2. RESEARCH DEFINED:
“systematic inquiry that is
designed to collect, analyze, and
interpret data to understand,
describe, or predict phenomenon”
Mertens (2015).
3. RESEARCH DEFINED:
“the formal and disciplined
application of scientific inquiry to
the study of problems” Navarro
and Santos (2011).
5. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Understand History
Providing possible solutions
Personal & Professional
Development
Widen perspective
More challenging & exciting world
of learning
12. RESEARCH PROCESS
DEFINE YOUR TOPIC
WRITE YOUR PROBLEM STATEMENT
MAKE AN OUTLINE
DEVELOP A RESEARCH STRATEGY
EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
WRITE & REVISE YOUR PAPER
DOCUMENT YOUR SOURCES
13. RESEARCH PROCESS
DEFINE YOUR TOPIC
Chosen topic will directly affect the research process.
To lessen your time in gathering data, choose your topic
wisely.
14. RESEARCH PROCESS
WRITE YOUR PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Describes what is to be tested during the entire research
process or questions that the research aim to answer.
15. RESEARCH PROCESS
MAKE AN OUTLINE
Write down all the relevant data, then logically organize your
answer.
16. RESEARCH PROCESS
DEVELOP A RESEARCH STRATEGY
Minimizes the time and effort you will be putting on your
paper.
Serves as a guide in setting out the objectives and priorities.
17. RESEARCH PROCESS
EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
Check the quality and credibility of the sources to be used in
the study.
18. RESEARCH PROCESS
WRITE & REVISE YOUR PAPER
Contents are in line with the chosen topic
DOCUMENT YOUR SOURCES
It shows the credibility of the writer.
19. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Carefulness
Openness
Respect for
Intellectual
Property
Confidentiality
Social Responsibility
Competence
Legality
Animal Care
Human Subject
Protection
20. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
HONESTY
Strive for honesty in all scientific
communications;
Reports data, results methods and
procedures and publication status;
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misinterpret
data.
21. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
OBJECTIVITY
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design,
data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personal decision, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required.
Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.
23. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
CAREFULNESS
Avoid careless errors and negligence;
carefully and critically examine your own
work.
Keep good records of research activities
such as data collection, research design, and
correspondence with agencies.
25. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
Honor patents, copyrights, and other
forms of intellectual property.
Do not use unpublished data,
methods, or results without permission.
Give credit where credit is due.
Never plagarize.
27. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY
Strive to promote social good and
prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education, and
advocacy.
30. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
ANIMAL CARE
Show proper respect and care for
animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments.
31. ETHICS IN RESEARCH
HUMAN SUBJECTS
PROTECTION
Minimize harm and risks and maximize
benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
and autonomy; take special precaution
with vulnerable populations; and strive
to distribute the benefits and burdens of
research fairly.
33. QUALITATIVE RESEACH
Collect data in the form of words or
statements
Qualitative observation
Use of senses
Researchers are the instruments
34. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Collect data in the from of numbers
Quantitative observation
Age, sex, height, weight
Use of statistical tools
Researchers use survey questionnaires
38. QUALITATIVE RESEACH
Studies that investigate the quality
of relationship, activities,
situations or materials. (Fraenkel
and Wallen, 2010)
39. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
The RESEARCHER has an important role in
qualitative research.
Directly goes to the place of research
Interview, observe, & take down notes
Paper, pen, audio recorder, video camera
Setting is the primary source of data
Participants should be protected and treated with
respect.
40. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative data are gathered and prescribed
in a form of words, description, pictures, or
meanings , and not in numbers.
Keen observer
Take note every detail (body language)
Collect notes, photographs, anecdotes, and
comments
41. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative researcher is concerned with the
process involved.
Concern for the participant’s interaction
Interactions convey meaning and symbols which can
be interpreted into words or ideas.
Researcher take note of these clearly to get
substantial information.
42. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Inductive reasoning is used in analyzing
qualitative data.
Not expected to formulate hypothesis at the start of
the study.
Hypotheses are defined and formulated as the study
progresses.
Construct concepts and meaning based on
interpretation
43. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative researcher is concerned with
meanings and interpretations.
Aim to determine the perceptions and thoughts of
the participants.
Give reasons to these meanings through interview
and observation.
44. STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Issues can be examined in detail and in
depth.
Interviews are not restricted to specific
questions and can be guided/ redirected.
45. STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Framework and direction can be quickly revised as
new information emerges.
Data based on human experiences that is obtained is
powerful and sometimes more compelling than
quantitative data.
46. STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Subtleties and complexities about the research
subjects and or topics are discovered that are often
missed by more positivistic enquiries.
47. STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Data usually are collected from a few cases or
individuals so findings cannot be generalized to a
larger population. Findings can however be
transferable to another setting.
48. LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Heavily dependent on the individuals skills of the
research and more easily influenced by the
researcher’s personal biases and idiosyncrasy.
Rigor is more difficult to maintain, assess, and
demonstrate.
49. LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
The volume of data makes analysis and
interpretation time consuming.
It is sometimes not as well understood and accepted
as quantitative research with in the scientific
community.
50. LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
The researcher’s presence during data gathering
which is often unavoidable in quantitative
research, can affect the subject’s responses.
51. LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can present
problems when presenting findings.
Findings can be more difficult and time consuming
to characterize in a visual way.
52. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
ETHNOGRAPHY
Derived from anthropology
Studies the entire culture of a particular group.
Researcher becomes immersed in the culture under
study as an active participant, taking extensive notes
about observation and impression.
53. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
PHENOMENOLOGY
Explores the world of the participants by gaining
thoughts, insight, and perceptions to a particular
phenomenon.
Investigates an individual’s thoughts and
perceptions and find the common ground to every
experience.
54. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
NARRATIVE
Narrates life experiences of an individual
Highlights special events in the individual’s life
Either be biography or autibiography
Biography-narrates the experiences of the person
Autobiography- written accounts of the individual who is the
subject of the study
56. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
CASE STUDY
Detailed analysis of a specific case
Individual or one group of people or one school
Focuses only on one particular case
58. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
IDENTIFCATION OF TH EPHENOMENON TO
BE STUDIED
PHENOMENON- something such as an interesting
facts or event) that can be observed and studied and
that typically is unusual or difficult to understand or
explain fully.
59. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN
THE STUDY
Participants of the study are to be observed or
interviewed by the researcher.
sample is usually selected purposively.
60. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
GENERATION OF HYPOTHESIS
It is not usually formulated at the beginning of the
study
Emerges from the data collected
This can be discarded, modified, or refined as the
study progresses.
61. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DATA COLLECTION
Manipulation of data is not observed
Studies participants in their setting as they are
Continuous process until data is sufficient, and
relevant information is obtained
62. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DATA ANALYSIS
Inductive reasoning is used in the collected data
Simple statistics (e.g. mean and percentage)
63. STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
Crucial in process and this is done continuously all
throughout the study.