The removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious health problems if disposed of in the surrounding environment. The present study, Karisalangkani (Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The bio sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted through batch system. The operating parameters studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in 30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be 9.2 mgg at 25 °C. The experimental result shows that the materials have good potential to remove heavy metals from effluent and good potential as an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. B. Kavitha | R. Arunadevi"Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17156.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/environmental-chemistry/17156/biosorption-of-copper-ii-ions-by-eclipta-alba-leaf-powder-from-aqueous-solutions/b-kavitha
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
A report for my Environmental Management for Food Industries Class
This discussed the significance of trace and heavy metals present in wastewater and also the methods that can be used to lessen and remove them.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
A report for my Environmental Management for Food Industries Class
This discussed the significance of trace and heavy metals present in wastewater and also the methods that can be used to lessen and remove them.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Vegetables are grown all over the world for human needs and proper supply nutritional supplement. Recently due to various anthropogenic activities such as mining, industrialization and agricultural activities like application of pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers, heavy metals are released in to the atmosphere, soil and water. These released heavy metals enter into the plant system through various physiological processes and it affects the plant growth and development. The concentration of heavy metals in the environment varies due to various activities and it becomes toxic when it reaches above the permissible limits. Accumulation of heavy metals occurs only when the vegetable crops are exposed to heavy metal contaminated environment, thus it enters into the food chain. When these heavy metals contaminated vegetables are consumed by human beings it causes various severe health ailments. In order to reduce the heavy metal toxicity, proper remediation steps have to be carried out in soil and irrigation water. Before consumption of any vegetables washing has to be done to reduce the adhered heavy metal particulates and through these simple steps we can remove the heavy metal adhered on the vegetable surface.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Vegetables are grown all over the world for human needs and proper supply nutritional supplement. Recently due to various anthropogenic activities such as mining, industrialization and agricultural activities like application of pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers, heavy metals are released in to the atmosphere, soil and water. These released heavy metals enter into the plant system through various physiological processes and it affects the plant growth and development. The concentration of heavy metals in the environment varies due to various activities and it becomes toxic when it reaches above the permissible limits. Accumulation of heavy metals occurs only when the vegetable crops are exposed to heavy metal contaminated environment, thus it enters into the food chain. When these heavy metals contaminated vegetables are consumed by human beings it causes various severe health ailments. In order to reduce the heavy metal toxicity, proper remediation steps have to be carried out in soil and irrigation water. Before consumption of any vegetables washing has to be done to reduce the adhered heavy metal particulates and through these simple steps we can remove the heavy metal adhered on the vegetable surface.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Biosorption of Cadmium (ii) from Aqueous Solution onto Garden Grass (GAG)
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (1), 2014, 12–22
B.O. Evbuomwan, M.M. Atuka
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
Removal of Pb II from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from ...ijtsrd
The recent study explains about the removal of Pb II ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Garlic waste. Garlic peels have been used for the production of Carbon by treating with conc.H2SO4 for metal ions removal. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Boehm titration have been used for various physicochemical characterization of the outcome of activated carbon which proclaimed the presence of oxygen containing surface functional groups like phenolic, lactonic and carboxylic in the carbons. In a batch adsorption process the effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was calculated. The optimum pH for lead adsorption is found to be equal to 6.The resultant activated carbon showed maximum adsorption capacity of Pb II was 210 mg g 1. The waste material which is used in this work is cost effective and easily available for the production of activated carbon. Hence the removal of Pb II from water using the carbons prepared from Garlic peels can act as possible low cost adsorbents for the removal of Pb II from water. R. Mary Nancy Flora | Ashok | Ramanathan ""Removal of Pb (II) from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Carbon Prepared from Garlic Waste"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23365.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/23365/removal-of-pb-ii-from-aqueous-solutions-using-activated-carbon-prepared-from-garlic-waste/r-mary-nancy-flora
Deconttamination of a solution of chromiumIV by marine algae (ulva-lactuca)AM Publications
Wastewater contaminated by heavy metals remains today one of the major problems to solve in industrialized
countries. Various conventional methods are used to remove heavy metals from the existent wastewater. They are based
on chemical precipitation phenomena, ion exchanges, and adsorption or bio-sorption.
