Reproductive system
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The document discusses the anatomy and function of the male and female reproductive systems. It covers gamete formation in the testes and ovaries, fertilization, and embryonic development. Hormonal control of the reproductive cycle is explained. Various contraceptive methods are evaluated in terms of effectiveness, safety, availability, and ability to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. These include abstinence, surgical sterilization, oral contraceptives, IUDs, barrier methods, and fertility awareness techniques. Potential future contraceptive methods are also mentioned.
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Hormones are small molecules that coordinate activity between cells and systems in the body. They control both short-term responses like the fight or flight response through adrenaline, and long-term processes like reproduction and development. Hormones influence a wide range of behaviors from social bonding and aggression to mating and camouflage. They work by binding to receptors on cells and triggering changes like increased or decreased activity of enzymes and gene expression. The endocrine system produces hormones that are released into the bloodstream to target cells and tissues throughout the body.
Reproductive and endocrine systems
The reproductive system produces gametes and supports embryo development. The female organs are ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus, while the male organs are testes, vas deferens, and urethra. Fertilization occurs when an egg and sperm unite to form a zygote. The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to cause changes in distant tissues. Hormones produced include testosterone, estrogen, adrenaline, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone, which regulate metabolism, stress response, blood sugar levels, growth, and sexual development.
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Hormones found naturally in animals and plants can also be added to foods. Steroid hormones are added to meat and dairy animals to promote growth and milk production. Estrogen, progesterone, and phytoestrogens found in these foods have been linked to increased cancer risks, especially breast and prostate cancers. Consuming hormone-treated foods may lead to early puberty in girls and increased breast tissue in both sexes.
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There are two types of glands - exocrine glands which secrete chemicals through ducts and endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones have different types and properties depending on their chemical structure, with steroid hormones being hydrophobic and able to influence gene expression. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together to regulate hormone release, with the hypothalamus secreting tropic hormones and the pituitary gland secreting tropic and other hormones in response. Sexual development is determined by sex hormones like testosterone and their influence on internal and external genital development.
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The male and female reproductive systems work together to produce offspring. The male system produces sperm which combine with eggs from the female system. A complex interplay of hormones regulates the production of gametes and preparation for pregnancy in both sexes. Fertilization occurs when sperm penetrates an egg, beginning the process of embryonic development and eventual birth.
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This document summarizes the key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how hormones are released from endocrine glands into the bloodstream and act on target cells. The main glands and hormones are listed, including how the parathyroid gland uses parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland help regulate hormone production through feedback loops. The pancreas maintains blood glucose levels using insulin and glucagon. While the nervous system uses electrical signals, the endocrine system relies on slower chemical messengers called hormones to maintain homeostasis. Diabetes occurs when insulin production or function is compromised, leading to high blood sugar.
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The adrenal gland is located above each kidney and has two parts - the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids like cortisol which regulate minerals and the nervous system, while the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to increase heart rate and metabolism during sympathetic activation. The pancreas secretes insulin to regulate blood glucose levels and help the liver store glucose. The gonads, or testes and ovaries, secrete sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen which control sexual development, behaviors and reproduction through a feedback loop with the pituitary gland.
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The endocrine system controls many bodily processes through glands that produce hormones. The pituitary gland hangs from the hypothalamus and controls other glands. The pineal gland regulates circadian rhythms through melatonin. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism and growth through thyroxine and calcitonin. The parathyroid glands control calcium levels in blood. The thymus forms parts of the immune system through T cell production. The adrenal glands prepare the body for stress through hormones like adrenaline. The pancreas regulates blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon from the pancreatic islets. The gonads, testes and ovaries, produce sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen.
Hormonal function in the reproductive system
Hormones are chemical substances that regulate physiological functions and maintain homeostasis. There are female and male hormones. Female hormones include estrogens, which control the menstrual cycle and support childbearing, and progestins, which prepare the uterus for pregnancy. Male hormones include androgens secreted by the testes to support male characteristics. Testosterone is the most important male hormone, promoting male traits, behavior, sperm production, and bone growth.
