This document provides information about a practical report on data logging conducted by students. It discusses the introduction to data logging, how it was used in a scientific experiment to monitor combustion. The experiment measured oxygen, temperature, and humidity levels in a bell jar during combustion using different sensors connected to a computer. The results are presented in a graph showing decreases in oxygen and temperature and increases in humidity over time. The discussion explains how combustion occurred and how the sensors measured related changes in the variables during the reaction.

1. Course name: Information And Communication Technology
In Science
Course code: SSI3013
Practical report on: Data Logging
Lecturer: Encik Azmi Bin Ibrahim
Name Lecture Group Matric number
AIMI FATIHAH BT
MUHAMMAD
FAUZI
B D20151071003
NAJWA HUSNA BT
SAAHWAL
B D20151070957
SITI KHADIJAH
BINTI KHALID
B D20151070972
NURUL NAJIHA
HUSNA BINTI
BAHARUDIN
B D20151070960

2. CONTENTS
No. Title Pages
1. Introduction 1
2. Engage 2
3. Empower
- Planning of experiment
- Results and Discussion
3-5
4. Enhance
- Importance of Combustion
6-7
5. Extension
- Application of Combustion7
8-9
6. Conclusion 10
7. Reference 11

3. 3
INTRODUCTION
The collection and the process store data over time is called data logging. It used to
analyse specific trends or record the data based events or action of a systems, network or IT
environment. It also enables the tracking of all interactions through which data, files or
applications are stored, accessed or modified on a storage device or application. The data
logging can be used in scientific experiment and can monitor a process using sensors linked to
a computer.
Data logging can be done automatically. When all the readings have been taken, the
data logger have to connect to the computer to transfer the readings. By using data logger, the
process to collect and analyze information become more accurate and faster than manual. Data
logging can be used in a wide range of indoor, outdoor, underwater, temperature-controlled
environments or anywhere data is needed and the convenience of battery power is preferred.
Data logging also facilitates the storage and collection of computer or device information. For
example, data logging can store processor temperature and memory utilization over time and
network bandwidth usage. System/network administrators use this data to analyze system or
network performance during a specific period.
In data logging process, sensors have important roles. For example, all physical
properties can be measured with the sensors such light intensity, heat and sounds, pressure,
acidity and humidity, current, voltage, pulse signal, dissolved oxygen and others. The next
steps is the sensors send signals to the interface box, which is linked to a computer. The
interface box converts analogue signal to digital signals that the computer can understand and
read those readings. There are several ways for the reading shown such as in form of tables,
graph or in application for further analysis.

4. 4
By using data logger equipment, the presentation of experiment’s result obtained better.
Hence, the student understanding will be going perfect as they can understand specific
experiment easily. We can take and record many readings in a short period of time. As a result,
the reading will be more accurate than those taken by human some condition for example
extreme cold or heat we can use data logging to conduct the experiment. Other than that, we
also need to figure out that data logging in scientific experiment also have several
disadvantages. For example, computers cannot easily respond to changing circumtances
because data loggers will only log what are programmed to log. In addition, word load of
teachers also increase and some student do not like work with the computer systems.
ENGAGEMENT
WHAT IS
THIS ?
WHAT
PROCESS
PRODUCE
THIS?
THIS IS FLAME OR WE CALLED IT FIRE.
COMBUSTION PRODUCES FLAME OR FIRE
WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF
COMBUSTION IN HUMAN LIFE?
WHAT IS
COMBUSTION?
HOW COMBUSTION
OCCURS?
WHAT WE SHOULD KNOW
ABOUT COMBUSTION?
WHAT IS CHEMICAL REACTION OF
COMBUSTION?

5. 5
EMPOWER
i) Planning of an experiment
Diagram 1: set up of the apparatus for the experiment
Apparatus needed:
 Candle, bell jar, matches, interface, computer and temperature, light and humidity
sensors.
Procedure:
1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram above.
2. The sensors inside the bell jar was arranged so that the probes will be well away from
the candle flame.
3. The sensors then were connected to the interface. An oxygen sensor time was allowed
to be stabilise.
4. The candle was lighted up and covered with the bell jar.
5. The experiment was recorded for 3 minutes.
6. When the candle has extinguished, the air was readmitted into the bell jar.

