This document describes a rapid method for isolating pure alpha-cellulose from small quantities of plant cell wall material. The method uses acetic acid and nitric acid to simultaneously delignify and remove non-cellulosic polysaccharides. Elemental analysis found the isolated pine wood cellulose had a carbon content of approximately 43.7%, indicating high purity and reproducibility. High-performance anion exchange chromatography and diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the cellulose purity was approximately 99%. The method isolates cellulose suitable for accurate carbon isotopic composition analysis in under 8 hours using only standard laboratory equipment and chemicals.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ΔG has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism. Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
Abstract— Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 with curry leaf variety Suwasini to study the dissipation pattern of carbendazim 50 EC at 500 g a.i. ha-1 and cypermethrin 10 % EC @ 50 g a i/ha (550 ml/ha) 1 by giving two sprays first at vegetative stage and second 10 days later. The leaf samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45th day after second spray and soil samples at 45th day for residue analysis showed initial deposits of carbendazim 16.00 mg kg-1 and Cypermetrin 13.09 mg kg-1 which ,dissipated to 0.04 mg kg -1 and 0. 28 mg kg – 1 respectively. The residues reached to Below Determination Level (BDL) at 20 and 10 days, respectively. As there were no pesticide recommendations and MRLs fixed for any of the pesticide in curry leaf, the day at which residues reached BDL can be suggested as the safe harvest period for curry leaf.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ΔG has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism. Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
Abstract— Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 with curry leaf variety Suwasini to study the dissipation pattern of carbendazim 50 EC at 500 g a.i. ha-1 and cypermethrin 10 % EC @ 50 g a i/ha (550 ml/ha) 1 by giving two sprays first at vegetative stage and second 10 days later. The leaf samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45th day after second spray and soil samples at 45th day for residue analysis showed initial deposits of carbendazim 16.00 mg kg-1 and Cypermetrin 13.09 mg kg-1 which ,dissipated to 0.04 mg kg -1 and 0. 28 mg kg – 1 respectively. The residues reached to Below Determination Level (BDL) at 20 and 10 days, respectively. As there were no pesticide recommendations and MRLs fixed for any of the pesticide in curry leaf, the day at which residues reached BDL can be suggested as the safe harvest period for curry leaf.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Comparison of the Performances of Two Commercial Membranes in Demineralizatio...IJRES Journal
In this work, comparison of the performances of two commercial membranes in demineralization of drinking water of M’rirt city (conductivity 2140 μS/cm) by nanofiltration in continuous mode was carried out. The pilot used (supplied by the French Company TIA, Techniques Industrilles Appliquées) is an industrial nanofiltration pilot plant having two modules equipped with various spiral commercial membranes with an area of 7.6 m2. Two configurations were tested: simple pass and supplied batch configuration. The water parameters were followed as a function of the running conditions (time, pressure) in order to follow the behaviour of the membranes tested.
Change of Peptides and Free -Amino Acids Contents during Nanjing Dry-Cured Du...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In order to explore the relationship between the change of peptides and free-amino acid (FAA) and its unique flavour, Dry-cured duck samples of different processing phases were used to study the change of free-amino acid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in this paper, meanwhile the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method for modeling use to establish the quantitative predicated peptides. The changes of small peptides and free amino acids in the process were studied. The results showed that the level and amount of proteolysis increased with the processing time at traditional technology, meanwhile the amount of peptides were positively correlated with FAA contents (R 2 =0.86).
