The objective of this study is to present a simple and low cost method of determining the flue gases oxygen concentration. The method makes use of the Lambda sensor, a part of the fuel injection system of the modern automobile’s engine. A combustion chamber was mounted with a heated Lambda sensor installed in its chimney. Residual oxygen concentrations in the flue gases were estimated by the use of the Nernst equation and compared to a reference combustion analyser. The observed average deviation in the measurements was of about 5 % which is in the range of interest to the industrial combustion.
Monitoring Industrial Combustion Through Automotive Oxygen Sensordrboon
The monitoring of oxygen percentage in flue gases is one of various ways of controlling efficiency and emissions of industrial combustion. In general, flue gases analyzers are expensive and not accessible to small scale industries. The automotive Lambda sensor is an oxygen sensor which controls the electronic injection of the modern internal combustion vehicles. The aim of this study is to present two methods of measuring the oxygen concentration in flue gases of industrial combustion by the use of the automotive Lambda sensor. One method uses the voltage signals of a heated Lambda sensor and the other one uses the Current Reversal Mode (CRM) of operation of such sensor. Results presented in this article show that such methods are effective to control industrial combustion.
Flue gas, or exhaust gas, is generated through combustion processes. It contains oxides of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements from the fuel, along with any excess air. Many components are air pollutants that must be cleaned or minimized before release. Flue gas analysis indicates the combustion efficiency and air-to-fuel ratio. It can be used to predict flue sizes and losses. Common analysis techniques include gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and indicators that detect specific components like carbon monoxide. Proper flue gas analysis promotes safety, efficiency, and process optimization.
Early stage fire detection using reliable metal oxide gas sensors and artific...Allan Melvin Andrew
This document describes research on using an electronic nose system with multiple metal oxide gas sensors and artificial neural networks to detect the early stages of fires from various sources. Time series data was collected from 12 different fire sources over multiple repetitions. Analysis using backpropagation neural networks achieved 99.6% correct classification of fire sources from full time series data, while k-means clustering achieved 98.3% correct classification. The electronic nose system was able to reliably detect various fire sources earlier than conventional smoke detectors.
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measur...Testo Azerbaijan
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measurements
-Power generation
-Waste disposal
-Stone and clay industry
-Metal industry
-Chemical/petrochemical industry
The RGS8000-CO2 uses dual wavelength infrared technology to detect carbon monoxide levels between 0-5%. It has a fast response time of less than 45 seconds, uses miniaturized NDIR and microprocessor technology, and compensates for thermal drift with a thermistor.
The document discusses zirconia oxygen analyzers and their calibration. It provides details on:
- Zirconia oxygen analyzers measure oxygen concentration using air as a reference gas, but the oxygen concentration of air can vary with temperature and humidity, causing measurement errors.
- Zirconia oxygen analyzers use either a concentration cell system or limiting current type to generate a voltage corresponding to oxygen concentration based on the Nernst equation.
- Calibration of zirconia oxygen analyzers involves either a two-point calibration using zero and span gases or a one-point calibration using just a span gas or just a zero gas to establish the calibration curve.
Method for determining exhaustion of an electrochemical gas sensorSherry Huang
A method by which an oxygen measuring instrument can test the functionality of the oxygen sensor. Oxygen sensors of the galvanic type operate by consumption of an internal easily oxidizable anode, such as lead or cadmium.
Varying Effects of Temperature and Path-length on Ozone Absorption Cross-sectionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Inconsistencies in the absorption cross section of ozone have been observed. Hence, for accurate measurement, we have reported the combined effects of varying optical path-length and temperature on the ozone gas absorption cross section (OACS) at 334.15nm. Adopting optical absorption spectroscopy, results of the (OACS) have been simulated using spectralcalc simulator with HITRAN 12 has the latest line list. OACS increased by 52.27% as the temperature increased from 100K to 350K while it was slightly affected by a 0.007% decrease varying the path-length from 0.75cm-130cm.
Monitoring Industrial Combustion Through Automotive Oxygen Sensordrboon
The monitoring of oxygen percentage in flue gases is one of various ways of controlling efficiency and emissions of industrial combustion. In general, flue gases analyzers are expensive and not accessible to small scale industries. The automotive Lambda sensor is an oxygen sensor which controls the electronic injection of the modern internal combustion vehicles. The aim of this study is to present two methods of measuring the oxygen concentration in flue gases of industrial combustion by the use of the automotive Lambda sensor. One method uses the voltage signals of a heated Lambda sensor and the other one uses the Current Reversal Mode (CRM) of operation of such sensor. Results presented in this article show that such methods are effective to control industrial combustion.
Flue gas, or exhaust gas, is generated through combustion processes. It contains oxides of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements from the fuel, along with any excess air. Many components are air pollutants that must be cleaned or minimized before release. Flue gas analysis indicates the combustion efficiency and air-to-fuel ratio. It can be used to predict flue sizes and losses. Common analysis techniques include gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and indicators that detect specific components like carbon monoxide. Proper flue gas analysis promotes safety, efficiency, and process optimization.
Early stage fire detection using reliable metal oxide gas sensors and artific...Allan Melvin Andrew
This document describes research on using an electronic nose system with multiple metal oxide gas sensors and artificial neural networks to detect the early stages of fires from various sources. Time series data was collected from 12 different fire sources over multiple repetitions. Analysis using backpropagation neural networks achieved 99.6% correct classification of fire sources from full time series data, while k-means clustering achieved 98.3% correct classification. The electronic nose system was able to reliably detect various fire sources earlier than conventional smoke detectors.