6. 6
ii) Results
Graph 1: Level of oxygen, temperature and humidity occurs in the bell jar during combustion.
iii) Discussion
A candle used in this experiment was responsible to produce light in the used of heat.
This process was then called as combustion. Combustion is basically the burning of a substance
in the presence of oxygen and involves the production of heat and light. In this case, the fuel
was wax, which composed of complex carbon compounds. Wax then was burned in the
presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas, which was colourless and it produced water
vapour as well. Below is the general equation of combustion process:
Fuel (wax) + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Since in this experiment there were three types of sensors used, so the best way to
interpret data was by using the line graph as shown above. This due to every value resulted by
the three sensors can be shown directly on the same axis. This will be more easier in order to

7. 7
detect any changes of the variables which were oxygen, temperature and humidity during the
experiment. This because of the three sensors were related each other.
Based on the experiment, the oxygen sensor was used to monitor the oxygen level that
was set for three minutes and the result was shown in the graph. According to the graph, the
candle started to extinguish at the time 1.6 minutes due to the amount of oxygen supplied was
decreased which from 20% to 16%. This concluded that the combustion reaction needed a
sufficient oxygen in order to enhance the candle to light up. In this experiment, 20% of oxygen
was a sufficient amount for the candle to light up. If the candle started to extinguish, some
amount of oxygen need to be readmit into the bell jar.
The second sensor, temperature sensor was used to monitor the temperature inside the
bell jar during the three minutes provided for the experiment. From the graph, it has been shown
that when there was 20% of oxygen supplied into the bell jar, the temperature at the top of bell
jar getting to increase. However, it started to decrease at 1.4 minutes when the oxygen supplied
decrease to 16%. Meanwhile, the temperature at the bottom of bell jar kept constant for three
minutes as the combustion reaction occurred at the top of bell jar.
Next, humidity sensor was used to measure the water vapour produced during the
combustion. Humidity is the presence of water vapour in the air. From the graph, it shown that
the humidity level getting increased from 50% to 90% in the presence of 13% of oxygen in the
bell jar. The graph also shown that when the temperature increased, the humidity increased as
well. This phenomena occurred due to the hotter the air inside the bell jar, the more water
vapour the bell jar can hold.

8. 8
ENHANCE
The Importance of Combustion
Combustion is a chemical reaction between substances that usually includes oxygen
and accompanied by the generation of heat and light in the form of flame. Combustion reactions
are an extremely important class of chemical reactions and it is vital to our everyday lives. The
speed and rate at which the reactants combine is high because of the chemical reaction itself
and also because of more energy is generated than energy that can escape into the surrounding
medium. The result is the temperature of the reactants raised to accelerate the reaction even
more.
Do you drive around in a gas-fuelled car? Do you cook lunch on a gas stove? How do
you keep you and your family warm in the winter? All of those answers were related to the
combustion reaction. The combustion of fuels (wood, fossil fuels, peat) have heated and lit our
homes and cooked our food for thousand years. Our lives would be completely different if
combustion reactions did not exist.
Combustion is coupled with several emissions to the atmosphere. The increase of
carbon dioxide, CO2 emissions can mainly limited only by energy conservation. The carbon
dioxide and NOX emissions can be reduced by the technical combustion management. The SO2
emissions can be reduced by a desulfurization of fuel before combustion or by a desulfurization
of flue gas after combustion.
The world fuel consumption is continuously increased in past and will strongly increase
in the future. Fossil fuels distribute with their part of 90% have main importance. This trend
will be preserved for the next decades. Petroleum has the main part in the group of fossil fuels,
followed by natural gas and coal.
Our transportation system relies almost entirely on combustion. The air craft are
entirely powered by fuel burning, most trains are powered by diesel engines and most of
domestic vehicles use gasoline. In industrial process, they also rely heavily on combustion.
Cement industry is the heavy user of heat energy delivered by combustion. Iron, steel,
aluminium and other metal refining industries employ furnaces for producing raw products.

9. 9
Other examples of industrial combustion devices are boiler, refinery, glass melters and also
solid dryers.
Table below shows a categorization of combustion technology. This allocation reflects the
purpose of the combustion reaction.
Purpose Operation Fuel Technology Walls
Boiler/Vessel
 Heat
generation
 Process
steam
Stationary All fuels
Adjustments of
the combustion
to the process
Cold walls
Thermal
engines
Production of
mechanical
work
Intermittent
Special
fuels
Tuning
combustion and
engine
Cold walls
Process
firings
 Material
transform
 Thermal
treatment
Stationary
Fuel
process-
caused
Adjustments of
the combustion
to the process
Hot walls
Residual
firings
Waste
treatment
Intermittent
Waste
residual
substances
Tuning
combustion and
engine
Hot walls
Until now, the world’s consumption of energy has constantly increased. The oil and gas, fossil
fuels and also coal constitute the overwhelming percentage of energy sources

