This document summarizes a study that investigated using neem leaf powder as a biosorbent for removing copper (Cu(II)) ions from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the neem leaf powder was conducted including analysis of surface area, functional groups, and surface morphology. Batch biosorption experiments were performed to examine the effects of contact time, copper ion concentration, and chemical treatment on copper ion removal. The neem leaf powder was found to have a surface area of 2.3102 m2/g and contained functional groups like hydroxyl and carboxyl that could bind copper ions. Chemical modification with sodium hydroxide improved copper ion uptake. Equilibrium was reached within 60-120 minutes and removal efficiency decreased with increasing
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solu...ijtsrd
The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by carbon nanotubesAshish Gadhave
Advent of nanotechnology has introduced us with new generation of adsorbents such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
which have aroused widespread attention due to their outstanding ability for the removal of various inorganic and
organic pollutants from large volumes of water. This article reviews the practical feasibility of various kinds of raw
and surface modified carbon nanotubes for adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Further, properties of
CNTs (adsorption sites), characterization of CNTs (pore volume, BET surface area, surface total acidity, surface
total basicity) and solution properties (ionic strength, effect of pH) are explained very well. The adsorption
mechanisms are mainly attributable to chemical interactions between metal ions and surface functional groups of the CNTs. The adsorption capacity increases to greater extend after functionalization i.e. surface oxidation of CNTs. Future work on developing cost effective ways of production of CNTs and analyzing its toxicity are recommended.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
Extraction of Heavy Metals From Industrial Waste WaterHashim Khan
This was my topic of research during Bachelors. I made this presentation to give a brief overview of what apparatus i used and the methodologies of my experimentation.
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
Visible light solar photocatalytic degradation of pulp and paper wastewater u...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the growing number of industries there are large volumes of wastewater generated every day. Pulp and paper mills are highly polluting as they release effluents containing organic pollutants, and high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Even though well-established processes exist to treat these effluents, there are only a few processes which are energy efficient. Conventional treatment methods are not effective for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants, hence other treatment techniques are necessary. One of the recent developments in this field is the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). Solar photocatalysis is a type of AOP which utilises UV light to activate semiconductor photocatalyst in order to produce highly reactive radical species. TiO2 is a widely used catalyst for this purpose, to oxidise or reduce the organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. However, photocatalysis using visible light has been receiving increased attention hence, modification of TiO2 is necessary for its enhanced response to visible light. There are many methods for modifying TiO2, such as doping and photo-sensitisation. This study focusses on the modification of TiO2 using the method of dye-sensitisation (photo-sensitisation) with the dyes rhodamine B and methylene blue. Solar photocatalytic experiments were carried out for the degradation of pulp and paper wastewater, at different conditions like varying catalyst loading (500mg, 600mg, 750mg and 1000mg of catalyst for 300ml of aqueous wastewater) and effluent concentration (20ml, 25ml, 30ml and 35ml of wastewater). Preliminary tests were done to determine the best conditions for photocatalytic degradation, and these were applied for final tests. Keywords - Solar Photocatalysis, Visible Light, Dye Sensitisation, Pulp and paper, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, TiO2 catalyst.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Photocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes under solar light irradiation...Iranian Chemical Society
Nanoparticles of the ZnO and TiO2 were synthesized and the physicochemical properties of the compounds were characterized by IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns of the ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles could be indexed to hexagonal and rutile phase, respectively. Aggregated nanoparticles of ZnO and TiO2 with spherical-like shapes were observed with particle diameter in the range of 80-100 nm. These nanoparticles were used for photocatalytic degradation of various dyes, Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene blue (MB) and Acridine orange (AO) under solar light irradiation at room temperature. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of photodegradation was investigated. In general, because ZnO is unstable, due to incongruous dissolution to yield Zn(OH)2 on the ZnO particle surfaces and thus leading to catalyst inactivation,the catalytic activity of the system for photodegradation of dyes decreased dramatically when TiO2 was replaced by ZnO.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
me ...
