This document provides information about a practical report on data logging conducted by students. It discusses the setup of the experiment where sensors measured oxygen, temperature, and humidity during the combustion of a candle. The results are presented in a graph showing changes in these variables over three minutes. Analysis indicates oxygen levels dropping caused the candle to extinguish and increased temperature and humidity as combustion occurred. The document emphasizes the benefits of using data logging for experiments like obtaining accurate readings and easier result presentation.

1. Course name: Information And Communication Technology
In Science
Course code: SSI3013
Practical report on: Data Logging
Lecturer: Encik Azmi Bin Ibrahim
Name Lecture Group Matric number
AIMI FATIHAH BT
MUHAMMAD
FAUZI
B D20151071003
NAJWA HUSNA BT
SAAHWAL
B D20151070957
SITI KHADIJAH
BINTI KHALID
B D20151070972
NURUL NAJIHA
HUSNA BINTI
BAHARUDIN
B D20151070960

2. CONTENTS
No. Title Pages
1. Introduction 1
2. Engage 2
3. Empower
- Planning of experiment
- Results and Discussion
3-5
4. Enhance
- Importance of Combustion
6-7
5. Extension
- Application of Combustion7
8-9
6. Conclusion 10
7. Reference 11

3. 3
INTRODUCTION
The collection and the process store data over time is called data logging. It used to
analyse specific trends or record the data based events or action of a systems, network or IT
environment. It also enables the tracking of all interactions through which data, files or
applications are stored, accessed or modified on a storage device or application. The data
logging can be used in scientific experiment and can monitor a process using sensors linked
to a computer.
Data logging can be done automatically. When all the readings have been taken, the
data logger have to connect to the computer to transfer the readings. By using data logger, the
process to collect and analyze information become more accurate and faster than manual.
Data logging can be used in a wide range of indoor, outdoor, underwater, temperature-
controlled environments or anywhere data is needed and the convenience of battery power is
preferred. Data logging also facilitates the storage and collection of computer or device
information. For example, data logging can store processor temperature and memory
utilization over time and network bandwidth usage. System/network administrators use this
data to analyze system or network performance during a specific period.
In data logging process, sensors have important roles. For example, all physical
properties can be measured with the sensors such light intensity, heat and sounds, pressure,
acidity and humidity, current, voltage, pulse signal, dissolved oxygen and others. The next
steps is the sensors send signals to the interface box, which is linked to a computer. The
interface box converts analogue signal to digital signals that the computer can understand and
read those readings. There are several ways for the reading shown such as in form of tables,
graph or in application for further analysis.

4. 4
By using data logger equipment, the presentation of experiment’s result obtained
better. Hence, the student understanding will be going perfect as they can understand specific
experiment easily. We can take and record many readings in a short period of time. As a
result, the reading will be more accurate than those taken by human some condition for
example extreme cold or heat we can use data logging to conduct the experiment. Other than
that, we also need to figure out that data logging in scientific experiment also have several
disadvantages. For example, computers cannot easily respond to changing circumtances
because data loggers will only log what are programmed to log. In addition, word load of
teachers also increase and some student do not like work with the computer systems.
ENGAGEMENT
WHAT IS
THIS ?
WHAT
PROCESS
PRODUCE
THIS?
THIS IS FLAME OR WE CALLED IT FIRE.
COMBUSTION PRODUCES FLAME OR FIRE
WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF
COMBUSTION IN HUMAN LIFE?
WHAT IS
COMBUSTION?
HOW COMBUSTION
OCCURS?
WHAT WE SHOULD KNOW
ABOUT COMBUSTION?
WHAT IS CHEMICAL REACTION OF
COMBUSTION?

5. 5
EMPOWER
i) Planning of an experiment
Diagram 1: set up of the apparatus for the experiment
Apparatus needed:
 Candle, bell jar, matches, interface, computer and temperature, light and humidity
sensors.
Procedure:
1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram above.
2. The sensors inside the bell jar was arranged so that the probes will be well away from
the candle flame.
3. The sensors then were connected to the interface. An oxygen sensor time was allowed
to be stabilise.
4. The candle was lighted up and covered with the bell jar.
5. The experiment was recorded for 3 minutes.
6. When the candle has extinguished, the air was readmitted into the bell jar.

