This document discusses bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to dissolve metals from ores. The most common microorganisms used are Thiobacillus thiooxidants and Thiobacillus ferrooxidants. Bioleaching can occur directly via microbial contact with ores or indirectly by microbes producing leaching agents. Common applications include copper, uranium, gold and silver, and silica leaching. Bioleaching is used commercially in slope, heap, and in situ leaching with ores placed in piles or left in the ground and irrigated with microbes.
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
“Bioleaching" or "bio-oxidation" employs the use of naturally occurring bacteria, harmless to both humans and the environment, to extract of metals from their ores.
Conversion of insoluble metal sulfides into water-soluble metal sulfates.
It is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. This is much cleaner than the traditional leaching.
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
Microorganism used in bioleaching
History
Microorganisms
Mechanism
Types
Advantage & disadvantage
Reference
Bioleaching
Bioleaching is the simple and effective technology used for metal extraction from low grade ores and minerals concentrate by use of microorganisms
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
Bioleaching,
Microorganinsms used in bioleaching,
Direct bioleaching, indirect bioleaching , bioleaching of gold, bioleaching of copper, bioleaching of uranium, factor affecting bioleaching, advantage of bioleaching, disadvantages of bioleaching, bioleaching summary
Petroleum Microbiology is a state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. An intriguing introduction to extremophilic microbes, the book considers the various beneficial and detrimental effects of bacteria and archaea indigenous to the oil field environment. Presenting fundamental and applied biological approaches, the book serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers.
Bioleaching, or microbial ore leaching, is a process used to extract metals from their ores using bacterial micro-organisms.
The bacteria feed on nutrients in the minerals, causing the metal to separate from its ore.
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Bioleaching or Metal Bioleaching or Biomining is a process in Mining and
Biohydrometallurgy (natural processes of interactions between microbes and minerals)
that extracts valuable metals from a low-grade ore with the help of microorganisms such as
Bacteria or Archaea.
• Bioleaching is an alternative to more traditional physical and chemical methods of mineral
processing.
• The application of Biomining processes predates by centuries the understanding of the role
of microorganisms in Metal extraction. However, the modern era of biomining began with
the discovery of the bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
• Bioleaching techniques are often more effective than traditional mining applications
mechanism of bioleaching
types of bioleaching
advantages and disadvantages
ENRICHMENT OF ORES BY MICROORGANISMS- Bioaccumulation and biomineralizationSijo A
Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms. This method is used to recover many different precious metals like copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel. Microorganisms are used because they can:
lower the production costs.
cause less environmental pollution in comparison to the traditional leaching methods.
very efficiently extract metals when their concentration in the ore is low.
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
Microorganism used in bioleaching
History
Microorganisms
Mechanism
Types
Advantage & disadvantage
Reference
Bioleaching
Bioleaching is the simple and effective technology used for metal extraction from low grade ores and minerals concentrate by use of microorganisms
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
Mechanisms and techniques used for Bioremediation which includes phytoremediation, Bacterial & fungal bioremediation. Examples of heavy metal pollution
Bioleaching,
Microorganinsms used in bioleaching,
Direct bioleaching, indirect bioleaching , bioleaching of gold, bioleaching of copper, bioleaching of uranium, factor affecting bioleaching, advantage of bioleaching, disadvantages of bioleaching, bioleaching summary
Petroleum Microbiology is a state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. An intriguing introduction to extremophilic microbes, the book considers the various beneficial and detrimental effects of bacteria and archaea indigenous to the oil field environment. Presenting fundamental and applied biological approaches, the book serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers.
Bioleaching, or microbial ore leaching, is a process used to extract metals from their ores using bacterial micro-organisms.
The bacteria feed on nutrients in the minerals, causing the metal to separate from its ore.
Extremophilic organisms are organisms that can survive exremities that are detrimental for other forms of life. Here is a presentation that discuss such microorganisms in detail
Bioleaching or Metal Bioleaching or Biomining is a process in Mining and
Biohydrometallurgy (natural processes of interactions between microbes and minerals)
that extracts valuable metals from a low-grade ore with the help of microorganisms such as
Bacteria or Archaea.
• Bioleaching is an alternative to more traditional physical and chemical methods of mineral
processing.
• The application of Biomining processes predates by centuries the understanding of the role
of microorganisms in Metal extraction. However, the modern era of biomining began with
the discovery of the bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
• Bioleaching techniques are often more effective than traditional mining applications
mechanism of bioleaching
types of bioleaching
advantages and disadvantages
ENRICHMENT OF ORES BY MICROORGANISMS- Bioaccumulation and biomineralizationSijo A
Microbial ore leaching (bioleaching) is the process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganisms. This method is used to recover many different precious metals like copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and nickel. Microorganisms are used because they can:
lower the production costs.
cause less environmental pollution in comparison to the traditional leaching methods.
very efficiently extract metals when their concentration in the ore is low.
