Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, form inside the kidneys from minerals and salts in the urine. Risk factors include diet, excess weight, medical conditions, and certain supplements or medications. Diagnosis involves blood tests, urine tests, and imaging exams. Treatment depends on the size and location of the stone and may include increased fluid intake, pain medications, surgery to break up or remove stones, and lifestyle changes to prevent future stones.

1. RENAL CALCULUS
BY
MR.RAVISHANKAR
NURSING TUTOR

2. INTRODUCTION:-
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis (stone presence
in ureter) or urolithiasis (presence of stone in urinary tract) are hard
deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet,
excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements
and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.

3. DEFINITION:-

4. CAUSES:-

6. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:-
•Blood test
•Urine test.
•Imaging test.

7. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:-
• Anti inflammatory drugs
• Alpha blockers
• NSAID drugs- steroid
• Maintain I/O charting
• Analgesic drugs
• Spasmodic – buscopan.

8. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
•Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy- to remove stone
smaller than a half inch through ultrasonic waves or shock
•Percutaneous nephrolithotomy- to remove large stone, it
removed with an endoscope that is inserted into kidney through
small opening.

9. • Ureteroscopy- when stone in lower urinary tract then inserting a
ureteroscope into ureter and then inserting a laser electrohydraulic
lithotripter and remove stone.
• Cystolithotomy- removal of bladder calculi through suprapubic
incision.
• Partial total nephrectomy- its necessary because of extensive kidney
damage which can be responsible for stone formation.

10. NURSING MANAGEMENT-
• Assess the family history.
• Assess the pain location.
• Observe symptoms such as nausea, vomiting etc,
• Monitor vital sign.
• Maintain dietary pattern.