Role of endocrine system and nervous system
The endocrine and nervous systems work together to regulate reproduction. The hypothalamus connects the endocrine and nervous systems by signaling the pituitary gland to produce hormones. Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells and bind with receptors to control cellular functions. If an endocrine gland is not functioning properly, it can impair fertility by disrupting communication between glands. Reproductive hormones produced by glands, such as testosterone and estrogen, influence puberty and development. A feedback mechanism regulates hormone production to maintain homeostasis.
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The document discusses human reproduction and the male and female reproductive systems. It explains that humans reproduce sexually through internal fertilization. The male reproductive system produces sperm and releases testosterone, while the female system produces eggs and releases estrogen. Both systems undergo changes during puberty as sex hormones are produced.
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The male reproductive system generates semen in the testicles, which is stored in the epididymis for several days. During ejaculation, semen is expelled through the vas deferens and seminal vesicle into the ejaculatory duct and urethra. The muscular movements of ejaculation propel the sperm forward and out of the body. The functions of the male reproductive system are to produce, maintain and transport sperm and semen, discharge sperm in the female reproductive tract, and produce male sex hormones like testosterone.
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The document discusses the endocrine system and key terms related to hormone secretion and stimulation. It describes how suffixes like -crine, meaning "to secrete", and -tropin, meaning "to stimulate", are important in understanding endocrine glands and hormone functions. Specifically, it provides examples of glands that secrete hormones and how those hormones then stimulate other organs to regulate processes like metabolism and the menstrual cycle.
Endocrine glands
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, which triggers other glands, the thyroid gland for growth and development, and the ovaries and testes, which produce sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone. These glands work throughout life to regulate metabolism, organ function, growth, sexual development, and other processes.
The Endocrine System
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis in the body through glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls many other glands by producing hormones like ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH and growth hormone. These hormones target various organs and tissues to regulate processes like metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, mood, and other bodily functions.
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Presentation credits:
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Sexual Dimorphism
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Secondary Sexual charecters
Outline of the sequence of events in human reproduction
The Youtube video link for an explanation
https://youtu.be/WyeMgPeJ8Mw
Endocrine System Notes Bryant 7th Grade Science
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate metabolism, growth, mood, and reproduction, with hormones such as insulin, testosterone, estrogen, and adrenaline controlling functions throughout the body. The endocrine and nervous systems work together to control bodily processes through hormonal signals transmitted via the bloodstream or neural pathways triggering fight or flight responses. Major endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
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The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions. The main glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testicles. Hormones help control metabolism, growth, tissue function, immune function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood. Hormones like estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, and oxytocin influence behaviors and physiological states. Oxytocin, nicknamed the "love hormone," is released during physical contact and bonding experiences and promotes feelings of trust, pleasure, and stress reduction.
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4.1 endocrinal glands their location, function and behaviour (part 1)
4.1 endocrinal glands their location, function and behaviour (part 1)
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4.1 endocrinal glands their location, function and behaviour (part 2)
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The document summarizes the human reproductive system and development. It describes the production of gametes in males and females and their regulation by hormones. It outlines the key parts of the male and female reproductive systems and explains fertilization and the early stages of development from zygote to embryo to fetus. It notes development is controlled by hormones and can be affected by toxins early on. Reproductive technologies are also mentioned.
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The document summarizes the key functions and anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. The male system produces sperm and sex hormones, while the female system produces eggs and sex hormones. It nurtures a fetus during pregnancy. Key organs include testes, ovaries, uterus, and other structures that work together to enable reproduction.