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measur...Testo Azerbaijan
Flue gas analisys in industry-Practical guide for Emission and Process Measurements
-Power generation
-Waste disposal
-Stone and clay industry
-Metal industry
-Chemical/petrochemical industry
The RGS8000-CO2 uses dual wavelength infrared technology to detect carbon monoxide levels between 0-5%. It has a fast response time of less than 45 seconds, uses miniaturized NDIR and microprocessor technology, and compensates for thermal drift with a thermistor.
The document discusses zirconia oxygen analyzers and their calibration. It provides details on:
- Zirconia oxygen analyzers measure oxygen concentration using air as a reference gas, but the oxygen concentration of air can vary with temperature and humidity, causing measurement errors.
- Zirconia oxygen analyzers use either a concentration cell system or limiting current type to generate a voltage corresponding to oxygen concentration based on the Nernst equation.
- Calibration of zirconia oxygen analyzers involves either a two-point calibration using zero and span gases or a one-point calibration using just a span gas or just a zero gas to establish the calibration curve.
Method for determining exhaustion of an electrochemical gas sensorSherry Huang
A method by which an oxygen measuring instrument can test the functionality of the oxygen sensor. Oxygen sensors of the galvanic type operate by consumption of an internal easily oxidizable anode, such as lead or cadmium.
Varying Effects of Temperature and Path-length on Ozone Absorption Cross-sectionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Inconsistencies in the absorption cross section of ozone have been observed. Hence, for accurate measurement, we have reported the combined effects of varying optical path-length and temperature on the ozone gas absorption cross section (OACS) at 334.15nm. Adopting optical absorption spectroscopy, results of the (OACS) have been simulated using spectralcalc simulator with HITRAN 12 has the latest line list. OACS increased by 52.27% as the temperature increased from 100K to 350K while it was slightly affected by a 0.007% decrease varying the path-length from 0.75cm-130cm.
This document provides an introduction to gas detection, including the principles and hazards of flammable, toxic, and asphyxiant gases. It discusses the properties of gases and vapors, including flash point, ignition temperature, and vapor density. Fixed and portable gas detection systems are described as well as their applications in various industries. Guidelines for selecting, installing, and maintaining gas detection equipment are also provided.
Oxygen analyzers measure the amount of oxygen a patient is receiving to ensure optimal levels. They work using either chemical or electrochemical methods. Chemical analyzers directly measure oxygen percentage but are not safe for operating rooms. Electrochemical analyzers use either a galvanic fuel cell or polarographic method using chemical reactions and electron flow to indirectly measure oxygen levels. Both require calibration to known oxygen percentages for accuracy.
The document describes a gas leakage detection system using a gas sensor and GSM module. When gas is detected, the system sounds an alarm, turns on an exhaust fan, sends an SMS alert, and cuts the main power supply. The gas sensor detects LPG and other flammable gases. It works by measuring changes in electrical conductivity when gas molecules react with the sensor. Upon detecting gas, the sensor output voltage changes, which is read by a microcontroller. The microcontroller then activates alarms and sends an SMS using a GSM module. This provides detection as well as preventive measures to remove gas and stop its source on site.
Relative Humidity sensors using optical fiber technologiesAbhas Dash
This document discusses optical fiber technologies for relative humidity detection. It introduces relative humidity and describes research in developing fiber optic sensors for humidity detection using fiber Bragg gratings and fiber bend techniques. It compares different hygroscopic materials for the sensor coatings and presents simulation results from COMSOL Multiphysics modeling of total internal reflection and refraction in the sensors. Future work is proposed to design a highly efficient humidity sensor based on the comparative study and simulations.
This document summarizes research on using a photoionization detector (PID) in combination with a flame photometric detector (FPD) to analyze sulfur compounds. The PID improves the detection limits and dynamic range of the FPD for hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and other sulfur compounds. A 4-point calibration improves the linearity of the FPD response. The combination of the PID and FPD provides a reproducible method for detecting sulfur compounds at the parts-per-billion level with confirmation of sulfur detection by the FPD.
This document provides a standard test method for determining the gross calorific value of coal and coke using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. It involves weighing a sample, combusting it in oxygen in a calibrated bomb calorimeter, and computing the calorific value based on temperature observations made before, during, and after combustion, accounting for various corrections. Proper procedures and calibrated equipment are outlined to ensure safety and accurate results.
Detection Methods:
There are five types of detection methods which are as:
Catalytic oxidation detectors
Electrochemical detectors
Optical detectors
Electrical conductivity (semiconductors) detectors
Chemical adsorbents detectors.
Bosch oxygen sensor zirconia and wide bandVicente Celani
1. The first oxygen sensor developed by Bosch was installed in a Volvo in 1976 and helped emissions regulations.
2. Bosch now produces 33 million oxygen sensors per year to help vehicles meet increasingly strict emissions standards by precisely regulating air-fuel ratios.
3. Oxygen sensors use solid electrolyte ceramic and platinum electrodes to detect oxygen levels in exhaust and send signals to adjust engine management for minimum emissions.
Optimizing Bunsen burner Performance Using CFD AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The document describes the monitoring instrumentation used for a helium liquefier system at the University of North Florida Physics Department. It discusses a hygrometer and purity meter that detect impurities like water moisture in stored helium gas and indicate when maintenance is needed. It also describes setting up and collaborating on a LabVIEW program to ensure proper operation of these instruments for efficient liquefaction of helium gas.
METTLER TOLEDO is the industry leader in analytical measurement solutions. Our dedication to continuously
improving the reliability and durability of our sensors, transmitters
and housings is recognized by thousands of customers. Pharmaceutical manufacturers and breweries the world over rely on our in-line dissolved oxygen systems for ensuring process safety and efficiency.