The treatment by plants (phytopurification) is a natural treatment for a variety of aquatic or semi aquatic organized and
structured artificially to maximize their holding capacity for various pollution parameters. Many studies aim to increase
the removal of heavy metals by plants to clean up wastewater. In this study we are interested in the ability of the algae
"ulva-lactuca" to eliminate the chromium (Cr) from a previously prepared solution and the factors that may influence
the absorption [1,2,3].
The parameters studied were pH, mass, contact time between polluted water and algae (biomass and its impact on the
bio-sorption also other physico-chemical parameters).The results show the bio-sorption percentage R% = 84 % is
observed at pH = 5 and m = 4g amount of living biomass, and the elimination percentage of Cr is equal to 96% at pH =
5, m = 1g and C0 = 38.32 mg / l and the amount adsorbed can reach 1.81 mg / g for crushed algae. These results are
consistent with those obtained with the Langmuir model.
DOI 10.1002tqem.21536R E S E A R C H A R T I C L EExDustiBuckner14
DOI: 10.1002/tqem.21536
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Experimental investigation of adsorption capacity of anthill
in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff Idowu Iyabo Olateju
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engi-
neering, College of Engineering, Afe Babalola
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Correspondence
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineer-
ing, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti P.M.B.
5454, Nigeria.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the present work, the adsorption capacity of anthill was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent
to remove the heavy metal ions, lead (II) ion (Pb2+), and zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) from an aqueous solu-
tion. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of the heavy metal ions were investigated under batch
process. For the study we examined the effect of the solution's pH and the initial cations con-
centrations on the adsorption process under a fixed contact time and temperature. The anthill
sample was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. From the SEM analysis, structural change in the
adsorbent was a result of heavy metals adsorption. Based on the XRF analysis, the main compo-
sition of the anthill sample was silica (SiO2 ), alumina (Al2 O3 ), and zirconia (ZrO2 ). The change in
the peaks of the spectra before and after adsorption indicated that there was active participation
of surface functional groups during the adsorption process. The experimental data obtained were
analyzed using 2- and 3-parameter isotherm models. The isotherm data fitted very well to the 3-
parameter Radke–Prausnitz model. It was noted that Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be effectively removed
from aqueous solution using anthill as an adsorbent.
K E Y W O R D S
adsorption, anthill, characterization, equilibrium isotherm, heavy metal
1 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Indiscriminate disposal of wastewater containing heavy metals has
received considerable attention in recent years, primarily due to the
fact that their presence in waste stream can be readily adsorbed by
aquatic organisms and make them directly enter the human food chain,
thus posing a serious health risk to consumers (Lin, MacLean, & Zeng,
2000). Because of the ability of heavy metals to accumulate in living
tissues and because they cause damage to these tissues over time,
heavy metals are classified as carcinogens. For example, exposure to
lead ions can cause anemia, kidney damage, and even untimely death
(Mohammed-Ridha, Ahmed, & Raoof, 2017), while zinc ions at elevated
concentration result in pancreas damage, osteoporosis, and even death
(Wahi, Ngaini, & Jok, 2009). Water or wastewater containing heavy
metals requires effective treatment techniques that can completely
remove these toxic metals (Yusuff, 2017).
A number of treatment techniques for the removal of heavy
me ...
