The major prerequisite for the optimum production of methane from a biogas plant is the sustenance of digester temperature within the narrow limits (300C-350C). It is experimentally investigated that, the MIT biogas plant is not maintaining optimum temperature, this decreases the efficiency and increases the detention time for charge. To maintain the plant in optimum temperature, it is necessary to find out the heat losses from the biogas plant and the external energy inputs need to operate the plant. Rate of gas yield, and the detention time (time necessary to anaerobically digest organic wastes) in a biogas reactor, are favorable functions of the temperature in the digester. A thermal simulation for MIT biogas plant has developed using matlab in order to understand the heat transfer from the slurry and the gas holder to the surrounding earth and air respectively. The computation has been performed when the slurry is maintained at 200C and 300C, optimum temperature of anaerobic fermentation. If the slurry is considered to be at 350C, the optimum temperature of anaerobic fermentation, the total heat loss from the plant is higher than the heat loss when the slurry is maintained at 200C. The heat calculations provide an appraisal for the heat which has to be supplied by external means to compensate for the net heat losses which occur if the slurry is to be maintained at 350C. A solar system with auxiliary electric heater is designed for maintaining the slurry at 350C.In conclusion; the results of thermal analysis are used to define a strategy for operating biogas plant at optimum temperatures.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Testing and Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector in Indian climateIJSRD
A parabolic trough collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where object is positioned that is intended to be heated. It consists of a tube, which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used for many purposes.
This is a lecture is a series on combustion chemical kinetics for engineers. The course topics are selections from thermodynamics and kinetics especially geared to the interests of engineers involved in combusition
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF POROUS RADIANT BURNER AN...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of a
self-aspirating porous radiant burner (SAPRB) that operates
on the basis of an effective energy conversion method between
flowing gas enthalpy and thermal radiation. The temperature
field at various flame zones was measured experimentally by
the help of both FLUKE IR camera and K-type thermocouples.
The experimental setup consisted of a two layered domestic
cooking burner, a flexible test stand attached with six K-type
thermocouples at different positions, IR camera, LPG setup
and a hot wire anemometer. The two layered SAPRB consisted
of a combustion zone and a preheating zone. Combustion zone
was formed with high porosity, highly radiating porous
matrix, and the preheating zone consisted of low porosity
matrix. Time dependent temperature history from
thermocouples at various flame zones were acquired by using
a data acquisition system and the temperature profiles were
analyzed in the ZAILA application software environments. In
the other hand the IR graphs were captured by FLUKE IR
camera and the thermographs were analyzed in the
SMARTView software environments. The experimental results
revealed that the homogeneous porous media, in addition to
its convective heat exchange with the gas, might absorb, emit,
and scatter thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer was
more at the center of the burner where a combined effect of
both convection & radiation might be realized. The maximum
thermal efficiency was found to be 64% which was having a
good agreement with the previous data in the open literature.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Testing and Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector in Indian climateIJSRD
A parabolic trough collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where object is positioned that is intended to be heated. It consists of a tube, which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used for many purposes.
This is a lecture is a series on combustion chemical kinetics for engineers. The course topics are selections from thermodynamics and kinetics especially geared to the interests of engineers involved in combusition
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Analysis of the Thermal Efficiency of Condensing Wall-Hung BoilerIJRES Journal
To analyze the impact of the outdoor temperature and humidity on thermal efficiency of the
condensing boiler, the experimental platform is set up based on the condensing boiler and low-temperature
radiantfloor heating system. Using the method of experiment, it’s measured that amount of natural gas, the
temperature of supply and return water, the outdoor temperature and humidity etc. The thermal efficiency is
calculated in different outdoor temperature and humidity. Also it is analyzed that the impact of that the change
of the outdoor temperature and humidity on thermal efficiency. The results show that, when the outdoor
temperature is 8~15℃ and humidity is 30%~70%RH, the impact of the outdoor humidity on thermal efficiency
is very poor. But the impact of outdoor temperature on thermal efficiency is more remarkable. Thermal
efficiency is the higher when the outdoor temperature is the higher.
