Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Fuel Stationsresearchinventy
Current research takes in to account of calorific value of various fuel (Diesel) available in the state of Telangana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for diesel and to learn basic bomb procedures. This experiment will be accomplished by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The fuel sold by different company show different calorific value; by finding out the change in the calorific we can find out the high quality fuel available in the market. This research had covered the importance of calorific value of different fuel (diesel) with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
Practical Issues of Combustion Oxygen Measurement Specifically Related to NOx...Arjay Automation
Power plants concerned with lowering NOx emissions are making tremendous changes to accommodate EPA regulatory requirements. A substantial number of these changes include the expansion and upgrade of the plant combustion oxygen measurement equipment. There is a striking relationship between the number of NOx reductions projects and the sales quantity of insitu oxygen detectors. The reason is that power plant betterment groups, operators, boiler manufacturers and engineering firms understand the direct relationship between NOx and excess air in the combustion process.
An area of daily practical importance to boiler operators and I&C teams are the common problems with insitu oxygen measurements. This paper focuses on the practical issues of combustion oxygen measurement as they relate to specifically to fuel usage and NOx emissions.
Read the entire white paper, courtesy of Yokogawa Corporation of America here.
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Fuel Stationsresearchinventy
Current research takes in to account of calorific value of various fuel (Diesel) available in the state of Telangana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for diesel and to learn basic bomb procedures. This experiment will be accomplished by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The fuel sold by different company show different calorific value; by finding out the change in the calorific we can find out the high quality fuel available in the market. This research had covered the importance of calorific value of different fuel (diesel) with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
(No "Download lock")........... Study it, Download it, Understand it, Apply it and Serve the community.
رَبِّ زدْنيِ عِلْماً (Arabic)..............Ameen.
Practical Issues of Combustion Oxygen Measurement Specifically Related to NOx...Arjay Automation
Power plants concerned with lowering NOx emissions are making tremendous changes to accommodate EPA regulatory requirements. A substantial number of these changes include the expansion and upgrade of the plant combustion oxygen measurement equipment. There is a striking relationship between the number of NOx reductions projects and the sales quantity of insitu oxygen detectors. The reason is that power plant betterment groups, operators, boiler manufacturers and engineering firms understand the direct relationship between NOx and excess air in the combustion process.
An area of daily practical importance to boiler operators and I&C teams are the common problems with insitu oxygen measurements. This paper focuses on the practical issues of combustion oxygen measurement as they relate to specifically to fuel usage and NOx emissions.
Read the entire white paper, courtesy of Yokogawa Corporation of America here.
Oxygen Excess Control of Industrial Combustion Through The Use of Automotive ...drboon
The objective of this study is to present a simple and low cost method of determining the flue gases oxygen concentration. The method makes use of the Lambda sensor, a part of the fuel injection system of the modern automobile’s engine. A combustion chamber was mounted with a heated Lambda sensor installed in its chimney. Residual oxygen concentrations in the flue gases were estimated by the use of the Nernst equation and compared to a reference combustion analyser. The observed average deviation in the measurements was of about 5 % which is in the range of interest to the industrial combustion.
Presentation of our Inert Fire Suppression Systems available at 200 bar and 300 bar.
All 4 types of gases offered:
Argon (IG-01), Nitrogen (IG-100), IG-55 and IG-541
General Analysis for Poultry Waste as Biofuel
• The purpose of this study was to identify the reliability and efficiency of a relationship between the physical and thermo-dynamical part of a waste-to-energy process.
Thermal Simulation of Biogas Plants Using Mat LabIJERA Editor
The major prerequisite for the optimum production of methane from a biogas plant is the sustenance of digester temperature within the narrow limits (300C-350C). It is experimentally investigated that, the MIT biogas plant is not maintaining optimum temperature, this decreases the efficiency and increases the detention time for charge. To maintain the plant in optimum temperature, it is necessary to find out the heat losses from the biogas plant and the external energy inputs need to operate the plant. Rate of gas yield, and the detention time (time necessary to anaerobically digest organic wastes) in a biogas reactor, are favorable functions of the temperature in the digester. A thermal simulation for MIT biogas plant has developed using matlab in order to understand the heat transfer from the slurry and the gas holder to the surrounding earth and air respectively. The computation has been performed when the slurry is maintained at 200C and 300C, optimum temperature of anaerobic fermentation. If the slurry is considered to be at 350C, the optimum temperature of anaerobic fermentation, the total heat loss from the plant is higher than the heat loss when the slurry is maintained at 200C. The heat calculations provide an appraisal for the heat which has to be supplied by external means to compensate for the net heat losses which occur if the slurry is to be maintained at 350C. A solar system with auxiliary electric heater is designed for maintaining the slurry at 350C.In conclusion; the results of thermal analysis are used to define a strategy for operating biogas plant at optimum temperatures.