Flare radiation-mitigation-analysis-of-onshore-oil-gas-production-refining-fa...Anchal Soni
The main objective of this paper is to calculate the sterile area around an existing vertical flare of length 112 meters, located in an onshore facility and evaluate whether the current design is acceptable during a General Power Failure (GPF) scenario. The sterile area will be calculated at an elevation of 2m, which represents the typical head height for personnel.
Presentation on stack monitoring for industriesSony Madaan
This document provides an overview of stack emission monitoring for various industries. It discusses the importance of stack monitoring for thermal power plants, fertilizer industries, oil refineries, and petrochemical industries. The key pollutants emitted from each industry are identified along with the parameters and frequency of monitoring at the stack level. The objectives of stack monitoring are to minimize air emissions, ensure high quality ambient air quality data, verify an emissions control strategy is in place, and monitor air emissions and ambient air quality.
1) The group calibrated thermometers including a Davis weather station probe, bead thermistor, alcohol thermometer, and mercury thermometer against a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certified standard.
2) They found the Davis probe generated the largest error of 0.54°C while the bead thermistor error was close to the Davis at 0.49°C based on total error propagation calculations tracing measurements back to the NIST standard.
3) Experiments examining the time response of thermometers in a wind tunnel found instruments responded more quickly to higher wind velocities, with lower velocities leading to longer response times.
The document discusses different types of gas detection sensors. It describes how catalytic bead LEL sensors work using a Wheatstone bridge to detect differences in resistance between a catalyzed and uncatalyzed bead when exposed to combustible gases. It also discusses how electrochemical sensors and photoionization detectors function to detect various gases through chemical reactions or ionization. The document notes key details like gases each type can detect and calibrating catalytic sensors to a specific gas like methane.
Oxygen Probe,a cutting edge technology for measuring Oxygen content in molten steel . also it helps to find out carbon content and aluminium content in molten steel.
The document discusses different types of gas detection sensors:
- Wheatstone bridge catalytic bead LEL sensors detect combustible gases through a catalytic oxidation reaction. They require oxygen and were the first combustible gas sensors developed in the 1920s.
- Electrochemical sensors contain electrodes that cause a chemical reaction when exposed to certain gases, creating an electrical charge readout. They are available for oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and other gases.
- Photoionization detectors use UV light to ionize contaminant particles in the air, producing a current that is measured. PIDs can detect a wide range of organic compounds and some inorganics but not gases like methane or carbon monoxide.
This document discusses the use of epithermal neutron activation analysis and Compton suppression to determine heavy metals in Arctic air filters. Key findings include:
- Barium, potassium, silver, strontium, and zinc were determined in Arctic air filters from Alert, Canada using epithermal neutron activation analysis and Compton suppression.
- Detection limits for barium, potassium, silver, strontium, and zinc were 5, 7, 0.01, 1 and 0.9 μg, respectively in 1/16 of a Whatman air filter.
- Longer counting times would be needed to consistently achieve uncertainties less than 20% for barium, strontium and zinc.
- Silver
An emission gas analyzer measures the concentration of gases in exhaust, like carbon monoxide, to assess combustion efficiency and emissions. It discusses different types of gas analyzers like Pellistor/Catalytic Bead, Point/Non-Dispersive Infrared, Tunable/Enhanced Laser Diode Spectroscopy, and Electrochemical analyzers. The document also explains measuring the Lambda coefficient to evaluate lean or rich mixtures, and how the Enerac Model 700 portable emissions monitor can accurately measure gases like NOx with sensors, storage, and software.
The document discusses oxygen sensors, which measure the proportion of oxygen in exhaust gases. It describes how oxygen sensors were developed in the 1960s and have since been important for pollution control in automobiles. The document outlines different types of oxygen sensors, including those used in automobile exhaust systems to optimize air-fuel ratios and reduce emissions. It explains how oxygen sensors work and the factors that determine their performance.
This document provides an introduction to gas detection, including the principles and hazards of flammable, toxic, and asphyxiant gases. It discusses the properties of gases and vapors, including flash point, ignition temperature, and vapor density. Fixed and portable gas detection systems are described as well as their applications in various industries. Guidelines for selecting, installing, and maintaining gas detection equipment are also provided.
Oxygen analyzers measure the amount of oxygen a patient is receiving to ensure optimal levels. They work using either chemical or electrochemical methods. Chemical analyzers directly measure oxygen percentage but are not safe for operating rooms. Electrochemical analyzers use either a galvanic fuel cell or polarographic method using chemical reactions and electron flow to indirectly measure oxygen levels. Both require calibration to known oxygen percentages for accuracy.
The document describes a gas leakage detection system using a gas sensor and GSM module. When gas is detected, the system sounds an alarm, turns on an exhaust fan, sends an SMS alert, and cuts the main power supply. The gas sensor detects LPG and other flammable gases. It works by measuring changes in electrical conductivity when gas molecules react with the sensor. Upon detecting gas, the sensor output voltage changes, which is read by a microcontroller. The microcontroller then activates alarms and sends an SMS using a GSM module. This provides detection as well as preventive measures to remove gas and stop its source on site.
Relative Humidity sensors using optical fiber technologiesAbhas Dash
This document discusses optical fiber technologies for relative humidity detection. It introduces relative humidity and describes research in developing fiber optic sensors for humidity detection using fiber Bragg gratings and fiber bend techniques. It compares different hygroscopic materials for the sensor coatings and presents simulation results from COMSOL Multiphysics modeling of total internal reflection and refraction in the sensors. Future work is proposed to design a highly efficient humidity sensor based on the comparative study and simulations.
