The atlantic world lesson 1 (columbus and explorers)
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This document provides an overview of Christopher Columbus and other early explorers of the Atlantic World. It begins with background on Columbus' voyages across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492-1493. Students then analyze a primary source letter from Columbus describing the landscapes and native people he encountered. The document continues with discussions of Portuguese explorers like Pedro Alvares Cabral, Amerigo Vespucci, and Ferdinand Magellan, noting their discoveries and impacts. It concludes with assessment questions asking students to analyze the biggest impacts and potential dangers faced by these early explorers.
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The document provides background information on the colonization of North America, including:
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- Reasons for European exploration between the 14th-17th centuries included seeking trade routes to Asia, expanding trade networks, increasing national power, and spreading Christianity. Key early explorers included Columbus, Vespucci, Cabot, Drake, Cartier, and Champlain.
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2. The voyage confirmed that Earth was circumnavigable and established the first westward route from Europe to East Asia by crossing the Pacific Ocean, proving that the Americas were separated from Asia.
3. Only 18 of the original 269 crew members survived the entire journey, returning home aboard the Victoria and completing the first known circumnavigation of Earth.
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who lived from 1451 to 1506. He wanted to find a new route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1492, he embarked on his first voyage funded by the Spanish monarchy and discovered several islands in the Bahamas which he believed were in Asia but were actually the Caribbean. Over subsequent voyages, he explored more islands in the Caribbean and parts of Central and South America, though he never realized he had found a new continent. He died in Spain in 1506 still believing he had reached Asia.
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Christopher Columbus, a Genoese explorer and navigator, obtained support for his plan to reach Asia by sailing west from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain in 1492. He set sail with three ships and 88 men, landing in the Bahamas rather than Asia. After exploring the islands and encountering the native Taíno people, Columbus returned to Spain with prisoners and goods. His voyage inaugurated a period of European colonization in the Americas over the next centuries.
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The document summarizes information about the Aztec and Inca empires, including their class structures, governments, religions, and the influence of key leaders. It describes how Montezuma increased demands for tribute and sacrifice from the Aztec people, leading to rebellion and disunity. It also explains that after the death of the Inca ruler Huayna Capac, his sons Atahualpa and Huascar fought a civil war, tearing the Inca Empire apart just before the Spanish conquest.
The Reformation Lecture 3 (Catholic Reformation)
The document summarizes the Catholic Reformation which aimed to reform the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation. It discusses major Catholic reformers including Ignatius of Loyola who founded the Jesuit order, and Popes Paul III and Paul IV who directed councils and decrees to counter Protestantism. It also examines King Henry VIII who broke England's ties with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England after the Pope denied his annulment.
The Reformation Lecture 2 (Protestant Reformers)
The document discusses the major reformers of the Protestant Reformation, including Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and Anabaptists. It provides details on John Calvin's publication of Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536, where he outlined his theological beliefs, including the concept of predestination. The document states that Calvin asserted only the Bible as spiritual authority and that people were sinful by nature and could only be saved through God's election, not their own works. It describes Calvinism spreading through reformers like John Knox in Scotland.
The Renaissance lecture 4 (Northern Renaissance)
The Northern Renaissance spread ideas from Italy to other parts of Europe, including England, France, Germany, and Flanders. Notable Northern Renaissance artists included Albrecht Durer and Hans Holbein from Germany, who created woodcuts, engravings, and portraits. Jan van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel from Flanders were early adopters of oil painting and captured realistic scenes of peasant life. During the English Renaissance, Queen Elizabeth I reigned during the "Golden Era" and supported the arts. William Shakespeare wrote famous plays that examined human nature, drawing from Classical influences. The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, helped spread Renaissance ideas across Europe through cheaper, faster book production.
The Reformation Lecture 1 (Luther)
Here are Luther's 3 main ideas summarized in my own words:
1. Salvation comes through faith in God alone, not through good works or the Church. Faith, not the Church, leads to forgiveness of sins.
2. All Church teachings must be clearly based on the Bible, not traditions or the Pope. The Pope and Church traditions were not real authorities.