We are all aware of Dust hazards such as causing slippery surface and health dust inhalation hazard, however, dust explosion hazard awareness is not adequate. Even if we know about dust explosion but there are many risk factors for dust explosion hazard which are unknown.
ANALYSIS OF THE COMBUSTION FUMES AND GASES RELEASED DURING THE BURNING OF SOM...Claudio Liciotti
Along with the strong growth of PV installations, also the
number of fires involving PV systems has grown. The fire
risk analysis due to PV systems has been taken into strong
consideration. About that, 3 were the most considered
issues:
1) PV modules and components fire behavior;
2) causes of fire ignition related to PV components;
3) risk of electrocution in firefighting activities in proximity
to photovoltaic generators.
To protect the firefighter and to respect the environment,
the type of fumes and gases that are released into the
environment during a fire of a PV system should also be
considered.
This paper shows the analysis of the fumes and gases
released during the burning and pyrolysis of some c-Si PV
modules.
Oxygen Excess Control of Industrial Combustion Through The Use of Automotive ...drboon
The objective of this study is to present a simple and low cost method of determining the flue gases oxygen concentration. The method makes use of the Lambda sensor, a part of the fuel injection system of the modern automobile’s engine. A combustion chamber was mounted with a heated Lambda sensor installed in its chimney. Residual oxygen concentrations in the flue gases were estimated by the use of the Nernst equation and compared to a reference combustion analyser. The observed average deviation in the measurements was of about 5 % which is in the range of interest to the industrial combustion.
Presentation of our Inert Fire Suppression Systems available at 200 bar and 300 bar.
All 4 types of gases offered:
Argon (IG-01), Nitrogen (IG-100), IG-55 and IG-541
General Analysis for Poultry Waste as Biofuel
• The purpose of this study was to identify the reliability and efficiency of a relationship between the physical and thermo-dynamical part of a waste-to-energy process.
Thermal Simulation of Biogas Plants Using Mat LabIJERA Editor
The major prerequisite for the optimum production of methane from a biogas plant is the sustenance of digester temperature within the narrow limits (300C-350C). It is experimentally investigated that, the MIT biogas plant is not maintaining optimum temperature, this decreases the efficiency and increases the detention time for charge. To maintain the plant in optimum temperature, it is necessary to find out the heat losses from the biogas plant and the external energy inputs need to operate the plant. Rate of gas yield, and the detention time (time necessary to anaerobically digest organic wastes) in a biogas reactor, are favorable functions of the temperature in the digester. A thermal simulation for MIT biogas plant has developed using matlab in order to understand the heat transfer from the slurry and the gas holder to the surrounding earth and air respectively. The computation has been performed when the slurry is maintained at 200C and 300C, optimum temperature of anaerobic fermentation. If the slurry is considered to be at 350C, the optimum temperature of anaerobic fermentation, the total heat loss from the plant is higher than the heat loss when the slurry is maintained at 200C. The heat calculations provide an appraisal for the heat which has to be supplied by external means to compensate for the net heat losses which occur if the slurry is to be maintained at 350C. A solar system with auxiliary electric heater is designed for maintaining the slurry at 350C.In conclusion; the results of thermal analysis are used to define a strategy for operating biogas plant at optimum temperatures.
We are all aware of Dust hazards such as causing slippery surface and health dust inhalation hazard, however, dust explosion hazard awareness is not adequate. Even if we know about dust explosion but there are many risk factors for dust explosion hazard which are unknown.
ANALYSIS OF THE COMBUSTION FUMES AND GASES RELEASED DURING THE BURNING OF SOM...Claudio Liciotti
Along with the strong growth of PV installations, also the
number of fires involving PV systems has grown. The fire
risk analysis due to PV systems has been taken into strong
consideration. About that, 3 were the most considered
issues:
1) PV modules and components fire behavior;
2) causes of fire ignition related to PV components;
3) risk of electrocution in firefighting activities in proximity
to photovoltaic generators.
To protect the firefighter and to respect the environment,
the type of fumes and gases that are released into the
environment during a fire of a PV system should also be
considered.
This paper shows the analysis of the fumes and gases
released during the burning and pyrolysis of some c-Si PV
modules.