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
In present work forward osmosis (FO) process was used as a novel process for the removal of Cd+2 ions from wastewater. Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane used as flat sheet membrane for Cd+2 ions removal. MgSO4.7H2O with different concentration was used as draw solution. Influence of different parameters was studied such as concentration of draw solutions ranged (10-150 g/l), concentration of feed solutions (10-200 mg/l), flow rate of draw solutions (30-100 l/hr), flow rate of feed solutions (30-100 l/hr), and temperature of both feed and draw solution (10-40oC) at constant pressure 0.3 bar gauge. The results proved that when the draw solution concentration, flow rate of feed solution, and temperature of both feed solution and draw solution increased, the water flux increase. Water flux decreased by increasing cadmium ions concentration in feed solution, operating time of experiment, and flow rate of draw solution. Cadmium ions concentration in feed solution effluent increased when concentration of feed solution increased, time of experimental work, draw solution concentration, feed solution flow rate, and temperature of feed and draw solutions and decreased with increasing draw solution flow rate. According to the results obtained, forward osmosis process can be used to recover Cd+2 ions contaminated wastewater with removal efficiency 78.87% after 3 hrs. Reverse salt flux of MgSO4.7H2O through the CA membrane decreased with time which reached 23.34 g/m2.h after 3 hrs
Anaerobic Treatment of Textile Wastewater using EGSBIJSRD
In this study expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor has been used to investigate the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color of textile wastewater. Synthetic Textile wastewater was treated in an EGSB reactor seeded with non granular anaerobic sludge from UASB reactor treating sugar mill wastewater of Badagandi sugar mill at Badagandi village, Bagalkot district, Karnataka, India and active septic tank. The initial volatile suspended solid concentration was 20.40 g/L. The study was carried out at ambient temperature 29ºC to 37ºC in the laboratory scale reactors of 8.4 L effective volume. Reactor was fed with macro and micro nutrients. Successful reactor startup with granulation was achieved within 13 days of operation using Chitosan as polymer. During startup the hydraulic retention times (HRT) was kept constant for 12 hrs. A maximum COD removal efficiency of 89.95% was achieved at organic loading rate (OLR) of about 8 KgCOD/m3/d. And the maximum bio gas production was 20.4 l/d. During operation period synthetic textile wastewater was fed step by step with increasing concentration of 25%, 50% and 75% of influent COD (5000 mg/L) respectively. Loading was increased by reducing HRT to 6 hrs, 3 hrs, 1.5 hrs and 1 hr respectively. Results indicated that anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater was possible with the supplementation of an external carbon source in the form of glucose (600mg/L). The corresponding maximum COD and color removals were 78.4% and 69% respectively for HRT of 1.5 hrs and OLR of 80 Kg COD/m3/d at ambient temperature.
Corn Silk as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 0.1M HCl MediumIOSRJAC
The effectiveness of corn silk water extract (CSWE) as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5M HCl solution at 303K,313K and 323K was investigated in this work. Various concentrations of CSWE (5%v/v, 10%v/v, and 15% and 20% v/v) were prepared from dried corn silk. The study was carried out using weight loss and AAS analysis. The results of the AAS analysis collaborated weight loss measurements on the efficiency of CSWE as corrosion inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency of 77.7% and 72.0% was obtained respectively using both methods. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of CSWE (5%v/v<10%v /><15%>< 20% v/v) while corrosion rate decreased as concentration increased. Increase in temperature reduced inhibition efficiency and CSWE was shown to be most effective at 303K than at 313K and 323K. Kinetic study of the process proposed a first order reaction type. From thermodynamic parameters, inhibition was attributed to the existence of a protective film on metal surface by interaction between inhibitor molecules and metal ions in solution..Reaction rate constant values calculated were 0.0234, 0.0818 and 0.104 for the blank solution and 0.0049, 0.0328, 0.0416 for the highest inhibitor concentration of 20% v/v respectively at the different temperatures studied.Data obtained were subjected to Langmuir, Temkin and Frendlich isotherms. Langmuir model was found to be most fitted of the three models. The utility of a waste material as corrosion inhibitor is once more reported.
In this research in order to produce blood sugar biosensor, an appropriate
membrane for glucose oxidase immobilization by using nanofibers created from
polymers of polyacrylic acid and starch are studied. They are biocompatible and
biodegradable respectively and were prepared by electro-spinning method for
nanofiber fabrication. Dimethylformamide and distilled water were used as solvent for
PAA and starch respectively to get a homogeneous solution. Because nanofibers made
of polyacrylic acid-starch face with enzymes, due to its extremely high hydrophilic
‘OH’ groups may lose their cohesion, crosslinking as chemical surface modification
and for better enzyme immobilization, non-thermal plasma surface modification using
atmospheric pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) were used. Crosslinking was
carried out by APTMS and Glutaraldehyde (GA). The effect of electro-spinning process
variables on morphology of nanofibers was examined by Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM). Nanofibers structure and chemical composition to demonstrate
the successful linking and immobilization of enzymes in the composite membrane was
obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and improved thermal
stability of nanofibers in presence of enzyme and surface modifications was
determined by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA).