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Reproductive Systems
Chapter 14
Related Combining FormsStructureRelated Combining FormsMalePenispen/i, phall/iTesticlesorch/o, orchid/o, test/i, test/oFemaleOvariesoophor/o, ovari/oFallopian tubessalping/oUterushyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, urter/oVaginavagin/o, colp/oPlacentaplacent/o
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Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes
Genitalia
Organs of reproduction and their associated structures
External genitalia: reproductive organs located outside of the body
Internal genitalia: reproductive organs located within the body
3
Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes
Perineum
Male perineum
Extends from scrotum to the area around the anus
Female perineum
Extends from pubic symphysis to the area around the anus
Functions of Male Reproductive System
Primary function
Produce sperm and deliver them into female body for union with ovum to create new life
Structures of Male Reproductive System
External male genitalia
Penis and scrotum, which contains two testicles
Internal male genitalia
Include remaining structures of male reproductive system
Structures of Male Reproductive System
Structures of Male Reproductive System
Scrotum and Testicles
Scrotum
Sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports testicles
Suspended from pubic arch behind the penis and lies between the thighs
Scrotum and Testicles
Testicles
Two egg-shaped glands that produce sperm
Develop within abdomen of male fetus and normally descend into scrotum before or soon after birth
Seminiferous tubules: site of sperm formation
Epididymis: coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle; descends the length of the testicle, then moves upward to merge into vas deferens
Scrotum and Testicles
Testicles
Spermatic cord
Attached to each testicle
Extends upward from epididymis
Contains vas deferens plus arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels for each testicle
Semen Formation
Semen
Whitish fluid containing sperm (male gametes)
Ejaculated through urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement
Spermatogenesis
Process of sperm formation
(spermat/o: sperm; -genesis: formation)
Semen Formation
Ideal temperature for sperm formation is 93.2˚F
Sperm move from seminiferous tubules of testicles into epididymus where they become motile and are stored
Semen Formation
From epididymus, sperm travel to vas deferens where seminal vesicles and prostate gland add secretions to form semen
Penis
Male sex organ
Transports sperm into female vagina
Three columns of erectile tissue
High pressure leads to filling of erectile tissues with blood during sexual stimulation
Penis
Glans penis
Sensitive region at the tip of the penis
Foreskin
Retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane
Covers and protects glans penis
Also known as prepuce
Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, and Ejaculatory Duct
Vas deferens
Long, narrow continuation of each epididymus
Leads upward and join the urethra
Seminal vesicles
Located at the base of urinary bladder
Open.
Reproduction and human development
There are two main types of reproduction - asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring through processes like budding or fragmentation. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through internal or external fertilization, producing offspring with unique combinations of genes. In humans, sexual reproduction occurs through complex female and male reproductive systems and a monthly ovarian and uterine cycle that can lead to pregnancy and childbirth if fertilization is successful.
Sex Reproduction and development
There are two main types of reproduction: sexual reproduction which requires the union of male and female gametes to produce offspring with a mix of genetic material from each parent, and asexual reproduction which does not require fertilization and allows for cloning but less genetic variability. Asexual reproduction occurs through several processes like binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction in humans involves internal fertilization in the female reproductive system with male sperm fertilizing eggs in the uterus.
Reproduction
Reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual means. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with genetic variation. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes which are transported through ducts. The female reproductive system produces eggs in the ovaries which pass to the uterus. Fertilization occurs when sperm and egg join together. In humans and most animals, reproduction occurs sexually through internal fertilization.
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The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems and the process of sex determination and differentiation. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The male reproductive system includes testes that produce sperm and testosterone, and other structures like the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland that contribute to semen. Spermatogenesis is the process where spermatogonia in the testes undergo mitosis and meiosis over 64 days to form mature sperm. Testosterone drives the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and secondary sex characteristics during puberty and adulthood.
infertility.pdf
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Infrtlty ppt
1. Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive within one year of regular unprotected intercourse or six months if the woman is over 35.
2. Common causes of infertility include problems with ovulation, blocked fallopian tubes, age, previous tubal ligation, endometriosis, low sperm count, blocked sperm passage, or sperm that do not function properly.
3. Treatment options for women include fertility drugs to stimulate ovulation, while options for men include treatments for impotence, infections, or too few sperm. Assisted reproductive technologies include intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, zygote intrafallopian transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 17.pptx
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the main organs involved in both systems including the testes, ovaries, ducts, and glands. It explains their functions in producing gametes and hormones, as well as their roles in fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth. The summary focuses on providing a high-level overview of the key components and processes rather than detailed descriptions.
Pregnancy, conception and-birth
The document discusses pregnancy and infertility. It defines key terms like pregnancy, infertility, and what causes infertility in males and females. Male infertility can be due to problems with sperm production, transport, or sexual issues. Female infertility is often due to problems with ovulation, fallopian tubes/uterus, or the cervix. Treatments for infertility include IVF, ZIFT, and ICSI. The stages of pregnancy from conception to birth are also outlined, including the periods of the zygote, embryo, and fetus.