Analysis of the Thermal Efficiency of Condensing Wall-Hung BoilerIJRES Journal
To analyze the impact of the outdoor temperature and humidity on thermal efficiency of the
condensing boiler, the experimental platform is set up based on the condensing boiler and low-temperature
radiantfloor heating system. Using the method of experiment, it’s measured that amount of natural gas, the
temperature of supply and return water, the outdoor temperature and humidity etc. The thermal efficiency is
calculated in different outdoor temperature and humidity. Also it is analyzed that the impact of that the change
of the outdoor temperature and humidity on thermal efficiency. The results show that, when the outdoor
temperature is 8~15℃ and humidity is 30%~70%RH, the impact of the outdoor humidity on thermal efficiency
is very poor. But the impact of outdoor temperature on thermal efficiency is more remarkable. Thermal
efficiency is the higher when the outdoor temperature is the higher.
CFD Simulation of Air Conditioning System of the Classroomijtsrd
We have focused on the design and modifications of air cooling duct system using Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD considering all air flow patterns affecting the system efficiency. Necessary tools and methods are applied for efficient designing. The different load conditions and the layout of the duct system need to be very accurate because if any deviation will result to problems like uneven cooling, frictional losses, increased noise and vibrations and also more power consumption. The above problems highlight the importance for optimizing the duct design to obtain desired flow conditions. Our work involves use of theoretical and software tools to get a detailed comparative analysis of the costs and benefits involved in selecting a particular shape rectangular or circular for the duct according to the working conditions. The focus of this paper rests on using psychrometry chart to calculate the cooling load and other parameters. Gaurav Srivastava | Aman Kumar | Dipti Chandel | Harsh Dabas | Ashish Mishra | Saurabh ""CFD Simulation of Air Conditioning System of the Classroom"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23824.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23824/cfd-simulation-of-air-conditioning-system-of-the-classroom/gaurav-srivastava
Physics teacher support material 1Investigation 6Pag.docxmattjtoni51554
Physics teacher support material 1
Investigation 6
Page 1
Physical and mathematical models of the greenhouse effect
My Research Questions
If the Earth had no atmosphere, its average surface temperature would be about –18°C.
However, the heat trapping effect of the atmosphere, called the greenhouse effect, means
that a dynamic equilibrium occurs around 14°C, and thus we can live a sustainable life on
earth.(1)
The visible and short‐infrared radiation from the sun passes easily through the atmosphere
and warms the earth’s surface. However, being cooler than the sun, the earth’s surface
radiates back at a longer infrared wavelength. Molecules of water vapor and carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere absorb some of this radiation. These then emit infrared radiation in all
directions, including back towards the earth. The atmosphere and the earth’s surface both
warm up until a higher equilibrium temperature is reached. As more of the atmosphere
absorbs and re‐radiates heat, the overall temperature of the earth increases. This effect is
called global‐warming.
By burning fossil fuels, industrial societies like Western Europe and the Americas are
putting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere at a faster rate than plants can absorb it. This is
adding to the greenhouse effect, hence an enhanced greenhouse effect occurs, and this
may be causing global warming. There is strong evidence that the average temperature of
the earth is increasing. Although the effects of global warming cannot be predicted with any
certainty, this phenomenon is worthy of further study. Moreover, when we covered the
physics topic 8.2 “Thermal energy transfer” we learned the basics of the greenhouse effect,
the enhanced greenhouse effect, the energy balance in the earth surface‐atmosphere
system, climate change and (my biggest concern) global warming. My passion for saving the
environment and education people about the dangers of global warming have been
developed in my physics IA project. I had two approaches in mind, and my teacher
encouraged me to follow both physical and mathematical models of the greenhouse effect.
The purpose of my physics exploration is two‐fold. First, I want to demonstrate global
warming by a physical model. This will consist of two large soda bottles, one with flat
soda and another with fizzy soda. The fizzy soda will produce an atmosphere with CO2
while the flat soda will not. Both bottles are then set in direct sunlight for an hour and
a record of the temperatures of each are recorded. The CO2 atmosphere bottle ends
up with a higher equilibrium temperature, thus demonstrating the greenhouse effect,
the enhanced greenhouse effect and so demonstrating global warming.
The second part of this exploration is to produce a simple one‐dimensional
mathematical model of the atmosphere. This is done in Excel. The various parameters
affecting the balanced or equilibrium temperature are explored.
Physics teacher suppo.