Marion Barnes is an avid adrenaline junkie, and a mountaineer, para glider, cave explorer, and skier. He was born in Helen, Montana to Mary and Scott Barnes. They had a family ranch where he spent a majority of his life. Living on a ranch, Marion came to appreciate the beauty of outdoors, and enjoyed venturing out on treks. What he recalls the most is going on hiking trails and collecting insects, leaves, and bugs along the way.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Comparison of the Performances of Two Commercial Membranes in Demineralizatio...IJRES Journal
In this work, comparison of the performances of two commercial membranes in demineralization of drinking water of M’rirt city (conductivity 2140 μS/cm) by nanofiltration in continuous mode was carried out. The pilot used (supplied by the French Company TIA, Techniques Industrilles Appliquées) is an industrial nanofiltration pilot plant having two modules equipped with various spiral commercial membranes with an area of 7.6 m2. Two configurations were tested: simple pass and supplied batch configuration. The water parameters were followed as a function of the running conditions (time, pressure) in order to follow the behaviour of the membranes tested.
Change of Peptides and Free -Amino Acids Contents during Nanjing Dry-Cured Du...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In order to explore the relationship between the change of peptides and free-amino acid (FAA) and its unique flavour, Dry-cured duck samples of different processing phases were used to study the change of free-amino acid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in this paper, meanwhile the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method for modeling use to establish the quantitative predicated peptides. The changes of small peptides and free amino acids in the process were studied. The results showed that the level and amount of proteolysis increased with the processing time at traditional technology, meanwhile the amount of peptides were positively correlated with FAA contents (R 2 =0.86).
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
In present work forward osmosis (FO) process was used as a novel process for the removal of Cd+2 ions from wastewater. Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane used as flat sheet membrane for Cd+2 ions removal. MgSO4.7H2O with different concentration was used as draw solution. Influence of different parameters was studied such as concentration of draw solutions ranged (10-150 g/l), concentration of feed solutions (10-200 mg/l), flow rate of draw solutions (30-100 l/hr), flow rate of feed solutions (30-100 l/hr), and temperature of both feed and draw solution (10-40oC) at constant pressure 0.3 bar gauge. The results proved that when the draw solution concentration, flow rate of feed solution, and temperature of both feed solution and draw solution increased, the water flux increase. Water flux decreased by increasing cadmium ions concentration in feed solution, operating time of experiment, and flow rate of draw solution. Cadmium ions concentration in feed solution effluent increased when concentration of feed solution increased, time of experimental work, draw solution concentration, feed solution flow rate, and temperature of feed and draw solutions and decreased with increasing draw solution flow rate. According to the results obtained, forward osmosis process can be used to recover Cd+2 ions contaminated wastewater with removal efficiency 78.87% after 3 hrs. Reverse salt flux of MgSO4.7H2O through the CA membrane decreased with time which reached 23.34 g/m2.h after 3 hrs
Anaerobic Treatment of Textile Wastewater using EGSBIJSRD
In this study expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor has been used to investigate the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color of textile wastewater. Synthetic Textile wastewater was treated in an EGSB reactor seeded with non granular anaerobic sludge from UASB reactor treating sugar mill wastewater of Badagandi sugar mill at Badagandi village, Bagalkot district, Karnataka, India and active septic tank. The initial volatile suspended solid concentration was 20.40 g/L. The study was carried out at ambient temperature 29ºC to 37ºC in the laboratory scale reactors of 8.4 L effective volume. Reactor was fed with macro and micro nutrients. Successful reactor startup with granulation was achieved within 13 days of operation using Chitosan as polymer. During startup the hydraulic retention times (HRT) was kept constant for 12 hrs. A maximum COD removal efficiency of 89.95% was achieved at organic loading rate (OLR) of about 8 KgCOD/m3/d. And the maximum bio gas production was 20.4 l/d. During operation period synthetic textile wastewater was fed step by step with increasing concentration of 25%, 50% and 75% of influent COD (5000 mg/L) respectively. Loading was increased by reducing HRT to 6 hrs, 3 hrs, 1.5 hrs and 1 hr respectively. Results indicated that anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater was possible with the supplementation of an external carbon source in the form of glucose (600mg/L). The corresponding maximum COD and color removals were 78.4% and 69% respectively for HRT of 1.5 hrs and OLR of 80 Kg COD/m3/d at ambient temperature.
