3. It is to search again, to
take another more
careful look, to find out
more (Selltiz, et.al.,
1976).
It is a systematic quest for
undiscovered truth
(Leedy, 1974).
5. According to John W. Best:
“Research may be defined as the
systematic and objective analysis and
recording of controlled observations
that may lead to the developments of
generalizations, principles, or theories,
resulting in prediction and possibly
ultimate control or events.”
9. Begin with an existing theory
Formal instruments are used
Findings are generalized
Problem is converted into dependent and
independent variables after which the
researcher develops strategies and
instruments to control relationships
between and among naturally occurring
variables.
Rationalistic
10. State that we must understand the
framework within which the subjects under
study interpret their environment to be
able to understand human behavior
The individual’s thoughts, values,
perceptions and actions are studied.
Naturalistic
12. Naturalistic
This type of research is often
utilized in situations where
conducting lab research is
unrealistic, cost prohibitive or
would unduly affect the subject’s
behavior.
15. Basic/
fundamental
/ pure
* is intended to add to the body of
scientific knowledge by exploring
the unknown to extend the
boundaries of knowledge as well as
to discover new facts, and learn
more accurately the characteristics
of known without any particular
thought as to immediate practical
utility.
17. Also known as action research
Directed towards the practical
application of knowledge
Theory may be supported, modified or revised.
New theory may even be provided.
involves seeking new applications of scientific
knowledge to the solution of a problem such as
the development of new system or procedure,
new device, or new method, in order to solve
the problem.
Applied/
action
19. This is a decision-oriented
research involving the application
of the steps of the scientific
method in response to an
immediate need to improve
existing practices.
Often used in engineering and
technology areas
Develop-
mental
21. Historical Research
Critical investigation of events,
developments and experiences of
the past, the careful weighing of
evidence of the validity of sources
of information on the past and the
interpretation of the weighed
evidence (Kellinger, 1972)
Data are gathered through the
collection of original documents or
interviewing eye witnesses.
22. Descriptive Research
Describes the population’s
characteristics
A study where the major emphasis is
on the discovery of ideas and insights
(Selltiz, et.al., 1979)
23. Correlational Research
Involves the collection of two or
more sets of data from a group of
subjects with the attempt to
determine the subsequent
relationship between those sets of
data (Tuckman, 1972)
24. Ex Post Facto Research
“After the Fact”
A systematic empirical inquiry in
which the researcher does not have
direct control of the independent
variables
Also known as Causal-Comparative
Research
26. Evaluation Research
Judges the value, worth or merit of an
existing program
Formative and summative evaluation
are applied in training programs,
textbooks, manuals or curricula.
28. Values
of Research
•For the quality of life to progress
•To provide solutions to problems
•For scientific and technological
advancement of the new
millennium
29. Characteristics of research
Research is Empirical, Logical , and Cyclical.
1. Empirical – research is based on direct
experience or observation by the
researcher.
2. Logical – research is based on valid
procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical – research starts with a problem
and ends with a problem.
30. Research is analytical and critical.
( a systematic and accurate investigation)
4. Analytical – research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering data, whether historical,
descriptive, experimental, and case study.
5. Critical – research exhibits careful and precise
judgment.
31. Research gathers new knowledge and data
from primary and secondary sources.
Primary data are the data collected
by the researcher themselves, i.e.
• interview
• observation
• action research
• case studies
• life histories
• questionnaires
• ethnographic research
• longitudinal studies
Secondary sources are data that
already exists
Previous research :
• Official statistics
• Mass media products
• Diaries
• Letters
• Government reports
• Web information
• Historical data and
information
32. Research is methodical and replicable.
6.Methodical – research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability – research design and
procedures are repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and
conclusive results.
33. • Research endeavors to organize data in
quantitative (measurable) terms if possible and to
express these data in numerical measures.
• Researchers require courage.
• Research is carefully recorded and reported.
34.
35. Qualities of a Good Researcher
Research Oriented
Efficient
Scientific
Effective
Active
Resourceful
Creative
Honest
Economical
Religious
Editor's Notes
Empirical – research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
Logical – research is based on valid procedures and principles.
Cyclical – research starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. Analytical – research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study.
5. Critical – research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6.Methodical – research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability – research design and procedures are repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