USE OF PRIMARY QUAIL EMBRYO FIBROBLAST CELLS FOR PROPAGATION AND ASSAY OF AVI...Majed Mohammed
A primary fi broblast cells
from embryos of brown quail Coturnix
ypsilophora has been established and
partially characterized. The cells were
maintained in Modifi ed Eagle’s medium
(MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal
bovine serum. The cells were able to grow
at temperatures between 35°C and 38°C
with optimum temperature of 37°C. The
growth rate of primary quail fi broblast cells
increased as the FBS proportion increased
from 5% to 20% at 37°C with optimum
growth at the concentrations of 10% or
15% FBS. The cells showed no microbial
contamination throughout the period of
experiment and the total chromosome
number of a diploid cell was 78, according
to karyotyping and chromosome analysis
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Course name: Information And Communication Technology
In Science
Course code: SSI3013
Practical report on: Data Logging
Lecturer: Encik Azmi Bin Ibrahim
Name Lecture Group Matric number
AIMI FATIHAH BT
MUHAMMAD
FAUZI
B D20151071003
NAJWA HUSNA BT
SAAHWAL
B D20151070957
SITI KHADIJAH
BINTI KHALID
B D20151070972
NURUL NAJIHA
HUSNA BINTI
BAHARUDIN
B D20151070960
2. CONTENTS
No. Title Pages
1. Introduction 1
2. Engage 2
3. Empower
- Planning of experiment
- Results and Discussion
3-5
4. Enhance
- Importance of Combustion
6-7
5. Extension
- Application of Combustion7
8-9
6. Conclusion 10
7. Reference 11
3. 3
INTRODUCTION
The collection and the process store data over time is called data logging. It used to
analyse specific trends or record the data based events or action of a systems, network or IT
environment. It also enables the tracking of all interactions through which data, files or
applications are stored, accessed or modified on a storage device or application. The data
logging can be used in scientific experiment and can monitor a process using sensors linked to
a computer.
Data logging can be done automatically. When all the readings have been taken, the
data logger have to connect to the computer to transfer the readings. By using data logger, the
process to collect and analyze information become more accurate and faster than manual. Data
logging can be used in a wide range of indoor, outdoor, underwater, temperature-controlled
environments or anywhere data is needed and the convenience of battery power is preferred.
Data logging also facilitates the storage and collection of computer or device information. For
example, data logging can store processor temperature and memory utilization over time and
network bandwidth usage. System/network administrators use this data to analyze system or
network performance during a specific period.
In data logging process, sensors have important roles. For example, all physical
properties can be measured with the sensors such light intensity, heat and sounds, pressure,
acidity and humidity, current, voltage, pulse signal, dissolved oxygen and others. The next
steps is the sensors send signals to the interface box, which is linked to a computer. The
interface box converts analogue signal to digital signals that the computer can understand and
read those readings. There are several ways for the reading shown such as in form of tables,
graph or in application for further analysis.
4. 4
By using data logger equipment, the presentation of experiment’s result obtained better.
Hence, the student understanding will be going perfect as they can understand specific
experiment easily. We can take and record many readings in a short period of time. As a result,
the reading will be more accurate than those taken by human some condition for example
extreme cold or heat we can use data logging to conduct the experiment. Other than that, we
also need to figure out that data logging in scientific experiment also have several
disadvantages. For example, computers cannot easily respond to changing circumtances
because data loggers will only log what are programmed to log. In addition, word load of
teachers also increase and some student do not like work with the computer systems.
ENGAGEMENT
WHAT IS
THIS ?
WHAT
PROCESS
PRODUCE
THIS?
THIS IS FLAME OR WE CALLED IT FIRE.
COMBUSTION PRODUCES FLAME OR FIRE
WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF
COMBUSTION IN HUMAN LIFE?
WHAT IS
COMBUSTION?
HOW COMBUSTION
OCCURS?
WHAT WE SHOULD KNOW
ABOUT COMBUSTION?
WHAT IS CHEMICAL REACTION OF
COMBUSTION?
5. 5
EMPOWER
i) Planning of an experiment
Diagram 1: set up of the apparatus for the experiment
Apparatus needed:
Candle, bell jar, matches, interface, computer and temperature, light and humidity
sensors.
Procedure:
1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram above.
2. The sensors inside the bell jar was arranged so that the probes will be well away from
the candle flame.
3. The sensors then were connected to the interface. An oxygen sensor time was allowed
to be stabilise.