Agricultural by-Products/Waste as Dye and Metal Ions Adsorbents: A Reviewresearchinventy
A major treat to the comfort of human life has been imposed by the unintentional and great increased industrialization and urbanization. Their generations and land disposals of huge amounts of toxic materials and pollutants have contributed in contaminating our environment frighteningly. Synthetic dyes (SD) and heavy metals (HM) are becoming increasingly prevalent in soil and surface water environments, as the most dangerous pollutants. They are present a great concern worldwide, due to their toxicity to many life forms. Environment-friendly utilization of agricultural by-products/waste materials either as raw materials or in production of the so-called activated carbons (AC) is an important issue. Because, it is apparent from our literature review that the main factors characterizing these materials are the inexpensiveness, the local availability and their efficiencies in removal of heavy metals and dyes from contaminated water. A number of different agricultural by-product/wastes as renewable and potential sources for green adsorbent production has been listed in this review. Additionally, the paper has provided the reader with an overview of a number of case studies which were conducted by scientists and researchers. These case studies have pointed out to the efficient removal of SD/HM ions from aqueous solutions by the agricultural by-products/wastes in the form of a raw material, spent tea leaves (STL), spent coffee ground(SCG), and rice husk (RH) wastes were selected as a good examples. Besides, the efficient removal of such ions by AC produced from the same raw materials has been also reviewed. Both kinds are widely used adsorbents in the treatment of wastewaters. High adsorption capacity, cost effectiveness, and environmentally friendly, and their abundance in nature are the important factors which explain why the adsorbent materials derived from an agricultural by-product/wastes is economical for the removal of dye and metal ions from contaminated water. Comparison of different technologies of wastewater treatment especially heavy metals and dyes were also listed in this review
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Biosorption of Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder from Aqueous Solutions
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Biosorption of Copper (II
Assistant Professor, PG &
Bodinayakanur
ABSTRACT
The removal of heavy metals from industrial
wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are
non-biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious
health problems if disposed of in the surrounding
environment. The present study, Karisalangkani
(Eclipta Alba) leaves were used for the adsorption of
heavy metals like copper (Cu (II)) ions. The
sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET
analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted
through batch system. The operating parameters
studied were initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent
dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of
temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in
30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II)
to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well
by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum
adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be
9.2 mg/g at 25 ⁰C. The experimental result shows
that the materials have good potential to remove
heavy metals from effluent and good potential as
an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their
outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is
excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions.
Keywords: Eclipta Alba, heavy metal, adsorption,
pseudo first order kinetic.
1. INTRODUCTION
Industrial wastewater treatment for the removal of
pollutants such as heavy metal ions remains a
worldwide challenge. Heavy metal ions discharged
with industrial effluents usually find their way into
receiving water bodies such as rivers, lakes and
streams increasing their pollution. Copper is one of
the heavy metals most toxic to living organisms and
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
f Copper (II) Ions by Eclipta Alba Leaf Powder f
Aqueous Solutions
B. Kavitha, R. Arunadevi
PG & Research Department of Chemistry, C.P.A. College,
Bodinayakanur, Tamil Nadu, India
The removal of heavy metals from industrial
wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are
biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious
health problems if disposed of in the surrounding
environment. The present study, Karisalangkani
ba) leaves were used for the adsorption of
) ions. The bio
was characterized using SEM and BET
experiments are conducted
through batch system. The operating parameters
tal ion concentration, adsorbent
dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of
temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in
Cu (II) is found
order kinetic model.
(II) adsorption are fitted well
by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum
ions is estimated to be
C. The experimental result shows
that the materials have good potential to remove
from effluent and good potential as
an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their
outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is
excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions.
Eclipta Alba, heavy metal, adsorption,
Industrial wastewater treatment for the removal of
pollutants such as heavy metal ions remains a
worldwide challenge. Heavy metal ions discharged
with industrial effluents usually find their way into
receiving water bodies such as rivers, lakes and
increasing their pollution. Copper is one of
the heavy metals most toxic to living organisms and
one of the most widespread heavy metals in the
environment [1]. Although some trace metals are
considered as essential plant nutrients. Most heavy
metals are of considerable health and environmental
concern because of their toxicity and bio
accumulative behavior [2-4]. Pb
are especially common metals that tend to accumulate
in organisms, causing numerous diseases and
disorders [5]. Copper is an essential trace element for
human metabolism, however, it is toxic at
concentrations above 2mg/L [6]. Ingestion of large
doses irritate the mucous membranes, damage the hair
and can cause necrotic changes in the liver and
kidneys [7]. Copper is present in wastewaters coming
from energy industries (such as PILCAM in
Cameroon), the production of certain pesticides and in
the manufacture of contraceptives in medicine.
