This document discusses different types of wall treatments and materials. It begins by defining walls and their purposes in construction. It then discusses various types of wall construction methods and materials like framed walls, mass walls, gypsum wallboard and concrete blocks. Next, it covers factors to consider for wall treatment like durability, aesthetics and function. Finally, it lists and describes common interior wall finishing materials and techniques such as paint, wallpaper, tiles, mirrors and plaster.

1. REPORT ON WALL TREATMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 CONSTRUCTION OF WALL
 TYPES OF WALL
 WHY WALL COVERING IS NEEDED
 WALL TREATMENT
 FACTOS FOR PLANNING WALL
 WALL CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
 WALL FINISHES

2. INTRODUCTION AND DEEINE
 A wall is a structure that defines a area , carries a load, or provides
shelter or security.
 There are many kinds of wall such as defensive walls in fortification
,walls of buildings which are a fundamental part of the super structure
or which separate spaces in buildings section sometimes for the
purpose of fire safety.
 Walls which hold back earth called retaining walls, offer protection
from oceans such as a seawall or river as a levee.
 permanent walls are solid fences and border barrier between
countries sometimes.
 Building walls purposes to support roofs, floors and ceiling, enclose a
space as part of the building envelope, along with a roof to give
building form and to provide shelter and security.
 In addition , wall may have various types of utilities such as electrical
wiring or plumbring.

3. CONSTRUCTION OF WALL
 Wall construction falls into two basic categories: framed
walls or mass- walls house.
 In framed walls load is transferred to foundation through
posts, columns or studs.
 Framed walls most often have three or more separate
components : structural elements [ such as 2*4 studs in a
house wall] , insulation and finish elements or surfaces [
such as dry wall or paneling ]..
 Mass walls are of a solid material including masonry,
concrete including slip form stone masonry, log building ,
cod wood construction , adobe, rammed earth, cob, earth
bag construction, bottles, tin cans, straw-bale construction
and ice.

4. TYPES OF WALLS
 Load bearing walls support floors above and the roof.
 Partition or curtain walls are non load bearing and do not
support anything. They act as space dividers.
 Moveable walls are accordion walls and modular panel. If
space needs change often you should consider using
moveable walls. Ex. Conference centers, office spaces, etc.
 Partial walls are less than ceiling height offer visual privacy
but not acoustical privacy, provide ventilation.
 Spur/ free standing walls that do not joint adjacent wall at
both ends. Ex. Fire places in the center of rooms, wall
behind reception desk.

5. TYPES OF WALL

6. WALL COVERING
 Walls make up the largest surface area of a room and protect
against outdoors and reduce the noise entering a room. They
hide pipe , wirings and insulation and also divide spaces
 That’s why when choosing a wall covering ,it is essential to
consider the color involved , the condition of walls and function
of the room.
 Most commonly used wall coverings are : paint, wallpaper,
paneling, mirrors, fabrics and carpeting.
 Neutral colors are more often used than vivid colors because they
provide a background to the rest of the room and furnishings.
 Washable wall surfaces are recommended for bathrooms,
kitchens, Children rooms and hall ways because walls in these
areas tend to become soiled more quickly than bedrooms or
living rooms

7. WALL TREATMENT
 Wall treatment is
covering for the interior
wall.
 It should harmonize
with the floor and
ceiling.
 Reflect people that use
the room.

8. FACTORS TO CONSIDERED WHEN
PLANNING WALL
 Degree of enclosure and privacy: Opaque walls mean that
you can’t see through them. Translucent means that you
can see through window.
 Light qualities: White reflects up to 89% of light and black
reflects about 2%. Texture also plays a role. Smooth
surfaces reflect more light that rough textures.
 Durability: The amount of time and money needed to
maintain walls must be considered. This is your
responsibility when specifying a wall treatment to
understand your clients needs.
 Acoustics: Smooth, hard surfaces reflect sound while soft,
porous surfaces absorb sound. Insulate wall cavities when
sound transmission is an issue.

9. FACTORS TO CONSIDERED WHEN
PLANNING WALL
 Aesthetics: Formal walls have smooth surfaces and are
symmetrical in window and door placement. They are also
more closed with more of a vertical emphasis. Informal
walls are tough, a symmetrical and are more open with a
horizontal feel.
 Function and Flexibility: moveable walls offer flexibility to
tenants that experience change. They provide electrical and
data lines [ some even after plumbing] built into the wall
system. Flooring is installed continuous so that walls can
be moved and not require flooring to be changed.
 Thermal qualities: Comfort and energy efficiency.

10. WALL CONSTRUCTION
 It is important to consider how wall is constructed
before planning back grounds.
 Materials that can be used:
 Gypsum wall board
 Paneling
 Masonry
 Plastic wall board
 Plaster

11. TYPES WALL FINISHES
 Paint
 Wallpaper
 Vinyl wall covering
 Stone
 Brick
 Glass
 Resin

12. OTHER DIFFERENT TYPES OF WALL
FINISHES
 Stained glass Finish
 Designer mirror Finish
 Flake Finish
 Pebbles Finish
 Coral Finish
 Canfor Finish
 Tile cladding
 Wood paneling
 Sand texture Finish
 Cement plastered Finish
 Cement textured Finish
 Glass mosaic Finish
 Marble powder Finish
 Laminate Finish

13. PLASTER
 An old technique in
which plaster is applied
over the wall board or
concrete block using a
lath. Texture range from
smooth to stucco. This
technique is almost a lost
trade and is not used in
new homes. It often
chips and cracks as a
house settels over the
years.