6. 6
ii) Results
Graph 1: Level of oxygen, temperature and humidity occurs in the bell jar during combustion.
iii) Discussion
A candle used in this experiment was responsible to produce light in the used of heat.
This process was then called as combustion. Combustion is basically the burning of a
substance in the presence of oxygen and involves the production of heat and light. In this
case, the fuel was wax, which composed of complex carbon compounds. Wax then was
burned in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas, which was colourless and it
produced water vapour as well. Below is the general equation of combustion process:
Fuel (wax) + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Since in this experiment there were three types of sensors used, so the best way to
interpret data was by using the line graph as shown above. This due to every value resulted
by the three sensors can be shown directly on the same axis. This will be more easier in order

7. 7
to detect any changes of the variables which were oxygen, temperature and humidity during
the experiment. This because of the three sensors were related each other.
Based on the experiment, the oxygen sensor was used to monitor the oxygen level that
was set for three minutes and the result was shown in the graph. According to the graph, the
candle started to extinguish at the time 1.6 minutes due to the amount of oxygen supplied was
decreased which from 20% to 16%. This concluded that the combustion reaction needed a
sufficient oxygen in order to enhance the candle to light up. In this experiment, 20% of
oxygen was a sufficient amount for the candle to light up. If the candle started to extinguish,
some amount of oxygen need to be readmit into the bell jar.
The second sensor, temperature sensor was used to monitor the temperature inside the
bell jar during the three minutes provided for the experiment. From the graph, it has been
shown that when there was 20% of oxygen supplied into the bell jar, the temperature at the
top of bell jar getting to increase. However, it started to decrease at 1.4 minutes when the
oxygen supplied decrease to 16%. Meanwhile, the temperature at the bottom of bell jar kept
constant for three minutes as the combustion reaction occurred at the top of bell jar.
Next, humidity sensor was used to measure the water vapour produced during the
combustion. Humidity is the presence of water vapour in the air. From the graph, it shown
that the humidity level getting increased from 50% to 90% in the presence of 13% of oxygen
in the bell jar. The graph also shown that when the temperature increased, the humidity
increased as well. This phenomena occurred due to the hotter the air inside the bell jar, the
more water vapour the bell jar can hold.

8. 8
ENHANCE
The Importance of Combustion
Combustion is a chemical reaction between substances that usually includes oxygen
and accompanied by the generation of heat and light in the form of flame. Combustion
reactions are an extremely important class of chemical reactions and it is vital to our
everyday lives. The speed and rate at which the reactants combine is high because of the
chemical reaction itself and also because of more energy is generated than energy that can
escape into the surrounding medium. The result is the temperature of the reactants raised to
accelerate the reaction even more.
Do you drive around in a gas-fuelled car? Do you cook lunch on a gas stove? How do
you keep you and your family warm in the winter? All of those answers were related to the
combustion reaction. The combustion of fuels (wood, fossil fuels, peat) have heated and lit
our homes and cooked our food for thousand years. Our lives would be completely different
if combustion reactions did not exist.
Combustion is coupled with several emissions to the atmosphere. The increase of
carbon dioxide, CO2 emissions can mainly limited only by energy conservation. The carbon
dioxide and NOX emissions can be reduced by the technical combustion management. The
SO2 emissions can be reduced by a desulfurization of fuel before combustion or by a
desulfurization of flue gas after combustion.
The world fuel consumption is continuously increased in past and will strongly
increase in the future. Fossil fuels distribute with their part of 90% have main importance.
This trend will be preserved for the next decades. Petroleum has the main part in the group of
fossil fuels, followed by natural gas and coal.
Our transportation system relies almost entirely on combustion. The air craft are
entirely powered by fuel burning, most trains are powered by diesel engines and most of
domestic vehicles use gasoline. In industrial process, they also rely heavily on combustion.
Cement industry is the heavy user of heat energy delivered by combustion. Iron, steel,
aluminium and other metal refining industries employ furnaces for producing raw products.

9. 9
Other examples of industrial combustion devices are boiler, refinery, glass melters and also
solid dryers.
Table below shows a categorization of combustion technology. This allocation reflects the
purpose of the combustion reaction.
Purpose Operation Fuel Technology Walls
Boiler/Vessel
 Heat
generation
 Process
steam
Stationary All fuels
Adjustments of
the combustion
to the process
Cold walls
Thermal
engines
Production of
mechanical
work
Intermittent
Special
fuels
Tuning
combustion
and engine
Cold walls
Process
firings
 Material
transform
 Thermal
treatment
Stationary
Fuel
process-
caused
Adjustments of
the combustion
to the process
Hot walls
Residual
firings
Waste
treatment
Intermittent
Waste
residual
substances
Tuning
combustion
and engine
Hot walls
Until now, the world’s consumption of energy has constantly increased. The oil and gas,
fossil fuels and also coal constitute the overwhelming percentage of energy sources