Energy crisis is one of the most important problems
the world is facing now-a-days. With the increase of cost of
electrical energy operating cost of cold storage storing is
increasing which forces the increased cost price of the
commodities that are kept. In this situation if the maximum
heat energy(Q) is absorbed by the evaporator inside the cold
room through convective heat transfer process in terms of –
heat transfer due to convection and heat transfer due to
condensation, more energy has to be wasted to maintain the
evaporator space at the desired temperature range of 2- 8
degree centigrade. In this paper we have proposed a theoretical
heat transfer model of convective heat transfer in cold storage
using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Velocity of air (V),
Temperature difference (dT), Relative Humidity (RH) are the
basic variable and three ranges are taken each of them in the
model development. Graphical interpretations from the model
justify the reality through anova and s/n ratio calculation.
The understanding of gas geochemical model to reduce the exploration uncertaintyRizal Abiyudo
The various fumaroles areas in the prospect are can be modelled by boiling depletion model and the relation between each of fumaroles. Geothermal waters would boil to create a first set of fumaroles and then the boiled, gas-depleted water outflows to the site of a second set of fumaroles where it boils again, creating fumaroles with gas-depleted chemistry.
Development and theoretical analysis of mathematical expressions for change o...ijsrd.com
This paper introduces a novel technique and algorithm for theoretical study of entropy changes for exothermic reactions by mechanistic modelling and dynamic simulation; considering factors such as kinetics, reaction environment and flow patterns with an ultimate objective of minimization of energy loss and entropy generation in the system. It mainly focuses on exothermic reactors cooled by means of a constant inlet temperature utility fluid which flows along the external surface of the reactor vessel. Using basic concepts of heat and mass balances and definitions in thermodynamics, variation of related system variables with time is modelled and by simulation in MS-Excel, a polynomial fit is generated for sample problems in order to make the illustrations handier. Usages of the developed expressions for energy optimization are also commented upon.
ON THE INTEGRATION OF ROTARY HEATER IN GAS FIRED POWER PLANTS WITH POST-COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE: A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION - presentation by Laura Herraiz of the University of Edinburgh at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
Abstract The requirement of energy in any processing industry is not only a need but it is indeed a most wanted utility. In a typical processing or manufacturing industry the most common utility are steam and cooling water. However the cost of these utility are no longer cheap, in fact they are expensive. Therefore saving these utility or minimizing the usage of these utilities is one of the most needed practice in a processing industry. Pinch technology is the most common method, which is aimed at minimizing the requirement of utilities by maximizing the process to process heat transfer. In the present study temperature interval diagram or TID is used to identify the targets for minimum utility requirement and maximum process to process heat transfer in a processing facility. The targets for heat exchanger network are presented and minimization of number of heat exchangers are provided using stream splitting technique. Keywords: Pinch design, stream splitting, HEN synthesis, Utilities, TID
Presentación de Mario Morales, director del Observatorio de RSE y Transparencia en el Congreso Latinoamericano de Pymes, Santiago de Chile, enero de 2010.
Analysis of the Thermal Efficiency of Condensing Wall-Hung BoilerIJRES Journal
To analyze the impact of the outdoor temperature and humidity on thermal efficiency of the
condensing boiler, the experimental platform is set up based on the condensing boiler and low-temperature
radiantfloor heating system. Using the method of experiment, it’s measured that amount of natural gas, the
temperature of supply and return water, the outdoor temperature and humidity etc. The thermal efficiency is
calculated in different outdoor temperature and humidity. Also it is analyzed that the impact of that the change
of the outdoor temperature and humidity on thermal efficiency. The results show that, when the outdoor
temperature is 8~15℃ and humidity is 30%~70%RH, the impact of the outdoor humidity on thermal efficiency
is very poor. But the impact of outdoor temperature on thermal efficiency is more remarkable. Thermal
efficiency is the higher when the outdoor temperature is the higher.
Energy crisis is one of the most important problems
the world is facing now-a-days. With the increase of cost of
electrical energy operating cost of cold storage storing is
increasing which forces the increased cost price of the
commodities that are kept. In this situation if the maximum
heat energy(Q) is absorbed by the evaporator inside the cold
room through convective heat transfer process in terms of –
heat transfer due to convection and heat transfer due to
condensation, more energy has to be wasted to maintain the
evaporator space at the desired temperature range of 2- 8
degree centigrade. In this paper we have proposed a theoretical
heat transfer model of convective heat transfer in cold storage
using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Velocity of air (V),
Temperature difference (dT), Relative Humidity (RH) are the
basic variable and three ranges are taken each of them in the
model development. Graphical interpretations from the model
justify the reality through anova and s/n ratio calculation.