This document summarizes research on using a photoionization detector (PID) in combination with a flame photometric detector (FPD) to analyze sulfur compounds. The PID improves the detection limits and dynamic range of the FPD for hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and other sulfur compounds. A 4-point calibration improves the linearity of the FPD response. The combination of the PID and FPD provides a reproducible method for detecting sulfur compounds at the parts-per-billion level with confirmation of sulfur detection by the FPD.
This document provides a standard test method for determining the gross calorific value of coal and coke using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. It involves weighing a sample, combusting it in oxygen in a calibrated bomb calorimeter, and computing the calorific value based on temperature observations made before, during, and after combustion, accounting for various corrections. Proper procedures and calibrated equipment are outlined to ensure safety and accurate results.
Detection Methods:
There are five types of detection methods which are as:
Catalytic oxidation detectors
Electrochemical detectors
Optical detectors
Electrical conductivity (semiconductors) detectors
Chemical adsorbents detectors.
Bosch oxygen sensor zirconia and wide bandVicente Celani
1. The first oxygen sensor developed by Bosch was installed in a Volvo in 1976 and helped emissions regulations.
2. Bosch now produces 33 million oxygen sensors per year to help vehicles meet increasingly strict emissions standards by precisely regulating air-fuel ratios.
3. Oxygen sensors use solid electrolyte ceramic and platinum electrodes to detect oxygen levels in exhaust and send signals to adjust engine management for minimum emissions.
Optimizing Bunsen burner Performance Using CFD AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The document describes the monitoring instrumentation used for a helium liquefier system at the University of North Florida Physics Department. It discusses a hygrometer and purity meter that detect impurities like water moisture in stored helium gas and indicate when maintenance is needed. It also describes setting up and collaborating on a LabVIEW program to ensure proper operation of these instruments for efficient liquefaction of helium gas.
METTLER TOLEDO is the industry leader in analytical measurement solutions. Our dedication to continuously
improving the reliability and durability of our sensors, transmitters
and housings is recognized by thousands of customers. Pharmaceutical manufacturers and breweries the world over rely on our in-line dissolved oxygen systems for ensuring process safety and efficiency.
Flare radiation-mitigation-analysis-of-onshore-oil-gas-production-refining-fa...Anchal Soni
The main objective of this paper is to calculate the sterile area around an existing vertical flare of length 112 meters, located in an onshore facility and evaluate whether the current design is acceptable during a General Power Failure (GPF) scenario. The sterile area will be calculated at an elevation of 2m, which represents the typical head height for personnel.
Presentation on stack monitoring for industriesSony Madaan
This document provides an overview of stack emission monitoring for various industries. It discusses the importance of stack monitoring for thermal power plants, fertilizer industries, oil refineries, and petrochemical industries. The key pollutants emitted from each industry are identified along with the parameters and frequency of monitoring at the stack level. The objectives of stack monitoring are to minimize air emissions, ensure high quality ambient air quality data, verify an emissions control strategy is in place, and monitor air emissions and ambient air quality.
1) The group calibrated thermometers including a Davis weather station probe, bead thermistor, alcohol thermometer, and mercury thermometer against a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certified standard.
2) They found the Davis probe generated the largest error of 0.54°C while the bead thermistor error was close to the Davis at 0.49°C based on total error propagation calculations tracing measurements back to the NIST standard.
3) Experiments examining the time response of thermometers in a wind tunnel found instruments responded more quickly to higher wind velocities, with lower velocities leading to longer response times.
The document discusses different types of gas detection sensors. It describes how catalytic bead LEL sensors work using a Wheatstone bridge to detect differences in resistance between a catalyzed and uncatalyzed bead when exposed to combustible gases. It also discusses how electrochemical sensors and photoionization detectors function to detect various gases through chemical reactions or ionization. The document notes key details like gases each type can detect and calibrating catalytic sensors to a specific gas like methane.
Oxygen Probe,a cutting edge technology for measuring Oxygen content in molten steel . also it helps to find out carbon content and aluminium content in molten steel.
The document discusses different types of gas detection sensors:
- Wheatstone bridge catalytic bead LEL sensors detect combustible gases through a catalytic oxidation reaction. They require oxygen and were the first combustible gas sensors developed in the 1920s.
- Electrochemical sensors contain electrodes that cause a chemical reaction when exposed to certain gases, creating an electrical charge readout. They are available for oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and other gases.
- Photoionization detectors use UV light to ionize contaminant particles in the air, producing a current that is measured. PIDs can detect a wide range of organic compounds and some inorganics but not gases like methane or carbon monoxide.
This document discusses the use of epithermal neutron activation analysis and Compton suppression to determine heavy metals in Arctic air filters. Key findings include:
- Barium, potassium, silver, strontium, and zinc were determined in Arctic air filters from Alert, Canada using epithermal neutron activation analysis and Compton suppression.
- Detection limits for barium, potassium, silver, strontium, and zinc were 5, 7, 0.01, 1 and 0.9 μg, respectively in 1/16 of a Whatman air filter.
- Longer counting times would be needed to consistently achieve uncertainties less than 20% for barium, strontium and zinc.
- Silver
An emission gas analyzer measures the concentration of gases in exhaust, like carbon monoxide, to assess combustion efficiency and emissions. It discusses different types of gas analyzers like Pellistor/Catalytic Bead, Point/Non-Dispersive Infrared, Tunable/Enhanced Laser Diode Spectroscopy, and Electrochemical analyzers. The document also explains measuring the Lambda coefficient to evaluate lean or rich mixtures, and how the Enerac Model 700 portable emissions monitor can accurately measure gases like NOx with sensors, storage, and software.
