scientific and humanistic approaches to communication, noting differences in beliefs about human nature, goals of theory, processes of theory development, research focus and methods. Theories in communication are not static but evolve over time through extension, adding new concepts, and intension, deepening understanding of core concepts.
Qualitative methods in Health techcnology assessment
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as involving the collection, analysis, and interpretation of non-numerical data to understand human problems from multiple perspectives within a natural setting. Some key qualitative methods discussed include case studies, ethnographic research, participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Case studies explore a single phenomenon bounded by time and activity through various data collection methods. Ethnographic research studies intact cultural groups in natural settings. Participant observation allows researchers to fully understand societies by participating in or observing group activities. Qualitative interviews are less structured than surveys and allow informants to guide discussions. Focus groups generate ideas through discussions among a diverse group of participants.
Case study method
The document provides an overview of the case study method as a qualitative research strategy. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a single social unit such as an individual, group, or community. The summary is:
1) A case study involves an intensive analysis of a single social unit to understand its behavior patterns and relationship to the environment.
2) It uses multiple data sources to conduct an empirical inquiry of a limited number of events or conditions and their interrelationships.
3) Case studies have advantages like understanding a unit fully and forming hypotheses, but limitations include lack of comparability between cases and potential for false generalization.
Chapter 21 Ethnographic.ppt
This document summarizes ethnographic research methods. It defines ethnographic research as attempting to holistically document a society, group or situation through observation and interviews. The document outlines the three steps of the ethnographic process: providing a detailed cultural description, identifying themes, and interpreting meanings. It discusses topics well-suited for ethnographic research, like classroom interactions. Methods covered include participant observation, interviews, and sampling small groups. Advantages include a rich perspective, but disadvantages include ambiguity and non-generalizable results. An example study examining permeability in psychiatric wards is provided.
Hamid
This document discusses various types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and comparisons of these different approaches. For basic qualitative studies, the goal is to understand a phenomenon or experience from the participant's perspective through techniques like interviews and observation. Case study research provides an in-depth look at a single unit or case using multiple data sources. Content analysis examines written or visual materials to describe their characteristics and identify themes. Ethnographic research studies culture and social behavior of a group in their natural setting through immersion and observation.
types of qualitative research
The document discusses 8 types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and examples of each method, focusing on the goals, data collection techniques, and key characteristics of basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, and grounded theory research. The document is intended to inform readers about these common qualitative research approaches.
Nature of sociology
This document discusses key concepts in sociology including:
1) Sociology is the scientific study of human society, its structure and development.
2) It uses methods like surveys, questionnaires, and case studies to collect empirical data about social behavior and patterns.
3) There are different theoretical approaches in sociology like functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism that provide frameworks to analyze social institutions and human interaction.
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Hsp 3 m social science research methods
- 1. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH METHODS
- 2. The Sample Survey These ask questions of a group of people who represent a larger group Ex. Polls, ratings.
- 3. The Case Study Studies an individual or small part of a community in order to better understand their behaviour Ex. Students in grade nine (smokers)
- 4. The Experiment These are designed to see how one factor is related to the other. One factor (part) is changed and the effect on the other factor is noted. Experiments are more frequently used in the natural sciences (biology, chemistry, etc) due to the question of ethical behaviour and the use of human subjects. Ex. Rat in a maze
- 5. Interviews Interviews are used when a researcher requires detailed information from a few people and is looking for explanations or descriptions of thought and behaviour Ex. An interview with an expert in a particular subject, area or topic
- 6. Observation A method that enables a researcher to learn about people in their normal surroundings. There are three types: unstructured, structured and participant observation Note: Interviews and observation both provide less concrete data and therefore are more difficult to graphically analyze