14. GYPSUM BASED MATERIAL
 This just like plaster of
Paris finish but gypsum
material is used to
prepare mortar. It is
more durable and finer
as compared to plaster of
Paris finish.

15. PLASTER OF PARIS
 Plaster of Paris or simply
plaster is a type of
building material based
on calcium sulphate
hemihydrates. This is a
smooth finish achieved
by plaster of Paris
generally applied on
internal wall.

16. GYPSUM WALLBOARD- DRY WALL
 It is most commonly used material
to cover wall in interior projects. It
has evolved into a versatile,
dependable material that is quick to
install and easy to repair. It is made
from a natural crystallized mineral.
It is naturally fire resistant and can
also act as a sound barrier, Gypsum
board of 4”wide sheet *8”, 9” or 10”
high is attached directly to stud
walls. Joints are tapped, spackled
and sanded so the seams do not
show. Texture may be applied on
various other finish techniques.
 NOTE: Sheetrock is brand name but
used as a generic term.

17. TILE
 Can be installed one tile
at a time or in sheets
held together with a
mesh like backing. Tile
provides easy
maintenance , they are
water impervious [
required in public
restroom] but can create
noisy interior. They also
can crack and chip.

18. CONCRETE BLOCK
 Also known as concrete
masonry unit [ CMU] . It is
very common building
material for load- bearing
walls of the building, in
which is termed concrete
block structure. This type
of construction is very
affordable and often found
in commercial and
institutional applications
or as part of a residential
foundation.

19. WOOD
 Wood comes in the form
of paneling , plank[ such
as flooring] and veneer
etc. It provides warmth
and a good insulator but
it tends to fade and
flammable. As a
designer, you must verify
code compliance before
installing it in
commercial application.

20. STAINED GLASS FINISH
 It involves lot of creative
work. Glass is decorated
with itching , frosting,
glass pasting and finally
coloring with suitable
colors according to the
theme. The stained glass
panels are used on walls
and ceiling.

21. PEBBLES FINSH
 This is a very simple and
attractive finish obtained
pasting small pebbles on
walls with cement mortar
as an adhesive.
 It is usually preffered for
exterior façade. It is also
commonly used to give
nice flowing effect to
waterfalls that are created
especially designed for
hotel interior or as a part of
exterior landscaping.

22. FLAKES FINISH
 It is a special material used
to enhance elevation
treatment of the building.
It is majorly used for
exterior façade. It has also
been used for interior but
to a very small extent
because chipping off flakes
is a trouble.
 Flakes are applied with a
trowel on walls over a coat
of adhesive.

23. DESIGNER MIRRORS
 These are obtained by
small pieces on wall to
create mural like design.

24. CORAL FINISH
 It is similar to plaster of
Paris and Gypsum
plaster finish. Coral is a
type of plastering
material that gives a
rough edgy finish.

25. CANFOR FINISH
 It is also known as Faux
Finish. This material is
used for interiors of
residences. It adds a
unique aesthetic appeal
to the place. It comes in
6mm thickness and in
different design. It is
chosen when a false
finish is to be given and
gives a stone wall or
brick wall effect.

26. TILE CLADDING
 Different tiles for ex.
Granite, marble, glazed
tiles or vitrified tiles are
used for tile cladding.
Tiles are available in a
variety of colors and
shapes. Selection of tiles
depends on the place
where it is to be applied
i.e. interior façade or
exterior façade.

27. WOOD PANELLING
 It is decorative treatment
done with wooden
panels on wall in various
design. Plywood or wood
covered with veneer or
laminate can be used.

28. SAND TEXTURED FINISH
 It is used to give fine
texture to wall. This wall
finish is not very
commonly used because
of its grains coming out .

29. CEMENT TEXTURED FINISH
 It is a decorative finish
and its mortar is
prepared in cement
based material. It is
applied with sand faced
plaster with a trowel and
after that it is cloured
with paint

30. CEMENT PLASTERED FINISH
 It is prepared in the form
of mortar with cement ,
sand and water in proper
proportions and applied
on masonry manually to
achieve a smooth finish
or sand face finish.

31. MOSAIC FINISH
 Glass mosaic are small
1”*1”on a cloth to get a
workable size 12”*12” and
tile is pasted with an
adhesive on wall
surfaces. It can also be
pasted on curved
surfaces.

32. MARBLE POWDER FINISH
 It is very smooth finish ,
looks like marble
flooring. It is obtained
by mortar of marble
powder , white cement
and water, it is applied
maually.

33. LAMINATE FINISH
 It comes in various colors
and designs and in the
form of sheet. It is pasted
with fevicol on plywood.

34. WALLPAPERS
 Wallpaper have a paper
face and a paper back. It
is not commonly used in
commercial design as it
is subject to soiling ,
abrasion and fading.

35. FABRICS
 Fabrics like wool, linen,
cotton, burlap and grass
cloth are used. They
require back coating as a
barrier to prevent
adhesive from bleeding
through fabrics face and
to improve dimensional
stability

36. VINYL WALL COVERING
 Designed for service
ability and durability. It
is flame resistant. Easily
cleaned and resistant to
fading and abrasion.

37. - MANISHA AGARWAL