3. All Christians are equal in faith, so ordinary people do not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.
Renaissance lecture 3 (literature)
The document provides an overview of Renaissance literature in Italy, including major writers and works. It discusses how writers during this period began writing in the vernacular languages and focused on individual self-expression and portraying the individuality of characters. It profiles three major Italian writers of the Renaissance - Francesco Petrarch, known as the "Father of Renaissance Humanism" who wrote sonnets; Niccolo Machiavelli, best known for his political guidebook "The Prince," which argued leaders need not be moral and it is safer to be feared than loved; and Giovanni Boccaccio, whose realistic stories included the collection of novellas "Decameron."
Renaissance Lecture 2 (Art)
1. The document discusses major artists of the Renaissance in Italy such as Michelangelo, Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael.
2. It provides information about some of their most famous works, including Michelangelo's paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and Statue of David, Donatello's Statue of David, and Leonardo's Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
3. It also mentions the female artists Sofonisba Anguissola and Artemisia Gentileschi, the first woman to gain international recognition as a painter and the first woman accepted into the Accademia di Arte del Disegno
Renaissance Lecture 1 (Intro)
The document discusses the Renaissance period in Italy from 1300-1600. It defines the Renaissance as a "rebirth" that saw a revival of arts and learning. This was influenced by a revitalization of classical Greek and Roman culture. Important cities like Florence saw a thriving merchant class whose wealth helped spread new ideas and support artists and thinkers through patronage of works reflecting secular and humanist ideals. This led to innovations in philosophy, literature, and the arts.
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- 1. The Atlantic World COLUMBUS AND OTHER EXPLORERS (PART 1)
- 2. Opening Activity (3-5 Minutes) Write down as many facts/things that you know about Christopher Columbus Can be written in: Sentences, Bullet Points, Phrases Whatever is easiest for you!
- 3. Essential Question and Learning Goals Essential Question: How has the Age of Exploration influenced our modern era? Learning Goals: 1. Describe Columbus’ impact on the Age of Exploration 2. Analyze a primary source (Letter) 3. Identify and describe the impact of Portuguese explorers
- 4. Christopher Columbus Sails west across Atlantic Trade route to Asia Reaches island in Caribbean Sea (Bahamas) NOT East Indies Ships: Nina Pinta Santa Maria
- 5. Primary Source Reading Activity (10-15 Minutes) Columbus reports on his first voyage, 1493 (Excerpt)--- Primary Source Reading Activity Source: https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/exploration/resources/columbus-reports-his-first-voyage-1493 PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH COPY OF DOCUMENT Questions for Primary Source Activity: 1. What is the main idea of this letter? (2-3 Sentences) 2. Describe the landscape of the areas Columbus discovered. (3-5 Sentences) 3. Describe how Columbus felt about the natives. (3-5 Sentences) Highlight/underline/bracket sentences or phrases that justify your reasoning
- 6. Columbus (cont.) Calls island San Salvador Interest in GOLD Explores other islands, claims them “It was my wish to bypass no island without taking possession” Spain’s ruler(s) fund three additional trips
- 7. Columbus (cont.) Becomes empire builder Trip 2: 17 ships 1,000 soldiers, crewmen, colonists Create colonies on the islands (Caribbean) “Lands that are controlled by another nation” Inspires more European exploration
- 8. Formative Assessment (5 Minutes) 1. Who helped fund Columbus’ expeditions? (1 sentence) 2. Why would these individuals want to fund such a journey? (3-5 sentences)
- 9. Portuguese Explorers Pedro Alvares Cabral Reaches (modern-day) Brazil Claims land for country Amerigo Vespucci Italian, BUT working for Portugal Claims “New World” East coast of South America New continent: “America” Named in Amerigo’s honor
- 10. Portuguese Explorers (cont.) Ferdinand Magellan Explore the Pacific Ocean Sail around southern end of S. America Provisions: 250 men 5 ships Minimal food
- 11. Portuguese Explorers (cont.) Magellan (cont.) Explore Guam Reach Philippines Dies in local war 18 men and 1 ship return to Spain Death by disease and starvation First group to sail around the world
- 12. Summative Assessment (7-10 Minutes) Of the explorers covered thus far, who do you think had the biggest impact on the Age of Exploration? (3 sentences) Justify your answers using evidence from the text, notes, or primary source (3 sentences) Describe some of the dangers that you believe this individual may have experienced (3 sentences)