This document discusses research and qualitative research. It defines research as the systematic collection and analysis of data to understand phenomena. Qualitative research involves collecting data in the form of words rather than numbers through methods like interviews and observations. The key characteristics of qualitative research are that the researcher plays an important role, data is collected as words and descriptions rather than numbers, and inductive reasoning is used to analyze the data. Some strengths include an ability to examine issues in depth while limitations include difficulty generalizing findings. Common qualitative research approaches are also outlined.

1. WHAT IS
RESEARCH?

2. RESEARCH DEFINED:
“systematic inquiry that is
designed to collect, analyze, and
interpret data to understand,
describe, or predict phenomenon”
Mertens (2015).

3. RESEARCH DEFINED:
“the formal and disciplined
application of scientific inquiry to
the study of problems” Navarro
and Santos (2011).

4. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Gather Relevant Information
Used as a springboard
Improve Quality of Life
Major breakthroughs

5. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Understand History
Providing possible solutions
Personal & Professional
Development
Widen perspective
More challenging & exciting world
of learning

7. Introduction to Qualitative Research Essential
LESSON 1:
NATURE & IMPORTANCE
OF RESEARCH

8. PERSONAL & PRACTICAL BENEFITS
Good decision maker
Good problem solver
Good critical and creative
thinker
Good contributor of knowledge

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
Research is EMPIRICAL.
Thorough investigation
Research is ANALYTICAL.
Arrives to a conclusion

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
Research is SYSTEMATIC.
Obtain objective data
Research is CYCLICAL.
Steps in research process

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
Research is ORIGINAL.
Novel ideas

12. RESEARCH PROCESS
 DEFINE YOUR TOPIC
 WRITE YOUR PROBLEM STATEMENT
 MAKE AN OUTLINE
 DEVELOP A RESEARCH STRATEGY
 EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
 WRITE & REVISE YOUR PAPER
 DOCUMENT YOUR SOURCES

13. RESEARCH PROCESS
 DEFINE YOUR TOPIC
 Chosen topic will directly affect the research process.
 To lessen your time in gathering data, choose your topic
wisely.

14. RESEARCH PROCESS
 WRITE YOUR PROBLEM
STATEMENT
 Describes what is to be tested during the entire research
process or questions that the research aim to answer.

15. RESEARCH PROCESS
 MAKE AN OUTLINE
 Write down all the relevant data, then logically organize your
answer.

16. RESEARCH PROCESS
 DEVELOP A RESEARCH STRATEGY
 Minimizes the time and effort you will be putting on your
paper.
 Serves as a guide in setting out the objectives and priorities.

17. RESEARCH PROCESS
 EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
 Check the quality and credibility of the sources to be used in
the study.

18. RESEARCH PROCESS
 WRITE & REVISE YOUR PAPER
 Contents are in line with the chosen topic
 DOCUMENT YOUR SOURCES
 It shows the credibility of the writer.

19. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
 Honesty
 Objectivity
 Integrity
 Carefulness
 Openness
 Respect for
Intellectual
Property
 Confidentiality
 Social Responsibility
 Competence
 Legality
 Animal Care
 Human Subject
Protection

20. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
HONESTY
Strive for honesty in all scientific
communications;
Reports data, results methods and
procedures and publication status;
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misinterpret
data.

21. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
OBJECTIVITY
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design,
data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personal decision, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required.
Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.

22. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
INTEGRITY
Keep your promises and agreements;
acts with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.

23. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
CAREFULNESS
Avoid careless errors and negligence;
carefully and critically examine your own
work.
Keep good records of research activities
such as data collection, research design, and
correspondence with agencies.

24. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
OPENNESS
Share data, results, ideas, tools,
resources.
Be open to criticism and new ideas.

25. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
Honor patents, copyrights, and other
forms of intellectual property.
Do not use unpublished data,
methods, or results without permission.
Give credit where credit is due.
Never plagarize.

26. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
CONFIDENTIALITY
Protect confidential communications
and personal information f your
respondents, if any.

27. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY
Strive to promote social good and
prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education, and
advocacy.

28. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
COMPETENCE
Maintain and improve your own
professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education, and
advocacy.

29. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
LEGALITY
Know and obey relevant laws and
institutional and governmental policies.

30. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
ANIMAL CARE
Show proper respect and care for
animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments.

31. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
HUMAN SUBJECTS
PROTECTION
Minimize harm and risks and maximize
benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
and autonomy; take special precaution
with vulnerable populations; and strive
to distribute the benefits and burdens of
research fairly.