The understanding of gas geochemical model to reduce the exploration uncertaintyRizal Abiyudo
The various fumaroles areas in the prospect are can be modelled by boiling depletion model and the relation between each of fumaroles. Geothermal waters would boil to create a first set of fumaroles and then the boiled, gas-depleted water outflows to the site of a second set of fumaroles where it boils again, creating fumaroles with gas-depleted chemistry.
Development and theoretical analysis of mathematical expressions for change o...ijsrd.com
This paper introduces a novel technique and algorithm for theoretical study of entropy changes for exothermic reactions by mechanistic modelling and dynamic simulation; considering factors such as kinetics, reaction environment and flow patterns with an ultimate objective of minimization of energy loss and entropy generation in the system. It mainly focuses on exothermic reactors cooled by means of a constant inlet temperature utility fluid which flows along the external surface of the reactor vessel. Using basic concepts of heat and mass balances and definitions in thermodynamics, variation of related system variables with time is modelled and by simulation in MS-Excel, a polynomial fit is generated for sample problems in order to make the illustrations handier. Usages of the developed expressions for energy optimization are also commented upon.
ON THE INTEGRATION OF ROTARY HEATER IN GAS FIRED POWER PLANTS WITH POST-COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE: A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION - presentation by Laura Herraiz of the University of Edinburgh at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
Abstract The requirement of energy in any processing industry is not only a need but it is indeed a most wanted utility. In a typical processing or manufacturing industry the most common utility are steam and cooling water. However the cost of these utility are no longer cheap, in fact they are expensive. Therefore saving these utility or minimizing the usage of these utilities is one of the most needed practice in a processing industry. Pinch technology is the most common method, which is aimed at minimizing the requirement of utilities by maximizing the process to process heat transfer. In the present study temperature interval diagram or TID is used to identify the targets for minimum utility requirement and maximum process to process heat transfer in a processing facility. The targets for heat exchanger network are presented and minimization of number of heat exchangers are provided using stream splitting technique. Keywords: Pinch design, stream splitting, HEN synthesis, Utilities, TID
Presentación de Mario Morales, director del Observatorio de RSE y Transparencia en el Congreso Latinoamericano de Pymes, Santiago de Chile, enero de 2010.
Energy Audit and Heat Recovery on the Rotary Kiln of the Cement Plant in Ethi...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study deals with the energy audit and heat recovery on the rotary kiln taking a cement factory in Ethiopia as a case study.The system is a dry type rotary kiln equipped with a five stage cyclone type preheater, pre-calciner and grate cooler. The kiln has a capacity of 2,000 tons/day.Mass and energy balance has been performed for energy auditing. The energy lost from the kiln shell is about 4.3 MW. By using secondary shell on the rotary kiln about 3.5MW could be recovered safely.This energy saving reduces fuel consumption (almost 9%) of the kiln system, and increases the overall system efficiency by approximately 2–3%.
Testing and Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector in Indian climateIJSRD
A parabolic trough collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where object is positioned that is intended to be heated. It consists of a tube, which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used for many purposes.
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Fuel Stationsresearchinventy
Current research takes in to account of calorific value of various fuel (Diesel) available in the state of Telangana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for diesel and to learn basic bomb procedures. This experiment will be accomplished by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The fuel sold by different company show different calorific value; by finding out the change in the calorific we can find out the high quality fuel available in the market. This research had covered the importance of calorific value of different fuel (diesel) with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
Experimental and Modeling Dynamic Study of the Indirect Solar Water Heater: A...IJAAS Team
The Indirect Solar Water Heater System (SWHS) with Forced Circulation is modeled by proposing a theoretical dynamic multi-node model. The SWHS, which works with a 1,91 m2 PFC and 300 L storage tank, and it is equipped with available forced circulation scale system fitted with an automated subsystem that controlled hot water, is what the experimental setup consisted of. The system, which 100% heated water by only using solar energy. The experimental weather conditions are measured every one minute. The experiments validation steps were performed for two periods, the first one concern the cloudy days in December, the second for the sunny days in May; the average deviations between the predicted and the experimental values is 2 %, 5 % for the water temperature output and for the useful energy are 4 %, 9 % respectively for the both typical days, which is very satisfied. The thermal efficiency was determined experimentally and theoretically and shown to agree well with the EN12975 standard for the flow rate between 0,02 kg/s and 0,2kg/s.