Reproductive System
The document discusses the human reproductive system. It describes the key parts and functions of both the male and female reproductive systems. The male system produces sperm and its parts include the testes, vas deferens, penis, and others. The female system supports pregnancy and childbirth, and its parts are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina. The document also explains the menstrual cycle and how it occurs over a typical 28 day period in females.
In vitrofertilization(ivf)
In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves retrieving eggs from a woman's ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm in a lab. The fertilized embryo can then be transferred to the woman's uterus. IVF is used to overcome infertility issues like blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, reduced ovarian function, endometriosis, or male factor infertility. The IVF process includes ovarian stimulation with hormones, egg retrieval from the ovaries, fertilization of the eggs with sperm in the lab, and embryo transfer back into the uterus. Success rates for live birth with IVF are 41-43% for women under 35 but decline to 13-18% for women over 40.
Reproduction & Growth
The document describes various aspects of reproduction in different organisms:
1) It describes the process of copulation and external fertilization in frogs, where the female lays eggs in water for the male to fertilize.
2) It discusses asexual reproduction through regeneration in flatworms and examples in other animals and plants.
3) It outlines the male reproductive system in humans including production of sperm in the testes and transport.
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Syllabus
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Reproductive system
- 1. The Reproductive System I. Anatomy of the reproductive system II. Hormonal control III. Fertilization and development IV. Contraception V. “Assisted reproduction”
- 2. Formation of gametes Sperm Eggs Fertilization- fusion of gametes zygote Zygote divides repeatedly; differentiates into unique cells and tissues
- 3. Features of reproductive system Gonads produce gametes and hormones ducts to trasnport the gametes accessory glands and organs (secrete fluids) external genitalia
- 5. Testes are formed in abdomen and descend into scrotum at 7th month of development Temperature in scrotum is slightly lower than in body Spermatogenesis (formation of sperm) sperm-forming cells Sertoli cells interstitial cells-produce testosterone Process takes about 9 weeks
- 7. Spermatazoa in testes are not yet capable of fertilization Epididymis- is actually over 20 feet long! spermatazoa complete maturation as they move through epididymis (about 2 weeks) Ductus deferens (vas deferens) Ejaculatory duct
- 8. Ejaculatory duct Sperm Seminal fluid secretions from prostate seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) Activate sperm Provide nutrients Contractions help move sperm Buffers
- 10. Control of erection Hypothalamus (conscious control) Parasympathetic nerves neurotransmitter- nitric oxide? promotes blood flow into penis (Viagra- promotes vasodilation) Control of emission and ejaculation sympathetic nerves- muscle contraction
- 12. Female reproductive system Ovaries Accessory organs uterus uterine (Fallopian) tubes vagina external genitalia
- 15. Hormonal control of the female reproductive cycle Pituitary and gonadal hormones Must coordinate ovarian and uterine cycles
- 17. Evaluation of contraceptive methods Do they work? Are they safe? Are they available? Are they affordable? Do they protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
- 18. Abstinence Surgical sterilization essentially permanent
- 21. Oral contraception Prevents ovulation Is reversible Does NOT protect against STDs
- 23. Risks of oral contraception Requires discipline Antibiotics can inhibit effect Can increase risk of heart attack or stroke can promote clot formation (estrogen) can promote atherosclerosis (progesterone) Can promote vaginal and cervical infections Can promote cervical cancer from HPV
- 24. Progesterone-only contraceptives may be a little safer but not quite as effective Minipill (every day) Depo-Provera (3 months) Norplant (5 years)
- 25. Is there a male pill? Strategies: shut off testosterone lowers sperm count, but linked with reduced sex drive and erectile dysfunction supplemental dose of testosterone Inhibit FSH? high rate of permanent sterility Inhibit GnRH? does not completely inhibit sperm production in everyone, but is reversible Answer: not yet
- 26. IUD Safe and effective Risk of inflammatory disease, and subsequent sterility Recommended for women who don’t want future pregnancy or are not at risk for STD
- 27. Barrier methods Diaphragms Cervical caps Condoms (male and female) Spermicides Not as effective in pregnancy prevention Do provide protection against STDs Availability
- 28. Fertility awareness (“natural family planning”) Minute knowledge of woman’s cycle Indicators of ovulation body temperature cervical mucus
- 29. Future methods? Vaccines against sperm, eggs, hCG, hormones Diaphragms with spermicide Vaginal rings with progestins Skin patches