Corn Silk as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 0.1M HCl MediumIOSRJAC
The effectiveness of corn silk water extract (CSWE) as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5M HCl solution at 303K,313K and 323K was investigated in this work. Various concentrations of CSWE (5%v/v, 10%v/v, and 15% and 20% v/v) were prepared from dried corn silk. The study was carried out using weight loss and AAS analysis. The results of the AAS analysis collaborated weight loss measurements on the efficiency of CSWE as corrosion inhibitor. Inhibition efficiency of 77.7% and 72.0% was obtained respectively using both methods. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of CSWE (5%v/v<10%v /><15%>< 20% v/v) while corrosion rate decreased as concentration increased. Increase in temperature reduced inhibition efficiency and CSWE was shown to be most effective at 303K than at 313K and 323K. Kinetic study of the process proposed a first order reaction type. From thermodynamic parameters, inhibition was attributed to the existence of a protective film on metal surface by interaction between inhibitor molecules and metal ions in solution..Reaction rate constant values calculated were 0.0234, 0.0818 and 0.104 for the blank solution and 0.0049, 0.0328, 0.0416 for the highest inhibitor concentration of 20% v/v respectively at the different temperatures studied.Data obtained were subjected to Langmuir, Temkin and Frendlich isotherms. Langmuir model was found to be most fitted of the three models. The utility of a waste material as corrosion inhibitor is once more reported.
In this research in order to produce blood sugar biosensor, an appropriate
membrane for glucose oxidase immobilization by using nanofibers created from
polymers of polyacrylic acid and starch are studied. They are biocompatible and
biodegradable respectively and were prepared by electro-spinning method for
nanofiber fabrication. Dimethylformamide and distilled water were used as solvent for
PAA and starch respectively to get a homogeneous solution. Because nanofibers made
of polyacrylic acid-starch face with enzymes, due to its extremely high hydrophilic
‘OH’ groups may lose their cohesion, crosslinking as chemical surface modification
and for better enzyme immobilization, non-thermal plasma surface modification using
atmospheric pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) were used. Crosslinking was
carried out by APTMS and Glutaraldehyde (GA). The effect of electro-spinning process
variables on morphology of nanofibers was examined by Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM). Nanofibers structure and chemical composition to demonstrate
the successful linking and immobilization of enzymes in the composite membrane was
obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and improved thermal
stability of nanofibers in presence of enzyme and surface modifications was
determined by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA).
Marion Barnes is an avid adrenaline junkie, and a mountaineer, para glider, cave explorer, and skier. He was born in Helen, Montana to Mary and Scott Barnes. They had a family ranch where he spent a majority of his life. Living on a ranch, Marion came to appreciate the beauty of outdoors, and enjoyed venturing out on treks. What he recalls the most is going on hiking trails and collecting insects, leaves, and bugs along the way.
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. Our commitment and dedication towards catering to all aspects related to the growth and success of our business is the key inspiration which keeps us moving ahead.
Bacotec Novahome - Résidence dans l'HéraultBacotec
Idéalement située à SAINT BRES, ZAC de Cantaussel NOVA HOME c'est 15 villas BBC du T3 au T4 avec garage et jardin, sur des parcelles de 135 m² à 289 m² de terrain dans l’agglomération de Montpellier.
Nova Home, résidence réalisée par Bacotec dans l'Hérault
Plus d'info : http://www.bacotec.com/index.php/component/realestatemanager/642/view_house
Solid phase extraction is the very popular technique currently available for rapid and selective sample preparation. The versatility of SPE allows use of this technique for many purposes, such as purification, trace enrichment, desalting, and class fractionation and etc.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2 Deoxyguanosine in Pseudomonas Fluorescens Freeze...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Oxidative DNA damage is involved in the f cell death induced by freeze-dried powder during storage. Cell 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is widely accepted as a biomarker of the “freeze-dried bacteria” oxidative DNA damage. The aim of this study was to introduce a method for determination 8-oxodG in cell freeze-dried samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In the tested range of 0.5 µmol L-1 to 1.0 nmol L-1, the calibration curve was linear (r2=0.9995) and the limit of detection was 0.05 µmol L-1. The used method did not allow highlighting the presence in the samples of the 8OH within the limits of detection. A more successful method (more sensitive) would be needed to detect possibly the 8OH.