4. The candle was lighted up and covered with the bell jar.
5. The experiment was recorded for 3 minutes.
6. When the candle has extinguished, the air was readmitted into the bell jar.
6. 6
ii) Results
Graph 1: Level of oxygen, temperature and humidity occurs in the bell jar during combustion.
iii) Discussion
A candle used in this experiment was responsible to produce light in the used of heat.
This process was then called as combustion. Combustion is basically the burning of a substance
in the presence of oxygen and involves the production of heat and light. In this case, the fuel
was wax, which composed of complex carbon compounds. Wax then was burned in the
presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas, which was colourless and it produced water
vapour as well. Below is the general equation of combustion process:
Fuel (wax) + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Since in this experiment there were three types of sensors used, so the best way to
interpret data was by using the line graph as shown above. This due to every value resulted by
the three sensors can be shown directly on the same axis. This will be more easier in order to
7. 7
detect any changes of the variables which were oxygen, temperature and humidity during the
experiment. This because of the three sensors were related each other.
Based on the experiment, the oxygen sensor was used to monitor the oxygen level that
was set for three minutes and the result was shown in the graph. According to the graph, the
candle started to extinguish at the time 1.6 minutes due to the amount of oxygen supplied was
decreased which from 20% to 16%. This concluded that the combustion reaction needed a
sufficient oxygen in order to enhance the candle to light up. In this experiment, 20% of oxygen
was a sufficient amount for the candle to light up. If the candle started to extinguish, some
amount of oxygen need to be readmit into the bell jar.
The second sensor, temperature sensor was used to monitor the temperature inside the
bell jar during the three minutes provided for the experiment. From the graph, it has been shown
that when there was 20% of oxygen supplied into the bell jar, the temperature at the top of bell
jar getting to increase. However, it started to decrease at 1.4 minutes when the oxygen supplied
decrease to 16%. Meanwhile, the temperature at the bottom of bell jar kept constant for three
minutes as the combustion reaction occurred at the top of bell jar.
Next, humidity sensor was used to measure the water vapour produced during the
combustion. Humidity is the presence of water vapour in the air. From the graph, it shown that
the humidity level getting increased from 50% to 90% in the presence of 13% of oxygen in the
bell jar. The graph also shown that when the temperature increased, the humidity increased as
well. This phenomena occurred due to the hotter the air inside the bell jar, the more water
vapour the bell jar can hold.
8. 8
ENHANCE
The Importance of Combustion
Combustion is a chemical reaction between substances that usually includes oxygen
and accompanied by the generation of heat and light in the form of flame. Combustion reactions
are an extremely important class of chemical reactions and it is vital to our everyday lives. The
speed and rate at which the reactants combine is high because of the chemical reaction itself
and also because of more energy is generated than energy that can escape into the surrounding
medium. The result is the temperature of the reactants raised to accelerate the reaction even
more.
Do you drive around in a gas-fuelled car? Do you cook lunch on a gas stove? How do
you keep you and your family warm in the winter? All of those answers were related to the
combustion reaction. The combustion of fuels (wood, fossil fuels, peat) have heated and lit our
homes and cooked our food for thousand years. Our lives would be completely different if
combustion reactions did not exist.
Combustion is coupled with several emissions to the atmosphere. The increase of
carbon dioxide, CO2 emissions can mainly limited only by energy conservation. The carbon
dioxide and NOX emissions can be reduced by the technical combustion management. The SO2
emissions can be reduced by a desulfurization of fuel before combustion or by a desulfurization
of flue gas after combustion.
The world fuel consumption is continuously increased in past and will strongly increase
in the future. Fossil fuels distribute with their part of 90% have main importance. This trend
will be preserved for the next decades. Petroleum has the main part in the group of fossil fuels,
followed by natural gas and coal.
Our transportation system relies almost entirely on combustion. The air craft are
entirely powered by fuel burning, most trains are powered by diesel engines and most of
domestic vehicles use gasoline. In industrial process, they also rely heavily on combustion.
Cement industry is the heavy user of heat energy delivered by combustion. Iron, steel,
aluminium and other metal refining industries employ furnaces for producing raw products.
9. 9
Other examples of industrial combustion devices are boiler, refinery, glass melters and also
solid dryers.
Table below shows a categorization of combustion technology. This allocation reflects the
purpose of the combustion reaction.