The document discusses oxygen sensors, which measure the proportion of oxygen in exhaust gases. It describes how oxygen sensors were developed in the 1960s and have since been important for pollution control in automobiles. The document outlines different types of oxygen sensors, including those used in automobile exhaust systems to optimize air-fuel ratios and reduce emissions. It explains how oxygen sensors work and the factors that determine their performance.
Practical Issues of Combustion Oxygen Measurement Specifically Related to NOx...Arjay Automation
Power plants concerned with lowering NOx emissions are making tremendous changes to accommodate EPA regulatory requirements. A substantial number of these changes include the expansion and upgrade of the plant combustion oxygen measurement equipment. There is a striking relationship between the number of NOx reductions projects and the sales quantity of insitu oxygen detectors. The reason is that power plant betterment groups, operators, boiler manufacturers and engineering firms understand the direct relationship between NOx and excess air in the combustion process.
An area of daily practical importance to boiler operators and I&C teams are the common problems with insitu oxygen measurements. This paper focuses on the practical issues of combustion oxygen measurement as they relate to specifically to fuel usage and NOx emissions.
Read the entire white paper, courtesy of Yokogawa Corporation of America here.
Deep explanation of gas sensors for engineering studentsDayalAnand
The document discusses gas sensors. It begins by defining a sensor and listing common sensor applications. It then defines gas sensors as a subclass of chemical sensors that measure the concentration of gas. Various gas sensing technologies are described, including metal oxide, capacitive, acoustic, calorimetric, optical, and electrochemical sensors. Metal oxide sensors detect gas concentration changes by measuring resistance changes of a thin film. Capacitive sensors measure dielectric constant changes. Acoustic sensors use piezoelectric materials. Calorimetric sensors detect heat changes from gas combustion. Optical sensors use techniques like ellipsometry and spectroscopy. Electrochemical sensors create current from gas oxidation and reduction reactions. Applications and advantages of gas sensors
What does the future hold for low cost air pollution sensors? - Dr Pete EdwardsIES / IAQM
- Low-cost air pollution sensors have the potential to revolutionize air pollution measurement by enabling more widespread monitoring. However, several challenges must be addressed including sensor-to-sensor variability, complex interference from other pollutants, and factory calibrations not being applicable to real-world conditions.
- New calibration methods using machine learning algorithms that account for multivariate responses show promise in addressing these challenges. One study used support vector regression and random forest to calibrate NO and NO2 sensors, achieving accurate results with errors below 5 ppb after deployment in urban areas.
- For low-cost sensors to provide reliable data, calibration and evaluation methods must ensure data quality is sufficient for the intended application. Significant progress has been made
Removal of polluting gasses from the exhaust of combustion engines using mon ...Darren Magee
Magee assisted by Buchannan describes beautifully the process around the Archer reactor. A paper of such importance this describes for the first time cold fission / fusion in use to eliminate greenhouse gasses. This maps out the beginning of a new era in waste, water and sewage treatment accessing an undiscovered source of energy in the process
This document discusses various techniques for measuring vehicle emissions, including:
- Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzers which measure carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) using Beer-Lambert's law.
- A flame ionization detector (FID) which measures total hydrocarbon emissions based on their ionization in a hydrogen flame.
- A chemiluminescence analyzer (CLA) which detects nitric oxide (NO) emissions based on light emitted during its reaction with ozone.
- These and other techniques like smokemeters and dilution tunnels are used to measure emissions to enforce vehicle standards.
The study is aimed to determine the measurement of sensor tool made in Model Real Time Hybrid LFG-PV-Genset by finding the correction factor produced at TPA Bontang City, East Borneo. The research was conducted by using ampere clammeter, variable voltage regulator, thermometer, odalog7000 series. The calculation results show that the calibration test of Model Real Time Hybrid LFG-PV-Genset from MQ4 sensor data that has been designed capable of having errors of 1,91% and the LM35 temperature sensor is capable of monitoring tempertures of 30°C to 120°C and has an error value of 0,519°C. ZMPT 101B voltage sensor has a linear output change to input changes and has an average error of 1.499V. While the current sensor SCT 013 has an aerage error value of 0,0022A CO2.
The document discusses zirconia oxygen analyzers and their calibration. It provides details on:
- Zirconia oxygen analyzers measure oxygen concentration using air as a reference gas, but the oxygen concentration of air can vary with temperature and humidity, causing measurement errors.
- There are two main types of zirconia oxygen analysis - concentration cell systems and limiting current types - which generate electromotive forces or currents related to oxygen concentration.
- Calibration of the analyzers is important and can be done with either one-point or two-point methods using span and/or zero gases to establish calibration curves and correct for drift. Frequent calibration helps account for sensor degradation over time.
This document discusses gas detection instruments used to measure hydrocarbon and oxygen levels. It describes catalytic filament combustible gas indicators, which use a heated metal filament to detect hydrocarbons below the lower flammable limit. Non-catalytic heated filament gas indicators and refractive index meters are used to measure hydrocarbons above the limit or in inert atmospheres. Paramagnetic and electrolytic sensors are outlined for measuring oxygen levels, and precautions for using gas measurement instruments are provided.
The objective is to analyze and propose a methodology to manage with the attenuating effect promoted by carbon dioxide - CO2 on the performance of ultrasonic flow meter in gas flaring applications. Such methodology is based on experiments performed in a wind tunnel with a Reynolds number about 10^4 and concentration of CO2 above 60%. The results indicate that the ultrasonic meter exhibited measurement readings failures, especially in stages of abrupt changes in gas concentration, whose contents were above 5%. It is verified, as well, that the approximation of ultrasonic transducers tends to reduce such measurement failures.