Theoretical Convective Heat Transfer Model Developement of Cold Storage Using...IJERA Editor
Energy crisis is one of the most important problems the world is facing now-a-days. With the increase of cost of electrical energy operating cost of cold storage storing is increasing which forces the increased cost price of the commodities that are kept. In this situation if the maximum heat energy(Q) is absorbed by the evaporator inside the cold room through convective heat transfer process in terms of –heat transfer due to convection and heat transfer due to condensation, more energy has to be wasted to maintain the evaporator space at the desired temperature range of 2- 8 degree centigrade. In this paper we have proposed a theoretical heat transfermodel of convective heat transfer incold storage using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Velocity of air(V), Temperature difference(dT), RelativeHumidity(RH)are the basic variable and three ranges are taken each of them in the model development. Graphical interpretations from the model justifies the reality
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MIXED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER USING CIRCULAR, SQUARE, ...ijiert bestjournal
Pulling Fins are extended surfaces employed to enha nce the convective heat transfer from a surface for increasing heat dissipation. Fins with various geometries have been designed and used in various cooling application the selection o f particular fins configuration in any heat transfer application is an important state in desig ned process and takes into account the space,weight,manufacturing technique and cost considerat ion as well as the thermal characteristics it exhibits. Fins cross section profiles have profo und influence on thermal characteristics of Annular Fins and the surface area changes with chan ge of cross section of fins. This study deals with studying the performance of various avai lable fins profiles. Widely used fins profile viz. Rectangular,Triangular,Trapezoidal,Circular,Rhombic,and Elliptical Fins. In Addition to the normal configuration of fins,to ne w configurations were designed and created.
Review on Design and Theoretical Model of Thermoelectricijsrd.com
This paper presents the theoretical development of the equations that allow to evaluate the performance of an air conditioning system based on the thermoelectric effect. The cooling system is based on a phenomena discovered by Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, in 1834. According to this when electricity runs through a junction between two semiconductors with different properties, heat is dissipated or absorbed. Thus, thermoelectric modules are made by semiconductors materials sealed between two plates through which a continuous current flows and keeps one plate hot and the other cold. The most important parameters to evaluate the performance of the device thermoelectric refrigeration are the coefficient of performance, the heat pumping rate and the maximum temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the thermoelectric module.
Optimization of a Shell and Tube Condenser using Numerical MethodIJERA Editor
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of installation of the tube external surfaces, their parameter and variable in a shell-and-tube condenser. Variation of heat transfer coefficient with each variable of shell and tube condenser was measured each test. The optimization tube outside diameter size was analyzed and use extended surface area attached tube with tube material and tube layout and arrangement (Number of tube a triangular or hexagonal arrangement) on shell-and tube condenser. The computer programming was used to get faster output in less time. Results suggest that mean heat transfer coefficient in variable condition were mainly at velocity is fixed. And also average additional surfaces and tube layout and the arrangement comparison with the quantity of the heat transfer.
Similar to Thermal Simulation of Biogas Plants Using Mat Lab (20)
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
1. Shaheen.M.Sain Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 2), October 2014, pp.24-28
www.ijera.com 24 | P a g e
Thermal Simulation of Biogas Plants Using Mat Lab
Shaheen.M.Sain1
, Nene Anita A2
1
(M E Heat power Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pune University,
Maharashtra institute of Technology Pune-411038, India)
2
(Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pune University,
Maharashtra institute of Technology Pune-411038, India)
ABSTRACT
The major prerequisite for the optimum production of methane from a biogas plant is the sustenance of digester
temperature within the narrow limits (300
C-350
C). It is experimentally investigated that, the MIT biogas plant is
not maintaining optimum temperature, this decreases the efficiency and increases the detention time for charge.
To maintain the plant in optimum temperature, it is necessary to find out the heat losses from the biogas plant
and the external energy inputs need to operate the plant. Rate of gas yield, and the detention time (time
necessary to anaerobically digest organic wastes) in a biogas reactor, are favorable functions of the temperature
in the digester. A thermal simulation for MIT biogas plant has developed using matlab in order to understand the
heat transfer from the slurry and the gas holder to the surrounding earth and air respectively. The computation
has been performed when the slurry is maintained at 200
C and 300
C, optimum temperature of anaerobic
fermentation. If the slurry is considered to be at 350
C, the optimum temperature of anaerobic fermentation, the
total heat loss from the plant is higher than the heat loss when the slurry is maintained at 200
C. The heat
calculations provide an appraisal for the heat which has to be supplied by external means to compensate for the
net heat losses which occur if the slurry is to be maintained at 350
C. A solar system with auxiliary electric heater
is designed for maintaining the slurry at 350
C.In conclusion; the results of thermal analysis are used to define a
strategy for operating biogas plant at optimum temperatures. .
