Reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual means. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and can occur through fragmentation, where the parent divides into multiple new individuals, or gemmation, where buds grow from the parent to form new individuals. Sexual reproduction requires two parents - a male and female. Their gametes, sperm and egg cells, unite through internal or external fertilization to form a zygote, which develops into a new organism. In animals, the embryo may develop inside or outside the mother's body. In plants, sexual reproduction involves pollination of the pistil by pollen from the stamen, leading to fertilization and the formation of seeds within fruits.

1. REPRODUCTION

2. WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?
It is the biological process by which new
individual organisms are produced.
There are two types of Reproduction:
 Asexual reproduction: requires only one
parent which produces new living beings.
 Sexual reproduction: requires two parents,
a male and a female.

4. ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS

5.  It is common in unicellular organisms.
 There are two main types of asexual reproduction:
 Fragmentation → Division of the progenitor’s body
in various fragments, creating new individuals
(worms, starfish, fungi, plants…).
 Gemmation → Small buds appear on the body of
the progenitor. These buds may separate from the
parent and become a new individual, or remain
joined and form a colony.

7. SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS

8.  Sexual reproduction in animals requires two members of
the opposite sex, a male and a female.
 They have different reproductive organs called gonads.
 These organs make reproductive cells called gametes.
MALE FEMALE
The male gonads are the The female gonads are the
testicles. ovaries.
The male gamete is the The female gamete is the ovum
spermatozoon (small and (larger than spermatozoa, but
mobile). they are immobile).

9. Depending on the types of gonads present, animals can
be:
- Unisexual → Each individual has only got one type of
gonad. Most animals are unisexual.
- Hermaphrodites → Each individual has both, male
and female gonads.

10. Some animals can produce both, sexually and asexually.
For example, jellyfish pass through two life phases
during their life cycle: asexual or polyp phase , and
sexual or medusa phase .

11. Fertilisation is the union of an ovum and a
spermatozoon. When the nuclei of the ovum and
spermatozoon unite, they form the first cell of the new
living being, called Zygote.
Types of Fertilisation:

12. - External fertilisation → is the union of the gametes
which occurs outside the female’s body. The female
releases the unfertilised eggs. Then the male releases
sperm to fertilise them. It is typical of aquatic animals,
some terrestrial amphibians, and insects.

13. - Internal fertilisation → it is the fusion of the gametes
which occurs inside the body of the female. It involves
copulation, the transmission of spermatozoa of the
male into the female reproductive system. It is typical of
most terrestrial animals, and some fish.

14. The embryonic development
 It includes the processes from the formation of the
zygote to the birth of the new individual.
 Depending on where embryonic development takes
place, animals can be classified as:
 Viviparous.
 Oviparous.
 Ovoviviparous.

16. Complete this chart using your book:
Viviparous Oviparous Ovoviviparous
Where does
the embryo
develop?
Where does
the embryo
grow?
How is the
embryo fed?
When does
the embryo
develop end?
Example

17. ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN
PLANTS

18. Asexual reproduction involves the formation of new
individuals from the cells of a single parent. There are
two main types of asexual reproduction in plants:
 Spore Formation → a cell from an individual divides
repeatedly, forming various daugther cells, called
spores . These individual cells create new plants.

19.  Vegetative Reproduction → plants create new
individuals from a particular organ, mainly the stem.
This occurs through stolons, bulbs, stem tubers
and rhizomes.

20. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS

21.  It is typical of plants with seeds.
 The reproductive part of the plant is the flower :

22. It has the following parts:
 Calyx: green sepals which protect the development
of the flower.
 Corolla: coloured petals.
 Stamen: the male reproductive organ of the
flower. It consists of a filament and sacks, anthers ,
where pollen is stored.
 Pistil: the female reproductive organ of the
flower. It consists of one ovary , a style and a
stigma.

23.  Sexual reproduction in plants has various stages:
 POLLINATION → Pollen is transported from the
stamens to the pistil. Wind and insects disperse the
pollen.

24.  FERTILISATION → The male and female gametes
fuse to form the zygote inside the ovary. The zygote
grows into a embryo. The ripened ovule becomes the
seed which contains the embryo.

25.  FORMATION OF THE FRUIT → The fruit
originates from the ripened ovary. Its function is to
protect and disperse the seed.