The document discusses the Renaissance period in Italy from 1300-1600. It defines the Renaissance as a "rebirth" that saw a revival of arts and learning. This was influenced by a revitalization of classical Greek and Roman culture. Important cities like Florence saw a thriving merchant class whose wealth helped spread new ideas and support artists and thinkers through patronage of works reflecting secular and humanist ideals. This led to innovations in philosophy, literature, and the arts.