Keywords-Anaerobic fermentation, Biogas plant, Digester,
Detention time, Heat loss, Slurry, Solar system, Thermal simulation, MIT, Matlab
I. Introduction
Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with
anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable
materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste,
green waste, plant material, and crops. It is primarily
methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may
have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S),
moisture and siloxanes. Growth of micro-organisms
in the anaerobic digester improves in two distinct
temperature, mesophilic (280
C-420
C) and
thermophilic(450
C-650
C)[1]
.Due to free ammonia
inhibition, under mesophilic range methane
production is 25% higher than under thermophilic
range[2]
.Maximum methane production occurred in
the mesophilic range rather than thermophilic
range[3]
.There is no significant effect of temperature
(330
C vs 550
C) on methane production[4]
.Optimum
production of methane is the sustenance of digester
temperature at 350
C[5]
.
To develop a reliable thermal simulation for MIT
biogas plant to maintain it in optimum temperature,
which helps to increase gas yield, as well as reducing
detention time for charge [6]
. Result of thermal
analysis will define a strategy for operating biogas
plants at optimum temperature. A thermal model for
the biogas plant has been developed mainly for
predicting the diurnal variation of temperature of gas
holder, which is exposed to the atmosphere and the
slurry which is enclosed in the digester pit. Thermal
analysis has been performed for two conditions,
when slurry is maintained at ambient temperature of
20°C and 35°C, optimum temperature of anaerobic
fermentation [7]
. Once the temperatures are calculated,
heat loss and external energy needed to operate the
plant at any desired temperature can be found.
II. Thermal simulation
Rate of gas yield and detention time are
favorable function of the temperature in the digester.
A thermal model is needed in order to understand
heat transfer from gas holder and slurry to the air and
surrounding earth respectively. The calculation
provides an appraisal of the heat which has to
supply externally to compensate net heat loss while
maintaining slurry at 35°C.
2.1 Assumption
Gas holder is isothermal
Gas within the drum is isothermal
Slurry is isothermal
Ambient air is isothermal
Earth Surrounding the digester well is isothermal
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Shaheen.M.Sain Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 2), October 2014, pp.24-28
www.ijera.com 25 | P a g e
2.2 Energy conservation relation for gas holder
Energy conservation relation for gas holder is:
(m cp)D = [I α AT + I α AS ] + σ ε AT (TSKY
4
–
TD
4
)+ σ ε (TSKY
4
+TGR
4
–2TD
4
)
+ σ ε AT (TS
4
–TD
4
) -h1AT (TD – TA) - h2 AS (TD – TA)
-
h3 (AT + AS) (TD – TG) –h4AS (TD – TS) (1)
Left term is the energy storage in the gas holder, First
term on the right is the solar influx, Second is the
irradiative exchange of the roof of gas holder with
sky, the third is the irradiative exchange of the outer
side surface of gas holder with the sky and ground,
the fourth is the irradiative exchange of the inside of
the drum with slurry. The negative terms represent
convective exchange, the first bracketed term shows
the heat lost by convection to air from the outside
surface of the gas holder, the second shows the heat
lost to gas inside the gas holder and the last term
shows the heat lost to slurry through the skirt of the
gas holder that is immersed inside the slurry. Since
the gas holder rides up and down depending on gas
accumulated inside it, it has been assumed, for
convenience, that the gasholder is always half full
(i.e., half the height is exposed to atmosphere, while
the bottom half is immersed inside the slurry).
2.3 Energy conservation relation for slurry
(m cp)S = σ ε AT (TD
4
–TS
4
) + h4 AS (TD – TS) + h5
AT (TG – TS) - h6AW (TS – T∞) (2)
Last term on the right is the heat lost from slurry
through the side walls of the digester pit.