Removal of metal ions from wastewater in an
effective manner has become an important
Efficient methods for the removal of metals have
resulted in the development of new separation
techniques. Precipitation, ion
adsorption, electro-chemical processes, electro
dialysis, nano-filtration and reverse osmosis are
commonly applied for the treatment of wastewater
[8]. However, these methods are either inefficient or
expensive when heavy metals exist in low
concentrations [9]. Additionally, these methods may
also affect the generation of secondary wastes, which
are difficult to treat. Adsorption is an alternative
technology in which increased amount of study has
been focused because of cost effectiveness; local
availability & technical feasibility for the removal of
heavy metal ions form the wastewater [10]. In recent
years, bio sorption has been suggested as being
cheaper and more effective than chemical or physical
2018 Page: 1775
6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 5
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
Access Journal
Leaf Powder from
t of Chemistry, C.P.A. College,
one of the most widespread heavy metals in the
environment [1]. Although some trace metals are
considered as essential plant nutrients. Most heavy
e of considerable health and environmental
concern because of their toxicity and bio
4]. Pb2+
, Cu2+
, Fe3+
and Cr3+
are especially common metals that tend to accumulate
in organisms, causing numerous diseases and
er is an essential trace element for
human metabolism, however, it is toxic at
concentrations above 2mg/L [6]. Ingestion of large
doses irritate the mucous membranes, damage the hair
and can cause necrotic changes in the liver and
esent in wastewaters coming
from energy industries (such as PILCAM in
Cameroon), the production of certain pesticides and in
the manufacture of contraceptives in medicine.
Removal of metal ions from wastewater in an
effective manner has become an important issue.
Efficient methods for the removal of metals have
resulted in the development of new separation
-exchange, flocculation,
chemical processes, electro-
filtration and reverse osmosis are
commonly applied for the treatment of wastewater
[8]. However, these methods are either inefficient or
expensive when heavy metals exist in low
concentrations [9]. Additionally, these methods may
also affect the generation of secondary wastes, which
ifficult to treat. Adsorption is an alternative
technology in which increased amount of study has
been focused because of cost effectiveness; local
availability & technical feasibility for the removal of
heavy metal ions form the wastewater [10]. In recent
has been suggested as being
cheaper and more effective than chemical or physical
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technologies. Low cost, high efficiency, minimization
of chemical and biological sludge are the most
important advantages of bio sorption
Moreover, bio sorbent regeneration and metal
recovery is also possible. The mechanism of binding
of metal ions by adsorbents may depend on the
chemical nature of metal ions (species size and ionic
charge), the type of biomass, environmental
conditions (pH, temperature, ionic strength) and
existence of competing organic or inorganic metal
chelators. Natural materials that are available in
large quantities or certain waste products from
agricultural operation may have the potential as
inexpensive sorbents.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the
sorption of copper (II) on Eclipta Alba leaves powder.
The effect of time, initial concentration of the metal,
solution pH and adsorbent dosage on the
are also studied. The experimental data were fitted to
Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations, to
determine which isotherm most closely correlates
with experimental data. The first-order Lage
pseudo-second-order and second-order equations were
adopted to test the experimental data.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Chemicals
All the chemicals used were of analytical reagent
grade. Copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu
was used for preparation of stock solutions.
Hydrochloric acid and Sodium hydroxide were used
to adjust the solution pH. Distilled water was used
throughout the experimental studies.
2.2. Biosorbent collection and preparation
The Eclipta Alba leaves (EA) were collected from
Botanical garden present in C. P.
Bodinayakanur. The EA were washed thoroughly
with distilled water and boiled to remove colour and
impurities. They were dried in a hot air oven at 105°C
and ground to a uniform size of 0.8 mm. So prepared
EA particles were used for further studies
Fig.1. Eclipta Alba leaves
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN:
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technologies. Low cost, high efficiency, minimization
of chemical and biological sludge are the most
bio sorption technique.
regeneration and metal
recovery is also possible. The mechanism of binding
of metal ions by adsorbents may depend on the
chemical nature of metal ions (species size and ionic
charge), the type of biomass, environmental
, temperature, ionic strength) and
existence of competing organic or inorganic metal
chelators. Natural materials that are available in
large quantities or certain waste products from
agricultural operation may have the potential as
The aim of the present study is to investigate the bio
of copper (II) on Eclipta Alba leaves powder.