Microbial Approaches In Remediation Of Metal Contaminated Soils & Aquatic sys...SDSyed
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Bioleeching
1.
2. DEFINITION OF BIOLEACHING
MICROORGANISMS USED IN BIOLEACHING
CHEMISTRY OF BIOLEACHING
TYPES
EXAMPLES
1. COPPER LEACHING
2. URANIUM LEACHING
3. GOLD AND SILVER LEACHING
4. SILICA LEACHING
3. Bioleaching is the process by
which metals are dissolved from
ore bearing rocks using
microorganisms.
4. The most commonly used microorganisms
in bioleaching are;
o Thiobacillus thiooxidants
o Thiobacillus ferrooxidants
other microorganisms which may also be
used are; Bacillus Licheniformis, B. luteus, B
megaterium, B polymyxa, B leptospirillum
ferrooxidants, Pseudomonas flurescens,
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, etc;
5. Thiobacillus thiooxidant and T. ferrooxidants
have always been found to be present on the
leaching dump
The specie of thiobacillus is most extensively
studied gram –ve bacteria which derives
energy from oxidation of fe2
The reactions mechanisms are two types, i.e.,
• Direct bacterial leaching
• Indirect bacterial leaching
6. Direct bacterial leaching
in this process, a physical contact
exist between bacteria and ores and
oxidation of minerals takes place though
enzymatically catalysed steps
ex; pyrite is oxidised to ferric sulphate
2FeS2+7O2+2H2O 2FeSo4+2H2So4
7. Indirect bacterial leaching
in this process the microbes are not in
direct contact with minerals, but leaching
agents are produced by these microbes which
oxidize the ores.
8. There are three commercial process used in
bioleaching;
a. Slope leaching
b. Heap leaching
c. In situ leaching
9. Here the ores are first ground to get fine
pieces and then dumped into large leaching
dump
Water containing inoculum of thiobacillus is
continuously sprinkled over the ore
Water is collected from the bottom and used
to extract metals and generate bacteria in an
oxidation pond
10. Here the ore is dumped into large heaps
called leach heaps
Water containing inoculum of
thiobacillus is continuously
sprinkled over the ore
Water is collected from the
bottom and used to extract
metal and generate bacteria in an
oxidation pond
11. In this process the ore remains in its original
position in earth.
Surface blasting of earth is done to increase
the permeability of water.
Water containing thiobacillus is pumped
through drilled passages to the ores
Acidic water seeps through the rock and
collects at bottom
12. Again, water is pumped from bottom
Mineral is extracted and water is reused after
generation of bacteria
13. Ores of copper from which copper is
recovered are,
Chalcocite(Cu2S)
Chalcopyrite(CuFeS2)
Covellite(CuS)
14. Copper leaching is operated as simple heap
leaching and in situ leaching process
Dilute sulphuric acid is percolated down
through the pile
Liquid coming out of bottom of pile reach in
mineral
Liquid is collected and transported to
precipitation plant
Metal is precipitated an purified
15. Chalcocite is oxidized to soluble form of
copper
Cu2S+O2+ CuS+Cu2+ +H2O
Thereafter chemical reactions occur, i.e.
CuS+8Fe +4H2O Cu+8Fe+SO4+8H
Copper is removed,
Fe0+CuCu+Fe2+
Fe2+ is transferred to oxidation pond
Fe+1/4(O2)+H+Fe3+ +1/2(H2O)
16. Fe3+ ions produced is an oxidation of ore
It is pumped back to pile
Sulphuric acid is added to maintain pH
17.
18. Uranium is extracted when insoluble
tetravalent uranium is oxidized with a hot
H2So4/FeSo4 solution to make hexavalent
uranium sulphate
pH required for the reaction is 1.5-3.5
Temperature: around 35 degree C
following reaction takes place,
U2O+Fe2(SO4)3 UO2SO4+2FeSO4
19. Uranium leaching is an indirect process
When T.ferrooxidants are involved in uranium
extraction, they do not directly attack on ore
but on the iron oxidants.
The pyrite reaction is used for the initial
production of Fe
Reaction;
2FeS+H2O+7 ½[O2] Fe2[SO4]3+ H2SO4
20. Microbial leaching of refractory process metal
ores to enhance gold and silver recovery is
one of the promising applications
Gold is obtained through bioleaching of
arsenopyrite/pyrite
Silver is also obtained by bioleaching of
arsenopyrite but it is more readily solubilized
than gold during microbial leaching of iron
sulphide.
21. Ores of silica
Magnesite
Bauxite
Dolomite
Basalt
Mohanty et al.,(1990) isolated Bacillus
licheniformis from magnesite ore deposits
Later, it was shown to be associated with
bioleaching, concomitant mineralysis and
silican uptake by the bacterium