10. 10
EXTENSION
Application of Combustion
In chemical reaction, combustion reaction transform existing molecules, known as
reactants, into different molecules, known as products. The defining reactant in combustion
reactions is oxygen, and the products vary according to the other molecules that react with
oxygen.
Alcoholic substance also used in combustion reactions. The most familiar alcoholic
substance is ethanol, which is now mixed with gasoline for used in standard internal
combustion engines. Even though alcohol will produce energy, but the amount of the energy
released is significantly lower than the amount of energy released in gasoline combustion. The
combustion reaction of pure hydrogen gas and oxygen was an environmentally - friendly
energy because the supply of hydrogen is virtually unlimited. Many scientists assert that rising
levels of atmospheric carbon could lead to devastating climatic consequences. Hydrogen is
different than hydrocarbon and alcohols which is, it will not release carbon dioxide when
burned. (West, 2017)
Next is the combustion turbines being installed in many today’s natural gas fuel power
plants which are complex machines, and they basically involve three main sectors. First, the

11. 11
compressor which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it, and feeds it to the combustion
chamber at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour.
The combustion system typically made up of a ring of fuel injectors that inject a steady
stream of fuel into combustion chamber where it mixes with the air. The mixture is burned at
temperatures of more than 2000 degrees F. The combustion produces a high temperature, high
pressure gas stream that enters and expands through turbine section. After that, the turbine is
an intricate array of alternate stationary and rotating aerofoil section blades. As hot combustion
gas expands through the turbine, it spins the rotating blades. The rotating blades perform a dual
function where they drive the compressor to draw more pressurized air into the combustion
section, and they spin a generator to produce electricity.
The concept of combustion can be applied in rocket propulsion. The products of
combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous propellants in rockets are ejected from the combustion
chamber through the (de Laval) nozzle at a high velocity. Knowledge of the kinetic of chemical
processes in the nozzle is essential to determine the thrust required. The thrust decreases with
the increasing mean molecular weight of the combustion products. Mixtures of low molecular
weight and high heat of combustion therefore are used for rockets
Next, the combustion and detonation of explosives are widely used in all sorts of work
with mechanical action or explosion as the eventual goals. Practical applications of explosives
are based on the theory of their combustion and detonation. The combustion of condensed
explosives occurs mostly in the gas phase because of their sublimation, decomposition or also
evaporation and can be treated in terms of the theory of gas combustion, which provides for
the burning velocity, its dependence on temperature and pressure and the parameters
determining the combustion regime and the nature of explosives. Control of combustion and
detonation in their practical applications is made possible by use of the theory, together with
the results of experimental investigations on combustion and detonation.

12. 12
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, an experiment on combustion had been carried out using data logger method.
The benefit of this experiment allowed student have an easy method to handle experiment
compared to the traditional way of handling apparatus. Data logging made the experiment to
be in a very smooth manner where we could organize our results well because the usage of ICT
helped us a lot and we support using data logging for any kind of sensor-based experiments as
such of this.
Our experiment was comprised of three main sensors which are the temperature,
humidity and oxygen. Those three sensors can be said having their own sensitivity to this
combustion experiment. We can also conclude that those three sensors are inter-related because
the results of this experiment might be affected if one of these sensors was failed to function
properly. Through data logging method, we felt much easier to present our results well and
clearly knowing the fact that we are facing three sensors at one go.

13. 13
REFERENCES:
1. West, J. (2017, September 26). Classroom. Retrieved from Classroom.Synonym.com:
https://classroom.synonym.com/real-life-examples-combustion-chemical-reactions-
34057.html
2. Ashish (2015). Science of Candles: How Do They Work?. Retrieved from
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/wonders-of-nature-how-do-candles-work.html
3. Combustion – Burning a Candle. Retrieved from http://rogerfrost.com/exp/candle.htm
4. Wonder of the Day #881. What is Humidity? Retrieved from
https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-humidity
5. Britannia.com : Application in heating devices. (n.d.). Retrieved from Application in
heating devices In Combustion:
https://www.britannica.com/science/combustion/Applications
6. Victor Nikolaevich Kondratiev. (2018, January 24). Encyclopedia Britannica;
Applications of Combustion. Retrieved on 23rd March 2018 from
https://www.britannica.com/science/combustion/Applications
7. Shmoop Editorial Team. (2008, November 11). Chemistry Combustion – Shmoop
Chemistry. Retrieved on 23rd March 2018 from http://www.shmoop.com/chemical-
reactions/combustion.html#