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by carbon nanotubesAshish Gadhave
Advent of nanotechnology has introduced us with new generation of adsorbents such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
which have aroused widespread attention due to their outstanding ability for the removal of various inorganic and
organic pollutants from large volumes of water. This article reviews the practical feasibility of various kinds of raw
and surface modified carbon nanotubes for adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Further, properties of
CNTs (adsorption sites), characterization of CNTs (pore volume, BET surface area, surface total acidity, surface
total basicity) and solution properties (ionic strength, effect of pH) are explained very well. The adsorption
mechanisms are mainly attributable to chemical interactions between metal ions and surface functional groups of the CNTs. The adsorption capacity increases to greater extend after functionalization i.e. surface oxidation of CNTs. Future work on developing cost effective ways of production of CNTs and analyzing its toxicity are recommended.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
Extraction of Heavy Metals From Industrial Waste WaterHashim Khan
This was my topic of research during Bachelors. I made this presentation to give a brief overview of what apparatus i used and the methodologies of my experimentation.
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
Visible light solar photocatalytic degradation of pulp and paper wastewater u...eSAT Journals
Abstract
With the growing number of industries there are large volumes of wastewater generated every day. Pulp and paper mills are highly polluting as they release effluents containing organic pollutants, and high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Even though well-established processes exist to treat these effluents, there are only a few processes which are energy efficient. Conventional treatment methods are not effective for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants, hence other treatment techniques are necessary. One of the recent developments in this field is the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). Solar photocatalysis is a type of AOP which utilises UV light to activate semiconductor photocatalyst in order to produce highly reactive radical species. TiO2 is a widely used catalyst for this purpose, to oxidise or reduce the organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. However, photocatalysis using visible light has been receiving increased attention hence, modification of TiO2 is necessary for its enhanced response to visible light. There are many methods for modifying TiO2, such as doping and photo-sensitisation. This study focusses on the modification of TiO2 using the method of dye-sensitisation (photo-sensitisation) with the dyes rhodamine B and methylene blue. Solar photocatalytic experiments were carried out for the degradation of pulp and paper wastewater, at different conditions like varying catalyst loading (500mg, 600mg, 750mg and 1000mg of catalyst for 300ml of aqueous wastewater) and effluent concentration (20ml, 25ml, 30ml and 35ml of wastewater). Preliminary tests were done to determine the best conditions for photocatalytic degradation, and these were applied for final tests. Keywords - Solar Photocatalysis, Visible Light, Dye Sensitisation, Pulp and paper, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, TiO2 catalyst.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
Photocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes under solar light irradiation...Iranian Chemical Society
Nanoparticles of the ZnO and TiO2 were synthesized and the physicochemical properties of the compounds were characterized by IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns of the ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles could be indexed to hexagonal and rutile phase, respectively. Aggregated nanoparticles of ZnO and TiO2 with spherical-like shapes were observed with particle diameter in the range of 80-100 nm. These nanoparticles were used for photocatalytic degradation of various dyes, Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene blue (MB) and Acridine orange (AO) under solar light irradiation at room temperature. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of photodegradation was investigated. In general, because ZnO is unstable, due to incongruous dissolution to yield Zn(OH)2 on the ZnO particle surfaces and thus leading to catalyst inactivation,the catalytic activity of the system for photodegradation of dyes decreased dramatically when TiO2 was replaced by ZnO.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study of the Adsorption of Toxic Metal by the Apricot Stone by Moussa Abbas*, Tounsia Aksil and Mohamed Trari in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
me ...
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
Removal of Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Onto Activated Ca...IJERA Editor
This paper studied the ability of using local activated carbon (LAC) derived from olive waste cakes as an
adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch operation. Various operating parameters
such as solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ions concentration, and equilibrium contact time have been
studied. The results indicated that the adsorption of Cu(II) increased with the increasing pH, and the optimum
solution pH for the adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be 5. The adsorption process increases with increasing
dosage of LAC, also the amount of Cu(II) removed changes with Cu(II) initial concentration and contact time.