Electrochemical carbon monoxide sensors require regular maintenance to function properly and maximize their lifespan. They work by measuring the current produced from oxidation and reduction chemical reactions between electrodes and electrolytes when exposed to carbon monoxide gas. Typically, electrochemical gas sensors can operate for one to three years, but following manufacturer recommended calibration procedures every six months can extend their lifespan to five to seven years. It is important to calibrate the sensors regularly given the toxicity of carbon monoxide and potential safety consequences if the sensors provide inaccurate readings over time.
This document discusses various detectors used in gas chromatography. It begins by defining key terms like sensitivity, selectivity, and linearity for detectors. It then classifies detectors based on their physical properties and whether they are concentration-based or mass flow-based. Commonly used detectors like the thermal conductivity detector, flame ionization detector, and electron capture detector are explained in detail. Their working principles, advantages, and disadvantages are provided in 1-2 sentences each. The document also briefly mentions some other less common detectors at the end.
This document discusses fire and gas detection systems. It begins by defining fire and gases, explaining that fire is a chain reaction between fuel and oxygen that produces heat, light and other byproducts. Gases disperse and mix rapidly. Detection systems are needed to monitor hazardous gas levels and provide early warning before hazards form. They protect people, infrastructure and the environment per safety laws and codes. Detection considers flammable, toxic and asphyxiant gas risks. The document then covers gas properties, ignition risks, limits of flammability, and detection technology types like infrared and catalytic sensors. It stresses the importance of instrument calibration and certification to ensure accurate measurements. Examples of industrial accidents caused by gas leaks are also provided.
Flow Field Measurements in a Large Controlled Ventilated RoomIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research measuring air flow fields in a large controlled ventilated test room. Laser Doppler Velocimetry was used to measure three-dimensional velocity fields at 690 points under two air flow rates, corresponding to 15 and 30 air changes per hour. The measurements characterized the overall air flow patterns, which involved air exiting ceiling inlets, descending toward the floor then circulating back up and toward exhaust grids. Increasing the air flow rate resulted in higher measured velocities but similar overall circulation patterns. The non-intrusive velocity measurements provide data to validate computational fluid dynamics simulations of air flow in ventilated spaces.
This document is a design lab report for an electronic circuit for a gas sensor array. It summarizes the introduction, working principles, and structure of gas sensors. It then describes the specific gas sensor used - the TGS2610 - and provides its specifications and dimensions. The experiment procedure explains the circuit components, diagram, and discussion of how the circuit detects LPG gas and could be extended for multiple sensors or interfaced with data acquisition software.
RESONANCE BASED MICROMECHANICAL CANTILEVER FOR GAS SENSINGIJNSA Journal
Our world is facing some drastic changes in the climatic conditions due to the heating effect caused by various greenhouse gases. The most harmful gas among them is Carbon dioxide and is increasing at an uncontrolled rate.
This paper aims in finding out the quantity of the major polluting gas carbon dioxide. The gravimetric sensor works by adsorbing the CO2 molecules on ZnO sensing layer, which alters the overall mass of the sensor. The mechanical structure is a cantilever, having its own resonant frequency. To selectively adsorb CO2 molecules from the mixture of gaseous molecules, ZnO at a specific temperature is used. As the gas molecules are adsorbed the mass increases and hence there is a change in resonant frequency. This change in frequency gives the measure of the quantity of CO2 molecules present in that environment. The major expected advantage of this technique would be the repeatability of the sensor that is used. This Quantitative analysis of CO2 would be helpful for mankind by alerting them about the environment in which they work, by proper conditioning and networking.
This document describes the development of a low-cost adjustable gaseous exhaust analyzer for runtime characterization of vehicle emissions. The analyzer uses a telescopic tube arrangement to passively control exhaust temperature for different sensor needs. It can monitor CO, NOx, CO2, and humidity concentrations in real-time. The analyzer was validated against commercial instruments, showing results within 20% error. Future work will incorporate flow sensors and monitor additional gases to allow for a more complete emissions analysis.
The document summarizes the results of an energy audit study conducted by Group 09. It describes various instruments used to measure different forms of energy consumption including electric, flow, temperature, and exhaust gases. Watt meters, frequency meters, and lux meters were used to analyze electrical energy usage. Ultrasonic flow meters, digital manometers, and anemometers measured air and liquid flow. Infrared thermometers and contact thermometers evaluated temperatures of surfaces, fluids, and exhaust. Infrared gas analyzers determined the levels of gases like CO2, CO, and NOx in exhaust emissions. The study analyzed energy usage in key areas to identify efficiency improvements.
Low-power Portable Laser Spectroscopic Sensor for Atmospheric CO2 MonitoringClinton Smith
This document summarizes the development of a portable, low-power laser spectroscopic sensor for atmospheric CO2 monitoring. Key points:
- The sensor uses tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) inside a protective enclosure to measure CO2 concentrations with high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability.
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Oxygen Excess Control of Industrial Combustion Through The Use of Automotive Lambda Sensor
1. 2011 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://www.TuEngr.com, http://go.to/Research
Oxygen Excess Control of Industrial Combustion Through the
Use of Automotive Lambda Sensor
a* a a
Lutero C. de Lima , Humberto A. Carmona , Cesar V. M. da Silva , and Francisco S.
a
Cavalcante Junior
a
Graduate Program on Applied Physics, State University of Ceará, BRAZIL
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: The objective of this study is to present a simple and low
Received 30 April 2011 cost method of determining the flue gases oxygen concentration.