32. LESSON 2:
QUALITATIVE
VERSUS
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

33. QUALITATIVE RESEACH
Collect data in the form of words or
statements
Qualitative observation
Use of senses
Researchers are the instruments

34. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Collect data in the from of numbers
 Quantitative observation
 Age, sex, height, weight
 Use of statistical tools
 Researchers use survey questionnaires

35. Quant vs. Qualt

36. Quant vs. Qualt

37. LESSON 3:
CLOSER LOOK ON
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH

38. QUALITATIVE RESEACH
Studies that investigate the quality
of relationship, activities,
situations or materials. (Fraenkel
and Wallen, 2010)

39. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
The RESEARCHER has an important role in
qualitative research.
 Directly goes to the place of research
 Interview, observe, & take down notes
 Paper, pen, audio recorder, video camera
 Setting is the primary source of data
 Participants should be protected and treated with
respect.

40. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative data are gathered and prescribed
in a form of words, description, pictures, or
meanings , and not in numbers.
 Keen observer
 Take note every detail (body language)
 Collect notes, photographs, anecdotes, and
comments

41. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative researcher is concerned with the
process involved.
 Concern for the participant’s interaction
 Interactions convey meaning and symbols which can
be interpreted into words or ideas.
 Researcher take note of these clearly to get
substantial information.

42. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Inductive reasoning is used in analyzing
qualitative data.
 Not expected to formulate hypothesis at the start of
the study.
 Hypotheses are defined and formulated as the study
progresses.
 Construct concepts and meaning based on
interpretation

43. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative researcher is concerned with
meanings and interpretations.
 Aim to determine the perceptions and thoughts of
the participants.
 Give reasons to these meanings through interview
and observation.

44. STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Issues can be examined in detail and in
depth.
 Interviews are not restricted to specific
questions and can be guided/ redirected.

45. STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Framework and direction can be quickly revised as
new information emerges.
 Data based on human experiences that is obtained is
powerful and sometimes more compelling than
quantitative data.

46. STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Subtleties and complexities about the research
subjects and or topics are discovered that are often
missed by more positivistic enquiries.

47. STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Data usually are collected from a few cases or
individuals so findings cannot be generalized to a
larger population. Findings can however be
transferable to another setting.

48. LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Heavily dependent on the individuals skills of the
research and more easily influenced by the
researcher’s personal biases and idiosyncrasy.
 Rigor is more difficult to maintain, assess, and
demonstrate.

49. LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 The volume of data makes analysis and
interpretation time consuming.
 It is sometimes not as well understood and accepted
as quantitative research with in the scientific
community.

50. LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 The researcher’s presence during data gathering
which is often unavoidable in quantitative
research, can affect the subject’s responses.

51. LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can present
problems when presenting findings.
 Findings can be more difficult and time consuming
to characterize in a visual way.

52. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
ETHNOGRAPHY
 Derived from anthropology
 Studies the entire culture of a particular group.
 Researcher becomes immersed in the culture under
study as an active participant, taking extensive notes
about observation and impression.

53. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
PHENOMENOLOGY
 Explores the world of the participants by gaining
thoughts, insight, and perceptions to a particular
phenomenon.
 Investigates an individual’s thoughts and
perceptions and find the common ground to every
experience.

54. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
NARRATIVE
 Narrates life experiences of an individual
 Highlights special events in the individual’s life
 Either be biography or autibiography
 Biography-narrates the experiences of the person
 Autobiography- written accounts of the individual who is the
subject of the study

55. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
GROUNDED THEORY
 Aims to generate a theory from the data which are
analyzed and interpreted inductively.

56. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
CASE STUDY
 Detailed analysis of a specific case
 Individual or one group of people or one school
 Focuses only on one particular case

57. LESSON 4:
IMPORTANCE OF AND
STEPS IN DOING
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

58. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
IDENTIFCATION OF TH EPHENOMENON TO
BE STUDIED
 PHENOMENON- something such as an interesting
facts or event) that can be observed and studied and
that typically is unusual or difficult to understand or
explain fully.

59. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN
THE STUDY
 Participants of the study are to be observed or
interviewed by the researcher.
 sample is usually selected purposively.

60. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
GENERATION OF HYPOTHESIS
 It is not usually formulated at the beginning of the
study
 Emerges from the data collected
 This can be discarded, modified, or refined as the
study progresses.

61. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DATA COLLECTION
 Manipulation of data is not observed
 Studies participants in their setting as they are
 Continuous process until data is sufficient, and
relevant information is obtained

62. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DATA ANALYSIS
 Inductive reasoning is used in the collected data
 Simple statistics (e.g. mean and percentage)

63. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
 Crucial in process and this is done continuously all
throughout the study.