Adsorption was rapid and occurred within 25 min. for Cu(II) concentration range from 60 to 120 mg/l
isothermally at 30±1 oC. Maximum adsorption occurs at Cu(II) initial concentration lesser than 100 mg/l by
using adsorbent dosage (1.2 g/l). The equilibrium adsorption data for Cu(II) were fitted well with the Langmuir
and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of LAC was found to be 106.383
mg/g. So, the results indicated the suitability use of the activated carbon derived from olive waste cakes (LAC)
as low cost and natural material for reliable removal of Cu(II) from water and wastewater effluents.
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
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Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
Adsorption kinetics of Copper, Lead and Zinc by Cow Dung, Poultry Manure and ...AJSERJournal
This study highlights the effect of cow dung, cocoa pod and poultry manure in the removal of heavy
metals from solution and their applicability to Langmuir and Freundlich models was studied in the Soil Science
Laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike in Abia State, Ngeria. The amendments used in the
study were locally sourced, sundried, ground and sieved with 2mm sieve. The salts of the three heavy metals were
separately used to prepare heavy metal solutions of 100 mg/L. Batch study was carried out at room temperature on a
mechanical shaker using 120 ml plastic bottles at different time intervals of 15, 30 and 60minutes. After shaking, the
amendments and heavy metal solutions were separated using whatman No 1 filter paper, stored in the refrigerator and
analyzed for heavy metals concentration. The amount of heavy metals adsorbed was calculated. The results revealed
that high adsorption occur at low equilibrium concentrations in all the amendments with decreasing levels of
adsorption with increasing equilibrium with cow dung and cocoa pod having higher adsorption capacity than poultry
manure. Coefficient of determination (R2) showed that the experimental data fit in to both Langmuir and Freundlich
models. For reduced heavy metal uptake by plants and subsequent contamination of the food chain, cow dung, cocoa
pod and poultry manure should be used as amendments in heavy metal contaminated soils
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF KAOLINITE COATED WITH CU-OXIDE AND ITS EFFE...Premier Publishers
In this paper, a novel copper oxide coated kaolinite was prepared as an adsorbent of Hg(II) ions from aqueous media. The materials used for this study were synthesized, characterised and the product tested for mercury ion removal using standard laboratory procedures. Reactivity and removal kinetic models derived from Freundlich isotherm were used to investigate contact time and pH effects on the coefficient of protonation and rate of mass transfer of Hg(II) ions to the reactive sites, Proton coefficient of 0.89 indicated a decrease in proton consumption function when compared with uncoated kaolinite. At the 12th h reaction time, a maximum adsorption capacity of 85% was achieved. Mass transfer rates of 0.9359h-1 and 0.0748h-1 for the first and second reaction phases indicated a reduction when compared with uncoated kaolinite. These changes may be ascribed to masking of reaction sites and exposed surface area of the Cu-Oxide coated kaolinite.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Biosorption of cu(ii) ions from aqueous solution using
1. Chemical and Process Engineering Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online)
Vol.27, 2014
1
Biosorption Of Cu(II) Ions From Aqueous Solution Using
Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf Powder
*M.S. Sulaiman*
, M.D. Garba
Department of Pure and Industrial chemistry, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B 3011, Kano Nigeria
*E-mail of Corresponding author: sdanguguwa@gmail.com
Abstract
Biosorption is considered as a potential method for the removal of heavy toxic metals from waste solution and as
alternative to other conventional process such as precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment and
evaporative recovery, especially, when the concentration of the heavy metal ion is low. In order to qualify for
industrial applications, biosorbents have to be produced at low cost. In the present study, (Azadirachta indica) neem
leaves Powder (NLP), was investigated for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution. Characterisations of
the NLP was conducted, and the effects of contact time, particle size, Cu(II) ion concentration as well as effect of
chemical treatment were studied in batch process. Batch biosorption experiments were carried out at a fixed
adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g/L, initial ion concentration of 100 mg/L, a temperature of 333K and a pH range of
between 5-6. The surface area of NLP was found to be about 2.3102 m2
/g. The analysis with FTIR indicated that
possible hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups are involved in metal Cu(II) ions biosorption. Adsorption
isotherms were modelled by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations, with the former providing a better fit
for the data. Results obtained from this study indicate that NLP is a very promising candidate for the low-cost and
high-capacity removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution.