2.4 Energy conservation relation for gas
h3 (AT + AS) (TD – TG) = h5 AT (TG – TS) (3)
By solving,
TG = a TD + b TS (4)
2.5 Computational Program for Thermal Simulation
functionxdot = thermal(t,x)
% Thermal analysis of biogas plant
TD = x(1);
TS = x(2);
TG = x(3);
% Provide parameters here
I = solar irradiance value; % J/(m2
.s)
α= 0.9;
At = 2.293; % m2
As = 8.57; % m2
σ= 5.678e-08; % W/ m2
.K4
ε = 0.9;
TA = --+273; % K
TSKY= --+273; % K
TGr= --+273; % K
h1 = 28.706; % W/ m2
.K
h2 = 9.576; % W/ m2
.K
h3 = 4.091; % W/ m2
.K
h4 = 1.57; % W/ m2
.K
mD = 1188; % kg
cpD = 0.49e+03; % J/kg.K
mS = 15000; % kg
cpS = 4.2e+03; % J/kg.K
h5 = 4.091; %W/ m2
.K
h6 = 1.57; % W/ m2
.K
Aw = 33.43; % m2
T∞ = --+273; % K
a = 0.7;
b = 0.3;
% Here are the Governing Equations
% Energy Conservation for Gas Holder
dTDdt = (((I×α×At)+(I×α×As)) + σ×ε×(At×(Tsky
4
-
TD
4
)+ (0.5×As)×(Tsky
4
+ TGr
4
- 2×(TD
4
))) +
σ×ε×At×(TS
4
- TD
4
).- (h1×At×(TD - TA) + h2×As×(TD -
TA)) - (h3×(At+As)×(TD - TG)) - h4×As×(TD-
TS))/(mD×cpD);
% Energy Conservation for Slurry
dTSdt = (σ×ε×(TD
4
- TS
4
)×At + h4×As×(TD - TS) +
h5×At×(TG - TS) - h6×Aw×(TS - T∞))/(mS×cpS);
% Energy Conservation for gas
dTGdt = a×dTDdt + b×dTSdt;
xdot = [dTDdt; dTSdt; dTGdt];
In the computational program, solar radiation,
ambient temperature, sky temperature which are
function of time‘t’ have to be supplied.
The temperatures TD, TG and TS are constrained to
return to their starting values at the end of a 24-hr
period. This is equivalent to,
Coefficients Description Value of
coefficient
– (w
/m2
k)
h1 Top horizontal of gas
holder to air.
28.7
h2 Gas holder side surface
to air
9.58
h3 Gas holder inner surface
inner surface to gas
4.09
h4 Gas to slurry 4.09
h5 Gas holder to slurry 4.09
h6 Overall heat transfer co-
efficient for transfer from
slurry to ground
[ 1/ h,
6 + l1 / k1 + l2 / k2 +
l3 / k3]-1
h,
6 =50 (taking the slurry
properties as that of
water )
l1=.024,l2=.23,l3=.25-m
k1=.26,2=k2.16,k3=.48—
(kcal/mhr0
k)
refer to stone masonry
1.571
α Absorption coefficient of
gas holder for
solar radiation
0.9
3. Shaheen.M.Sain Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 2), October 2014, pp.24-28
www.ijera.com 26 | P a g e
=
+ (5)
The computations were carried on mathematical
solver –mat lab and involved iterations until the
initial values of TD and TS agreed with the final values
of TD and TS after one 24-hr period.
Table 1 General Coefficients for convective and
radiative heat transfer
2.6 Soil Temperature
1. When the depth is 0-cm
Tsoil= 4.593 +1.015×Tair− 0.016×longitude −
0.029× latitude (6)
2. When the depth is 20-cm
Tsoil= 13.65 + 0.781×Tair− 0.036×longitude −
0.134×latitude (7)
3. When the depth is 40-cm
Tsoil= 15.73+ 0.739×Tair− 0.046×longitude
−0.143×latitude − 0.001× altitude (8)
Pune is located in longitude 73°51’19’’ E, latitude
18°51’19’’N and altitude is 562m.
2.7 Hourly solar radiation data
Hourly solar radiation data supplied from,
rredc.nrel.gov/solar/new/-data/India/nearest
cell.new.cgi[9]
by knowing latitude and longitude of
the interested area.
III. Experimental and computational
validation
First computationally, find out that what is the
variation of gas holder temperature when slurry is at
20°C with respect to ambient condition, then it is
validated with experimental measured value, if it
agrees, this shows that chosen value for heat transfer
co-efficient represent the real system. Again, gas
holder temperature calculated computationally when
slurry is at 35°C.Once the temperature are calculated,
heat loss from the biogas plant and external energy
input necessary to operate the plant at any desired
temperature can be find out.