Optimization of ultrasonicated membrane anaerobic system (umas) for sewage sl...eSAT Journals
Abstract Ultrasonicated Membrane Anaerobic System UMAS was successfully used for sewage sludge treatment and biogas production. Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology were used to determine the optimum conditions in which UMAS produce a maximum content of methane in the biogas produced. The effects of three variables namely pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic loading rate (OLR) on methane content were evaluated individually and interactively. The optimum conditions obtained were pH 7.74, COD 1061.06 Mg/l and OLR 0.90 kg/m3d. The predicted maximum percentage of methane was 89.72 % and confirmed close to RSM result. Keywords: Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Sewage Sludge, Ultrasonic, Membrane, Anaerobic Digestion.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In a pot culture (2011), aerosols of oxidized nitrogen (NaNO2) @20kgha-1yr-1 (≈200 ppm), reduced nitrogen (NH4Cl) @10kg-1hayr-1 (≈100 ppm) and distilled water (control) were sprayed (1500 cm3plant-1) weekly at different days after sowing (DAS) to study their impacts on physiology of rice varieties (Bishnuprasad, Kanaklata, Joymati, Jyotiprasad and Mulagavaru). In a field trial (2012), the simulated N-aerosols @ 20 & 40 kg ha-1y-1 of each (1000 cm3m-2) along with a control were misted to population of the rice variety, Kanaklata at four different growth stages viz., germination and tillering (0-30 DAS), maximum tillering, (30-60 DAS), panicle initiation (60-90 DAS) and reproductive development (90-120 DAS). In both pot and field experiments, the N- aerosols brought about wide differences in net photosynthesis rates, nitrate reductase activity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), membrane permeability in the crop. The aerosols with lower doses at earlier growth stages influenced NUE and economic yield of the crop varieties. Mechanisms of altering membrane permeability either by depletion of Ca2+, or acceleration of peroxidase activity of cell in presence of the aerosols have been elucidated.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. A Rapid and Simple Method to Isolate Pure
Alpha-Cellulose
O. Brendel,* P. P. M. Iannetta and D. Stewart
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
A protocol is described to isolate small quantities of highly purified cellulose for isotopic analysis of 10–
100 mg samples of secondary (Pinus sylvestris L.) and primary (Rubus idaeus L.) plant cell wall material.
Elemental analysis of 350 cellulose samples isolated from pine wood samples estimated the relative carbon
content to be ca. 43.7% Æ 1.2%. This value indicates that the cellulose quality is high and that the protocol is
highly reproducible. High-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric
detection of hydrolysis products quantified the purity of the cellulose as ca. 99% for wood cellulose and
primary cell wall cellulose. DRIFT spectroscopy corroborated this purity and found no evidence of cellulose
degradation. Carbon isotopic composition of the purified cellulose using mass spectrometry was measured
with an accuracy of 0.11% (standard deviation). The method is rapid (56 samples may be routinely
processed within 8 h) and requires only standard laboratory equipment and chemicals. Copyright # 2000
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: cellulose; delignification; purification; pine wood; raspberry fruit; stable isotopes.
INTRODUCTION
The analysis of stable isotope ratios (d13
C, d2
H, d18
O)
can provide a valuable record of past climatic conditions
(palaeoclimatology; Wilson and Grinsted, 1977; Huntley,
1996) and is used routinely in dendroclimatological
studies of tree-ring indices (Schweingruber, 1988). The
lignin:cellulose ratio of wood (secondary xylem) can
vary considerably across even one ring (early wood-to-
late wood; Wilson and Grinsted, 1977), and for this
reason data is often derived from one wood constituent
such as cellulose (Mazany et al., 1980; Marshall and
Monserud, 1996).
A protocol originally described by Jayme and Wise
(see Green, 1963) using acidified sodium chlorite is
frequently applied to delignify wood as an initial step in
the purification of cellulose for isotopic analysis
(Brenninkmeijer, 1983; Sheu and Chiu, 1995; Loader et
al., 1997). In this paper we describe a modified protocol
for cellulose purification based on the simultaneous
delignification and removal of non-cellulosic polysac-
charides (NCPs) using an acetic acid: nitric acid mixture
(Crampton and Maynard, 1938). This method should
minimize losses due to filtering or change of reaction
vessels. In addition, only standard laboratory equipment
and chemicals are used. The technique has been applied
to secondary and primary cell wall material, and micro-
samples of the extracted cellulose were tested for yield,
purity and reproducibility in carbon isotopic signature.