Keywords: Biosorption, Neem leaf powder, Copper(II) ions, Heavy metals, Wastewater
1. Introduction
The pollution caused by heavy metals is a major environmental problem of global concern with wastewater effluent
coming from different industrial processes such as fertiliser industry, metal cleaning, mining, refineries, pulp and
paper industries and bath plating industries. All these are recognised to be the major source of toxic heavy metals in
the industrial waste stream (Amarasinghe and Williams, 2007).
Copper is a major element needed for human health that plays a vital function in the metabolism of lipids,
carbohydrates and also in proper functioning of the heart and blood vessels, but when in excess it becomes toxic. An
average of 100-150 mg of Cu (II) ions is needed in the human body. The specification of metals in aqueous
environment depends on both pH and concentration. Even though Cu (II) ion is an essential nutrient for the increase
of algae, it is still toxic to plants and animals (Jha, et al., 2011).
Excess amount of Cu(II) ions in the environment may pose a substantial health hazard like liver and kidney failure,
anaemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, dizziness, respiratory problems and even death. 1.5 mg/L is the
maximum recommended quantity of Cu(II) ions that should be present in drinking water according to WHO (world
health organisation). There have been strict environmental regulations concerning the effects caused by toxic heavy
metals as a result of their discharge by industrial activities in many countries (Jha, et al., 2011).
Various technologies currently are applied for heavy metals removal from industrial waste stream, such as ion
exchange, precipitation, adsorption, absorption, reverse osmosis, flocculation and precipitation (Amarasinghe and
Williams, 2007). However, problems sometimes occur to these technologies as a result of many factors: large
investment, low efficiency, higher energy requirement and the production of large volume of sludge. Adsorption
using activated carbon is a well-established and widely acceptable technology due to the numerous advantages such
as easy operation and higher efficiency. However, adsorption onto activated carbon is expensive and may require
additional chemicals to improve efficiency. This leads to the searching of a cost effective and efficient method for
the removal of heavy metals from waste stream (Qi and Aldrich, 2008).
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Biosorption has recently attracted considerable amount of attention as alternative method used for the removal and
recovery of toxic metals occurring in waste effluents compared to other conventional technologies due to numerous
advantages such as low sludge production, low investment and operational cost and above all higher efficiency
(Krishnani,et al., 2008).
There is currently great number of investigations found in literature for the adsorption of heavy metals by the use of
various types of biomass.
This study will focus on the use of a plant based biosorbent developed from neem leaves to study the adsorption
characteristics of Cu(II) ions found in waste water effluent and also to find out if modified neem leaves is capable or
have an acceptable adsorption capacity for removing copper ions in wastewater. Parameters like contact time,
concentration of biosorbate and particle size will be analysed in the study.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
Aqueous copper concentration (CuCl2·2H2O) was used as heavy toxic metal model for this experiment. The
Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf used in the present study was collected freshly from a local tree. The collected
leaves were washed with distilled water to remove all impurities that might be present. The neem leaves
(Azadirachta indica) were also treated using NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) solution in order to enhance the capacity of
the Cu(II) ions uptake. The oridinary Neem leaf powder and the modified Neem leaf powder were labelled NLP and
MNLP.
2.2 Characterisation of Neem Leaf
To understanding the binding mechanism of copper ions on the adsorbent surface, spectroscopic analysis was
carried out using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer to determine the functional groups available in
the neem leaf (Febriana, 2010). For studying the surface morphology of the biosorbent, particulate size was taken
for analysis. The surface morphology of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf ware visualized by a scanning electron
microscope (SEM) coupled with EDX. Surface area and pore diameter was determined using a gas adsorption
surface analyser (Micromeritics ASAP 2010).
2.3 Batch Biosorption Experiment
Batch biosorption experiments were conducted. In general, the effects of particle size, contact time and metal
concentration on adsorption of copper were performed. The experiment was carried out in a 250ml conical flask
filled with 100ml of Cu(II) solution at 100mg/L concentration. 1.0 g/L of NLP was added into the conical flask and
placed on a water bath shaker at a temperature of 60o
C (Febriana, 2010) and agitation rate of 125 rpm.
The batch adsorption experiment was carried out using both the Ordinary neem leaf powder (NLP) and also the
modified neem leaf powder (MNLP).