The effect of time, initial concentration of the metal,
solution pH and adsorbent dosage on the bio sorption
. The experimental data were fitted to
Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations, to
determine which isotherm most closely correlates
order Lagergren,
order equations were
All the chemicals used were of analytical reagent
(NO3)2.3H2O)
was used for preparation of stock solutions.
Hydrochloric acid and Sodium hydroxide were used
to adjust the solution pH. Distilled water was used
Biosorbent collection and preparation
were collected from
A. College,
washed thoroughly
with distilled water and boiled to remove colour and
impurities. They were dried in a hot air oven at 105°C
and ground to a uniform size of 0.8 mm. So prepared
EA particles were used for further studies
leaves
2.3. Stock solution of metals
A stock solution (1000 mg/l) of
dissolving 3.802 g of copper nitrate trihydrate
water. Working solution was prepared by diluting
stock solution with distilled water.
2.4. Determination of Copper (II)
The copper ion concentration in the liquid phase was
determined spectrophotometrically by making a
complex with sodium diethyl dithio carbamate.
10 ml of the Cu (II) solution was pipetted into a
beaker, and to this 5ml of 25% aqueous citric acid
solution was added. The pH was adjusted to 8.5 using
dilute ammonia. To this, 15 ml of 4 % EDTA was
added and the solution cooled to room temperature.
This was then transferred to a separating funnel, and
10 ml of 0.2% aqueous sodium diethyl
dithiocarbamate solution was added and shaken for 45
sec. A yellow brown colour developed in the solution.
20 ml of Chloroform was pipetted into the funnel and
shaken for 30 seconds. The organic layer acquired a
yellow colour. This was shaken for 15 sec and the
phases were allowed to separate. The aqueous layer
was removed. To the organic layer, 20ml of 5%
H2SO4 (V/V) was added, shaken for 15 sec, and the
organic phase was separated. The absorbance was
measured at 435nmagainst a blank.
2.5. Characterization of bio sorbents
The bio sorbent were characterized using a number of
techniques including: Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and Brunauer-Emmet
area analysis.
2.6. Adsorption experiment
Batch adsorption experiments of copper was carry out
to determined the adsorption capacity of
at different metal concentrations ranging from 10 to
80 mg/L and a fixed amount (100 mg/L) of
Alba in order to calculate the adsorption constant
using different isotherms. 300 mL of different
concentration of Cu (II) solutions ranging from 100
500 mg/L were used. The Eclipta Alba
was added to flasks and agitated at 25 °C and 1000
rpm for 180 min. The initial and final concentrations
of the solutions were measured were determined by
UV – Visible spectrophotometer at the maximum
adsorption wavelength and the adsorption capacities
of the adsorbent were calculated. After equilibrium
was attained, the metal uptake capacity for each
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
2018 Page: 1776
Stock solution of metals
A stock solution (1000 mg/l) of Cu (II) was prepared
dissolving 3.802 g of copper nitrate trihydrate in DD
water. Working solution was prepared by diluting
stock solution with distilled water.
Determination of Copper (II)
The copper ion concentration in the liquid phase was
metrically by making a
complex with sodium diethyl dithio carbamate.
solution was pipetted into a
beaker, and to this 5ml of 25% aqueous citric acid
as added. The pH was adjusted to 8.5 using
dilute ammonia. To this, 15 ml of 4 % EDTA was
added and the solution cooled to room temperature.
This was then transferred to a separating funnel, and
10 ml of 0.2% aqueous sodium diethyl
was added and shaken for 45
sec. A yellow brown colour developed in the solution.