Received in revised form
20 July 2011
The method makes use of the Lambda sensor, a part of the fuel
Accepted 25 July 2011 injection system of the modern automobile’s engine. A
Available online 26 July 2011 combustion chamber was mounted with a heated Lambda sensor
installed in its chimney. Residual oxygen concentrations in the
Keywords: flue gases were estimated by the use of the Nernst equation and
Flue gases; compared to a reference combustion analyser. The observed
Industrial combustion;
Lambda sensor; average deviation in the measurements was of about 5 % which is
Oxygen concentration; in the range of interest to the industrial combustion.
Thermal control
2011 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, &
Applied Sciences & Technologies. Some Rights Reserved.
1. Introduction
Laws and environmental regulations for the control of air pollution are turning more
stringent mainly where the combustion of fossil fuels or biomass is present. After
Wulfinghoff (2000), the efficiency control of combustion generally is made through the
measurement of oxygen, carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide concentration in the flue gases.
The measurement of oxygen concentration is better suited for the efficiency test of a
combustion process because oxygen and excess air is almost independent of the fuel type.
When the optimum excess air setting is approached, the relative change in oxygen
concentration is much more accentuated than the relative change in carbon monoxide or
*Corresponding author (L.C. de Lima). Tel/Fax: +55-85-31019902. E-mail addresses:
luterolima@gmail.com. 2011. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 2 No.3. ISSN 2228-9860.
365
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V02/365-373.pdf
2. carbon dioxide for a given change in excess air. The Orsat analyser is the pioneer of
combustion efficiency testers. This chemical testing apparatus in which flue gases are mixed
with a liquid reagent that changes volume as a result of the reaction is simple and accurate.
However, the apparatus is built of delicate glass tubing and requires a fine touch.
Still after Wulfinghoff (2000), most of the modern combustion testers is based on electro-
chemical sensors. For the detection of oxygen the most common sensor used is a zirconium
oxide element that develops a voltage difference across two platinum electrodes separated by
a porous ceramic layer if there is a difference in oxygen concentration. The combustion
process in the modern automobiles generally is controlled by an oxygen sensor known as
Lambda sensor (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Commercial Lambda sensors.
McDonald, et al. (1998) used unheated and heated Lambda sensors for the monitoring
residential oil burners. They observed that even being a little more expensive the heated
Lambda sensor presented better accuracy and low response time when compared to the
unheated one. The unheated Lambda sensor takes about 5 minutes of warm-up in order to be
operational. Unéus, et al. (1999) applied Lambda sensor for the measurement of oxygen
percentage in the range of 12 to 15 % in industrial boilers. Wiesendorf, et al. (1999) used
this sensor for the monitoring of fluidized bed combustors. Gibson, et al. (1999) developed a
new technique of working with Lambda sensor which consist of applying a potential in one
and in the opposite directions of the sensor terminal and the electrical currents measured. The
ratio between forward and reverse currents presents linear correspondence to the oxygen
percentage in the combustion environment. Pickenacker, et al. (2000) determined
366 Lutero C. de Lima, Humberto A. Carmona, Cesar V. M. da Silva, and F. S. Cavalcante Junior
3. experimentally air excess in boilers and furnaces using the concept of Wobbe which was
determined through the use of Lambda sensor. Auckenthaler, et al. (2002) were the first
researchers to study the transient behavior of Lambda sensor. Niklasson, et al. (2003) studied
air-fuel ratio in a fluidized bed furnace through fluctuating signals from zirconia cell probes.
Eskilsson, et al. (2004) used Lambda sensor to monitor oxygen concentration, combustion
efficiency and emissions in pellet burners. Johansson, et al. (2007) used a Lambda probe to
indicate whether the combustion environment was in oxidizing or reducing conditions.
Varamban, et al. (2005) extended the perturbation method developed by Gibson, et al. and
proposed a scheme to measure the emf and short circuit current of a potentiometric (zirconia)
sensor simultaneously.
In the present article an automotive Lambda sensor was installed in the chimney of a
combustion chamber where its voltage difference and the flue gases temperature were
monitored and the oxygen concentration determined through the use of the Nernst equation.
Results indicate that it is relatively simple the construction of low cost equipment to monitor
industrial combustion.
2. Materials and methods
The Lambda sensor being an electrochemical cell when inserted in a situation where
there is a difference of oxygen concentration as, for example, between the inside of a
combustion chamber and the atmospheric air, and at a temperature above 300 °C, starts to
conduct oxygen ions from the region of high to the region of low electrochemical potential.
The migration of oxygen ions inside the electrochemical cell generate a voltage which
decrease exponentially with the oxygen concentration inside the combustion chamber, taking
as reference the air outside with oxygen concentration of 20.96 %.
The equation which relates the oxygen concentration with a voltage developed inside the
Lambda sensor is the Nernst equation in its inverse under the following form:
/
₂ % 20.96 (1),
where z is the number of electrons migrating from one electrode to another electrode inside
*Corresponding author (L.C. de Lima). Tel/Fax: +55-85-31019902. E-mail addresses:
luterolima@gmail.com. 2011. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 2 No.3. ISSN 2228-9860.
367
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V02/365-373.pdf
4. the Lambda sensor, F is the Faraday constant, E is the voltage developed in the sensor, R is
the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature inside the Lambda sensor.
A commercial Lambda sensor was installed in the chimney of the combustion chamber
shown in Figure 2. The combustion chamber has a Weishaupt LPG burner of 50 kW. Close
to the Lambda sensor was installed a type K thermocouple. It was developed an electronic
circuit which feed the heating element of the Lambda sensor in order to maintain constant the
inside temperature of sensor no matter how is the temperature of the flue gases.