After all the adsorption experiments, the adsorbent were filtered, dried and the samples are brought for elemental
analysis and electron microscopy with FEI, Quanta 400, SEM-EDX, surface area analysis with Micrometrics, ASAP
2020. The amount of Cu(II) ions in the solution was analysed for residual metal ion concentration by Elmer,
AAnalyst 400Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) instrument. Metal uptake is then evaluated from equation
q
e =
Co −Ce
M
V (1)
(Ngah and Hanafiah, 2008a)
Where Co and Ce are initial and final copper concentration, V is the volume of the biosorbate and M is the weight of
the biosorbent.
3. Results and Discussion
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3.1 Surface Area of Biosorbent (ASAP)
The NLP (Neem leaf powder) surface area was found to be 2.3102m2
/g from the ASAP analysis. The surface area of
the NLP was found to be higher and in some cases lower than other biosorbents. Generally the greater the surface
area of a biosorbent, the greater the metal biosorption (Ngah and Hanafiah, 2008b). Surface area of NLP was found
to be higher than rubber leaves, 0.46m2
/g (Ngah and Hanafiah, 2008a), spirogyra spp., 1.31m2
/g (Gupta et al., 2006),
rice bran, 0.46 m2
/g (Montanher et al., 2005) and soya meal shell, 0.76m2
/g (Arami et al., 2006). Also the NLP was
found to be lower than activated carbon, 1100m2
/g (Ozacar and Sengil, 2002), Sargasssum sp, 8.13 m2
/g (Sheng et
al., 2008), and Moringa oliefera, 4.01 m2
/g (Kumari et al., 2006).
Based on the conclusion of many researchers, surface area and pore sizes might be involved in the biosorption
mechanism and since NLP does not have a highly porous structure, biosorption might occur through chemical
sorption with the presence of functional groups and ion exchange.
3.2 Surface Topography (SEM/EDX)
SEM (Scanning electron microscope) and EDX (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) are useful analytical
equipment for evaluating the characteristics of adsorbent elements. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the SEM-EDX results for
NLP and MNLP before Cu(II) ion adsorption. Although the SEM results for the NLP before and after bisosorption
looks almost the same, EDX results is different, in Fig. 1 it clearly indicates that NLP consist of mainly C and O,
and small amounts of, Ca, Mg, K, P and S. In Fig. 2 due to modification using NaOH, it can clearly be seen how Na
has been attached to NLP.
While Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 shows SEM and EDX for NLP and MNLP after the biosorption on which Cu(II) ions
presence is been confirmed. From the SEM results, non-uniformed bright spots indicate Cu(II) ions presence, which
signifies that not all the functional groups are responsible for Cu(II) ions adsorption from the solution. After the
adsorption for the NLP, Mg and K are been replaced by Cu(II) peaks, likewise for the MNLP, Na, Mg and K are
also been replaced by Cu(II) peaks, making the Cu(II) peaks to be visible in the spectra. This clearly indicates that
ion-exchange might be one of the mechanisms for Cu(II) removal.
Fig. 1: SEM and EDX images of NLP before Cu(II) ions Adsorption
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Fig. 2: SEM and EDX images of modified NLP before Cu(II) ions Adsorption
Fig.3: SEM and EDX images of NLP after Cu(II) ions Adsorption
Fig. 4: SEM and EDX images of Modified NLP after Cu(II) ions Adsorption
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Vol.27, 2014
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3.3 Surface Functional Groups
Different adsorption peaks displayed by the FTIR indicates the presence of various functional groups on the surface
of both the NLP and MNLP before and after adsorption. Based on the attribution of peaks in the table, it can be
shown that NLP contains different types of functional groups and different biosorption processes such as ion
exchange, electrostatic attraction and complexation might be involved in the adsorption mechanism. By comparing
the fresh NLP, MNLP and Cu(II) loaded NLP and MNLP, it can be observed that there are shift in some certain
cases in wave number indicating metal binding process on the NLP and MNLP surfaces. The relevance of a shift in
the spectra is that there is an effect of chemical treatment or metal adsorption on the functional groups (Yazici et al.,
2007). For the fresh NLP as shown in Fig: 3.5 the spectra show a band of range 3862.04 - 595.09 cm-1
. After Cu(II)
ions biosorption the spectra changes to 3905.83 - 582.36 cm-1
as in Fig. 3.5 b. Also Fig. 3.6 a and b shows the
MNLP spectrum in the range of 3943.09 - 581.56 cm-1
before Cu(II) ions adsorption, but after loaded with the
Cu(II) metal the band changes in the range of 3988.17 - 582.26 cm-1
. The lower spectrum values in all cases did not
change significantly only a minor shrinkage. This is an indication of complex formation between Cu(II) ions and
anionic species (Sarioglu et al., 2007). Based on the changes on the FTIR spectra, it can be assumed that Hydroxyl
and carboxyl groups might be functional groups involved in the adsorption of Cu(II) ions.