20 ml of Chloroform was pipetted into the funnel and
shaken for 30 seconds. The organic layer acquired a
yellow colour. This was shaken for 15 sec and the
d to separate. The aqueous layer
was removed. To the organic layer, 20ml of 5%
(V/V) was added, shaken for 15 sec, and the
organic phase was separated. The absorbance was
measured at 435nmagainst a blank.
bio sorbents
were characterized using a number of
techniques including: Fourier transform infrared
IR), scanning electron microscopy
Emmet-Teller (BET) surface
Adsorption experiment
xperiments of copper was carry out
to determined the adsorption capacity of Eclipta Alba
at different metal concentrations ranging from 10 to
80 mg/L and a fixed amount (100 mg/L) of Eclipta
in order to calculate the adsorption constant
t isotherms. 300 mL of different
solutions ranging from 100–
Eclipta Alba (100 mg/L)
was added to flasks and agitated at 25 °C and 1000
rpm for 180 min. The initial and final concentrations
re measured were determined by
Visible spectrophotometer at the maximum
adsorption wavelength and the adsorption capacities
of the adsorbent were calculated. After equilibrium
was attained, the metal uptake capacity for each
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sample was calculated according to a mass balance on
the metal ion using equation (1):
------------- (1)
Where m is the mass of adsorbent (g), V is the volume
of the solution (L), C0 is the initial concentration of
metal (mg L-1
), Ce is the equilibrium metal
concentration (mg L-1
) and qe is the metal quantity
adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g). Experiments were
carried out at different initial pH values. The initial
pH of the solution was adjusted with either HCl or
NaOH. The percent removal of metals from the
solution was calculated by the following equation (2).
---------------- (2)
Where C0 (mg/L) is the initial metal ion concentration
and Ce (mg/L) is the final metal ion concentration in
the solution.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. SEM analysis
The surface morphology studies of bio sorbent were
showed octahedral rod shaped crystals as shown in
Fig. 2.
Fig.2. SEM image of EA
3.2. BET surface area analysis
The metal -bio sorption capacity, surface properties
and active functional groups of any bio sorbents could
be explored from surface area characterization.
Surface properties of EA were examined through
BET. The surface properties of EA was measured
shown in Fig. 3. These bio sorbents have noticeable
micro pore and mesopore area with a magnitude of
21.17m2
/g. All pores of EA are mesopore (100%) and
total pore volume was 0.03cm3
/g. In addition, the
mean micro pore and mesopore sizes of the EA’s
powder were found to be 8.71 and 40.18 Å,
respectively, suggesting that this bio sorbent has
fallen within the region of mesopore based on
IUPAC-classification. The high pore area, pore
volume and pore sizes indicated the numerous binding
sites on the EA surfaces.
Fig.3. BET surface area of EA
3.3. Effect of initial metal ion concentration
The initial concentration of Cu (II) provides an
important driving force to outweigh all mass transfer
resistance of metal between the aqueous and solid
phases. Removal of Cu (II) for various initial
concentrations (10 to 80 mg/L) by EA (100 mg) at
180 min contact time and at pH 6 has been depicted in
the Fig. 4. The percentage Cu (II) adsorbed decreased
92 % to 20 % with increase in initial concentration
from 10 mg/L to 80 mg/L. More adsorption capacity
at higher initial metal concentration may be due the
presence of more metal ion at increasing initial metal
concentration. It reflects that the resistance to mass
transfer reduces therefore the removal percentage
decreases at higher metal concentration [11]. Based
on the experimental values, 10 mg/L Cu (II)
concentration is selected as the optimized value for
further use.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
QuantityAdsorbed(cm3
/g)
P/P0
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Table-1
Initial metal ion
concentration (mg/L)
% Removal
10 92
20 84
30 75
40 67
50 58
60 49
70 37
80 20
Fig.4. Effect of initial metal ion concentration
(mg/L)
3.4. Effect of pH
pH influences the surface charge of the adsorbent, the
degree of ionization and the species of adsorb ate. So
the pH of the aqueous solution is an important
controlling parameter in the heavy metal adsorption
process [12]. The effect of pH on the adsorption of Cu
(II) by EA was shown in Fig. 5. The effect of solution
pH on the adsorption of metal ions onto EA was
evaluated in the pH range of 2 to 9. The percentage
removal of Cu (II) increased with an increase in pH.