Purpose Operation Fuel Technology Walls
Boiler/Vessel
Heat
generation
Process
steam
Stationary All fuels
Adjustments of
the combustion
to the process
Cold walls
Thermal
engines
Production of
mechanical
work
Intermittent
Special
fuels
Tuning
combustion and
engine
Cold walls
Process
firings
Material
transform
Thermal
treatment
Stationary
Fuel
process-
caused
Adjustments of
the combustion
to the process
Hot walls
Residual
firings
Waste
treatment
Intermittent
Waste
residual
substances
Tuning
combustion and
engine
Hot walls
Until now, the world’s consumption of energy has constantly increased. The oil and gas, fossil
fuels and also coal constitute the overwhelming percentage of energy sources
10. 10
EXTENSION
Application of Combustion
In chemical reaction, combustion reaction transform existing molecules, known as
reactants, into different molecules, known as products. The defining reactant in combustion
reactions is oxygen, and the products vary according to the other molecules that react with
oxygen.
Alcoholic substance also used in combustion reactions. The most familiar alcoholic
substance is ethanol, which is now mixed with gasoline for used in standard internal
combustion engines. Even though alcohol will produce energy, but the amount of the energy
released is significantly lower than the amount of energy released in gasoline combustion. The
combustion reaction of pure hydrogen gas and oxygen was an environmentally - friendly
energy because the supply of hydrogen is virtually unlimited. Many scientists assert that rising
levels of atmospheric carbon could lead to devastating climatic consequences. Hydrogen is
different than hydrocarbon and alcohols which is, it will not release carbon dioxide when
burned. (West, 2017)
Next is the combustion turbines being installed in many today’s natural gas fuel power
plants which are complex machines, and they basically involve three main sectors. First, the
11. 11
compressor which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it, and feeds it to the combustion
chamber at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour.
The combustion system typically made up of a ring of fuel injectors that inject a steady
stream of fuel into combustion chamber where it mixes with the air. The mixture is burned at
temperatures of more than 2000 degrees F. The combustion produces a high temperature, high
pressure gas stream that enters and expands through turbine section. After that, the turbine is
an intricate array of alternate stationary and rotating aerofoil section blades. As hot combustion
gas expands through the turbine, it spins the rotating blades. The rotating blades perform a dual
function where they drive the compressor to draw more pressurized air into the combustion
section, and they spin a generator to produce electricity.
The concept of combustion can be applied in rocket propulsion. The products of
combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous propellants in rockets are ejected from the combustion
chamber through the (de Laval) nozzle at a high velocity. Knowledge of the kinetic of chemical
processes in the nozzle is essential to determine the thrust required. The thrust decreases with
the increasing mean molecular weight of the combustion products. Mixtures of low molecular
weight and high heat of combustion therefore are used for rockets
Next, the combustion and detonation of explosives are widely used in all sorts of work
with mechanical action or explosion as the eventual goals. Practical applications of explosives
are based on the theory of their combustion and detonation. The combustion of condensed
explosives occurs mostly in the gas phase because of their sublimation, decomposition or also
evaporation and can be treated in terms of the theory of gas combustion, which provides for
the burning velocity, its dependence on temperature and pressure and the parameters
determining the combustion regime and the nature of explosives. Control of combustion and
detonation in their practical applications is made possible by use of the theory, together with
the results of experimental investigations on combustion and detonation.
12. 12
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, an experiment on combustion had been carried out using data logger method.
The benefit of this experiment allowed student have an easy method to handle experiment
compared to the traditional way of handling apparatus. Data logging made the experiment to
be in a very smooth manner where we could organize our results well because the usage of ICT
helped us a lot and we support using data logging for any kind of sensor-based experiments as
such of this.
Our experiment was comprised of three main sensors which are the temperature,
humidity and oxygen. Those three sensors can be said having their own sensitivity to this
combustion experiment. We can also conclude that those three sensors are inter-related because
the results of this experiment might be affected if one of these sensors was failed to function
properly. Through data logging method, we felt much easier to present our results well and
clearly knowing the fact that we are facing three sensors at one go.
13. 13
REFERENCES:
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https://classroom.synonym.com/real-life-examples-combustion-chemical-reactions-
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2. Ashish (2015). Science of Candles: How Do They Work?. Retrieved from
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/wonders-of-nature-how-do-candles-work.html
3. Combustion – Burning a Candle. Retrieved from http://rogerfrost.com/exp/candle.htm
4. Wonder of the Day #881. What is Humidity? Retrieved from
https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-humidity
5. Britannia.com : Application in heating devices. (n.d.). Retrieved from Application in
heating devices In Combustion:
https://www.britannica.com/science/combustion/Applications
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Applications of Combustion. Retrieved on 23rd March 2018 from
https://www.britannica.com/science/combustion/Applications
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reactions/combustion.html#