This document discusses the effective biosorption of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions using saal flower as a low-cost biosorbent, highlighting the adsorption mechanisms, conditions, and kinetic studies. It presents experimental results showing the maximum adsorption capacity, the effects of various parameters, and concludes that the adsorption process follows second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm. The study also acknowledges contributions from various individuals and institutions in conducting the research.

1. Rapid removal of Malachite green
dye from aqueous solution using saal
flower- A low cost biosorbent

2. Biosorption
Biosorption can be described as any system where a sorbate (e.g. an atom,
molecule, a molecular ion) interacts with a biosorbent (i.e. a solid surface of a
biological matrix) resulting in an accumulation at the sorbate – sorbent interface,
and therefore a reduction in the solution sorbate concentration.
Absorption Adsorption
Surface
complexation
Chelation

3. Mechanism
The key factors for controlling and characterizing these mechanisms are:
• The type of biological ligands available for metal sequestering
• The status of the biomass, i.e. living /non-living;
• The chemical, stereochemical and coordination characteristics of the targeted metals
and metal species
• Growth and nutrition of biomass
• Surface area to volume ratio
• Physical and chemically treated
• The characteristics of the metal solution such as pH and the presence of competing
ions.

4. Absorption
• Absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms,
molecules or ions enter some bulk phase –gas, liquid or solid material. This is a
different process from adsorption, since molecules undergoing absorption are taken
up by the volume, not by the surface (as in the case for adsorption). A more general
term is sorption, which covers absorption and adsorption Absorption is a condition
in which something takes in another substance.

5. Adsorption
It is a adhesion of atoms, ions, bio molecules or molecules of gas, liquid
and dissolved solid to a surface and creates a film of adsorbate on the
surface of adsorbent.
Types:
1. Physisorption
2.Chemisorption

6. Lemon peel
Qmax - 43.45
mg/g,
Equilibrium
time- 24 hours,
% removal- 100
%, Monolayer
adsorption
Banana pseudo stem fibres
Equilibrium time- 60 minutes, % removal-
80%, pH is directly proportional to the dye
removal
Orange peel
Qmax -65.88mg/g , Equilibrium
time- 120 minutes, % removal-
70% , Maximum adsorption
occurs at pH- 7
Literature review

7. Wheat bran
Qmax -24 mg/g, Equilibrium time -
40 minutes,
% removal- 90%, pH –( 4-7)
Saw dust
Treated with formaldehyde and sulphuric
acid, Equilibrium time- 3 hours, %
removal- 92%, pH has no such effect
Hydrilla verticillata
Qmax -91.97mg/g, Equilibrium time- 200
minutes, % removal- 66%, Highly efficient at
318K

8. About Malachite green
• λmax= 617 nm
• Cationic dye
• pH sensitive (green colour arises between
pH (3-11)
• Green crystal
• Soluble in ethanol, methanol, amyl alcohol
and water
• Highly toxic to mammalian cells and liver
tumor enhancing agent
• Produces hazardous product when heated
to decomposition
• [4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-
phenylmethylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-
ylidene]-dimethylazanium;2-hydroxy-2-
oxoacetate;oxalic acid
• Chemical formula : C52H54N4O12 (dimer)

9. About saal flower (SF)
• Scientific name – Shorea robusta
• Kingdom- Plantae
• Order- Malvales
• Family- Dipterotarpaceae
• Genes- Shorea
• Species- S- robusta
• Colour- Yellow
• Native- Indian subcontinent ranging
south of the Himalaya from Mynamar
in the east to Nepal , India and
Bagladesh.
• Seasonal flower ( March- April)
• No productive use

10. Work

11. Treatment of adsorbent
Collection of raw materials
Washing and drying
Reflux and grinding
Carbonisation

12. This study is carried in batch for optimum result. Here we can determine the adsorption
capacity of an adsorbate. The removal rate of adsorbate mainly depend upon the force of
driving the rate of the adsorption and solution concentration as physical parameters and
surface area, porosity of adsorbent as morphological parameters, acidity or basicity nature of
adsorbent also important parameters
qe = (C0-Ce)* V/W
qe = amount adsorbed in equilibrium (mg/g)
C0 = initial adsorbate concentration (mg/L)
Ce= adsorbate concentration at equilibrium (mg/L)
V= volume of aqueous phase (ml)
W= amount of adsorbent use (mg)