Figure 2: Experimental setup.
The voltage signal of the Lambda sensor was monitored by a FLUKE 189 multimeter
with resolution of 0.01 mV and accuracy of 0.4 %. The thermocouple signal was recorded by
a temperature controller showing resolution of 1 °C and accuracy of 0.5 %. The oxygen
concentration was measured by the TESTO 300 XL combustion gas analyser with resolution
of 0.1 % and accuracy of 0.2 %.
3. Results and Discussion
Figure 3 presents signal of a Lambda sensor in mV calculated by the Nernst equation
(1) for different levels of temperature and as a function of oxygen concentration. As can be
seen by that figure when the oxygen concentration comes to the extreme points, as for
example, 0 % and 20.96 % the voltage signal of the Lambda sensor go to infinite and zero
respectively. This behavior of the Lambda sensor limits its application to the measurement
368 Lutero C. de Lima, Humberto A. Carmona, Cesar V. M. da Silva, and F. S. Cavalcante Junior
5. of oxygen concentration outside of such range.
Figure 3: Output signal of a Lambda sensor as calculated by the Nernst equation.
The relationship between the temperatures of the heating element of the Lambda sensor
against its electrical resistance is shown in Figure 4. It was permitted to the combustion
chamber to warm until 300 ºC. The burner was turn off and the electrical resistance of the
heating element inside the Lambda sensor was recorded during the cooling period. It is very
important to know the electrical resistance of the heating element of the Lambda sensor as a
function of temperature because the electronic circuit responsible for the maintenance of
constant temperature inside the sensor works controlling its resistance feeding more or less
power.
*Corresponding author (L.C. de Lima). Tel/Fax: +55-85-31019902. E-mail addresses:
luterolima@gmail.com. 2011. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 2 No.3. ISSN 2228-9860.
369
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V02/365-373.pdf
6. Figure 4: Curve of electrical resistance of the heating element against temperature.
Figure 5: Flue gases oxygen percentage against measurements of the reference monitor.
Figure 5 presents the percentage of oxygen in flue gases calculated by equation (1) with
the input of the voltage furnished by the Lambda sensor and temperature given by the
thermocouple for different situations of combustion of LPG against measurements taken from
370 Lutero C. de Lima, Humberto A. Carmona, Cesar V. M. da Silva, and F. S. Cavalcante Junior
7. the reference combustion monitor. The average deviation of the set of measurements was
about 5 %. The correlation factor was of 0.97 demonstrating good agreement between the
measurements of the proposed method of determining oxygen concentration of combustion
flue gases and the measurements made by the reference monitor. In the range higher than 15
% of oxygen concentration the deviation was more accentuate (about 10%) and this is due the
logarithmic nature of the sensor’s output, as can be seen in the Figure 3.
Figure 6: Output of the Lambda sensor at the constant temperature of 500 °C as a function of
the oxygen concentration.
Figure 6 presents the evolution of the output of the proposed method as a function of the
oxygen concentration while the temperature inside the Lambda sensor was maintained
constant at about 500 °C and independent of the flue gases temperature. As it is shown in that
figure the measurements follow very closely the Nernst law equation.
4. Conclusion
In this work it was presented a simple method of determining oxygen concentration in the
exhaust gases of combustion particularly the industrial combustion. Results demonstrated the
*Corresponding author (L.C. de Lima). Tel/Fax: +55-85-31019902. E-mail addresses:
luterolima@gmail.com. 2011. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 2 No.3. ISSN 2228-9860.
371
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V02/365-373.pdf
8. feasibility of the proposed method when the Lambda sensor is operated inside a usual
combustion chamber. The heating time of about 5 minutes and the logarithmic response of
the Lambda sensor are its main drawbacks if it is wanted to develop the herewith presented
method of measuring oxygen concentration in flue gases of industrial combustion.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological
Development (CNPq) for financial support. A very special thank you is due to Dr.João
Batista Furlan Duarte for insightful comments, helping clarify and improve the manuscript.
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Dr.Lutero Carmo de Lima graduated in Physics by the University of Santo Amaro, M.Sc. and Dr. Eng. in
Mechanical Engineering by the Federal University of Santa Catarina and University of São Paulo,
respectively. He is presently Adjunct Professor at the State University of Ceará and basically works in
fundamental problems of the thermal science, clean energy and instrumentation. He was awarded a
Fulbright Fellow and inducted as Vice President of PHI BETA DELTA, Chapter Beta Theta, Honour
Society for International Scholars, USA.
Dr.Humberto de Andrade Carmona is an Adjunct Professor in the Program for Applied Physical Science
at the Ceara State University working mainly with alternative energies, particularly with material science
applied to problems involving thermal science and solar energy. He holds a PhD in Physics from the
University of Nottingham, England, as well as MS and graduation from the Federal University of São
Carlos, Brazil. He has vast experience with electronic transport in semiconductor devices, and computer
modeling of materials.
César Vinicius Mota da Silva graduated in Physics by the State University of Ceará. He is presently
colaborating at the State University of Ceará working in fundamental problems of the thermal science, clean
energy and instrumentation. He is currently also working as a monitor of the project Science Traveling with
experiments in various areas of Physics.
Francisco dos Santos Cavalcante Junior holds a degree in physics from the State University of Ceará. He
is currently a student at the Master Program in Applied Physics of that university. In that program he
conducts research related to renewable energy with emphasis on biomass combustion.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.
*Corresponding author (L.C. de Lima). Tel/Fax: +55-85-31019902. E-mail addresses:
luterolima@gmail.com. 2011. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 2 No.3. ISSN 2228-9860.
373
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V02/365-373.pdf