3.1 Gas holder temperature (computational,
experimental) when slurry temperature maintained at
200
C
Figure 1 Gas holder temperature when slurry
temperature maintained at 200
C
Result shows that experimentally measured value of
gas holder which agrees quite well with computed
value, this shows that chosen value for heat transfer
co-efficient represent the real system.
3.2 Computational gas holder temperature when
slurry temperature maintained at 350
c
Figure 2 Gas holder temperatures when slurry
temperature maintained at 350
C
By knowing gas holder temperature, heat loss from
the biogas plant and external energy input necessary
to operate the plant at any desired temperature can be
found.
IV. Heat Loss from Biogas plant
Heat Loss through Radiation from Roof
Q=σ ×ε ×At[(TD
4
- Tsky
4
) + (TD
4
-Tslurry
4
)] (9)
Heat Loss through Radiation from Side
Q= σ × ε ×AS/2× (2TD
4
- TSky
4
- Tground
4
) (10)
Heat Loss through Convection from Roof
4. Shaheen.M.Sain Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 2), October 2014, pp.24-28
www.ijera.com 27 | P a g e
Q= [h 1 At (TD – T A) + h3 At (TD – TG)] (11)
Heat Loss through Convection from Side
Q= [h2AS (TD – T A) + h3 AS (TD – TG) + h4 AS (TD –
TS) ] (12)
Slurry Cooling Heat Loss
Q= m×Cp×(T2–T1) (13)
Slurry to Ground Heat Loss
Q= h6 AW (TS – T∞) (14)
V. Results and discussions
After the temperatures were calculated, the heat
loss from the gas holder and slurry were calculated.
Results are tabulated in Table-2 and Table-3
Table-2 Result of Computations of Heat Losses when
Slurry is at 200
C.
Slurry to ground heat loss= -24805.67(gain)
Charge cooling loss= Nil
Total heat loss=36610-KJ/day
Table-3 Result of Computations of Heat Losses when
Slurry is at 350
C.
Time
--hrs
Heat loss
through
radiation
from
roof
Heat
loss
through
convecti
on from
roof
Heat
loss
through
radiatio
n from
side
Heat
loss
through
convecti
on from
side
1 -400.83 805.7 517 -1858.3
2 -410 756.3 485 -1960.8
3 -386.9 642.87 492.6 -2000
4 -433 869.6 477.12 -1921.7
5 -496.66 997.64 397.4 -
2048.46
6 -537.11 1012.2 326.5 -
2214.35
7 -505.7 1185.2 435.6 -1855.5
8 -207.84 2766.7 1470.5 1425.1
9 223.1 4654.9 2900.4 5537.9
10 744.18 6062.06 4430.3 9241.1
11 1180.16 7172.4 5729.3 12132.6
12 1505.9 7509.5 6559.7 13616.3
13 1603.41 7408.7 6741.8 13800
14 1486.7 6724.53 6253.5 12576.2
15 1245.95 5304.2 5248.97 10022.1
16 810.3 3739.68 3810.53 6580.7
17 331.3 1844.05 2222.3 2452.5
18 45.4 482.46 1226.9 -371
19 -70.5 383.1 984.02 -980
20 -178.9 545.37 841.1 -1221.8
21 -255.64 623.91 726.6 -1451.1
22 -331.13 702.4 613.3 -1680.3
23 -396.21 830.41 533.1 -1807
24 -442.15 820.25 445.3 -2024.2
Tim
e--
hrs
Heat
loss
throu
gh
radiat
ion
from
roof
Heat
loss
throug
h
convec
tion
from
roof
Heat loss
through
radiation
from side
Heat loss
through
convectio
n from
side
1 140.2
3
117.8 -18.25 -343.9
2 140.2 117.8 -18.25 -343.9
3 157.8
3
-20.31 -28.83 -434.3
4 113.9
6
206.5 -38.97 -356
5 27.54 186.2 -201.9 -790.31
6 10.47 324.31 -192.5 -699.9
7 27.54 423.15 -132.36 -494.87
8 70.53 670.3 19 17.72
9 220 1273.5 476 1465.1
10 421.6
1
1437.6
6
915.95 2589.9
11 607.6
2
1690.5
2
1349.81 3702.76
12 785.7
4
1632.3 1671.14 4366.3
13 871.3
7
1595.7
5
1830.04 4682.73
14 878.0
3
1390.9 1773.1 4453.93
15 870.2 899.7 1596.9 3827.16
16 752.1
2
560.9 1262.04 2928.3
17 603.9 56.51 820.38 1685.94
18 517.7 -
363.58
530.38 814.54
19 441.7
1
-
285.04
423.1 585.3
20 343.8
1
-93.1 312.06 395.15
21 270.5
8
-14.56 206.07 165.9
22 202.5
9
88.7 116.87 -12.1
23 136.4
1
191.94 28.23 -190.1
24 97.05 231.21 -23.58 -304.75
tota
l
8708.