13. Calibration curve (lower range)

14. Calibration curve (Higher range)

15. Conduction of experiments
Experiments Dose(g) Concentration(ppm) Time (min) Shaking
speed (RPM)
Contact time 0.2 10 varied 150±2
Dose Varied 10 10 150±2
Agitation speed 0.2 10 10 varied
Kinetics 0.2 10 varied ( interval
of two minutes)
150±2
Dye
concentration
0.2 varied 10 150±2
pH 0.2 10 (with different
pH)
10 150±2
Interfering ions 0.2 10( with different
radicals)
10 150±2

16. Experimental section
Conditions:
Concentration- 10ppm
Dose- 0.2 g
Time-10 minutes
Agitation speed- 150 ±2
RPM
Temperature- 25±2 °C Adsorbate
(Malachite green)
Adsorbent
(saal flower)
Batch experiment

17. Effect of contact time
Equilibrium is achieved
in 20 minutes

18. Effect of adsorbent dose
Maximum adsorption was
found at 0.6g. After that no
more further adsorption
takes place

19. Effect of pH
At higher pH it shows
more efficiency

20. Effect of initial concentration
Dye concentration is
indirectly proportional
to the % removal of
the dye.

21. Effect of interfering ions
Anions shows more
interfering property
than cations.

22. Effect of particle size
No significant effect
on particle size

23. Effect of agitation speed
Agitation speed is
directly proportional to
the removal % of the
dye

24. Effect of pre drying temperature
Maximum adsorption occurs at 343
K hence pre drying temperature is
inversely proportional to adsorption

25. Adsorption kinetics

26. By comparing all the above four graphs we can say that second order
kinetics follows here due to their R2
value which is 0.999

27. Adsorption isotherm (Langmuir)
Temperature Qmax (mg/g) b (L/mg) R2
298K 8.196 0.69 0.990
308K 10.20 0.389 0.98
(ppm)

28. Adsorption isotherm (Freundlich)
Temperature
(K)
Kf (mg/g) 1/n R2
298 14.45 0.67 0.988
308 7.24 0.71 0.912

29. Column study
This is one of the important
parameter to Know adsorptive
capacity of an adsorbent using a
column.
Total dye solution was passed
= 21 L
Bed volume - 128ml/cm3
Adsorbent dose – 7g
Concentration – 5 ppm

30. FTIR
FTIR of SF before adsorption FTIR of SF after adsorption

31. SEM
SEM of SF before adsorption SEM of SF after adsorption

32. Proximate analysis
This analysis comprises of moisture content, ash
content , volatile matter and % carbon present in our
sample.
Proximate analysis Result in %
Moisture content 5.56
Ash content 70.10
Volatile matter 1.16
Carbon content 22.73

33. Conclusion
• SEM exhibited that SF had a considerable number of pores for adsorption
and also there is no significantly change in the surrface toporaphy of SF
before and after adsorption of dye due to lack of dye and adsorbent ratio.
• Adsorption tends to increase with contact time, dose, pH, agitation speed.
• The adsorption process follows second order kinetics and Langmuir
isotherm.
• There is decrease in adsorption with the increase in initial dye
concentrations due to the high driving force for mass transfer at a high
initial dye concentration.
• Adsorption capacity is found to increase with increase in temperature.

34. Acknowledgement
• I am extremely grateful to my research supervisor Dr. Soumen Dey, for his
valuable guidance, scholarly inputs and consistent encouragement
throughout the research work.
• I owe a depth of gratitude to Prof. R. K. Dey, H.O.D, all faculty members
and non-teaching staffs of Centre for Applied Chemistry for their valuable
suggestion,ideas and support during the tenure of this project work.
• I want to thank CRF, IIT KGP for SEM analysis.
• I want to thank Dr. Sumit Mishra, faculty BIT Mesra, for her warm
behaviour towards us during our experiments.
• I want thank CSM- CRI, Bhavnager for our experiments.

35. References
• Ali M & Sreekrishnan TR (2001) “Aquatic toxicity from pulp and paper mill
effluents – a review”. Adv. Environ. Res. 5: 175–1962
• Rajgopalan S, (1995) “Water pollution problem in the textile industry and
control” In: RK (Eds.) Pollution Management in Industries (21–44).
Environmental Publications, Karad., India.
• Koplin DW, et al., (1999–2000) “Pharmaceuticals, hormones and other organic
wastewater contaminants in US streams”, a national reconnaissance Environ.
Sci. Technol. 36(6): 1202–1211
• Raghavacharya C (1997) “Colour Removal from Industrial effluents – A
comparative review of available technologies” Chem. Eng. World 32(7): 53–54.
• Zhang Q & Chuang TK (2001) “Adsorption of organic pollutants of Kraft Pulp
mill on activated carbon and polymer resin”. Adv. Environ. Res. 3: 251–258.

36. Thanks