EXPERIMENTAL
Plant material. Secondary-thickened cell wall material
was obtained from milled radial cores (5 mm; six
consecutive annual rings; n = 350) from the trunk of
mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). During the
cellulose extraction of this test material, a pine wood
standard sample was processed for every 27 samples of
test material. Cellulose was also purified from freeze
dried and milled primary cell wall material (Iannetta et
al., 1998) from the fruit of field-grown raspberry (Rubus
idaeus L. cv. Glen Clova) at different stages of ripening
(n = 9; three replicates for the ripening stages, namely,
green, white and red as defined in Iannetta et al., 1999).
Micro-extraction of cellulose. The method detailed in
Fig. 1 follows the chemistry described by Crampton and
Maynard (1938), but has modified processing steps in
order to adjust for small sample sizes and to minimize
losses. All steps of the protocol were performed in a
fume-cupboard. Samples (10–100 mg, routinely 50 mg)
were weighed into 10 mL Pyrex2
tubes and the
combined weight was measured on a balance capable
of recording to 10 mg. Subsequently, 2.0 mL of acetic
acid (80%; v/v) and 0.2 mL of concentrated nitric acid
(69%; v/v) were added. In order to minimize losses, it
was essential that the tube walls remained free of sample
material at all stages of the protocol. Any sample left
adhering to the inner wall of the test tube was washed
downwards to aid complete extraction: this was achieved
by adding liquid extraction reagent in two parts, the first
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Phytochem. Anal. 11, 7–10 (2000)
CCC 0958–0344/2000/010007–04 $17.50
Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
* Correspondence to: O. Brendel, INRA Centre de Nancy, 54280
Champenoux, France.
E-mail: brendel@nancy.inra.fr
Contract/grant sponsor: Scottish Office Agriculture, Environment and
Fisheries Department; Contract/grant number: FF461/FF505.
Contract/grant sponsor: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; Contract/
grant number: 2112 TSF.
Received 7 October 1998
Revised 25 May 1999
Accepted 25 May 1999
2. to suspend the sample and the second to rinse the tube
wall. Samples were then suspended by careful vortexing.
The tubes were sealed using screw-caps fitted with Teflon
liners and placed into a heating block pre-heated to
120°C for 20 min (extraction). Once cooled, 2.5 mL of
ethanol (99%; v/v; AnalaR1
quality) was added and the
samples were centrifuged (5 min at 2000 rpm). The
supernatant was then carefully decanted and the pellets
were washed sequentially as follows: (1) with 2Â 2.5 mL
ethanol, to remove extraction breakdown products; (2)
with 2 Â 2.5 mL deionized water, to remove traces of
nitric acid (omission of this water wash resulted in
samples with increased nitrogen content); (3) with 2 Â
2.5 mL ethanol; and (4) with 2 Â 2.5 mL acetone (general
purpose grade). Steps (3) and (4) allowed more thorough
washing and sample dehydration. Between each wash,
samples were pelleted by centrifugation and the super-
natant discarded.
In order to free the sample tubes for further extractions,
it was necessary to transfer the purified cellulose into
1.5 mL microfuge tubes using 0.4 mL of acetone.
Subsequently the inner walls of the sample tubes were
rinsed with a further 0.6 mL of acetone and the washings
transferred to the microfuge tubes. The 1 mL sample was
then centrifuged for 10 min in a vacuum-evaporator and
the remaining acetone decanted. Samples were re-
centrifuged in the vacuum-evaporator until no further
weight loss could be recorded. Samples were kept in
sealed bags containing anhydrous silica gel. For quanti-
tative analysis the samples can be dried to constant
weight in the Pyrex test tubes.
Mass spectrometry. For the %C, %N and d13
C analysis
of each sample, 1 mg of purified cellulose was weighed
into a tin cup and processed using a Europa Scientific
(PDZ Europa Ltd., Crewe, Cheshire, UK) Tracermass
CF-IRMS (continuous flow-isotope ratio mass spectro-
meter; Handley et al., 1993). Two routine standards of
1 mg wheat-flour were analysed at the end of every
sample batch processed in the MS.
Acid hydrolysis of cellulose and estimation of cellulose
purity by high performance anion exchange chroma-
tography (HPAEC). Three random samples from each
plant source were used to estimate the purity of the
isolated cellulose. The cellulose was totally hydrolysed
using an adaptation of the method of Fry (1988).