Fig. 5 FTIR spectra for ordinary NLP before adsorption
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Fig. 6 FTIR spectra for NLP after Cu((II) ions adsorption
Fig. 7 FTIR spectra for ordinary MNLP before adsorption
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Fig. 8 FTIR spectra for MNLP after Cu((II) ions adsorption
3.4 Effect of Contact Time
Time course profile for the biosorption of Cu (II) ions using NPL and MNLP for a solution of 100 mg/L is shown in
Fig. 9 The plot indicates that biosorption of Cu(II) was rapid in the first 60 minutes. This is due to the free binding
sites, and slowed down until equilibrium was attained within 120 minutes in which the binding sites on the
biosorbent where been saturated and attaining plateau values at 150 minutes. For the ordinary NLP and MNLP
more than 50% of biosorption was achieved within the first 30-40 minutes. In both NLP and MNLP, it can be
observed that the equilibrium time was found to be 60 and 40 minutes respectively.
Fig. 9: Effect of residence time for the adsorption of Cu (II) ions on NLP at 333K and MNLP dosage of 1.0 g/L.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 50 100 150 200
C(mg/L)
NLP
MNLP
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3.5 Effect of Cu (II) Ion Concentration
The biosorption of Cu (II) by NLP and MNLP was studied at different initial metal concentration of 100 mg/L, 500
mg/L and 750 mg/L. As shown in Fig. 10 for the ordinary NLP, the 100 mg/L has an adsorption efficiency of
36.3%, as calculated from the graph, while the 500 mg/L and 750 mg/L has an adsorption efficiency of 34% and
58.7%. Also for the MNLP as shown in Fig. 11, the biosorption efficiency at 100, 500 and 750 mg/L was found to
be 77.4, 59.3 and 68.52%. This shows that the biosorption efficiencies decrease with increase in concentration.
From the results obtained, it can be concluded that, the MNLP has a better adsorption capacity than the ordinary
NLP.
According to Ngah and Hanafiah, (2008) a higher adsorption capacity recorded by higher Cu(II) concentration
indicates better driving force between aqueous and solid phase, hence the mass transfer resistance will be overcome.
“At low concentrations, biosorption sites took up the available metal more quickly. However, at higher
concentrations, metal ions need to diffuse to the biomass surface by intra-particle diffusion and greatly hydrolysed
ions will diffuse at a slower rate” (Arshad et al., 2008).
Fig.10: Effect of initial metal concentration for the adsorption of Cu (II) ions on NLP at 333K and NLP dosage of
1.0 g/L.
Fig: 11 Effect of initial metal concentration for the adsorption of Cu (II) ions on MNLP at 333K and MNLP dosage
of 1.0 g/L.