10. 10
EXTENSION
Application of Combustion
In chemical reaction, combustion reaction transform existing molecules, known as
reactants, into different molecules, known as products. The defining reactant in combustion
reactions is oxygen, and the products vary according to the other molecules that react with
oxygen.
Alcoholic substance also used in combustion reactions. The most familiar alcoholic
substance is ethanol, which is now mixed with gasoline for used in standard internal
combustion engines. Even though alcohol will produce energy, but the amount of the energy
released is significantly lower than the amount of energy released in gasoline combustion.
The combustion reaction of pure hydrogen gas and oxygen was an environmentally - friendly
energy because the supply of hydrogen is virtually unlimited. Many scientists assert that
rising levels of atmospheric carbon could lead to devastating climatic consequences.
Hydrogen is different than hydrocarbon and alcohols which is, it will not release carbon
dioxide when burned. (West, 2017)
Next is the combustion turbines being installed in many today’s natural gas fuel power
plants which are complex machines, and they basically involve three main sectors. First, the
compressor which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it, and feeds it to the combustion
chamber at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour.
The combustion system typically made up of a ring of fuel injectors that inject a steady
stream of fuel into combustion chamber where it mixes with the air. The mixture is burned at
temperatures of more than 2000 degrees F. The combustion produces a high temperature,

11. 11
high pressure gas stream that enters and expands through turbine section. After that, the
turbine is an intricate array of alternate stationary and rotating aerofoil section blades. As hot
combustion gas expands through the turbine, it spins the rotating blades. The rotating blades
perform a dual
function where they drive the compressor to draw more pressurized air into the combustion
section, and they spin a generator to produce electricity.
The concept of combustion can be applied in rocket propulsion. The products of
combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous propellants in rockets are ejected from the
combustion chamber through the (de Laval) nozzle at a high velocity. Knowledge of the
kinetic of chemical processes in the nozzle is essential to determine the thrust required. The
thrust decreases with the increasing mean molecular weight of the combustion products.
Mixtures of low molecular weight and high heat of combustion therefore are used for rockets
Next, the combustion and detonation of explosives are widely used in all sorts of
work with mechanical action or explosion as the eventual goals. Practical applications of
explosives are based on the theory of their combustion and detonation. The combustion of
condensed explosives occurs mostly in the gas phase because of their sublimation,
decomposition or also evaporation and can be treated in terms of the theory of gas
combustion, which provides for the burning velocity, its dependence on temperature and
pressure and the parameters determining the combustion regime and the nature of explosives.
Control of combustion and detonation in their practical applications is made possible by use
of the theory, together with the results of experimental investigations on combustion and
detonation.

12. 12
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, an experiment on combustion had been carried out using data logger
method. The benefit of this experiment allowed student have an easy method to handle
experiment compared to the traditional way of handling apparatus. Data logging made the
experiment to be in a very smooth manner where we could organize our results well because
the usage of ICT helped us a lot and we support using data logging for any kind of sensor-
based experiments as such of this.
Our experiment was comprised of three main sensors which are the temperature,
humidity and oxygen. Those three sensors can be said having their own sensitivity to this
combustion experiment. We can also conclude that those three sensors are inter-related
because the results of this experiment might be affected if one of these sensors was failed to
function properly. Through data logging method, we felt much easier to present our results
well and clearly knowing the fact that we are facing three sensors at one go.

13. 13
REFERENCES:
1. West, J. (2017, September 26). Classroom. Retrieved from Classroom.Synonym.com:
https://classroom.synonym.com/real-life-examples-combustion-chemical-reactions-
34057.html
2. Ashish (2015). Science of Candles: How Do They Work?. Retrieved from
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/wonders-of-nature-how-do-candles-work.html
3. Combustion – Burning a Candle. Retrieved from http://rogerfrost.com/exp/candle.htm
4. Wonder of the Day #881. What is Humidity? Retrieved from
https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-humidity
5. Britannia.com : Application in heating devices. (n.d.). Retrieved from Application in
heating devices In Combustion:
https://www.britannica.com/science/combustion/Applications
6. Victor Nikolaevich Kondratiev. (2018, January 24). Encyclopedia Britannica;
Applications of Combustion. Retrieved on 23rd March 2018 from
https://www.britannica.com/science/combustion/Applications
7. Shmoop Editorial Team. (2008, November 11). Chemistry Combustion – Shmoop
Chemistry. Retrieved on 23rd March 2018 from http://www.shmoop.com/chemical-
reactions/combustion.html#