Sulphuric acid (11 M) was added to the isolated cellulose
(50 mL per mg of pellet) contained in an Oakridge (BDH,
Poole, Dorset, UK) tube, which was then sealed and
shaken at 225 rpm for 1 h at 25°C. A volume (11Â) of
sterile distilled water was then added and the mixture
hydrolysed by heating to 120°C for 1 h. After cooling,
25 mL of 1% (w/v) bromophenol blue was added and the
solution partially neutralized by stirring rapidly and
adding a volume (2Â) of barium hydroxide (0.18 M).
Complete neutralization was achieved after the addition
of 2 g of barium carbonate and shaking at 225 rpm for 1 h
at 25°C. Insoluble barium sulphate and barium carbonate
were removed by centrifugation for 15 min at 3000 g and
the supernatant retained. Traces of residual barium salt
were removed by freezing and then thawing the extract
followed by re-centrifugation. Finally, the supernatant
was shaken at 25°C with 5 g of ion-exchange resin
[Dowex 50W-8X(H); 16–40 mesh] to remove any soluble
barium ions. The supernatant (25 mL) was diluted to
prepare a 500 mL aliquot which was used in HPAEC
analysis.
HPAEC (Dionex, Camberley, Surrey, UK) was
performed using a GD40 gradient pump and eluant-
organizer, both of which were pressurized with helium,
and an ED40 pulsed amperimetric detector (PAD-II). An
aliquot (25 mL) from a 500 mL sample was removed by an
auto-sampler (AS 3500) and bound onto a CarboPac PA1
column with an inline filter (5 mm:35 mm). The bound
sample was eluted with 200 mM sodium hydroxide at a
flow rate of 1 mL/min over a 20 min period. Neutral sugar
(glucose) standards were also applied (0–2 mg) at the
beginning, middle and end of each test.
Diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform infrared
(DRIFT) spectroscopy. DRIFT spectra were acquired
Figure 1. The protocol for puri®cation of cellulose from micro-
samples of plant cell wall material using acetic acid:nitric acid
for simultaneous deligni®cation and removal of non-cellu-
lose polysaccharides.
8 O. BRENDEL ET AL.
# 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytochem. Anal. 11: 7–10 (2000)
3. exactly as described by Stewart et al. (1995). For
comparative purposes a commercial cellulose was
obtained from Sigma (Poole, UK).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A concern in using this technique was the possibility that
traces of nitric acid could contaminate the purified
cellulose, causing elevated and variable nitrogen con-
tents. However, the average nitrogen content of the pine
wood cellulose was close to the minimum sensitivity of
the elemental analyser (ca. 0.15%), indicating that the
washing process was effective in removing virtually all
traces of nitric acid from the isolated cellulose.
Pure cellulose has a theoretical relative carbon content
(RCC) of 44.45% and any reduction in chain length
would lower the RCC. Consequently, the anticipated
range of RCCÁfor cellulose would be ca. 41–45%. The
theoretical RCC of lignin from a conifer is lower (ca.
37%) than that of cellulose and thus its presence as a
contaminant in the purified cellulose would lower the
cellulose RCC. Monoterpenes have a carbon content of
about 88% and thus the presence of wood-resin residues
would increase the RCC. MS analysis of standard pine
wood samples showed a RCC of 42.6 Æ 1.9% (Table 1;
n = 14) while Scots pine samples yielded an RCC within
the expected range at 43.7 Æ 1.2% (n = 350). The carbon
isotopic composition (d13
C) of standard pine wood
cellulose showed a standard deviation (SD) of Æ 0.11%
(Table 1; n = 14). This low SD indicates the high
reproducibility of the described technique and the value
compares favourably with estimates in the published
literature of Æ0.10% and Æ0.11% (Loader et al., 1997;
n = 12) derived using a two-step protocol to extract
holocellulose, which involves a sodium chlorite treat-
ment as the first stage followed by treatment with sodium
hydroxide to remove NCPs and isolate a-cellulose.