The equilibrium adsorption capacity was observed at
pH 6 for Cu (II) ions. Therefore, at low pH values
(pH<2.0) EA showed very low tendency for uptake
of Cu (II) ions due to protonation of its functional
groups or competition of H+
with metal ions for
binding sites. As the pH increased, there were fewer
H+
ions present in the solution and consequently more
negatively charged sites were made available and this
facilitated greater metal ions uptake by electrostatic
attraction.
Table-2
pH % Removal
2 22
3 45
4 56
5 78
6 92
7 75
8 67
9 61
Fig.5. Effect of pH
3.5. Effect of contact time
The impact of contact time on adsorption of Cu (II)
can be seen from Fig.6. It is clearly depicted in the
figure that the rate of adsorption is very high initially.
But at later stages, the rate of adsorption decreases.
The concentration of Cu (II) ions nearly remains
constant after 180 minutes. It is chiefly because of the
saturation of these active sites on the EA which do not
permit furthermore adsorption to occur. This can be
explained by the fact that initially, the quantity of sites
on the surface is very large which allows adsorption
to take place very easily. But with the passage of time,
the active sites get saturated thereby reducing the rate
at which adsorption occurs. As a result, the extent of
copper removal decreased with increase in contact
time, which is dependent on the number of vacant
sites on the surface of resin. Based on these results
180 min was considered as the optimum time for the
rest of the experiments [13, 14].
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%Removal
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Table-3
Contact time (min) % Removal
0 20
30 37
60 49
90 58
120 67
150 75
180 92
Fig.6. Effect of contact time (min)
3.6. Influence of initial adsorbent dosage
The amount of adsorbent dosage was varied in the
given rang e 100 mg/L to 500 mg/L. It was observed
from the graphs that increasing the dosage increases
the % removal of Cu (II). It can be attributed to the
increase in adsorbent sites for more adsorption of the
Cu (II) at the fixed 10 mg/L [15].
Table-4
Asorbent dose (mg/L) % Removal
100 22
200 44
300 58
400 75
500 92
Fig.7. Effect of adsorbent concentration (mg/L)
3.7. The study of adsorption isotherm models
Among various plots employed for analyzing the
nature of adsorb ate-adsorbent interaction, adsorption
isotherm is the most significant. The results of
adsorption studies of Cu (II) at different
concentrations ranging from 10 to 80 mg/L on a fixed
amount of adsorbent are expressed by three of the
most popular isotherm theories viz., Freundlich,
Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. These isotherm
equations are as follows:
Langmuir
ࢋ
ࢋ
=
࢈
+
ࢋ
-------------- (3)
Freundlich
ܗܔ ࢋ = ܗܔ ࡷࢌ +
ܗܔ ࢋ -------------- (4)
Temkin
ࢋ = ࡾࢀ/࢈ ࡷ࢚ + ࡾࢀ/࢈ ܖܔ ࢋ -------------- (5)
Where Ce (mg L−1
) is the equilibrium concentration of
Cu (II) in solution, qe (mg g−1
) is the equilibrium
adsorption capacity of EA, q0 (mg g−1
) is the
maximum adsorption capacity of EA for monolayer
coverage, b is related to the energy of adsorption
(L/mg), Kf and n are the Freundlich constants. Kf is
related to the adsorption equilibrium constant, n
corresponds to the number of active sites in the
adsorbent required for metal ions to adsorb. Where b
is the Temkin constant related to the heat of
adsorption (J mol-1
) and Kt is the Temkin isotherm
constant (L g-1
). The slope and intercept of linear
plots of ce/qe versus ce yielded values of 1/q0 and
1/(b·q0) for Equation (3). The slope and intercept of
linear plots of ln qe versus ln ce for Equation (4)
produced values of 1/n and ln K.
In this part, the results and adsorption isotherm
constants of the most common isotherms including
Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin have been
illustrated in Table 5. Isotherm is assumed to be the
most important parameter in designing adsorption
systems and describes the relation between adsorbate
concentration and adsorption capacity of an
adsorbent. Regarding to Table 5 and values of linear
regression coefficients. The amounts of R2
in
Langmuir isotherm for Cu (II) adsorption by EA were
higher than the amount of R2
for other isotherms. So it
can be said with certainty that Cu (II) adsorption by
EA follows this isotherm. Langmuir model estimated
that the maximum amount of Cu (II) adsorption
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capacity (qmax) by EA was 9.2 mg/g. KL is a constant
that increases when the size of adsorbent molecules
increased [17]. If dimensionless parameter of RL= 0,
the adsorption is irreversible and if 0< RL<1, the
adsorption is Favorable and if RL=1, the adsorption is
linear and if RL>1, then the adsorption is unfavorable.
