for nursing

1. HYPOSPADIAS
BY;-
MR.RAVISHANKAR
NURSING TUTOR

2. INTRODUCTION:-
Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys in which the
opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the
penis.

3. DEFINITION:-
A condition in which the opening of the penis is on the
underside rather than the tip.

4. CAUSES:-
Main causes is unknown.
It present at birth (congenital)
Family history
Genetics.
Maternal age over 35
Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy.

6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to etiological factors
Incomplete fusion of ureteral folds
Severity of condition depends on location of opening
The presence of opening near glans is known as glandular
hypospadias
Presence of opening at shaft is known as perineal hypospadias

7. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:-
•Physical examination.
•History collection
•Imaging test.

8. TREATMENT:-
it involves surgery to reposition the urethral opening and, if necessary,
straighten the shaft of the penis. Surgery is usually done between the ages
of 6 and 12 months.