The cellulose yield from hardwood using the sodium
chlorite:sodium hydroxide method was 30 Æ 5% and
29 Æ 4% (Loader et al., 1997). These yields are
significantly below the published values (40–50%) for
cellulose content of hardwoods (Robson and Hague,
1993). Using the acetic acid:nitric acid method, we
estimate an a-cellulose yield of 41 Æ 3%, a value which
is within the range of 40–45% published for softwoods
(Robson and Hague, 1993). Compared to the results of
Loader et al. (1997), the improved yield reported here
may be a consequence of using a one-step protocol to
minimize cellulose loss. In addition, statistical analysis of
cellulose yields revealed that it is acceptable to use a
range of starting material (10–100 mg) for cellulose
isolation since there was no significant correlation
between yield and starting sample weight (r2
= 0.004;
pslope = 0.78).
Cellulose extracted from pine wood and raspberry fruit
that had been hydrolysed using sulphuric acid and
analysed using (Dionex) HPAEC, revealed only one
major peak (b99% total peak area) at the retention time
of glucose. Thus, plant cell wall material processed in the
manner described (Fig. 1) can provide cellulose
approaching 100% purity.
The efficacy of the extraction method and the absence
of deleterious cellulose degradation were reflected in the
DRIFT spectra of a wood sample before and after
extraction (Fig. 2). The extraction procedure removed all
of the lignin-associated absorbances (1595, 1510 and, to a
lesser extent, 1440 cmÀ1
) and almost completely elimi-
nated the NCP-associated absorbances (1210–
1040 cmÀ1
; Stewart, 1997). In fact, the general resolution
of the absorbances over this area improved significantly
following extraction, producing a spectrum with a line
shape very similar to isolated cellulose (Michell, 1990)
and approaching that of a commercial crystalline
cellulose (Fig. 2). It should be noted that traces of
residual NCP were still evident and reflected in the
presence of an acetyl ester carbonyl (C==O) absorbance at
1740 cmÀ1
and, to a lesser extent, the corresponding
carbonyl-derived C—O stretch at 1250 cmÀ1
. These
acetyl esters would be derived from the glucomannans
and/or arabino-4-O-methylglucoronoxylans reported to
be predominant in Pinus sylvestris (Timell, 1965).
It is significant that there are no peaks unique to the
spectrum of the extracted sample. This indicates that
little or no cellulose degradation occurred. In particular,
there is no evidence of increased acid or aldehyde
Table 1. Values obtained following %N, %C and d13
C
analysis of cellulose isolated from separate extrac-
tions (n = 14) of a standard pine wood sample
Standard %N %C d13
C(% %)
1 0.149 43.23 À25.63
2 0.133 44.03 À25.37
3 0.132 42.17 À25.44
4 0.098 44.62 À25.25
5 0.113 41.24 À25.35
6 0.090 43.69 À25.39
7 0.075 44.86 À25.37
8 0.101 40.60 À25.56
9 0.198 45.15 À25.57
10 0.175 42.54 À25.47
11 0.130 41.50 À25.41
12 0.125 41.03 À25.40
13 0.109 38.31 À25.41
14 0.072 42.85 À25.30
Mean 0.121 42.56 À25.42
Standard
deviation 0.036 1.91 0.11
Figure 2. The DRIFT spectra of untreated and extracted wood
(Pinus sylvestris L) and commercial cellulose (for method of
sample preparation and spectroscopic protocol see the
Experimental section).
CELLULOSE PURIFICATION 9
# 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytochem. Anal. 11: 7–10 (2000)
4. absorbances (1660–1600 cmÀ1
), the presence of which
would indicate oxidative degradation — a possible
consequence of exposure to aqueous nitrogenous oxi-
dants (Singh, 1990).
In summary, the technique described here may be
considered an improvement upon other published
methods. The protocol is simple and may be performed
rapidly, requiring only standard laboratory materials and
apparatus. A single sample can be processed in about 1 h
(excluding the vacuum-evaporation step). With a batch
size of 28 samples (a restriction occasioned by limitations
in centrifuge availability in our laboratory), experience
has shown that two batches can be comfortably processed
in 8 h. Furthermore, while negating the risk of toxic
chlorine dioxide gas inherent in the use of sodium
chlorite for delignification, the quantity of nitric acid
used is minimal (11.2 mL to process 56 samples) and the
waste composition (approximately 50% ethanol, 20%
water, 20%, acetone, 10% acetic acid and 1% nitric acid)
should reduce disposal problems.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Scottish Office Agriculture Environment
and Fisheries Department (grant FF461/FF505), the Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (grant 2112TSF, P.P.M.I.), and Drs
I. Morrison and L. Shepherd (SCRI, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland).
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# 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytochem. Anal. 11: 7–10 (2000)