97-
KJ/da
y
12319.
2-
KJ/day
12676.93
-KJ/day
27710.6-
KJ/day
5. Shaheen.M.Sain Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 2), October 2014, pp.24-28
www.ijera.com 28 | P a g e
total 4123.92
—KJ/day
63844.1
3—
KJ/day
52641.9
—
KJ/day
63990
—
KJ/day
Slurry to ground heat loss= 62018.3-KJ/day
Charge cooling loss= 62760 -KJ/day
Total heat loss=309378-KJ/day
5.1 External energy
Relatively high cost of fossil fuels and low cost of
solar collectors support the idea of using solar energy
as a heating means of digester
Total heat loss from plant=309378-KJ/day
Solar influx=144413-KJ/day
Net heat loss=164965-KJ/day
m’cp (TO-Ti) =1.909KJ/s
Cp –of water-4.184-KJ/kg k
TO –out let temperature of solar collector-60 0
C
Ti--inlet temperature of solar collector-200
C
m’=.0114-Kg/s
Electric heater is needed when sufficient solar influx
unavailable.
P=1.909×103
—J/s (W)
VI. Conclusion
Optimum temperature for the anaerobic
fermentation is within the narrow limits (30°C-
35°C).For maintaining the biogas plant at 35°C a
computational program in matlab has been
developed. Gas holder temperature were calculated
,experimentally and computationally when slurry is
maintained at 20°C.Result shows computational
value matches with experimental value, that means
chosen value of heat transfer co-efficient represent
real system. Again, gas holder temperature calculated
computationally when slurry is at 35°C.Heat loss
from the biogas plant has calculated at 20°C & 35°C,
and tabulated. Energy required to charge daily
kitchen waste from 20°C to 35°C has considered. For
external heat supply a solar water heater system with
auxiliary heater is designed. Experimental results in
the month of January shows, average generated gas is
12.9 m³/day only (rated 45-50 m3
/day), this is
because of plant is not maintaining optimum
temperature for anaerobic fermentation and
average feeding is 120 kg/day instead of 500 kg/day.
In conclusion, the result of thermal analysis is used to
define a strategy for operating biogas plant at
optimum temperatures.
List of symbols
As-half of the area of the skirt of gas holder
At-area of the top surface of gas holder
Aw-circumferential area of the slurry pit
a, b-constants
Cp-specific heat
h1-h5- convective heat transfer coefficients
T- temperature.
t-time
α - absorptivity’s at short wavelengths (for solar
incidence)
ε -emissivity’s at long wavelengths
σ -Stefan-Boltzmann constant
mD – Mass of the gas holder
mS – Mass of the slurry
CpD-Heat capacity of gas holder
CpS-Heat capacity of Slurry
Subscripts
A- Ambient
D- Gas holder drum
G- Gas inside the drum
S-slurry
∞-soil under the surface
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Prof- Dr.Somanath
Nandi, Mr.Harshal R.Gunjal (Sr. Executive-
Proposals) and Mr.Sankararao.V (Deputy Manger-
Proposals) Thermax.Ltd for their invaluable help
and contributions.
References
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digestion for methaneproduction.In Biomass
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[2] van Velsen A. F. M., Lettinga G. and den
Ottelander D.,Anaerobic digestion of piggery
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267
[3] Hill D. T.,Design of digestion systems for
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the ASAE, 1982(25), pp-227-236
[4] Hashimoto A. G.,Methane from swine manure:
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concentration onkinetic parameter,Agric.
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Research and analysis of solar heating biogas-
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[6] P Rajabapaiah, KVRamanayya, SR
MohanandAmulyakumar.,Performance of a-
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[7] C R Prasad and S R C Sathyanarayan.,Thermal
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[8] Boyles D. T.,Bio-Energy: Technology,
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[9] www.rredc.nrel.gov/solar/new/-
data/India/nearest cell.new.cgi