According to the results of the Langmuir isotherm for
adsorption of Cu (II), the amounts RL for EA was
between 0 and 1, so Cu (II) adsorption by EA is
Favorable [18].
Table-5 the Isotherm constants for Cu (II)
adsorption onto EA
Isotherm Parameters Cu (II)
Langmuir
R2
0.9799
qe 9.012
RL 0.2784
b 0.31079
Freundlich
R2
0.9045
n 2.3191
Kf 1.965
Tempkin
R2
0.8565
b (kJ/mol) 5.248
Kt (L/mg) 17.89
Fig.8. Freundlich isotherm
Fig.9. Langmuir isotherm
Fig.10. Temkin isotherm
3.8. Adsorption kinetics
Several models can be used to express the mechanism
of Cu2+
adsorption onto an EA bio sorbent. The kinetic
models of adsorption were determined with two most
commonly used and known rate equations: pseudo
first order (the most reliable kinetics equation suitable
only for the rapid initial phase Equation 6) and
pseudo second order (for predicting the kinetics
behavior of chemical sorption as a rate controlling
step Equation 7) models are expressed as
log (qe-qt) = log qe-
ࡷ
.
. ࢚ ---------------- (6)
࢚
࢚
=
ࡷࢋ
+
࢚
.t ---------------- (7)
Where qe and q t are the amounts of metals adsorbed
(mg g-1
) at equilibrium and at time t (min)
respectively. K1 (min-1
) is the rate constant of pseudo-
first order. The linear relation among the value of log
(qe-qt) versus t (Fig. 11) reveals the applicability of
this model. K2 and the equilibrium adsorption amount
(qe) were measured from the slope and intercept of the
plot of qt versus t (Fig. 12). Where k2 (g/(mg min))is
the rate constant of pseudo-second order kinetic
model. h is known as initial sorption constant (Table -
6). The high values of R2
were recorded for the
Pseudo second order compared to pseudo-first order
model. This indicates that the adsorption kinetic was
better represented by the pseudo-second order model
for all metal ions. Therefore, the overall rate of the
metal ions adsorption process appears to be controlled
by the chemical process via ion exchange and/or
complex process [19-21].
-1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
Freundlich isotherm
logQe
log Ce
0 2 4 6 8
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Langmuir isotherm
Ce
/qe
Ce
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
qe
(mg/g)
ln Ce
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Fig.11. Pseudo first order kinetics
Fig.12. Pseudo second order kinetics
Table-6: Different kinetic model parameters
Models Parameters Cu (II)
qe, exp (mg/g) 9.2
Pseudo-first order model
R2
k1 (min-1
)
qe, cal (mg/g)
0.85
0.0207
0.657
Pseudo-second order
model
R2
h (mg/g min)
k2 (g/mg min)
qe, cal (mg/g)
0.984
0.1034
0.0834
9.35
4. CONCLUSION
The potential of natural Eclipta Alba as a low cost
material for the removal of copper from synthetic
metal solutions was studied and the bio sorbent were
successfully characterized using SEM and BET
technique. A number of experiments were performed
in order to determine this potential; equilibrium
adsorption capacity, % removal of metal ions. The
maximum adsorption capacities observed for 10 mg/L
of Cu (II). A maximum of 92 % metal ion removal
was observed for copper. Various parameters like pH,
initial ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and
contact time were studied successfully. The maximum
removal of metal ions at 10 mg/L of Cu(II) with 100
mg/L of adsorbent dosage. The study indicates that
the Eclipta Alba is a good candidate as a low cost
adsorbent to be used for the removal of heavy metals
from wastewater.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Management of
Cardamom Planters’ Association College-
Bodinayakanur for having given facilities to carry out
this research work.
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