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 50 100 150
Q (mg/L)
t (min)
100mg/L
500mg/L
750mg/L
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 50 100 150
Q (mg/L)
t (min)
100mg/L
500mg/L
750mg/L
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3.6 Effect of Particle Size
Particle size of the adsorbent is another vital factor that needs consideration in the biososrption research. The effect
of varying the biosorbent particle size on the adsorbance capacity Q (mg/g) is shown in Table 1. This indicates that
more Cu (II) ions are removed by the smaller particles. This may be due to the surface area increase, which provides
more binding sites for the Cu(II) ions. The maximum biosorption occurred with a particle size of 32-45 um. At the
smaller particle size, the removal efficiency of the MNLP was found to be more than the ordinary NLP. The
biosorption capacity of NPL at 100 mg/L initial metal concentration was found to be 36.3 mg/g and 27 mg/g for 32-
45 and 45-62um sizes respectively. While that of the MNLP was found to be 78 mg/g and 59.7 mg/g for 32-45 and
45-62um sizes respectively. This corresponds to similar studies by Arshad et al., (2008) in which neem leaves and
neem bark were utilised. The results show that smaller particles of 0.25mm for neem leave and 0.2mm for neem
bark has higher adsorption capacity. Also another study by Kumar et al. (2006) uses 72um-212um size of Neem
leaves. The result clearly shows that decreasing the particle size increases the surface area, which in turn increases
the adsorption capacity.
Table 1: Adsorbance capacity Values for NLP and MNLP at various particle sizes.
Time (min)
Q(mg/g)
NLP MNLP
32-45 um 45-62 um 32-45 um 45-62 um
15 31 21.2 73.3 45.8
30 41.1 25 77.2 50.6
45 41.3 27.5 78 59.4
60 41.3 29.9 77.4 55.6
90 44 31.4 74 51.1
120 49.4 36.3 73.8 59.1
150 46 31.3 59.7
3.7 Adsorption Isotherms
Adsorption isotherms are very important tools used in describing the stability of adsorbate at a fixed temperature and
pH. Adsorption units can be design and operated using the isotherm model, which describes the various behaviour of
adsorption (Yang et al., 2011). The application of biosorption technique in the commercial scale requires proper
quantification of the biosorption equilibrium. Equilibrium of an adsorption is reached whenever there is equal
amount of ion adsorbed and desorbed. In this current study, the most frequently used adsorption isotherms,
Langmuir and freudlich are been used. The Langmuir and freudlich coefficient values and parameters are
summarized in Table: 2. The Langmuir coefficient shows a wide range of values (Table 3). The Langmuir
monolayer capacity qmax have a value of 7.97 mg/g for the NLP and 56.8 mg/g for MNLP. The Langmuir
equilibrium coefficient b had value of 0.0195 L/mg for NLP and 0.162 for MNLP. It is likely that the sites in the
MNLP holding the Cu(II) ions are energetically non- uniform and nonspecific, therefore the adsorption coefficients
have wide range of variation (Sharma and Bhattacharyya, 2005).
The value of freudlich coefficient n was found to be 0.37 for NLP, while it is 2.94 for MNLP. Kf is 0.024 for NLP
and 0.924 for MNLP. The values match to the favourable adsorption process.
Biosorption of Cu(II) ions based on the values of the correlation coefficient (R2
) was found to fit better with the
Langmuir isotherm.
Table 2. Isotherm constants of Freundlich and Langmuir models for the adsorption process.
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10
NLP MNLP
Langmuir
qmax (mg/g) 0.156 8.445
b(L/mg) 48.234 6.582
R2
0.968 0.986
Freudlich
kf (mg/g) 0.024 0.924
N 0.37 2.94
R2
0.939 0.804
4.0 Conclusion
Pollution of the environment by toxic heavy metals discharge from industrial wastewater is a widespread
phenomenon. Biosorption readily provides an efficient option to other physiochemical process of removing toxic
metals. This study shows clearly that Neem leaf which is cheap and abundant material can be used as an effective
biosorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from industrial wastewater. The study also shows that the efficiency of the
removal can be increase by the process of chemical modification of the NLP (Neem leaf powder). The biosorption
process also depends on some factors such as the contact time, particle size and biosorbent concentration. The
isotherm study indicates that the sorption data can be modelled by Langmuir isotherms. Hydroxyl and carboxyl
group, based on the FTIR spectra data obtained might be involved in the Cu(II) ions binding. Meanwhile, the EDX
spectra revealed ion exchange as another possible copper binding mechanism. Since neem leaves are very cheap,
abundant and can be easily modified at relatively low cost, the adsorbent could be applied for the removal of copper
ions from wastewater.
5.0 References
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Pb from wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 32, pp. 299-309
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metal. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2, pp. 133-139
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Vol.27, 2014
11
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